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Bergevin MD, Ng V, Ludwig A, Sadeghieh T, Menzies P, Mubareka S, Clow KM. A Scoping Review on the Epidemiology of Orthobunyaviruses of Canadian Public and Animal Health Relevance in the Context of Vector Species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024. [PMID: 38687337 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses are a growing priority for public and animal health in Canada. It is anticipated that disease incidence will increase due to a warming climate, given that habitats are expanding for reservoir hosts and vectors, particularly in Canada. Little is known about the ecology of primary vectors that perpetuate these orthobunyaviruses, including the viral transmission cycle and the impact of climatic and landscape factors. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to describe the current state of knowledge on the epidemiology of orthobunyaviruses relevant to Canada. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines was used to characterize studies focused on vector species. A literature search was conducted in six databases and gray literature. Eligible studies characterized orthobunyavirus epidemiology related to vector species, including viral competency, geospatial distributions, seasonal trends, and/or risk factors. Results: A total of 1734 unique citations were identified. Screening of these citations revealed 172 relevant studies, from which 87 studies presented primary data related to vectors. The orthobunyaviruses included Cache Valley virus (CVV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Snowshoe Hare virus (SHV), and La Crosse virus (LACV). Surveillance was the predominant study focus, with most citations representing the United States, specifically, LACV surveillance in Tennessee, followed by CVV and JCV in Connecticut. Orthobunyaviruses were detected in many mosquito species across multiple genera, with high vector specificity only being reported for LACV, which included Aedes triseriatus, Aedes albopictus, and Aedes japonicus. Peridomestic areas were positively associated with infected mosquitoes compared with dense forests. Orthobunyavirus infections, coinfections, and gut microbiota affected mosquito feeding and breeding behavior. Conclusion: Knowledge gaps included Canadian surveillance data, disease modeling, and risk projections. Further research in these areas, especially accounting for climate change, is needed to guide health policy for prevention of orthobunyaviral disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Bergevin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Canada
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Tara Sadeghieh
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Katie M Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
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2
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Talaga S, le Goff G, Arana-Guardia R, Baak-Baak CM, García-Rejón JE, García-Suárez O, Rodríguez-Valencia VM, Tolsá-García MJ, Suzán G, Roiz D. The mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula: a comprehensive review on the use of taxonomic names. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 61:274-308. [PMID: 38159084 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Yucatan Peninsula is a biogeographic province of the Neotropical region which is mostly encompassed by the 3 Mexican states of Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán. During the development of the International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO (Ecosystem, bioLogical Diversity, habitat mOdifications and Risk of emerging PAthogens and Diseases in MexicO), a French-Mexican collaboration between the IRD (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement) and UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México) in Mérida, it became evident that many putative mosquito species names recorded in the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula were misidentifications/misinterpretations or from the uncritical repetition of incorrect literature records. To provide a stronger foundation for future studies, the mosquito fauna of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula is here comprehensively reviewed using current knowledge of taxonomy, ecology, and distribution of species through extensive bibliographic research, and examination of newly collected specimens. As a result, 90 mosquito species classified among 16 genera and 24 subgenera are recognized to occur in the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula, including 1 new peninsula record and 3 new state records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislas Talaga
- Unité d'Entomologie Médicale, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc, Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | | | - Roger Arana-Guardia
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, D. F., México
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Carlos Marcial Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Julián Everardo García-Rejón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Omar García-Suárez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, D. F., México
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Víctor Manuel Rodríguez-Valencia
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - María José Tolsá-García
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, D. F., México
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - David Roiz
- MIVEGEC, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Montpellier, France
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, D. F., México
- International Joint Laboratory ELDORADO, IRD/UNAM, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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3
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Lwande OW, Näslund J, Sjödin A, Lantto R, Luande VN, Bucht G, Ahlm C, Agwanda B, Obanda V, Evander M. Novel strains of Culex flavivirus and Hubei chryso-like virus 1 from the Anopheles mosquito in western Kenya. Virus Res 2024; 339:199266. [PMID: 37944758 PMCID: PMC10682293 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Surveillance of mosquito vectors is critical for early detection, prevention and control of vector borne diseases. In this study we used advanced molecular tools, such as DNA barcoding in combination with novel sequencing technologies to discover new and already known viruses in genetically identified mosquito species. Mosquitoes were captured using BG sentinel traps in Western Kenya during May and July 2019, and homogenized individually before pooled into groups of ten mosquitoes. The pools and individual samples were then used for molecular analysis and to infect cell cultures. Of a total of fifty-four (54) 10-pools, thirteen (13) showed cytopathic effect (CPE) on VeroB4 cells, eighteen (18) showed CPE on C6/36 cells. Eight (8) 10-pools out of the 31 CPE positive pools showed CPE on both VeroB4 and C6/36 cells. When using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Sanger sequencing and Twist Comprehensive Viral Research Panel (CVRP) (Twist Biosciences), all pools were found negative by RT-PCR when using genus specific primers targeting alphaviruses, orthobunyaviruses and virus specific primers towards o'nyong-nyong virus, chikungunya virus and Sindbis virus (previously reported to circulate in the region). Interestingly, five pools were RT-PCR positive for flavivirus. Two of the RT-PCR positive pools showed CPE on both VeroB4 and C6/36 cells, two pools showed CPE on C6/36 cells alone and one pool on VeroB4 cells only. Fifty individual mosquito homogenates from the five RT-PCR positive 10-pools were analyzed further for flavivirus RNA. Of these, 19 out of the 50 individual mosquito homogenates indicated the presence of flavivirus RNA. Barcoding of the flavivirus positive mosquitoes revealed the mosquito species as Aedes aegypti (1), Mansonia uniformis (6), Anopheles spp (3), Culex pipiens (5), Culex spp (1), Coquilletidia metallica (2) and Culex quinquefasciatus (1). Of the 19 flavivirus positive individual mosquitoes, five (5) virus positive homogenates were sequenced. Genome sequences of two viruses were completed. One was identified as the single-stranded RNA Culex flavivirus and the other as the double-stranded RNA Hubei chryso-like virus 1. Both viruses were found in the same Anopheles spp. homogenate extracted from a sample that showed CPE on both VeroB4 and C6/36 cells. The detection of both viruses in a single mosquito homogenate indicated coinfection. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that the Culex flavivirus sequence detected was closely related to a Culex flavivirus isolated from Uganda in 2008. All four Hubei chryso-like virus 1 segments clusters closely to Hubei chryso-like virus 1 strains isolated in Australia, China and USA. Two novel strains of insect-specific viruses in Anopheles mosquitoes were detected and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wesula Lwande
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 901-85, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå 901-87, Sweden.
| | - Jonas Näslund
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN, Defence and Security, Umeå 901 82, Sweden
| | - Andreas Sjödin
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN, Defence and Security, Umeå 901 82, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Lantto
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 901-85, Sweden
| | | | - Göran Bucht
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 901-85, Sweden
| | - Clas Ahlm
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 901-85, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå 901-87, Sweden
| | - Bernard Agwanda
- Mammalogy Section, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi 40658-00100, Kenya
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Department of Research Permitting and Compliance Wildlife Research and Training Institute, Naivasha 842-20117, Kenya
| | - Magnus Evander
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå 901-85, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research, Umeå University, Umeå 901-87, Sweden
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4
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Anakha A, Shah HK, Fathima PA, Aiswarya RS, Ajithlal PM, Kumar NP, Kumar A, Saini P. Identification and molecular characterization of Culex flavivirus in Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae): first report from India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:839-843. [PMID: 37497735 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Culex quinquefasciatus is a notorious vector known to transmit pathogens such as Wuchereria bancrofti (causing Lymphatic filariasis) and flaviviruses such as West Nile virus in India and St. Louis Encephalitis virus in the USA. It is the vector of the Rift Valley Fever virus, also on the African continent. Mosquitoes also harbor other non-pathogenic insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs), such as Culex flavivirus (CxFV) and Aedes flavivirus. Recent studies have implicated ISFs interfering with the vectorial efficiency of the pathogenic arbo-viruses. METHODS One hundred specimens of the Cx. quinquefasciatus population in two urban areas in Kerala State, India, were screened to have an understanding of the prevalence of these flaviviruses in this vector species. Viral RNA was extracted from individual specimens and was subjected to RT-PCR towards amplification of the CxFV non-structural protein 5 (NS5) gene. RESULTS Among the 100 specimens, 7.0% were found to be harboring CxFV infection. The phylogenetic analysis of the gene sequences showed that the virus isolates were genetically related to Kenya, with 98-99% sequence similarities. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the occurrence of CxFV from Cx. quinquefasciatus from India. The occurrence of these viruses in mosquitoes could play a critical role in disease vector management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anakha
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
| | - Harish Kumar Shah
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
| | - P A Fathima
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
| | - R S Aiswarya
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
| | - P M Ajithlal
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
| | - N Pradeep Kumar
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR- Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, 605 006, India
| | - Prasanta Saini
- ICMR-Vector Control Research Centre (Field Station), Kottayam, Kerala, 686 003, India
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5
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Tangudu CS, Hargett AM, Mitrisin BC, Laredo-Tiscareño SV, Blitvich BJ. Production of a chimeric flavivirus that contains the major structural glycoprotein genes of T'Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. Virol J 2023; 20:197. [PMID: 37658438 PMCID: PMC10472631 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T'Ho virus is a poorly characterized orthoflavivirus most closely related to Rocio virus and Ilheus virus, two orthoflaviviruses associated with human disease, suggesting that T'Ho virus could also be a human pathogen. The genome of T'Ho virus has been sequenced but an isolate has never been recovered, impeding its phenotypic characterization. In an attempt to generate recombinant T'Ho virus, the entire viral genome was synthesized as three overlapping DNA fragments, joined by Gibson assembly, and transfected into mosquito cells. Several cell culture passages were performed, but virus was not recovered. Subsequent experiments focused on the development of a chimeric orthoflavivirus that contains the premembrane and envelope protein genes of T'Ho virus in the genetic background of Zika virus. The chimeric virus replicated in mosquito (C6/36) and vertebrate (Vero) cells, demonstrating that the major structural glycoproteins of T'Ho virus permit entry into both cell types. The chimeric virus produced plaques in Vero cells that were significantly smaller than those produced by Zika virus. The chimeric virus can potentially be used as a surrogate diagnostic reagent in place of T'Ho virus in plaque reduction neutralization tests, allowing T'Ho virus to be considered in the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Alissa M Hargett
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Brooke C Mitrisin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - S Viridiana Laredo-Tiscareño
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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6
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Hollingsworth BD, Grubaugh ND, Lazzaro BP, Murdock CC. Leveraging insect-specific viruses to elucidate mosquito population structure and dynamics. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011588. [PMID: 37651317 PMCID: PMC10470969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several aspects of mosquito ecology that are important for vectored disease transmission and control have been difficult to measure at epidemiologically important scales in the field. In particular, the ability to describe mosquito population structure and movement rates has been hindered by difficulty in quantifying fine-scale genetic variation among populations. The mosquito virome represents a possible avenue for quantifying population structure and movement rates across multiple spatial scales. Mosquito viromes contain a diversity of viruses, including several insect-specific viruses (ISVs) and "core" viruses that have high prevalence across populations. To date, virome studies have focused on viral discovery and have only recently begun examining viral ecology. While nonpathogenic ISVs may be of little public health relevance themselves, they provide a possible route for quantifying mosquito population structure and dynamics. For example, vertically transmitted viruses could behave as a rapidly evolving extension of the host's genome. It should be possible to apply established analytical methods to appropriate viral phylogenies and incidence data to generate novel approaches for estimating mosquito population structure and dispersal over epidemiologically relevant timescales. By studying the virome through the lens of spatial and genomic epidemiology, it may be possible to investigate otherwise cryptic aspects of mosquito ecology. A better understanding of mosquito population structure and dynamics are key for understanding mosquito-borne disease ecology and methods based on ISVs could provide a powerful tool for informing mosquito control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Hollingsworth
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Courtney C Murdock
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute for Host Microbe Interaction and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector-borne Diseases, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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7
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Harrison JJ, Hobson-Peters J, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Hall RA. Chimeric Vaccines Based on Novel Insect-Specific Flaviviruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1230. [PMID: 34835160 PMCID: PMC8623431 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector-borne flaviviruses are responsible for nearly half a billion human infections worldwide each year, resulting in millions of cases of debilitating and severe diseases and approximately 115,000 deaths. While approved vaccines are available for some of these viruses, the ongoing efficacy, safety and supply of these vaccines are still a significant problem. New technologies that address these issues and ideally allow for the safe and economical manufacture of vaccines in resource-poor countries where flavivirus vaccines are in most demand are urgently required. Preferably a new vaccine platform would be broadly applicable to all flavivirus diseases and provide new candidate vaccines for those diseases not yet covered, as well as the flexibility to rapidly pivot to respond to newly emerged flavivirus diseases. Here, we review studies conducted on novel chimeric vaccines derived from insect-specific flaviviruses that provide a potentially safe and simple system to produce highly effective vaccines against a broad spectrum of flavivirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica J. Harrison
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (H.B.-O.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (H.B.-O.); (R.A.H.)
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (H.B.-O.); (R.A.H.)
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Roy A. Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (J.H.-P.); (H.B.-O.); (R.A.H.)
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8
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Phylogenetic analysis of West Nile virus: first report of lineage 1 in donkey in Turkey. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:453. [PMID: 34536145 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-021-02892-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae, is a major arbovirus that causes West Nile fever. Previous data showed the prevalence of the WNV serologically and molecular in Turkey, and the presence of lineage 1 in horses and humans has been reported. This is the first notification of partial phylogeny of WNV detected in donkeys in the northeast of Turkey (on the Iranian border). Blood serum samples collected from 25 donkeys without clinical symptoms were tested by RT-PCR. Sequence analysis of the sample detected as positive was performed. Multiple sequence alignments of reference sequences taken from GenBank were performed using the ClustalW method using the MEGA6 program. Partial nucleotide sequences of the capsid gene coding region revealed that the strains are closely related to viruses of lineage 1, clade 1a. According to the phylogenetic tree, the TUR/Igdir/donkey strain was included in the same cluster as the strain (KJ958922) previously obtained from horses in Turkey and the strain (GQ851658) from the Central African Republic. This study is the first report to show the circulation of WNV lineage 1 in donkeys in Turkey.
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9
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Altinli M, Schnettler E, Sicard M. Symbiotic Interactions Between Mosquitoes and Mosquito Viruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:694020. [PMID: 34527601 PMCID: PMC8435781 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.694020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes not only transmit human and veterinary pathogens called arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) but also harbor mosquito-associated insect-specific viruses (mosquito viruses) that cannot infect vertebrates. In the past, studies investigating mosquito viruses mainly focused on highly pathogenic interactions that were easier to detect than those without visible symptoms. However, the recent advances in viral metagenomics have highlighted the abundance and diversity of viruses which do not generate mass mortality in host populations. Over the last decade, this has facilitated the rapid growth of virus discovery in mosquitoes. The circumstances around the discovery of mosquito viruses greatly affected how they have been studied so far. While earlier research mainly focused on the pathogenesis caused by DNA and some double-stranded RNA viruses during larval stages, more recently discovered single-stranded RNA mosquito viruses were heavily studied for their putative interference with arboviruses in female adults. Thus, many aspects of mosquito virus interactions with their hosts and host-microbiota are still unknown. In this context, considering mosquito viruses as endosymbionts can help to identify novel research areas, in particular in relation to their long-term interactions with their hosts (e.g. relationships during all life stages, the stability of the associations at evolutionary scales, transmission routes and virulence evolution) and the possible context-dependent range of interactions (i.e. beneficial to antagonistic). Here, we review the symbiotic interactions of mosquito viruses considering different aspects of their ecology, such as transmission, host specificity, host immune system and interactions with other symbionts within the host cellular arena. Finally, we highlight related research gaps in mosquito virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altinli
- Molecular Entomology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Molecular Entomology, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, University Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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10
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Fang Y, Hang T, Xue J, Li Y, Li L, Wei Z, Yang L, Zhang Y. Diversity, Geography, and Host Range of Emerging Mosquito-Associated Viruses - China, 2010-2020. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:746-750. [PMID: 34594982 PMCID: PMC8408653 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Hang
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinbo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanhua Li
- School of Publish Health, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, China
| | - Zixin Wei
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Limin Yang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Auguste AJ, Langsjoen RM, Porier DL, Erasmus JH, Bergren NA, Bolling BG, Luo H, Singh A, Guzman H, Popov VL, Travassos da Rosa APA, Wang T, Kang L, Allen IC, Carrington CVF, Tesh RB, Weaver SC. Isolation of a novel insect-specific flavivirus with immunomodulatory effects in vertebrate systems. Virology 2021; 562:50-62. [PMID: 34256244 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We describe the isolation and characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV), tentatively named Aripo virus (ARPV), that was isolated from Psorophora albipes mosquitoes collected in Trinidad. The ARPV genome was determined and phylogenetic analyses showed that it is a dual host associated ISFV, and clusters with the main mosquito-borne flaviviruses. ARPV antigen was significantly cross-reactive with Japanese encephalitis virus serogroup antisera, with significant cross-reactivity to Ilheus and West Nile virus (WNV). Results suggest that ARPV replication is limited to mosquitoes, as it did not replicate in the sandfly, culicoides or vertebrate cell lines tested. We also demonstrated that ARPV is endocytosed into vertebrate cells and is highly immunomodulatory, producing a robust innate immune response despite its inability to replicate in vertebrate systems. We show that prior infection or coinfection with ARPV limits WNV-induced disease in mouse models, likely the result of a robust ARPV-induced type I interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Auguste
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Rose M Langsjoen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Danielle L Porier
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Jesse H Erasmus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bergren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bethany G Bolling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Huanle Luo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Hilda Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Vsevolod L Popov
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Lin Kang
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, LA, 71203, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Irving C Allen
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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12
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Fang Y, Tambo E, Xue JB, Zhang Y, Zhou XN, Khater EIM. Detection of DENV-2 and Insect-Specific Flaviviruses in Mosquitoes Collected From Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:626368. [PMID: 33718273 PMCID: PMC7947193 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.626368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mosquito-borne diseases are rapidly spreading due to increasing international travel and trade. Routine mosquito surveillance and screening for mosquito-borne pathogens can be early indicators for local disease transmission and outbreaks. However, arbovirus detection in mosquito vectors has rarely been reported in Saudi Arabia. Methods A total of 769,541 Aedes and Culex mosquitoes were collected by Black Hole traps during routine mosquito surveillance in the first half of 2016. Culex. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti were the most prevalent species observed. Twenty-five and 24 randomly selected pools of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus, respectively, were screened for arboviruses by RT-PCR. Results Dengue 2 (DENV-2) and four strains of insect-specific flaviviruses, including one of cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) and three of Phlebotomus-associated flavivirus (PAFV) were detected in pools of Ae. aegypti. We also detected 10 strains of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) in pools of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Phylogenetic analysis using whole genome sequences placed the DENV strain into the cosmopolitan 1 sub-DENV-2 genotype, and the CxFVs into the African/Caribbean/Latin American genotype. These analyses also showed that the DENV-2 strain detected in the present study was closely related to strains detected in China in 2014 and in Japan in 2018, which suggests frequent movement of DENV-2 strains among these countries. Furthermore, the phylogenetic analysis suggested at least five introductions of DENV-2 into Saudi Arabia from 2014 through 2018, most probably from India. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study reports the first detection of four arboviruses DENV, CFAV, PAFV, and CxFV in mosquitoes in Saudi Arabia, which shows that they are co-circulating in Jeddah. Our findings show a need for widespread mosquito-based arbovirus surveillance programs in Saudi Arabia, which will improve our understanding of the transmission dynamics of the mosquito-borne arboviruses within the country and help early predict and mitigate the risk of human infections and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Ernest Tambo
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jing-Bo Xue
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.,Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai, China.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention-Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Laboratory for Imported Tropical Disease Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Emad I M Khater
- Public Health Pests Laboratory, Municipality of Jeddah Governorate, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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13
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Altinli M, Lequime S, Atyame C, Justy F, Weill M, Sicard M. Wolbachia modulates prevalence and viral load of Culex pipiens densoviruses in natural populations. Mol Ecol 2020; 29:4000-4013. [PMID: 32854141 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inadequacy of standard mosquito control strategies calls for ecologically safe novel approaches, for example the use of biological agents such as the endosymbiotic α-proteobacteria Wolbachia or insect-specific viruses (ISVs). Understanding the ecological interactions between these "biocontrol endosymbionts" is thus a fundamental step. Wolbachia are transmitted vertically from mother to offspring and modify their hosts' phenotypes, including reproduction (e.g., cytoplasmic incompatibility) and survival (e.g., viral interference). In nature, Culex pipiens (sensu lato) mosquitoes are always found infected with genetically diverse Wolbachia called wPip that belong to five phylogenetic groups. In recent years, ISVs have also been discovered in these mosquito species, although their interactions with Wolbachia in nature are unknown. Here, we studied the interactions between a widely prevalent ISV, the Culex pipiens densovirus (CpDV, Densovirinae), and Wolbachia in northern Tunisian C. pipiens populations. We showed an influence of different Wolbachia groups on CpDV prevalence and a general positive correlation between Wolbachia and CpDV loads. By investigating the putative relationship between CpDV diversification and wPip groups in the different sites, we detected a signal linked to wPip groups in CpDV phylogeny in sites where all larvae were infected by the same wPip group. However, no such signal was detected where the wPip groups coexisted, suggesting CpDV horizontal transfer between hosts. Overall, our results provide good evidence for an ecological influence of Wolbachia on an ISV, CpDV, in natural populations and highlight the importance of integrating Wolbachia in our understanding of ISV ecology in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Altinli
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France.,Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), Partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lequime
- Cluster of Microbial Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestine Atyame
- Ile de La Réunion, Université de La Réunion, UMR PIMIT (Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical) CNRS 9192, INSERM U1187, IRD 249, Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Fabienne Justy
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mylene Weill
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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14
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Applying a pan-flavivirus RT-qPCR assay in Brazilian public health surveillance. Arch Virol 2020; 165:1863-1868. [PMID: 32474687 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04680-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve flavivirus field monitoring in Brazil using a reliable probe-based RT-qPCR assay. Standard flavivirus strains were employed to evaluate the performance of the assay, and its applicability was evaluated using 235 stored pools of Culicidae samples collected between 1993 and 1997 and in 2016. Flavivirus species were identified by sequencing. Sixteen (6.8%) samples tested positive: Ilheus virus, Iguape virus, and Saint Louis encephalitis virus were identified in historical specimens from 1993-1994, while insect-specific flaviviruses were detected in the samples from 2016. This approach was demonstrated to be accurate for flavivirus detection and characterization, and it can be successfully applied for vector surveillance and for monitoring and discovery of insect specific flaviviruses.
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15
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Agboli E, Leggewie M, Altinli M, Schnettler E. Mosquito-Specific Viruses-Transmission and Interaction. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090873. [PMID: 31533367 PMCID: PMC6784079 DOI: 10.3390/v11090873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-specific viruses (MSVs) are a subset of insect-specific viruses that are found to infect mosquitoes or mosquito derived cells. There has been an increase in discoveries of novel MSVs in recent years. This has expanded our understanding of viral diversity and evolution but has also sparked questions concerning the transmission of these viruses and interactions with their hosts and its microbiome. In fact, there is already evidence that MSVs interact with the immune system of their host. This is especially interesting, since mosquitoes can be infected with both MSVs and arthropod-borne (arbo) viruses of public health concern. In this review, we give an update on the different MSVs discovered so far and describe current data on their transmission and interaction with the mosquito immune system as well as the effect MSVs could have on an arboviruses-co-infection. Lastly, we discuss potential uses of these viruses, including vector and transmission control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Agboli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho PMB 31, Ghana.
| | - Mayke Leggewie
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mine Altinli
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Esther Schnettler
- Molecular Entomology, Molecular Biology and Immunology Department, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 20359 Hamburg, Germany.
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16
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Atoni E, Zhao L, Karungu S, Obanda V, Agwanda B, Xia H, Yuan Z. The discovery and global distribution of novel mosquito-associated viruses in the last decade (2007-2017). Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2079. [PMID: 31410931 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, virus hunting and discovery has gained pace. This achievement has been driven by three major factors: (a) advancements in sequencing technologies, (b) scaled-up routine arbovirus surveillance strategies, and (c) the "hunt" for emerging pathogens and novel viruses. Many novel viruses have been discovered from a myriad of hosts, vectors, and environmental samples. To help promote understanding of the global diversity and distribution of mosquito-associated viruses and facilitate future studies, we review mosquito-associated viruses discovered between years 2007 and 2017, across the world. In the analyzed period, novel mosquito-associated viruses belonging to 25 families and a general group of unclassified viruses were categorized. The top three discovered novel mosquito-associated viruses belonged to families Flaviviridae (n=32), Rhabdoviridae (n=16), and Peribunyaviridae (n=14). Also, 67 unclassified viruses were reported. Majority of these novel viruses were identified from Culex spp, Anopheles spp, Aedes spp, and Mansonia spp mosquitoes, respectively. Notably, the number of these discovered novels is not representative of intercontinental virus diversity but rather is influenced by the number of studies done in the study period. Some of these newly discovered mosquito-associated viruses have medical significance, either directly or indirectly. For instance, in the study period, 14 novel mosquito-borne viruses that infect mammalian cells in vitro were reported. These viruses pose a danger to the global health security on emerging viral diseases. On the other hand, some of the newly discovered insect specific viruses described herein have potential application as future biocontrol and vaccine agents against known pathogenic arboviruses. Overall, this review outlines the crucial role played by mosquitoes as viral vectors in the global virosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evans Atoni
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel Karungu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vincent Obanda
- Veterinary Services Department, Kenya Wildlife Service, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Han Xia
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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17
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Öhlund P, Lundén H, Blomström AL. Insect-specific virus evolution and potential effects on vector competence. Virus Genes 2019; 55:127-137. [PMID: 30632016 PMCID: PMC6458977 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-018-01629-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in high-throughput sequencing technology and bioinformatics tools has spurred a new age of viral discovery. Arthropods is the largest group of animals and has shown to be a major reservoir of different viruses, including a group known as insect-specific viruses (ISVs). The majority of known ISVs have been isolated from mosquitoes and shown to belong to viral families associated with animal arbovirus pathogens, such as Flaviviridae, Togaviridae and Phenuiviridae. These insect-specific viruses have a strict tropism and are unable to replicate in vertebrate cells, these properties are interesting for many reasons. One is that these viruses could potentially be utilised as biocontrol agents using a similar strategy as for Wolbachia. Mosquitoes infected with the viral agent could have inferior vectorial capacity of arboviruses resulting in a decrease of circulating arboviruses of public health importance. Moreover, insect-specific viruses are thought to be ancestral to arboviruses and could be used to study the evolution of the switch from single-host to dual-host. In this review, we discuss new discoveries and hypothesis in the field of arboviruses and insect-specific viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Öhlund
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hanna Lundén
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anne-Lie Blomström
- Section of Virology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
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18
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Miranda J, Mattar S, Gonzalez M, Hoyos-López R, Aleman A, Aponte J. First report of Culex flavivirus infection from Culex coronator (Diptera: Culicidae), Colombia. Virol J 2019; 16:1. [PMID: 30606229 PMCID: PMC6318882 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaviviruses are important pathogens for humans and animals (Dengue viruses, Yellow fever virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus). Culex flavivirus (CxFV) is an insect-specific virus of the genus Flavivirus, detected in a wide variety of mosquito species. OBJECTIVE To detect Flavivirus in mosquitoes of a tropical region of the Colombian Caribbean. METHODS In 2014, an entomological surveillance of arboviruses was conducted in the department of Cordoba area of the Caribbean, Colombia. A total of 8270 mosquitoes were captured as follow: Mansonia (n = 3271/39.5%), Culex (n = 2668/32.26%), Anopheles (n = 840/10.15%), Aedeomyia (n = 411/4.9%), Psorophora (n = 397/4.8%), Coquilletidia (n = 369/4.46%), Uranotaenia (n = 261/3.15%) and Aedes (n = 53/0.6%). All mosquito species were collected in dry tropical forest of the Caribbean area. Universal primers for NS5 gene (958 pb), RT-PCR for flavivirus and sequencing were used for molecular identification of viruses detected. RESULTS Two pools belonging to Culex coronator were positive for flavivirus RNA sequence by RT-PCR. The sequences of the PCR amplicons, matched that of the Culex flaviviruses, CxFv COL PM_149 (GenBank: KR014201) and CxFv COL PM_212 (GenBank: KT307717). Phylogenetic analysis of the NS5 protein sequences of the Culex flaviviruses sequences with those of reference sequences available in GenBank indicated viruses of Genotype II, closely related to the Brazilian strain, BR_SJRP_01_ (GenBank: KT726939), from Culex sp. The alignment of Culex flavivirus sequences CxFv COL_ PM 212 and CxFv COL_ PM 149 with sequences of strains detected in different geographical regions grouped the strains in a Latin American clade reported in Brazil, Argentina and Mexico. CONCLUSIONS The present work illustrated that CxFV was circulating among vectors of human pathogenic arboviruses in Colombia, but the impact of CxFV on other flaviviruses which are endemic in the study area still remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Miranda
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Salim Mattar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Marco Gonzalez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Richard Hoyos-López
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Tropicales y Resistencia Bacteriana, Universidad del Sinú, Montería, Colombia
| | - Ader Aleman
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
| | - Jose Aponte
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas del Trópico, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad de Córdoba, Montería, Colombia
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19
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Gravina HD, Suzukawa AA, Zanluca C, Cardozo Segovia FM, Tschá MK, Martins da Silva A, Faoro H, da Silva Ribeiro R, Mendoza Torres LP, Rojas A, Ferrerira L, Costa Ribeiro MCVD, Delfraro A, Duarte Dos Santos CN. Identification of insect-specific flaviviruses in areas of Brazil and Paraguay experiencing endemic arbovirus transmission and the description of a novel flavivirus infecting Sabethes belisarioi. Virology 2018; 527:98-106. [PMID: 30476788 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Viral infection was examined with pan-flavivirus and pan-alphavirus sets of primers in mosquitoes collected in four South American regions with confirmed pathogenic arbovirus circulation. Positive pools for flavivirus infection were sequenced and screened for specific arboviruses, which were not detected. However, NS5 gene sequencing showed that most sequences corresponded to the insect-specific Culex flavivirus. One sequence retrieved from an Aedes albopictus pool grouped with the insect-specific Aedes flavivirus and two Sabethes belisarioi pools were infected by a previously unknown flavivirus, tentatively named Sabethes flavivirus (SbFV). Phylogenetic inference placed SbFV as ancestral to a clade formed by Culiseta flavivirus, Mercadeo, and Calbertado. SbFV polyprotein showed an average aminoacidic identity of 51% in comparison to these flaviviruses. In vitro studies suggest that SbFV infects insect cells, but not vertebrate cells, therefore, we propose it as a new insect-specific flavivirus. These results highlight the wide distribution of insect-specific flaviviruses concomitant with the circulation of emergent arboviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreia Akemi Suzukawa
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Camila Zanluca
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Fatima María Cardozo Segovia
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), Paraguay
| | - Marcel Kruchelski Tschá
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Allan Martins da Silva
- Laboratório Central, Secretaria de Estado da Saúde (SESA), São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil
| | - Helisson Faoro
- Laboratório de Regulação da Expressão Gênica (LRGEN), Instituto Carlos Chagas/Fiocruz-PR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo da Silva Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Vigilância Ambiental, Centro de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental (CVSA), Secretaria de Estado de Saúde (SESA), Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Laura Patricia Mendoza Torres
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), Paraguay
| | - Alejandra Rojas
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud (IICS), Universidad Nacional de Asunción (UNA), Paraguay
| | - Luis Ferrerira
- Servicio Nacional de Erradicación del Paludismo (SENEPA), Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, Asunción, Paraguay
| | | | - Adriana Delfraro
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Charles J, Tangudu CS, Hurt SL, Tumescheit C, Firth AE, Garcia-Rejon JE, Machain-Williams C, Blitvich BJ. Discovery of a novel Tymoviridae-like virus in mosquitoes from Mexico. Arch Virol 2018; 164:649-652. [PMID: 30426216 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4098-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel Tymoviridae-like virus, designated Ek Balam virus, was isolated from male Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes collected in Yucatan, Mexico. The genome was fully sequenced and shown to have no more than 69% nt sequence identity to its closest known relative. Mosquito cells were permissive to Ek Balam virus replication, but mammalian and avian cells were refractory, suggesting that vertebrates are not involved in the maintenance of the virus in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermilia Charles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2116 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Chandra S Tangudu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2116 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Stefanie L Hurt
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2116 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian E Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, 2116 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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21
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Charles J, Tangudu CS, Hurt SL, Tumescheit C, Firth AE, Garcia-Rejon JE, Machain-Williams C, Blitvich BJ. Detection of novel and recognized RNA viruses in mosquitoes from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico using metagenomics and characterization of their in vitro host ranges. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1729-1738. [PMID: 30412047 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A metagenomics approach was used to detect novel and recognized RNA viruses in mosquitoes from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. A total of 1359 mosquitoes of 7 species and 5 genera (Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Mansonia and Psorophora) were sorted into 37 pools, homogenized and inoculated onto monolayers of Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. A second blind passage was performed and then total RNA was extracted and analysed by RNA-seq. Two novel viruses, designated Uxmal virus and Mayapan virus, were identified. Uxmal virus was isolated from three pools of Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus and phylogenetic data indicate that it should be classified within the recently proposed taxon Negevirus. Mayapan virus was recovered from two pools of Psorophora ferox and is most closely related to unclassified Nodaviridae-like viruses. Two recognized viruses were also detected: Culex flavivirus (family Flaviviridae) and Houston virus (family Mesoniviridae), with one and two isolates being recovered, respectively. The in vitro host ranges of all four viruses were determined by assessing their replicative abilities in cell lines of avian, human, monkey, hamster, murine, lepidopteran and mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles and Culex) origin, revealing that all viruses possess vertebrate replication-incompetent phenotypes. In conclusion, we report the isolation of both novel and recognized RNA viruses from mosquitoes collected in Mexico, and add to the growing plethora of viruses discovered recently through the use of metagenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermilia Charles
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Chandra S Tangudu
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Stefanie L Hurt
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Firth
- 2Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julian E Garcia-Rejon
- 3Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- 3Laboratorio de Arbovirologia, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales 'Dr Hideyo Noguchi', Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- 1Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Li B, Liao HM, Liu H, Tsai S, Zhang J, Hung GC, Chin PJ, Gao Y, Lo SC. Comparative genomics, infectivity and cytopathogenicity of Zika viruses produced by acutely and persistently infected human hematopoietic cell lines. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203331. [PMID: 30192813 PMCID: PMC6128475 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV), an arthropod-borne virus, has emerged as a major human pathogen. Prolonged or persistent ZIKV infection of human cells and tissues may serve as a reservoir for the virus and present serious challenges to the safety of public health. Human hematopoietic cell lines with different developmental properties revealed differences in susceptibility and outcomes to ZIKV infection. In three separate studies involving the prototypic MR 766 ZIKV strain and the human monocytic leukemia U937 cell line, ZIKV initially developed only a low-grade infection at a slow rate. After continuous culture for several months, persistently ZIKV-infected cell lines were observed with most, if not all, cells testing positive for ZIKV antigen. The infected cultures produced ZIKV RNA (v-RNA) and infectious ZIKVs persistently (“persistent ZIKVs”) with distinct infectivity and pathogenicity when tested using various kinds of host cells. When the genomes of ZIKVs from the three persistently infected cell lines were compared with the genome of the prototypic MR 766 ZIKV strain, distinct sets of mutations specific to each cell line were found. Significantly, all three “persistent ZIKVs” were capable of infecting fresh U937 cells with high efficiency at rapid rates, resulting in the development of a new set of persistently ZIKV-infected U937 cell lines. The genomes of ZIKVs from the new set of persistently ZIKV-infected U937 cell lines were further analyzed for their different mutations. The 2nd generation of persistent ZIKVs continued to possess most of the distinct sets of mutations specific to the respective 1st generation of persistent ZIKVs. We anticipate that the study will contribute to the understanding of the fundamental biology of adaptive mutations and selection during viral persistence. The persistently ZIKV-infected human cell lines that we developed will also be useful to investigate critical molecular pathways of ZIKV persistence and to study drugs or countermeasures against ZIKV infections and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Li
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Mei Liao
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hebing Liu
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shien Tsai
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jing Zhang
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guo-Chiuan Hung
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pei-Ju Chin
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yamei Gao
- Lab of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shyh-Ching Lo
- Tissue Microbiology Laboratory, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Wilson AJ, Harrup LE. Reproducibility and relevance in insect-arbovirus infection studies. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 28:105-112. [PMID: 30551760 PMCID: PMC6299244 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Experimental infections of insects with arboviruses are performed to achieve a variety of objectives but principally to draw inferences about the potential role of field populations in transmission or to explore the molecular basis of vector-pathogen interactions. The design of such studies determines both their reproducibility and the extent to which their results can be extrapolated to natural environments, and is constrained by the resources available. We discuss recent findings regarding the effects of nutrition, the microbiome, co-infecting agents and feeding methods on the outcome of such experiments, and identify resource-efficient ways to increase their relevance and reproducibility, including the development of community standards for reporting such studies and better standards for cell line and colony authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony James Wilson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
| | - Lara Ellen Harrup
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou ZB, Shi WQ, Xia S, Li YY, Wu JT, Liu Q, Lin GY. Co-circulation of Aedes flavivirus, Culex flavivirus, and Quang Binh virus in Shanghai, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:75. [PMID: 30021614 PMCID: PMC6052644 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With increases in global travel and trade, the spread of arboviruses is undoubtedly alarming. Pathogen detection in field-caught mosquitoes can provide the earliest possible warning of transmission. Insect-specific flavivirus (ISFV) has been first detected in 1991 and documented worldwide in the latest ten years. Although infection with ISFVs is apparently limited to insects, an increase in the infection rate of mosquito-borne flaviviruses may be able to induce cytopathic effects in vertebrate cells during co-infection with other human pathogens. However, little is known whether ISFVs persist in most regions of China. Methods During the mosquito activity season in 2016, a surveillance program was carried out to detect ISFVs in mosquitoes in metropolitan Shanghai, China. The presence of ISFVs was randomly tested in different species of mosquitoes using RT-PCR-based and hemi-nested PCR assays, following by the sequencing of PCR products. Sequences from positive pooled samples were compared with those deposited in GenBank. Thereafter, sequences of representative insect flaviviruses were used for further phylogenetic and molecular evolutionary analyses. Results Our investigations showed: (1) the presence of Aedes flavivirus (AEFV) in 11/161 pooled samples (nine pools in Songjiang District, one pool in Huangpu District, and one pool in Qingpu District) of Aedes albopictus, (2) the presence of Quang Binh virus (QBV) in 10/195 pooled samples (all in Chongming District) of Culex tritaeniorhynchus; and (3) the presence of Culex flavivirus (CxFV) in 9/228 pooled samples (six pools in Pudong New Area, two pools in Huangpu District, and one pool in Chongming District) of Cx. pipiens. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses of the gene sequences of envelope proteins indicated that Shanghai CxFV strains belonged to the Asia/USA genotype. The overall maximum likelihood estimation values (and 95% confidence interval) for CxFV, QBV, and AEFV in mosquitoes collected in Shanghai in 2016 were 1.34 (0.66–2.45), 1.65 (0.87–2.85), and 1.51 (0.77–2.70) per 1000, respectively. Conclusions This study reveals the presence and the geographical distribution of ISFVs, and determines the genetic variation and the infection rate of ISFVs in Shanghai, China. At least, three insect flaviviruses including ISFVs, AEFV, CxFV, and QBV, co-circulate in this area. To our knowledge, this is the first report of AEFV in China. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40249-018-0457-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zheng-Bin Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Qi Shi
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang Xia
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Tong Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yi Lin
- Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
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25
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Dual Insect specific virus infection limits Arbovirus replication in Aedes mosquito cells. Virology 2018; 518:406-413. [PMID: 29625404 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for many pathogenic viruses. Cell culture systems facilitate the investigation of virus growth in the mosquito vector. We found Zika virus (ZIKV) growth to be consistent in A. albopictus cells but hypervariable in A. aegypti cell lines. As a potential explanation of this variability, we tested the hypothesis that our cells harbored opportunistic viruses. We screened Aedes cell lines for the presence of insect specific viruses (ISVs), Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV) and Phasi charoen-like virus (PCLV). PCLV was present in the ZIKV-growth-variable A. aegypti cell lines but absent in A. albopictus lines, suggesting that these ISVs may interfere with ZIKV growth. In support of this hypothesis, PCLV infection of CFAV-positive A. albopictus cells inhibited the growth of ZIKV, dengue virus and La Crosse virus. These data suggest ISV infection of cell lines can impact arbovirus growth leading to significant changes in cell permissivity to arbovirus infection.
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Bouquet J, Melgar M, Swei A, Delwart E, Lane RS, Chiu CY. Metagenomic-based Surveillance of Pacific Coast tick Dermacentor occidentalis Identifies Two Novel Bunyaviruses and an Emerging Human Ricksettsial Pathogen. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12234. [PMID: 28947798 PMCID: PMC5612965 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12047-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of emerging tick-borne diseases has been reported in the United States since the 1970s. Using metagenomic next generation sequencing, we detected nucleic acid sequences from 2 novel viruses in the family Bunyaviridae and an emerging human rickettsial pathogen, Rickettsia philipii, in a population of the Pacific Coast tick, Dermacentor occidentalis in Mendocino County sampled annually from 2011 to 2014. A total of 250 adults of this human-biting, generalist tick were collected from contiguous chaparral and grassland habitats, and RNA from each individually extracted tick was deep sequenced to an average depth of 7.3 million reads. We detected a Francisella endosymbiont in 174 ticks (70%), and Rickettsia spp. in 19 ticks (8%); Rickettsia-infected ticks contained R. rhipicephali (16 of 250, 6.4%) or R. philipii (3 of 250,1.2%), the agent of eschar-associated febrile illness in humans. The genomes of 2 novel bunyaviruses (>99% complete) in the genera Nairovirus and Phlebovirus were also identified and found to be present in 20-91% of ticks, depending on the year of collection. The high prevalence of these bunyaviruses in sampled Dermacentor ticks suggests that they may be viral endosymbionts, although further studies are needed to determine whether they are infectious for vertebrate hosts, especially humans, and their potential role in tick ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Bouquet
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Michael Melgar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Andrea Swei
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Robert S Lane
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Charles Y Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Baak-Baak CM, Moo-Llanes DA, Cigarroa–Toledo N, Puerto FI, Machain-Williams C, Reyes-Solis G, Nakazawa YJ, Ulloa-Garcia A, Garcia-Rejon JE. Ecological Niche Model for Predicting Distribution of Disease-Vector Mosquitoes in Yucatán State, México. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:854-861. [PMID: 28399263 PMCID: PMC6503852 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of the Yucatán State, México, presents subtropical climate that is suitable for many species of mosquitoes that are known to be vectors of diseases, including those from the genera Aedes and Culex. The objective of this study is to identify the geographic distribution of five species from these two genera and estimate the human population at risk of coming in contact with them. We compiled distributional data for Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes (Howardina) cozumelensis (Diaz Najera), Culex coronator Dyar and Knab, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, and Culex thriambus Dyar from several entomological studies in Yucatán between March 2010 and September 2014. Based on these data, we constructed ecological niche models to predict the spatial distribution of each species using the MaxEnt algorithm. Our models identified areas with suitable environments for Ae. aegypti in most of Yucatán. A similar percentage of urban (97.1%) and rural (96.5%) populations were contained in areas of highest suitability for Ae. aegypti, and no spatial pattern was found (Moran's I = 0.33, P = 0.38); however, we found an association of abundance of immature forms of this species with annual mean temperature (r = 0.19, P ≤ 0.001) and annual precipitation (r = 0.21, P ≤ 0.001). Aedes cozumelensis is also distributed in most areas of the Yucatán State; Cx. quinquefasciatus, Cx. coronator, and Cx. thriambus are restricted to the northwest. The information generated in this study can inform decision-making to address control measures in priority areas with presence of these vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Baak-Baak
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Calle 43 No. 613 x Calle 90 Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, México CP 97069
| | - David A. Moo-Llanes
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Calle 19 Poniente esquina 4ta Norte, Tapachula, Chiapas, México, CP 30700
| | - Nohemi Cigarroa–Toledo
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Calle 43 No. 613 x Calle 90 Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, México CP 97069
| | - Fernando I. Puerto
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Calle 43 No. 613 x Calle 90 Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, México CP 97069
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Calle 43 No. 613 x Calle 90 Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, México CP 97069
| | - Guadalupe Reyes-Solis
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Calle 43 No. 613 x Calle 90 Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, México CP 97069
| | - Yoshinori J. Nakazawa
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., NE Mailstop G-06, Atlanta, GA 30333
| | - Armando Ulloa-Garcia
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública. Calle 19 Poniente esquina 4ta Norte, Tapachula, Chiapas, México, CP 30700
| | - Julian E. Garcia-Rejon
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Calle 43 No. 613 x Calle 90 Colonia Inalámbrica, Mérida, Yucatán, México CP 97069
- Corresponding author,
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28
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Briese T, Loroño-Pino MA, Garcia-Rejon JE, Farfan-Ale JA, Machain-Williams C, Dorman KS, Lipkin WI, Blitvich BJ. Complete genome sequence of T'Ho virus, a novel putative flavivirus from the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Virol J 2017; 14:110. [PMID: 28606155 PMCID: PMC5469153 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0777-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously reported the discovery of a novel, putative flavivirus designated T’Ho virus in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. A 1358-nt region of the NS5 gene was amplified and sequenced but an isolate was not recovered. Results The complete genome of T’Ho virus was sequenced using a combination of unbiased high-throughput sequencing, 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing. The genome contains a single open reading frame of 10,284 nt which is flanked by 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of 97 and 556-nt, respectively. Genome sequence alignments revealed that T’Ho virus is most closely related to Rocio virus (67.4% nucleotide identity) and Ilheus virus (65.9%), both of which belong to the Ntaya group, followed by other Ntaya group viruses (58.8–63.3%) and Japanese encephalitis group viruses (62.0–63.7%). Phylogenetic inference is in agreement with these findings. Conclusions This study furthers our understanding of flavivirus genetics, phylogeny and diagnostics. Because the two closest known relatives of T’Ho virus are human pathogens, T’Ho virus could be an unrecognized cause of human disease. It is therefore important that future studies investigate the public health significance of this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Loroño-Pino
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Julian E Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Jose A Farfan-Ale
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karin S Dorman
- Departments of Statistics and Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences and College Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Piyasena TBH, Setoh YX, Hobson-Peters J, Newton ND, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, McLean BJ, Vet LJ, Khromykh AA, Hall RA. Infectious DNAs derived from insect-specific flavivirus genomes enable identification of pre- and post-entry host restrictions in vertebrate cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2940. [PMID: 28592864 PMCID: PMC5462777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03120-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as West Nile virus (WNV), dengue virus and Zika virus are mosquito-borne pathogens that cause significant human diseases. A novel group of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs), which only replicate in mosquitoes, have also been identified. However, little is known about the mechanisms of ISF host restriction. We report the generation of infectious cDNA from two Australian ISFs, Parramatta River virus (PaRV) and Palm Creek virus (PCV). Using circular polymerase extension cloning (CPEC) with a modified OpIE2 insect promoter, infectious cDNA was generated and transfected directly into mosquito cells to produce infectious virus indistinguishable from wild-type virus. When infectious PaRV cDNA under transcriptional control of a mammalian promoter was used to transfect mouse embryo fibroblasts, the virus failed to initiate replication even when cell entry steps were by-passed and the type I interferon response was lacking. We also used CPEC to generate viable chimeric viruses between PCV and WNV. Analysis of these hybrid viruses revealed that ISFs are also restricted from replication in vertebrate cells at the point of entry. The approaches described here to generate infectious ISF DNAs and chimeric viruses provide unique tools to further dissect the mechanisms of their host restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thisun B H Piyasena
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yin X Setoh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jody Hobson-Peters
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalee D Newton
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Breeanna J McLean
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura J Vet
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alexander A Khromykh
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Queensland, Australia.
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Martin-Park A, Gomez-Govea MA, Lopez-Monroy B, Treviño-Alvarado VM, Torres-Sepúlveda MDR, López-Uriarte GA, Villanueva-Segura OK, Ruiz-Herrera MDC, Martinez-Fierro MDLL, Delgado-Enciso I, Flores-Suárez AE, White GS, Martínez de Villarreal LE, Ponce-Garcia G, Black WC, Rodríguez-Sanchez IP. Profiles of Amino Acids and Acylcarnitines Related with Insecticide Exposure in Culex quinquefasciatus (Say). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169514. [PMID: 28085898 PMCID: PMC5234828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Culex quinquefasciatus Say is a vector of many pathogens of humans, and both domestic and wild animals. Personal protection, reduction of larval habitats, and chemical control are the best ways to reduce mosquito bites and, therefore, the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens. Currently, to reduce the risk of transmission, the pyrethroids, and other insecticide groups have been extensively used to control both larvae and adult mosquitoes. In this context, amino acids and acylcarnitines have never been associated with insecticide exposure and or insecticide resistance. It has been suggested that changes in acylcarnitines and amino acids profiles could be a powerful diagnostic tool for metabolic alterations. Monitoring these changes could help to better understand the mechanisms involved in insecticide resistance, complementing the strategies for managing this phenomenon in the integrated resistance management. The purpose of the study was to determine the amino acids and acylcarnitines profiles in larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus after the exposure to different insecticides. Bioassays were performed on Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae exposed to the diagnostic doses (DD) of the insecticides chlorpyrifos (0.001 μg/mL), temephos (0.002 μg/mL) and permethrin (0.01 μg/mL). In each sample, we analyzed the profile of 12 amino acids and 31 acylcarnitines by LC-MS/MS. A t-test was used to determine statistically significant differences between groups and corrections of q-values. Results indicates three changes, the amino acids arginine (ARG), free carnitine (C0) and acetyl-carnitine (C2) that could be involved in energy production and insecticide detoxification. We confirmed that concentrations of amino acids and acylcarnitines in Cx. quinquefasciatus vary with respect to different insecticides. The information generated contributes to understand the possible mechanisms and metabolic changes occurring during insecticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdiel Martin-Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Mayra A. Gomez-Govea
- Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Beatriz Lopez-Monroy
- Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Graciela Arelí López-Uriarte
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Olga Karina Villanueva-Segura
- Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | | | | | - Ivan Delgado-Enciso
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Colima, México
- Instituto Estatal de Cáncer, Secretaria de Salud de Colima, Colima, México
| | - Adriana E. Flores-Suárez
- Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - Gregory S. White
- The Coachella Valley Mosquito and Vector Control District, Indio, California, United States of America
| | | | - Gustavo Ponce-Garcia
- Departamento de Zoología de Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, Nuevo León, México
| | - William C. Black
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Irám Pablo Rodríguez-Sanchez
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- * E-mail:
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31
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Roundy CM, Azar SR, Rossi SL, Weaver SC, Vasilakis N. Insect-Specific Viruses: A Historical Overview and Recent Developments. Adv Virus Res 2016; 98:119-146. [PMID: 28433051 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) have in recent years become a tremendous global health concern resulting in substantial human morbidity and mortality. With the widespread utilization of molecular technologies such as next-generation sequencing and the advancement of bioinformatics tools, a new age of viral discovery has commenced. Many of the novel agents being discovered in recent years have been isolated from mosquitoes and exhibit a highly restricted host range. Strikingly, these insect-specific viruses have been found to be members of viral families traditionally associated with human arboviral pathogens, including but not limited to the families Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Reoviridae, and Bunyaviridae. These agents therefore present novel opportunities in the fields of viral evolution and viral/vector interaction and have tremendous potential as agents for biocontrol of vectors and or viruses of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Roundy
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sasha R Azar
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Translational Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
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32
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Hoyos-López R, Suaza-Vasco J, Rúa-Uribe G, Uribe S, Gallego-Gómez JC. Molecular detection of flaviviruses and alphaviruses in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from coastal ecosystems in the Colombian Caribbean. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2016; 111:625-634. [PMID: 27706377 PMCID: PMC5066328 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses belonging to the genera Flavivirus and Alphavirus were detected in mosquitoes in a rural area of San Bernardo del Viento (Córdoba, Colombia). A total of 22,180 mosquitoes were collected, sorted into 2,102 pools, and tested by generic/nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, dengue virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis encephalitis virus, yellow fever virus, and Culex flavivirus were detected and identified by sequencing. The detection of arboviral pathogens in this zone represents possible circulation and indicates a human health risk, demonstrating the importance of virological surveillance activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Hoyos-López
- Universidad de Antioquia, Translational and Molecular Medicine Group,
Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Juan Suaza-Vasco
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática
Molecular, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Guillermo Rúa-Uribe
- Universidad de Antioquia, Facultad de Medicina, Grupo de Entomología
Médica, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Sandra Uribe
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Grupo de Investigación en Sistemática
Molecular, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
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33
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Bittar C, Machado DC, Vedovello D, Ullmann LS, Rahal P, Araújo Junior JP, Nogueira ML. Genome sequencing and genetic characterization of Culex Flavirirus (CxFV) provides new information about its genotypes. Virol J 2016; 13:158. [PMID: 27658621 PMCID: PMC5034531 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex Flavivirus (CxFV) is an insect-specific virus that is widely distributed and primarily infects mosquito species from the genus Culex. Its hosts include Culex tritaeniorhynchus, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes. Since its original identification, CxFV has been reported in several countries. Despite the increasing number of reports on CxFV, little is known about its genomic characteristics. It is unclear whether the phylogenetic relationships between the strains are influenced by host species and geographic location. Results We characterized the Brazilian CxFV strain and performed a comprehensive genetic and phylogenetic characterization of CxFV based on all ORF sequences described so far. Our results revealed that the Brazilian strain is in a monophyletic clade with the Mexican strain. Overall, selective pressure indicates that the ORF is undergoing purifying selection. Conclusions The phylogenetic analysis revealed a strong association between climate and CxFV ancestry. Also, based on phylogeny and the genetic distance between the main branches of the tree, we propose the classification of the available sequences into two different genotypes. We also suggest the existence of two different subtypes within Genotype 1. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-016-0614-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Bittar
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiane Cristina Machado
- FAMERP - Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Bloco U6 - Vila São Pedro, CEP: 15090-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danila Vedovello
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.,FAMERP - Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Bloco U6 - Vila São Pedro, CEP: 15090-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin S/N Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265 - Jardim Nazareth, CEP 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - João Pessoa Araújo Junior
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, R. Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin S/N Bairro: Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, CEP 18618-689, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- FAMERP - Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, Av. Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Bloco U6 - Vila São Pedro, CEP: 15090-000, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Frey KG, Biser T, Hamilton T, Santos CJ, Pimentel G, Mokashi VP, Bishop-Lilly KA. Bioinformatic Characterization of Mosquito Viromes within the Eastern United States and Puerto Rico: Discovery of Novel Viruses. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 12:1-12. [PMID: 27346944 PMCID: PMC4912310 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s38518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are efficient, militarily relevant vectors of infectious disease pathogens, including many RNA viruses. The vast majority of all viruses are thought to be undiscovered. Accordingly, recent studies have shown that viruses discovered in insects are very divergent from known pathogens and that many of them lack appropriate reference sequences in the public databases. Given that the majority of viruses are likely still undiscovered, environ mental sampling stands to provide much needed reference samples as well as genetic sequences for comparison. In this study, we sought to determine whether samples of mosquitoes collected from different sites (the Caribbean and locations on the US East Coast) could be differentiated using metagenomic analysis of the RNA viral fraction. We report here distinct virome profiles, even from samples collected short distances apart. In addition to profiling the previously known viruses from these samples, we detected a number of viruses that have been previously undiscovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Frey
- Naval Medical Research Center - Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tara Biser
- Naval Medical Research Center - Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.; Hood College, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Theron Hamilton
- Naval Medical Research Center - Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Naval Medical Research Center - Frederick, Fort Detrick, MD, USA.; Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, MD, USA
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35
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Insect-specific flaviviruses in Aedes mosquitoes in Greece. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2183-8. [PMID: 27198866 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2877-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are known vectors of pathogenic flaviviruses, and insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) have been detected in members of this genus in numerous parts of the world. In order to gain insight into whether Aedes mosquitoes in Greece are infected by flaviviruses, 1173 Aedes spp. mosquitoes collected in 2010 and 2012 were grouped in 53 pools and tested by RT nested PCR using flavivirus generic primers. Eight pools (15.09 %) were found to be PCR positive: five pools (5/53, 9.4 %) contained RNA sequences related to Ochlerotatus caspius flavivirus (OCFV), an ISF previously detected in the Iberian peninsula, two pools (2/53, 3.8 %) contained sequences related to a mosquito flavivirus detected in Aedes vexans (AeveV) in Italy and the Czech Republic, and one pool contained a DNA sequence that was too short to identify accurately. The highest OCFV prevalence (12.9 %) was observed in August 2010 in the regional unit of Thessaloniki. Similar sequences were later obtained from two Culex spp. pools collected in 2013 in the same regions. A genetic difference of 0.2-1.4 % was seen among the Greek OCFV strains, which differed by 2.2-4.1 % from the Iberian strains and by 6.2-11.1 % from the Finnish Hanko virus. The genetic distances among strains varied depending on the genome region (genes for E, NS3 and NS5 proteins), with NS3 being the most variable. The present study shows no evidence of infection of Aedes mosquitoes with known pathogenic flaviviruses, but it expands the geographic distribution of OCFV in the eastern Mediterranean area. Any implication of ISFs for public health (either directly or through interactions with other flaviviruses in the mosquitoes) remains to be elucidated.
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36
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Fernandes LN, Paula MBD, Araújo AB, Gonçalves EFB, Romano CM, Natal D, Malafronte RDS, Marrelli MT, Levi JE. Detection of Culex flavivirus and Aedes flavivirus nucleotide sequences in mosquitoes from parks in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Acta Trop 2016; 157:73-83. [PMID: 26829359 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dengue viruses are widespread in Brazil and are a major public health concern. Other flaviviruses also cause diseases in humans, although on a smaller scale. The city of São Paulo is in a highly urbanized area with few green spaces apart from its parks, which are used for recreation and where potential vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors of pathogenic Flavivirus species can be found. Although this scenario can contribute to the transmission of Flavivirus to humans, little is known about the circulation of members of this genus in these areas. In light of this, the present study sought to identify Flavivirus infection in mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) collected in parks in the city of São Paulo. Seven parks in different sectors of the city were selected. Monthly mosquito collections were carried out in each park from March 2011 to February 2012 using aspiration and traps (Shannon and CD C-CO2). Nucleic acids were extracted from the mosquitoes collected and used for reverse-transcriptase and real-time polymerase chain reactions with genus-specific primers targeting a 200-nucleotide region in the Flavivirus NS5 gene. Positive samples were sequenced, and phylogenetic analyses were performed. Culex and Aedes were the most frequent genera of Culicidae collected. Culex flavivirus (CxFV)-related and Aedes flavivirus (AEFV)- related nucleotide sequences were detected in 17 pools of Culex and two pools of Aedes mosquitoes, respectively, among the 818 pools of non-engorged females analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of CxFV and AEFV in the city of São Paulo and Latin America, respectively. Both viruses are insect- specific flaviviruses, a group known to replicate only in mosquito cells and induce a cytopathic effect in some situations. Hence, our data suggests that CxFV and AEFV are present in Culex and Aedes mosquitoes, respectively, in parks in the city of São Paulo. Even though Flavivirus species of medical importance were not detected, surveillance is recommended in the study areas because of the presence of vertebrates and mosquitoes that could act as amplifying hosts and vectors of flaviviruses, providing the required conditions for circulation of these viruses.
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37
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Charles J, Firth AE, Loroño-Pino MA, Garcia-Rejon JE, Farfan-Ale JA, Lipkin WI, Blitvich BJ, Briese T. Merida virus, a putative novel rhabdovirus discovered in Culex and Ochlerotatus spp. mosquitoes in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:977-987. [PMID: 26868915 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequences corresponding to a putative, novel rhabdovirus [designated Merida virus (MERDV)] were initially detected in a pool of Culex quinquefasciatus collected in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. The entire genome was sequenced, revealing 11 798 nt and five major ORFs, which encode the nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), matrix protein (M), glycoprotein (G) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (L). The deduced amino acid sequences of the N, G and L proteins have no more than 24, 38 and 43 % identity, respectively, to the corresponding sequences of all other known rhabdoviruses, whereas those of the P and M proteins have no significant identity with any sequences in GenBank and their identity is only suggested based on their genome position. Using specific reverse transcription-PCR assays established from the genome sequence, 27 571 C. quinquefasciatus which had been sorted in 728 pools were screened to assess the prevalence of MERDV in nature and 25 pools were found positive. The minimal infection rate (calculated as the number of positive mosquito pools per 1000 mosquitoes tested) was 0.9, and similar for both females and males. Screening another 140 pools of 5484 mosquitoes belonging to four other genera identified positive pools of Ochlerotatus spp. mosquitoes, indicating that the host range is not restricted to C. quinquefasciatus. Attempts to isolate MERDV in C6/36 and Vero cells were unsuccessful. In summary, we provide evidence that a previously undescribed rhabdovirus occurs in mosquitoes in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermilia Charles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maria A Loroño-Pino
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Julian E Garcia-Rejon
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Jose A Farfan-Ale
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - W Ian Lipkin
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Briese
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Bolling BG, Weaver SC, Tesh RB, Vasilakis N. Insect-Specific Virus Discovery: Significance for the Arbovirus Community. Viruses 2015; 7:4911-28. [PMID: 26378568 PMCID: PMC4584295 DOI: 10.3390/v7092851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), especially those transmitted by mosquitoes, are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals worldwide. Recent discoveries indicate that mosquitoes are naturally infected with a wide range of other viruses, many within taxa occupied by arboviruses that are considered insect-specific. Over the past ten years there has been a dramatic increase in the literature describing novel insect-specific virus detection in mosquitoes, which has provided new insights about viral diversity and evolution, including that of arboviruses. It has also raised questions about what effects the mosquito virome has on arbovirus transmission. Additionally, the discovery of these new viruses has generated interest in their potential use as biological control agents as well as novel vaccine platforms. The arbovirus community will benefit from the growing database of knowledge concerning these newly described viral endosymbionts, as their impacts will likely be far reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany G Bolling
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Robert B Tesh
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Nikos Vasilakis
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Center for Tropical Diseases, and Department of Pathology,University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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39
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Liang W, He X, Liu G, Zhang S, Fu S, Wang M, Chen W, He Y, Tao X, Jiang H, Lin X, Gao X, Hu W, Liu Y, Feng L, Cao Y, Yang G, Jing C, Liang G, Wang H. Distribution and phylogenetic analysis of Culex flavivirus in mosquitoes in China. Arch Virol 2015; 160:2259-68. [PMID: 26118548 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Culex flavivirus (CxFV) is an insect-specific virus of the genus Flavivirus. CxFV strains have been isolated from Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus, and other Cx. species in Asia, Africa, North America, Central America and South America. CxFV was isolated for the first time in China in 2006. As this is a novel flavivirus, we explored the distribution and genetic characteristics of Culex flavivirus in China. A total of 46,649 mosquitoes were collected in seven provinces between 2004 and 2012 and were analysed in 871 pools. 29 CxFV RNAs from Cx. pipiens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles Sinensis, and Culex spp. tested positive for CxFV in real-time RT-PCR. 6 CxFV strains were isolated from Cx. species collected in Shandong, Henan, and Shaanxi provinces, while no virus or viral RNA was detected in samples from Sichuan, Chongqing, Hubei, and Fujian. Phylogenetic analysis of the envelope gene indicated that Chinese strains formed a robust subgroup of genotype 1, together with viruses from the United States and Japan. This study demonstrates that the geographic distribution of CxFV in China is widespread, but geographical boundaries to spread are apparent. Our findings suggest that CxFV can infect various mosquito species in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Liang
- Department to Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510000, People's Republic of China,
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Blitvich BJ, Firth AE. Insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization. Viruses 2015; 7:1927-59. [PMID: 25866904 PMCID: PMC4411683 DOI: 10.3390/v7041927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
There has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) discovered in the last decade. Historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. This viewpoint has changed in recent years because some ISFs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. Additionally, comparative studies between ISFs and medically important flaviviruses can provide a unique perspective as to why some flaviviruses possess the ability to infect and cause devastating disease in humans while others do not. ISFs have been isolated exclusively from mosquitoes in nature but the detection of ISF-like sequences in sandflies and chironomids indicates that they may also infect other dipterans. ISFs can be divided into two distinct phylogenetic groups. The first group currently consists of approximately 12 viruses and includes cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus and Culex flavivirus. These viruses are phylogenetically distinct from all other known flaviviruses. The second group, which is apparently not monophyletic, currently consists of nine viruses and includes Chaoyang virus, Nounané virus and Lammi virus. These viruses phylogenetically affiliate with mosquito/vertebrate flaviviruses despite their apparent insect-restricted phenotype. This article provides a review of the discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion ability and genomic organization of ISFs. This article also attempts to clarify the ISF nomenclature because some of these viruses have been assigned more than one name due to their simultaneous discoveries by independent research groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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Liang G, Gao X, Gould EA. Factors responsible for the emergence of arboviruses; strategies, challenges and limitations for their control. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e18. [PMID: 26038768 PMCID: PMC4395659 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Slave trading of Africans to the Americas, during the 16th to the 19th century was responsible for the first recorded emergence in the New World of two arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses), yellow fever virus and dengue virus. Many other arboviruses have since emerged from their sylvatic reservoirs and dispersed globally due to evolving factors that include anthropological behaviour, commercial transportation and land-remediation. Here, we outline some characteristics of these highly divergent arboviruses, including the variety of life cycles they have developed and the mechanisms by which they have adapted to evolving changes in habitat and host availability. We cite recent examples of virus emergence that exemplify how arboviruses have exploited the consequences of the modern human lifestyle. Using our current understanding of these viruses, we also attempt to demonstrate some of the limitations encountered in developing control strategies to reduce the impact of future emerging arbovirus diseases. Finally, we present recommendations for development by an international panel of experts reporting directly to World Health Organization, with the intention of providing internationally acceptable guidelines for improving emerging arbovirus disease control strategies. Success in these aims should alleviate the suffering and costs encountered during recent decades when arboviruses have emerged from their sylvatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206, China ; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing 102206, China ; Collaborative Innovation Centre for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases , Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Ernest A Gould
- Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, EPV UMR_D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales" , Marseille 13385, France ; Centre for Ecology & Hydrology , Oxford OX1 3SR, United Kingdom
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Grisenti M, Vázquez A, Herrero L, Cuevas L, Perez-Pastrana E, Arnoldi D, Rosà R, Capelli G, Tenorio A, Sánchez-Seco MP, Rizzoli A. Wide detection of Aedes flavivirus in north-eastern Italy – a European hotspot of emerging mosquito-borne diseases. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:420-430. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.069625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Grisenti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Torino, Italy
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laureano Cuevas
- Electron Microscopy Department, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Perez-Pastrana
- Electron Microscopy Department, National Center of Microbiology, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniele Arnoldi
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosà
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Tenorio
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Laboratory of Arboviruses and Viral Imported Diseases, Institute of Health ‘Carlos III’, Ctra Pozuelo-Majadahonda, Km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annapaola Rizzoli
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Trento, Italy
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Johnson GD, Bahnson CS, Ishii P, Cochrane ZN, Hokit DG, Plummer PJ, Bartholomay LC, Blitvich BJ. Monitoring sheep and Culicoides midges in Montana for evidence of Bunyamwera serogroup virus infection. Vet Rec Open 2014; 1:e000071. [PMID: 26392881 PMCID: PMC4562451 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2014-000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A serological and entomological investigation was performed to monitor for potential Bunyamwera (BUN) serogroup virus activity in Montana. Results To facilitate the serological investigation, sera were collected from 104 sheep in 2013 and 2014 and assayed by plaque reduction neutralization test using all six BUN serogroup viruses known to occur in the United States: Cache Valley virus (CVV), Lokern virus (LOKV), Main Drain virus (MDV), Northway virus, Potosi virus and Tensaw virus. BUN serogroup virus-specific antibodies were detected in 41 (39%) sheep. Of these, three were seropositive for MDV, one was seropositive for CVV, one was seropositive for LOKV and 36 had antibodies to an undetermined BUN serogroup virus. Additionally, 30,606 Culicoides sonorensis were collected in 2013 using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps and assayed for cytopathic virus by virus isolation in African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cells. All midges were negative. Almost one-third of the midges were further tested by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction using BUN serogroup virus-reactive primers and all were negative. Conclusions We provide evidence of BUN serogroup virus infection in sheep but not C. sonorensis in Montana in 2013-2014. This study also provides the first evidence of CVV, MDV and LOKV activity in Montana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Johnson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences , Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana , USA
| | - Charlie S Bahnson
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Patricia Ishii
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Zachary N Cochrane
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - D Grant Hokit
- Department of Natural Science , Carroll College , Helena, Montana , USA
| | - Paul J Plummer
- Department of Veterinary and Diagnostic Production Animal Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Entomology , College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine , College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa , USA
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Kenney JL, Solberg OD, Langevin SA, Brault AC. Characterization of a novel insect-specific flavivirus from Brazil: potential for inhibition of infection of arthropod cells with medically important flaviviruses. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:2796-2808. [PMID: 25146007 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.068031-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been an upsurge in the number of newly described insect-specific flaviviruses isolated pan-globally. We recently described the isolation of a novel flavivirus (tentatively designated 'Nhumirim virus'; NHUV) that represents an example of a unique subset of apparently insect-specific viruses that phylogenetically affiliate with dual-host mosquito-borne flaviviruses despite appearing to be limited to replication in mosquito cells. We characterized the in vitro growth potential and 3' untranslated region (UTR) sequence homology with alternative flaviviruses, and evaluated the virus's capacity to suppress replication of representative Culex spp.-vectored pathogenic flaviviruses in mosquito cells. Only mosquito cell lines were found to support NHUV replication, further reinforcing the insect-specific phenotype of this virus. Analysis of the sequence and predicted RNA secondary structures of the 3' UTR indicated NHUV to be most similar to viruses within the yellow fever serogroup and Japanese encephalitis serogroup, and viruses in the tick-borne flavivirus clade. NHUV was found to share the fewest conserved sequence elements when compared with traditional insect-specific flaviviruses. This suggests that, despite apparently being insect specific, this virus probably diverged from an ancestral mosquito-borne flavivirus. Co-infection experiments indicated that prior or concurrent infection of mosquito cells with NHUV resulted in a significant reduction in virus production of West Nile virus (WNV), St Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) and Japanese encephalitis virus. The inhibitory effect was most effective against WNV and SLEV with over a 10(6)-fold and 10(4)-fold reduction in peak titres, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Kenney
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | | | | | - Aaron C Brault
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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Huhtamo E, Cook S, Moureau G, Uzcátegui NY, Sironen T, Kuivanen S, Putkuri N, Kurkela S, Harbach RE, Firth AE, Vapalahti O, Gould EA, de Lamballerie X. Novel flaviviruses from mosquitoes: mosquito-specific evolutionary lineages within the phylogenetic group of mosquito-borne flaviviruses. Virology 2014; 464-465:320-329. [PMID: 25108382 PMCID: PMC4170750 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Novel flaviviruses that are genetically related to pathogenic mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFV) have been isolated from mosquitoes in various geographical locations, including Finland. We isolated and characterized another novel virus of this group from Finnish mosquitoes collected in 2007, designated as Ilomantsi virus (ILOV). Unlike the MBFV that infect both vertebrates and mosquitoes, the MBFV-related viruses appear to be specific to mosquitoes similar to the insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs). In this overview of MBFV-related viruses we conclude that they differ from the ISFs genetically and antigenically. Phylogenetic analyses separated the MBFV-related viruses isolated in Africa, the Middle East and South America from those isolated in Europe and Asia. Serological cross-reactions of MBFV-related viruses with other flaviviruses and their potential for vector-borne transmission require further characterization. The divergent MBFV-related viruses are probably significantly under sampled to date and provide new information on the variety, properties and evolution of vector-borne flaviviruses. Mosquito-borne flavivirus-related viruses were isolated from Finnish mosquitoes. Isolates were reactive with flavivirus antibodies but appeared mosquito-specific. Sequence analysis identified related viruses from different parts of the world. These viruses represent unique properties among the mosquito-borne flavivirus group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eili Huhtamo
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Shelley Cook
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Moureau
- UMR D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Nathalie Y Uzcátegui
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Suvi Kuivanen
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niina Putkuri
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Satu Kurkela
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), P.O. Box 400, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ralph E Harbach
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Olli Vapalahti
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory (HUSLAB), P.O. Box 400, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland; Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ernest A Gould
- UMR D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- UMR D 190 "Emergence des Pathologies Virales", Aix Marseille University, IRD French Institute of Research for Development, EHESP French School of Public Health, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille 13005, France
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Goenaga S, Fabbri CM, García JB, Rondán JC, Gardenal N, Calderón GE, Enria DA, Levis SMC. New strains of Culex flavivirus isolated in Argentina. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:900-906. [PMID: 25118428 DOI: 10.1603/me13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Culex flavivirus (CxFV), an insect virus isolated initially from Japan, were isolated from different species of Culex sp. mosquitoes collected in Corrientes province, Argentina, during 2009. CxFV was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and by isolation in C6/36 cell culture. Phylogenetic analysis of nucleotide sequences showed that these strains are related closely to a CxFV strain isolated from Trinidad. Our study represents the first report of CxFV isolation and characterization in Argentina from the same geographic area where West Nile Virus has been detected. Further evaluation and viral competition studies will be necessary to determine the impact of this insect flavivirus on an infection caused by other pathogenic flaviviruses.
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Baak-Baak CM, Arana-Guardia R, Cigarroa-Toledo N, Puc-Tinal M, Coba-Tún C, Rivero-Osorno V, Lavalle-Kantun D, Loroño-Pino MA, Machain-Williams C, Reyes-Solis GC, Beaty BJ, Eisen L, García-Rejón JE. Urban Mosquito Fauna in Mérida City, México: Immatures Collected from Containers and Storm-water Drains/Catch Basins. THE SOUTHWESTERN ENTOMOLOGIST 2014; 39:291-306. [PMID: 25429168 PMCID: PMC4241551 DOI: 10.3958/059.039.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We examined the species composition and temporal occurrence of immature mosquitoes in containers and storm-water drains/catch basins from November 2011 to June 2013 in Mérida City, México. A wide range of urban settings were examined, including residential premises, vacant lots, parking lots, and streets or sidewalks with storm-water drains/catch basins. In total, 111,776 specimens of 15 species were recorded. The most commonly collected species were Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (n = 60,961) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (45,702), which together accounted for 95.4% of the immatures collected. These species were commonly encountered during both rainy and dry seasons, whereas most other mosquito species were collected primarily during the rainy season. Other species collected were Aedes (Howardina) cozumelensis Diaz Najera, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann), Aedes (Ochlerotatus) trivittatus (Coquillett), Culex coronator Dyar and Knab, Culex interrogator Dyar and Knab, Culex lactator Dyar and Knab, Culex nigripalpus Theobald, Culex salinarius Coquillett, Culex tarsalis Coquillett, Culex thriambus Dyar, Haemagogus equinus Theobald, Limatus durhamii Theobald, and Toxorhynchites rutilus (Coquillett). The greatest number of species was recorded from vacant lots (n = 11), followed by storm-water drains/catch basins (nine) and residential premises (six). Our study demonstrated that the heterogeneous urban environment in Mérida City supports a wide range of mosquito species, many of which are nuisance biters of humans and/or capable of serving as vectors of pathogens affecting humans or domestic animals. We also briefly reviewed the medical importance of the encountered mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Roger Arana-Guardia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Nohemi Cigarroa-Toledo
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - María Puc-Tinal
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Carlos Coba-Tún
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Víctor Rivero-Osorno
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Damián Lavalle-Kantun
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - María Alba Loroño-Pino
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Guadalupe C. Reyes-Solis
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - Barry J. Beaty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Lars Eisen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - Julián E. García-Rejón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
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48
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Arana-Guardia R, Baak-Baak CM, Loroño-Pino MA, Machain-Williams C, Beaty BJ, Eisen L, García-Rejón JE. Stormwater drains and catch basins as sources for production of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Acta Trop 2014; 134:33-42. [PMID: 24582840 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We present data showing that structures serving as drains and catch basins for stormwater are important sources for production of the mosquito arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus in Mérida City, México. We examined 1761 stormwater drains - located in 45 different neighborhoods spread across the city - over dry and wet seasons from March 2012 to March 2013. Of the examined stormwater drains, 262 (14.9%) held water at the time they were examined and 123 yielded mosquito immatures. In total, we collected 64,560 immatures representing nine species. The most commonly encountered species were Cx. quinquefasciatus (n=39,269) and Ae. aegypti (n=23,313). Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus were collected during all 11 months when we found water-filled stormwater drains, and both were found in stormwater drains located throughout Mérida City. We also present data for associations between structural characteristics of stormwater drains or water-related characteristics and the abundance of mosquito immatures. In conclusion, stormwater drains produce massive numbers of Ae. aegypti and Cx. quinquefasciatus across Mérida City, both in the wet and dry seasons, and represent non-residential development sites that should be strongly considered for inclusion in the local mosquito surveillance and control program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Arana-Guardia
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97225, Mexico
| | - Carlos M Baak-Baak
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97225, Mexico
| | - María Alba Loroño-Pino
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97225, Mexico
| | - Carlos Machain-Williams
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97225, Mexico
| | - Barry J Beaty
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 3185 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Lars Eisen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 3185 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523, United States
| | - Julián E García-Rejón
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán CP 97225, Mexico.
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Mlera L, Melik W, Bloom ME. The role of viral persistence in flavivirus biology. Pathog Dis 2014; 71:137-63. [PMID: 24737600 PMCID: PMC4154581 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, vector borne flaviviruses are persistently cycled between either the tick or mosquito vector and small mammals such as rodents, skunks, and swine. These viruses account for considerable human morbidity and mortality worldwide. Increasing and substantial evidence of viral persistence in humans, which includes the isolation of RNA by RT PCR and infectious virus by culture, continues to be reported. Viral persistence can also be established in vitro in various human, animal, arachnid, and insect cell lines in culture. Although some research has focused on the potential roles of defective virus particles, evasion of the immune response through the manipulation of autophagy and/or apoptosis, the precise mechanism of flavivirus persistence is still not well understood. We propose additional research for further understanding of how viral persistence is established in different systems. Avenues for additional studies include determining whether the multifunctional flavivirus protein NS5 has a role in viral persistence, the development of relevant animal models of viral persistence, and investigating the host responses that allow vector borne flavivirus replication without detrimental effects on infected cells. Such studies might shed more light on the viral–host relationships and could be used to unravel the mechanisms for establishment of persistence. Persistent infections by vector borne flaviviruses are an important, but inadequately studied topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwanika Mlera
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Laboratory of Virology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, USA
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BAAK-BAAK CARLOSM, ARANA-GUARDIA ROGER, CIGARROA-TOLEDO NOHEMI, LOROÑO-PINO MARÍAALBA, REYES-SOLIS GUADALUPE, MACHAIN-WILLIAMS CARLOS, BEATY BARRYJ, EISEN LARS, GARCÍA-REJÓN JULIÁNE. Vacant lots: productive sites for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mérida City, México. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:475-83. [PMID: 24724299 PMCID: PMC4064362 DOI: 10.1603/me13209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the potential for vacant lots and other nonresidential settings to serve as source environments for Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) in Mérida City, México. Mosquito immatures were collected, during November 2011-June 2013, from residential premises (n = 156 site visits) and nonresidential settings represented by vacant lots (50), parking lots (18), and streets or sidewalks (28). Collections totaled 46,025 mosquito immatures of 13 species. Ae. aegypti was the most commonly encountered species accounting for 81.0% of total immatures, followed by Culex quinquefasciatus Say (12.1%). Site visits to vacant lots (74.0%) were more likely to result in collection of Ae. aegypti immatures than residential premises (35.9%). Tires accounted for 75.5% of Ae. aegypti immatures collected from vacant lots. Our data suggest that vacant lots should be considered for inclusion in mosquito surveillance and control efforts in Mérida City, as they often are located near homes, commonly have abundant vegetation, and frequently harbor accumulations of small and large discarded water-holding containers that we now have demonstrated to serve as development sites for immature mosquitoes. In addition, we present data for associations of immature production with various container characteristics, such as storage capacity, water quality, and physical location in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- CARLOS M. BAAK-BAAK
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - ROGER ARANA-GUARDIA
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - NOHEMI CIGARROA-TOLEDO
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - MARÍA ALBA LOROÑO-PINO
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - GUADALUPE REYES-SOLIS
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - CARLOS MACHAIN-WILLIAMS
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
| | - BARRY J. BEATY
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 3185 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - LARS EISEN
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 3185 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80523
| | - JULIÁN E. GARCÍA-REJÓN
- Laboratorio de Arbovirología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr. Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Calle 96 s/n x Av. Jacinto Canek y Calle 47, Paseo de las Fuentes, Mérida, Yucatán, México, CP 97225
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