1
|
Wee WA, Andini TM, Kumagai T, Chinnathambi S, Pandian GN, Millius A, Sugiyama H, Standley DM, Park S. Tiny but mighty! N,N-dimethyl-4-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)aniline, a push-pull fluorescent dye for lipid droplet imaging. Anal Chim Acta 2025; 1359:344130. [PMID: 40382107 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2025.344130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2025] [Revised: 04/01/2025] [Accepted: 04/27/2025] [Indexed: 05/20/2025]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are ubiquitous cellular organelles with a neutral lipid core containing triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters surrounded by phospholipids. Recent findings indicate that LDs are intricately linked to diseases, such as cancer and neurological disorders, in addition to their roles in cellular senescence and immune responses. Herein, we describe a simple yet robust push-pull molecule, N,N-dimethyl-4-(5-nitrothiophen-2-yl)aniline (NiTA), as a versatile LD fluorescent probe. NiTA showed an absorption spectrum with a substantial bathochromic shift and a fluorescence spectrum with excellent solvatochromism. Leveraging the remarkable photophysical features of NiTA, we stained LDs in major immune cells, including T and B cells, and macrophages, and monitored the changes in LDs under oxidative and starvation conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated the applicability of NiTA for visualizing the organization of medaka fish (Oryzias latipes) embryos during development. We expect the small yet powerful NiTA to be utilized in various applications, including fluorescence mapping to observe LD numbers, morphology, and polarity changes in animals and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ann Wee
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatum Melati Andini
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Kumagai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shanmugavel Chinnathambi
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ganesh N Pandian
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Arthur Millius
- Laboratory of System Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Sugiyama
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida-ushinomiyacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Daron M Standley
- Department of Genome Informatics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Soyoung Park
- Laboratory of System Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan H, Su H, Huang X. New players on lipid droplets: Their regulations and functions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2025; 95:102541. [PMID: 40413855 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2025.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2025] [Revised: 04/21/2025] [Accepted: 05/01/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are highly conserved organelles found across a wide range of organisms, from prokaryotic to eukaryotes. LD proteins are a diverse group of proteins that are associated with LDs, regulating various aspects of LD function, such as storage, mobilization, and interactions with other organelles. Recent research in LD proteins has uncovered a broader range of physiological and pathological roles of LDs, extending beyond their traditional function in lipid metabolism. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms behind LD protein targeting and explore the discovery of new players on LDs, highlighting their specific contributions to cellular function. These discoveries significantly deepen our understanding of LD biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Honggang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duong L, Wu Y, Kasallis SJ, Abbondante S, Hurst PJ, Marshall ME, McCarthy K, Reddy BJN, Bru JL, Perinbam K, Pearlman E, Patterson JP, Gross SP, Siryaporn A. Bactericidal activity of mammalian histones is caused by large membrane pore formation. Cell Rep 2025; 44:115658. [PMID: 40333180 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2025] [Accepted: 04/15/2025] [Indexed: 05/09/2025] Open
Abstract
Histones have an important role in eukaryotic innate immunity, wherein histones co-localize with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The mechanism of histone cooperation with AMPs and the extent to which histones form pores both remain a mystery. Here, we show that histones form large pores in bacterial membranes that lack lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and that their antimicrobial effect is significantly stronger than that of the clinical AMP polymyxin B. We find that histones and AMPs together produce potent antimicrobial synergy through the formation of 26 nm pores, whereby the pore-forming activity of AMPs on LPS-containing membranes enables histones to enter the periplasmic space and subsequently attack unprotected membranes to create pores. We provide a mechanistic explanation for the long-standing observations of histone antimicrobial activity and demonstrate how antimicrobial synergy arises. The ubiquity of histones and AMPs in innate immunity has significant implications for organismal defense and can be leveraged for novel antibiotic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leora Duong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yonghan Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Summer J Kasallis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Serena Abbondante
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Paul J Hurst
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michaela E Marshall
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Katherine McCarthy
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Babu J N Reddy
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jean-Louis Bru
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kumar Perinbam
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560078, India
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Albert Siryaporn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song X, Yang Y, Cui N, Lei T, Jin X, Huang Y, Shi Y, Zhao Z. Emerging role of lipid droplets in obscure puffer immune response against Vibrio harveyi. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2025; 7:271-283. [PMID: 40417253 PMCID: PMC12102014 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-025-00286-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2025] [Indexed: 05/27/2025]
Abstract
As dynamic and functionally active organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) mainly function in lipid anabolism, while recent studies showed that mammalian LDs also actively participated in innate immunity; however, the specific roles and regulation mechanism remain relatively unexplored, and the existing studies were mainly limited to mammals. In the present study, we first found that Vibrio harveyi, a serious pathogen in marine environment, could induce LDs accumulation in the liver of obscure puffer Takifugu obscurus on the histology, morphology and molecular levels, and the induction mainly conducted by promoting the synthesis of neutral lipids. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of LD proteins was significantly enhanced upon V. harveyi stimulation, and showed broad-spectrum characteristic. While the inhibition of LDs formation downregulated the expression of immune-related genes and immune signaling elements, highlighting the potential critical roles of LDs during the bacterial infection. The isolated LDs from obscure puffer liver were examined via proteomic analyses, and the data supported the conservative property of LDs from bacteria to humans, and revealed that numerous innate immune system-related components were enriched on the surface of LDs. These results will deepen the understanding of LDs biology and host immune defense mechanism, shedding light on the new strategies for the development of anti-infective therapies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-025-00286-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorui Song
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Yaxing Yang
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Nan Cui
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Tianying Lei
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Xingkun Jin
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Yan Shi
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-Resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210024 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Peng Y, Liu Y, Wu J, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Shao S. ArgR-dependent bacterial resistance to host lipid droplets in Edwardsiella piscicida. Commun Biol 2025; 8:333. [PMID: 40021749 PMCID: PMC11871307 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-025-07777-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/03/2025] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), as innate immune hubs, function in the front line of antimicrobial defense involved in the host-pathogen arms race. Particularly for intracellular bacterial pathogens, the endowed capacity to resist host LDs can effectively facilitate pathogen in vivo colonization and evasion from the host's innate immune response. Here, to investigate the genetic mechanisms of intracellular bacteria response to host LDs, we utilized transposon insertion sequencing to dissect critical fitness determinants of Edwardsiella piscicida under the treatment of LDs isolated from its native host, turbot. Targeted metabolomics indicated that LD challenge resulted in the accumulation of intracellular arginine. The core arginine metabolism regulatory factor, ArgR, was found to play a pivotal role in combating LDs, emphasizing the importance of orchestrating intracellular arginine levels for bacterial LD adaptation. Specifically, ArgR enhanced the expressions of genes involved in arginine catabolism (speA/B and arcC) and diminished gene transcripts associated with arginine import (artP) and synthesis (argD/E/H). Furthermore, ArgR contributed to the pathogenesis of E. piscicida, promoting the proliferation in host cells and virulence in turbot. Collectively, our results shed light on the underlying mechanism of intracellular pathogens resisting LDs during bacterial infections and highlighting the crucial role of arginine in the host-pathogen interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yihan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Junze Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanxing Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, China
| | - Qiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Maricultured Animal Vaccines, Shanghai, China.
- Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases of MOA, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh B, Fredriksson Sundbom M, Muthukrishnan U, Natarajan B, Stransky S, Görgens A, Nordin JZ, Wiklander OPB, Sandblad L, Sidoli S, El Andaloussi S, Haney M, Gilthorpe JD. Extracellular Histones as Exosome Membrane Proteins Regulated by Cell Stress. J Extracell Vesicles 2025; 14:e70042. [PMID: 39976275 PMCID: PMC11840699 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.70042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025] Open
Abstract
Histones are conserved nuclear proteins that function as part of the nucleosome in the regulation of chromatin structure and gene expression. Interestingly, extracellular histones populate biofluids from healthy individuals, and when elevated, may contribute to various acute and chronic diseases. It is generally assumed that most extracellular histones exist as nucleosomes, as components of extracellular chromatin. We analysed cell culture models under normal and stressed conditions to identify pathways of histone secretion. We report that core and linker histones localize to extracellular vesicles (EVs) and are secreted via the multivesicular body/exosome pathway. Upregulation of EV histone secretion occurs in response to cellular stress, with enhanced vesicle secretion and a shift towards a population of smaller EVs. Most histones were membrane associated with the outer surface of EVs. Degradation of EV-DNA did not impact significantly on EV-histone association. Individual histones and histone octamers bound strongly to liposomes and EVs, but nucleosomes did not, showing histones do not require DNA for EV binding. Histones colocalized to tetraspanin positive EVs but using genetic or pharmacological intervention, we found that all known pathways of exosome biogenesis acted positively on histone secretion. Inhibition of autophagy and lysosomal degradation had a strong positive effect on EV histone release. Unexpectedly, EV-associated histones lacked the extensive post-translational modification of their nuclear counterparts, suggesting loss of PTMs may be involved in their trafficking or secretion. Our data does not support a significant role for EV-histones existing as nucleosomes. We show for the first time that histones are secreted from cells as membrane proteins via EVs/exosomes. This fundamental discovery provides support for further investigation of the biological activity of exosome associated histones and their role in disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Anaesthesiology and Intensive CareUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Uma Muthukrishnan
- Department of Medical and Translational BiologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | | - Stephanie Stransky
- Department of BiochemistryAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - André Görgens
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST)Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer CenterStockholmSweden
- Institute for Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | - Joel Z. Nordin
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Oscar P. B. Wiklander
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | | | - Simone Sidoli
- Department of BiochemistryAlbert Einstein College of MedicineBronxNew YorkUSA
| | - Samir El Andaloussi
- Division of Biomolecular and Cellular Medicine, Department of Laboratory MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Michael Haney
- Department of Diagnostics and Intervention, Anaesthesiology and Intensive CareUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Q, Zhou X, Feng T, Tong H, Wang J, Dai J. The immune function of thioester-containing proteins in typical invertebrate disease vectors. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2025; 176:104218. [PMID: 39579796 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/20/2024] [Indexed: 11/25/2024]
Abstract
Disease vectors, such as arthropods, primarily rely on innate immunity to counteract pathogen invasions, typically through the recognition and binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). As a conserved immune effector gene family from insects to mammals, the complement system may play an essential role in combating pathogenic microorganisms. In arthropods, the complement proteins are often referred to as thioester-containing proteins (TEPs) because thioester motifs are one of the essential functional domains of the first proteins characterized within the C3 and A2M family. TEPs mainly function as specialized PRRs in sensing and binding to pathogens or their components. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the common domain and functions of TEPs in major disease vectors, in particular the specific decision-making ones expressed by Arthropoda (medical arthropods) and Mollusca (Biomphalaria glabrata) after pathogen infections. The relationship between the structure and antibacterial/antiviral activities of TEPs would further our understandings on the mechanisms governing the initiation of innate immune responses in typical disease vectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Feng
- Central Laboratory, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Tong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, The Forth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Grinat J, Shriever NP, Christophorou MA. Fantastic proteins and where to find them - histones, in the nucleus and beyond. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262071. [PMID: 39704565 PMCID: PMC11827605 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal genomes are packaged into chromatin, a highly dynamic macromolecular structure of DNA and histone proteins organised into nucleosomes. This accommodates packaging of lengthy genomic sequences within the physical confines of the nucleus while also enabling precise regulation of access to genetic information. However, histones existed before chromatin and have lesser-known functions beyond genome regulation. Most notably, histones are potent antimicrobial agents, and the release of chromatin to the extracellular space is a defence mechanism nearly as ancient and widespread as chromatin itself. Histone sequences have changed very little throughout evolution, suggesting the possibility that some of their 'non-canonical' functions are at play in parallel or in concert with their genome regulatory functions. In this Review, we take an evolutionary perspective of histone, nuclear chromatin and extracellular chromatin biology and describe the known extranuclear and extracellular functions of histones. We detail molecular mechanisms of chromatin release and extracellular chromatin sensing, and we discuss their roles in physiology and disease. Finally, we present evidence and give a perspective on the potential of extracellular histones to act as bioactive, cell modulatory factors.
Collapse
|
9
|
Marsman G, Zheng X, Čerina D, Lacey KA, Liu M, Humme D, Goosmann C, Brinkmann V, Harbort CJ, Torres VJ, Zychlinsky A. Histone H1 kills MRSA. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114969. [PMID: 39546397 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 10/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of histones was discovered in the 1940s, but their mechanism of action is not fully known. Here we show that methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is susceptible to histone H1 (H1), even in the presence of divalent cations and serum. Through selective evolution and a genome-wide screen of a transposon library, as well as physiological and pharmacological experiments, we elucidated how H1 kills MRSA. We show that H1 first binds to wall teichoic acids with high affinity. Once bound, H1 requires a potentiated membrane and a metabolically active bacterium to permeabilize the membrane and enter the cell. Upon entry, H1 accumulates intracellularly, in close association with the bacterial DNA. Of note, anti-H1 antibodies inhibit neutrophil extracellular trap killing of MRSA. Moreover, H1 colocalizes with bacterial DNA in abscess samples of MRSA-infected patients, suggesting a role for H1 in combating MRSA in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerben Marsman
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuhui Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dora Čerina
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Keenan A Lacey
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Menghan Liu
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel Humme
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Brinkmann
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - C J Harbort
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor J Torres
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 430 East 29th Street, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Arturo Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
McGee SL, Hargreaves M. Exercise performance and health: Role of GLUT4. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 224:479-483. [PMID: 39243828 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
The glucose transporter GLUT4 is integral for optimal skeletal muscle performance during exercise, as well as for metabolic health. Physiological regulation of GLUT4 translocation during exercise and increased GLUT4 expression following exercise involves multiple, redundant signalling pathways. These include effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS contribute to GLUT4 translocation that increases skeletal muscle glucose uptake during exercise and stimulate signalling pathways that increase GLUT4 expression. Conversely, ROS can also inhibit GLUT4 translocation and expression in metabolic disease states. The opposing roles of ROS in GLUT4 regulation are ultimately linked to the metabolic state of skeletal muscle and the intricate mechanisms involved give insights into pathways critical for exercise performance and implicated in metabolic health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean L McGee
- Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, 3217, Australia.
| | - Mark Hargreaves
- Department of Anatomy & Physiology, University of Melbourne, 3010, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Muñoz-Camargo C, Cruz JC. From inside to outside: exploring extracellular antimicrobial histone-derived peptides as multi-talented molecules. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2024; 77:553-568. [PMID: 38871806 PMCID: PMC11347383 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-024-00744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a global health threat, necessitating innovative solutions. The contemporary challenge lies in bacterial resistance, impacting morbidity, mortality, and global economies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) offer a promising avenue for addressing antibiotic resistance. The Antimicrobial Peptide Database catalogs 3569 peptides from various organisms, representing a rich resource for drug development. Histones, traditionally recognized for their role in nucleosome structures, have gained attention for their extracellular functions, including antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. This review aims to thoroughly investigate antimicrobial peptides derived from histones in various organisms, elucidating their mechanisms. In addition, it gives us clues about how extracellular histones might be used in drug delivery systems to fight bacterial infections. This comprehensive analysis emphasizes the importance of histone-derived peptides in developing innovative therapeutic strategies for evolving bacterial challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Grupo de investigación en Nanobiomateriales, Ingeniería Celular y Bioimpresión (GINIB), Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Cruz
- Grupo de investigación en Nanobiomateriales, Ingeniería Celular y Bioimpresión (GINIB), Departamento de Ingeniería Biomédica, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng Z, Ling X, Li Y, Qiao S, Zhang S, Wu J, Ma Z, Li M, Guo X, Li Z, Feng Y, Liu X, Goodfellow IG, Zheng H, Xiao S. Host cells reprogram lipid droplet synthesis through YY1 to resist PRRSV infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0154924. [PMID: 38953350 PMCID: PMC11323570 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01549-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism in host cells can be modulated after viral infection, favoring viral survival or clearance. Here, we report that lipid droplet (LD) synthesis in host cells can be modulated by yin yang 1 (YY1) after porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, resulting in active antiviral activity. As a ubiquitously distributed transcription factor, there was increased expression of YY1 upon PRRSV infection both in vitro and in vivo. YY1 silencing promoted the replication of PRRSV, whereas YY1 overexpression inhibited PRRSV replication. PRRSV infection led to a marked increase in LDs, while YY1 knockout inhibited LD synthesis, and YY1 overexpression enhanced LD accumulation, indicating that YY1 reprograms PRRSV infection-induced intracellular LD synthesis. We also showed that the viral components do not colocalize with LDs during PRRSV infection, and the effect of exogenously induced LD synthesis on PRRSV replication is nearly lethal. Moreover, we demonstrated that YY1 affects the synthesis of LDs by regulating the expression of lipid metabolism genes. YY1 negatively regulates the expression of fatty acid synthase (FASN) to weaken the fatty acid synthesis pathway and positively regulates the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) to promote the synthesis of LDs, thus inhibiting PRRSV replication. These novel findings indicate that YY1 plays a crucial role in regulating PRRSV replication by reprogramming LD synthesis. Therefore, our study provides a novel mechanism of host resistance to PRRSV and suggests potential new antiviral strategies against PRRSV infection.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) has caused incalculable economic damage to the global pig industry since it was first discovered in the 1980s. However, conventional vaccines do not provide satisfactory protection. It is well known that viruses are parasitic pathogens, and the completion of their replication life cycle is highly dependent on host cells. A better understanding of host resistance to PRRSV infection is essential for developing safe and effective strategies to control PRRSV. Here, we report a crucial host antiviral molecule, yin yang 1 (YY1), which is induced to be expressed upon PRRSV infection and subsequently inhibits virus replication by reprogramming lipid droplet (LD) synthesis through transcriptional regulation. Our work provides a novel antiviral mechanism against PRRSV infection and suggests that targeting YY1 could be a new strategy for controlling PRRSV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zifang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xue Ling
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuangquan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jie Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yingtong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ian G. Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tan YJ, Jin Y, Zhou J, Yang YF. Lipid droplets in pathogen infection and host immunity. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:449-464. [PMID: 37993536 PMCID: PMC10834987 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
As the hub of cellular lipid metabolism, lipid droplets (LDs) have been linked to a variety of biological processes. During pathogen infection, the biogenesis, composition, and functions of LDs are tightly regulated. The accumulation of LDs has been described as a hallmark of pathogen infection and is thought to be driven by pathogens for their own benefit. Recent studies have revealed that LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators contribute to effective immunological responses to pathogen infection by promoting host stress tolerance and reducing toxicity. In this comprehensive review, we delve into the intricate roles of LDs in governing the replication and assembly of a wide spectrum of pathogens within host cells. We also discuss the regulatory function of LDs in host immunity and highlight the potential for targeting LDs for the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jie Tan
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Yi Jin
- Research Center of Translational Medicine, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250013, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yun-Fan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Angara RK, Sladek MF, Gilk SD. ER-LD Membrane Contact Sites: A Budding Area in the Pathogen Survival Strategy. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2024; 7:25152564241304196. [PMID: 39697586 PMCID: PMC11653285 DOI: 10.1177/25152564241304196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/20/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lipid droplets (LDs) are essential organelles involved in lipid synthesis, storage, and transport. Physical membrane contacts between the ER and LDs facilitate lipid and protein exchange and thus play a critical role in regulating cellular lipid homeostasis. Recent research has revealed that ER-LD membrane contact sites are targeted by pathogens seeking to exploit host lipid metabolic processes. Both viruses and bacteria manipulate ER-LD membrane contact sites to enhance their replication and survival within the host. This review discusses the research advancements elucidating the mechanisms by which pathogens manipulate the ER-LD contacts through protein molecular mimicry and host cell protein manipulation, thereby hijacking host lipid metabolic processes to facilitate pathogenesis. Understanding the crosstalk between ER and LDs during infection provides deeper insight into host lipid regulation and uncovers potential therapeutic targets for treating infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Kumar Angara
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Margaret F. Sladek
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stacey D. Gilk
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cala SE, Carruthers NJ, Stemmer PM, Chen Z, Chen X. Activation of Ca 2+ transport in cardiac microsomes enriches functional sets of ER and SR proteins. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:85-98. [PMID: 37036634 PMCID: PMC10786961 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04708-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-handling in heart has led to detailed understanding of Ca2+-release and re-uptake protein complexes, while less is known about other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions in the heart. To more fully understand cardiac SR and ER functions, we analyzed cardiac microsomes based on their increased density through the actions of the SR Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and the ryanodine receptor that are highly active in cardiomyocytes. Crude cardiac microsomal vesicles loaded with Ca oxalate produced two higher density subfractions, MedSR and HighSR. Proteins from 20.0 μg of MV, MedSR, and HighSR protein were fractionated using SDS-PAGE, then trypsinized from 20 separate gel pieces, and analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determine protein content. From 62,000 individual peptide spectra obtained, we identified 1105 different proteins, of which 354 were enriched ≥ 2.0-fold in SR fractions compared to the crude membrane preparation. Previously studied SR proteins were all enriched, as were proteins associated with canonical ER functions. Contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcolemmal proteins were not enriched. Comparing the levels of SERCA-positive SR proteins in MedSR versus HighSR vesicles produced a range of SR subfraction enrichments signifying differing levels of Ca2+ leak co-localized in the same membrane patch. All known junctional SR proteins were more enriched in MedSR, while canonical ER proteins were more enriched in HighSR membrane. Proteins constituting other putative ER/SR subdomains also exhibited average Esub enrichment values (mean ± S.D.) that spanned the range of possible Esub values, suggesting that functional sets of proteins are localized to the same areas of the ER/SR membrane. We conclude that active Ca2+ loading of cardiac microsomes, reflecting the combined activities of Ca2+ uptake by SERCA, and Ca2+ leak by RyR, permits evaluation of multiple functional ER/SR subdomains. Sets of proteins from these subdomains exhibited similar enrichment patterns across membrane subfractions, reflecting the relative levels of SERCA and RyR present within individual patches of cardiac ER and SR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Cala
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA.
| | | | - Paul M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Zhenhui Chen
- Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xuequn Chen
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, 48201, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dargham T, Mallick I, Kremer L, Santucci P, Canaan S. Intrabacterial lipid inclusion-associated proteins: a core machinery conserved from saprophyte Actinobacteria to the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEBS Open Bio 2023; 13:2306-2323. [PMID: 37872001 PMCID: PMC10699116 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the aetiologic agent of tuberculosis (TB), stores triacylglycerol (TAG) in the form of intrabacterial lipid inclusions (ILI) to survive and chronically persist within its host. These highly energetic molecules represent a major source of carbon to support bacterial persistence and reactivation, thus playing a leading role in TB pathogenesis. However, despite its physiological and clinical relevance, ILI metabolism in Mtb remains poorly understood. Recent discoveries have suggested that several ILI-associated proteins might be widely conserved across TAG-producing prokaryotes, but still very little is known regarding the nature and the biological functions of these proteins. Herein, we performed an in silico analysis of three independent ILI-associated proteomes previously reported to computationally define a potential core ILI-associated proteome, referred to as ILIome. Our investigation revealed the presence of 70 orthologous proteins that were strictly conserved, thereby defining a minimal ILIome core. We further narrowed our analysis to proteins involved in lipid metabolism and discuss here their putative biological functions, along with their molecular interactions and dynamics at the surface of these bacterial organelles. We also highlight the experimental limitations of the original proteomic investigations and of the present bioinformatic analysis, while describing new technological approaches and presenting biological perspectives in the field. The in silico investigation presented here aims at providing useful datasets that could constitute a scientific resource of broad interest for the mycobacterial community, with the ultimate goal of enlightening ILI metabolism in prokaryotes with a special emphasis on Mtb pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tonia Dargham
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
- IHU Méditerranée InfectionAix‐Marseille Univ.France
| | - Ivy Mallick
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
| | - Laurent Kremer
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 9004, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM)Université de MontpellierFrance
- INSERM, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de MontpellierFrance
| | - Pierre Santucci
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Aix‐Marseille Univ, CNRS, LISM UMR 7255, IMM FR3479, IM2BFrance
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pan H, Qin Y, Zhu J, Wang W, Liu Z, Huang X, Lam SM, Shui G, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Huang X. Centrins control chicken cone cell lipid droplet dynamics through lipid-droplet-localized SPDL1. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2528-2544.e8. [PMID: 37699389 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
As evolutionarily conserved organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) carry out numerous functions and have various subcellular localizations in different cell types and species. In avian cone cells, there is a single apically localized LD. We demonstrated that CIDEA (cell death inducing DFFA like effector a) and microtubules promote the formation of the single LD in chicken cone cells. Centrins, which are well-known centriole proteins, target to the cone cell LD via their C-terminal calcium-binding domains. Centrins localize on cone cell LDs with the help of SPDL1-L (spindle apparatus coiled-coil protein 1-L), a previously uncharacterized isoform of the kinetochore-associated dynein adaptor SPDL1. The loss of CETN3 or overexpression of a truncated CETN1 abrogates the apical localization of the cone cell LD. Simulation analysis showed that multiple LDs or a single mispositioned LD reduces the light sensitivity. Collectively, our findings identify a role of centrins in the regulation of cone cell LD localization, which is important for the light sensitivity of cone cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaqiang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhonghua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiahe Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Safi R, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Bosch M, Demangel C, Parton RG, Pol A. Defensive-lipid droplets: Cellular organelles designed for antimicrobial immunity. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:113-136. [PMID: 36960679 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have developed many strategies to subvert host organisms, which, in turn, evolved several innate immune responses. As major lipid storage organelles of eukaryotes, lipid droplets (LDs) are an attractive source of nutrients for invaders. Intracellular viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites induce and physically interact with LDs, and the current view is that they "hijack" LDs to draw on substrates for host colonization. This dogma has been challenged by the recent demonstration that LDs are endowed with a protein-mediated antibiotic activity, which is upregulated in response to danger signals and sepsis. Dependence on host nutrients could be a generic "Achilles' heel" of intracellular pathogens and LDs a suitable chokepoint harnessed by innate immunity to organize a front-line defense. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the state of the conflict and discuss potential mechanisms driving the formation of the 'defensive-LDs' functioning as hubs of innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Safi
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology and Therapy Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CMM), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hüsler D, Stauffer P, Hilbi H. Tapping lipid droplets: A rich fat diet of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:194-209. [PMID: 37429596 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and versatile organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. LDs consist of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids, a phospholipid monolayer coat, and a variety of associated proteins. LDs are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum and have diverse roles in lipid storage, energy metabolism, membrane trafficking, and cellular signaling. In addition to their physiological cellular functions, LDs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and infections. A number of intracellular bacterial pathogens modulate and/or interact with LDs during host cell infection. Members of the genera Mycobacterium, Legionella, Coxiella, Chlamydia, and Salmonella exploit LDs as a source of intracellular nutrients and membrane components to establish their distinct intracellular replicative niches. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis, interactions, and functions of LDs, as well as on their role in lipid metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Hüsler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pia Stauffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li T, Jin Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Beyond energy provider: multifunction of lipid droplets in embryonic development. Biol Res 2023; 56:38. [PMID: 37438836 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00449-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery, lipid droplets (LDs) have been recognized to be sites of cellular energy reserves, providing energy when necessary to sustain cellular life activities. Many studies have reported large numbers of LDs in eggs and early embryos from insects to mammals. The questions of how LDs are formed, what role they play, and what their significance is for embryonic development have been attracting the attention of researchers. Studies in recent years have revealed that in addition to providing energy for embryonic development, LDs in eggs and embryos also function to resist lipotoxicity, resist oxidative stress, inhibit bacterial infection, and provide lipid and membrane components for embryonic development. Removal of LDs from fertilized eggs or early embryos artificially leads to embryonic developmental arrest and defects. This paper reviews recent studies to explain the role and effect mechanisms of LDs in the embryonic development of several species and the genes involved in the regulation. The review contributes to understanding the embryonic development mechanism and provides new insight for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases related to embryonic developmental abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tai Li
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yue M, Hu B, Li J, Chen R, Yuan Z, Xiao H, Chang H, Jiu Y, Cai K, Ding B. Coronaviral ORF6 protein mediates inter-organelle contacts and modulates host cell lipid flux for virus production. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112542. [PMID: 37218505 PMCID: PMC10308351 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) form inter-organelle contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that promote their biogenesis, while LD contacts with mitochondria enhance β-oxidation of contained fatty acids. Viruses have been shown to take advantage of lipid droplets to promote viral production, but it remains unclear whether they also modulate the interactions between LDs and other organelles. Here, we showed that coronavirus ORF6 protein targets LDs and is localized to the mitochondria-LD and ER-LD contact sites, where it regulates LD biogenesis and lipolysis. At the molecular level, we find that ORF6 inserts into the LD lipid monolayer via its two amphipathic helices. ORF6 further interacts with ER membrane proteins BAP31 and USE1 to mediate ER-LDs contact formation. Additionally, ORF6 interacts with the SAM complex in the mitochondrial outer membrane to link mitochondria to LDs. In doing so, ORF6 promotes cellular lipolysis and LD biogenesis to reprogram host cell lipid flux and facilitate viral production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhen Yue
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Bing Hu
- Institute of Health Inspection and TestingHubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Jiajia Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ruifeng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Hurong Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Haishuang Chang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Yaming Jiu
- Unit of Cell Biology and Imaging Study of Pathogen Host Interaction, The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of ShanghaiChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Kun Cai
- Institute of Health Inspection and TestingHubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and PreventionWuhanChina
| | - Binbin Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Cell Architecture Research InstituteHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hammoudeh N, Soukkarieh C, Murphy DJ, Hanano A. Mammalian lipid droplets: structural, pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological roles. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 91:101233. [PMID: 37156444 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian lipid droplets (LDs) are specialized cytosolic organelles consisting of a neutral lipid core surrounded by a membrane made up of a phospholipid monolayer and a specific population of proteins that varies according to the location and function of each LD. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the understanding of LD biogenesis and functions. LDs are now recognized as dynamic organelles that participate in many aspects of cellular homeostasis plus other vital functions. LD biogenesis is a complex, highly-regulated process with assembly occurring on the endoplasmic reticulum although aspects of the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain elusive. For example, it is unclear how many enzymes participate in the biosynthesis of the neutral lipid components of LDs and how this process is coordinated in response to different metabolic cues to promote or suppress LD formation and turnover. In addition to enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of neutral lipids, various scaffolding proteins play roles in coordinating LD formation. Despite their lack of ultrastructural diversity, LDs in different mammalian cell types are involved in a wide range of biological functions. These include roles in membrane homeostasis, regulation of hypoxia, neoplastic inflammatory responses, cellular oxidative status, lipid peroxidation, and protection against potentially toxic intracellular fatty acids and lipophilic xenobiotics. Herein, the roles of mammalian LDs and their associated proteins are reviewed with a particular focus on their roles in pathological, immunological and anti-toxicological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nour Hammoudeh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Chadi Soukkarieh
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Damascus, Damascus, Syria
| | - Denis J Murphy
- School of Applied Sciences, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, CF37 1DL, Wales, United Kingdom..
| | - Abdulsamie Hanano
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Atomic Energy Commission of Syria (AECS), P.O. Box 6091, Damascus, Syria..
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wrońska AK, Kaczmarek A, Boguś MI, Kuna A. Lipids as a key element of insect defense systems. Front Genet 2023; 14:1183659. [PMID: 37359377 PMCID: PMC10289264 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1183659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between insect pathogenic fungi and their insect hosts is a classic example of a co-evolutionary arms race between pathogen and target host: parasites evolve towards mechanisms that increase their advantage over the host, and the host increasingly strengthens its defenses. The present review summarizes the literature data describing the direct and indirect role of lipids as an important defense mechanism during fungal infection. Insect defense mechanisms comprise anatomical and physiological barriers, and cellular and humoral response mechanisms. The entomopathogenic fungi have the unique ability to digest the insect cuticle by producing hydrolytic enzymes with chitin-, lipo- and proteolytic activity; besides the oral tract, cuticle pays the way for fungal entry within the host. The key factor in insect resistance to fungal infection is the presence of certain types of lipids (free fatty acids, waxes or hydrocarbons) which can promote or inhibit fungal attachment to cuticle, and might also have antifungal activity. Lipids are considered as an important source of energy, and as triglycerides are stored in the fat body, a structure analogous to the liver and adipose tissue in vertebrates. In addition, the fat body plays a key role in innate humoral immunity by producing a range of bactericidal proteins and polypeptides, one of which is lysozyme. Energy derived from lipid metabolism is used by hemocytes to migrate to the site of fungal infection, and for phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation. One polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, is used in the synthesis of eicosanoids, which play several crucial roles in insect physiology and immunology. Apolipoprotein III is important compound with antifungal activity, which can modulate insect cellular response and is considered as important signal molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Katarzyna Wrońska
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Kaczmarek
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mieczysława Irena Boguś
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Science, Warszawa, Poland
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kuna
- Independent Researcher, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bland ML. Regulating metabolism to shape immune function: Lessons from Drosophila. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 138:128-141. [PMID: 35440411 PMCID: PMC10617008 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infection with pathogenic microbes is a severe threat that hosts manage by activating the innate immune response. In Drosophila melanogaster, the Toll and Imd signaling pathways are activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns to initiate cellular and humoral immune processes that neutralize and kill invaders. The Toll and Imd signaling pathways operate in organs such as fat body and gut that control host nutrient metabolism, and infections or genetic activation of Toll and Imd signaling also induce wide-ranging changes in host lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Metabolic regulation by immune signaling can confer resistance to or tolerance of infection, but it can also lead to pathology and susceptibility to infection. These immunometabolic phenotypes are described in this review, as are changes in endocrine signaling and gene regulation that mediate survival during infection. Future work in the field is anticipated to determine key variables such as sex, dietary nutrients, life stage, and pathogen characteristics that modify immunometabolic phenotypes and, importantly, to uncover the mechanisms used by the immune system to regulate metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Bland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Cala SE, Carruthers NJ, Stemmer PM, Chen Z, Chen X. Activation of Ca transport in cardiac microsomes enriches functional sets of ER and SR proteins. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2557992. [PMID: 36798315 PMCID: PMC9934757 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2557992/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
The importance of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca-handling in heart has led to detailed understanding of Ca-release and re-uptake protein complexes, while less is known about other endoplasmic reticulum (ER) functions in the heart. To more fully understand cardiac SR and ER functions, we analyzed cardiac microsomes based on their increased density through the actions of the SR Ca-ATPase (SERCA) and the ryanodine receptor that are highly active in cardiomyocytes. Crude cardiac microsomal vesicles loaded with Ca oxalate produced two higher density subfractions, MedSR and HighSR. Analyses of protein enrichments from the 3 membrane preparations (crude microsomes, MedSR, and HighSR), showed that only a third of microsomal proteins in heart, or 354 proteins, were enriched ≥2.0-fold in SR. Previously studied SR proteins were all enriched, as were proteins associated with canonical ER functions. Contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcolemmal proteins were not enriched. Comparing the levels of SERCA-positive SR proteins in MedSR versus HighSR vesicles produced a range of SR subfraction enrichments signifying differing levels of Ca leak (ryanodine receptor) co-localized in the same membrane patch. All known junctional SR proteins were more enriched in MedSR, while canonical ER proteins were more enriched in HighSR membrane. Proteins from other putative ER/SR subdomains also showed characteristic distributions among SR subpopulations. We conclude that active Ca loading of cardiac microsomes, reflecting the combined activities of Ca uptake by SERCA, and Ca leak by RyR, permits evaluation of multiple functional ER/SR subdomains. Sets of proteins from these subdomains exhibited similar enrichment patterns across membrane subfractions, reflecting the relative levels of SERCA and RyR present within individual patches of cardiac ER and SR.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li X, Ye Y, Peng K, Zeng Z, Chen L, Zeng Y. Histones: The critical players in innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1030610. [PMID: 36479112 PMCID: PMC9720293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1030610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved histones in different species seem to represent a very ancient and universal innate host defense system against microorganisms in the biological world. Histones are the essential part of nuclear matter and act as a control switch for DNA transcription. However, histones are also found in the cytoplasm, cell membranes, and extracellular fluid, where they function as host defenses and promote inflammatory responses. In some cases, extracellular histones can act as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and bind to pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), thereby triggering innate immune responses and causing initial organ damage. Histones and their fragments serve as antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) to directly eliminate bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites in vitro and in vivo. Histones are also involved in phagocytes-related innate immune response as components of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), neutrophil activators, and plasminogen receptors. In addition, as a considerable part of epigenetic regulation, histone modifications play a vital role in regulating the innate immune response and expression of corresponding defense genes. Here, we review the regulatory role of histones in innate immune response, which provides a new strategy for the development of antibiotics and the use of histones as therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases, sepsis, autoimmune diseases, and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Youyuan Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Kailan Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuo Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yanhua Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Special Pathogens Prevention and Control, Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China,Department of Dermatology and Venereology, The First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China,*Correspondence: Yanhua Zeng, ;
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shrimp Lipid Droplet Protein Perilipin Involves in the Pathogenesis of AHPND-Causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810520. [PMID: 36142431 PMCID: PMC9501514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by a unique strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp (AHPND)), has become the world’s most severe debilitating disease in cultured shrimp. Thus far, the pathogenesis of AHPND remains largely unknow. Herein, in Litopenaeus vannamei, we found that a Vp (AHPND) infection significantly increased the expression of lipid droplets (LDs) protein LvPerilipin, as well as promoted the formation of LDs. In addition, the knockdown of LvPerilipin increased the shrimp survival rate in response to the Vp (AHPND) infection, and inhibited the proliferation of Vp (AHPND). Furthermore, we demonstrated that LvPerilipin depletion could increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may be responsible for the decreased Vp (AHPND) proliferation. Taken together, our current data for the first time reveal that the shrimp lipid droplets protein Perilipin is involved in the pathogenesis of Vp (AHPND) via promoting LDs accumulation and decreasing ROS production.
Collapse
|
28
|
Weindel CG, Martinez EL, Zhao X, Mabry CJ, Bell SL, Vail KJ, Coleman AK, VanPortfliet JJ, Zhao B, Wagner AR, Azam S, Scott HM, Li P, West AP, Karpac J, Patrick KL, Watson RO. Mitochondrial ROS promotes susceptibility to infection via gasdermin D-mediated necroptosis. Cell 2022; 185:3214-3231.e23. [PMID: 35907404 PMCID: PMC9531054 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Although mutations in mitochondrial-associated genes are linked to inflammation and susceptibility to infection, their mechanistic contributions to immune outcomes remain ill-defined. We discovered that the disease-associated gain-of-function allele Lrrk2G2019S (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) perturbs mitochondrial homeostasis and reprograms cell death pathways in macrophages. When the inflammasome is activated in Lrrk2G2019S macrophages, elevated mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) directs association of the pore-forming protein gasdermin D (GSDMD) to mitochondrial membranes. Mitochondrial GSDMD pore formation then releases mtROS, promoting a switch to RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-dependent necroptosis. Consistent with enhanced necroptosis, infection of Lrrk2G2019S mice with Mycobacterium tuberculosis elicits hyperinflammation and severe immunopathology. Our findings suggest a pivotal role for GSDMD as an executer of multiple cell death pathways and demonstrate that mitochondrial dysfunction can direct immune outcomes via cell death modality switching. This work provides insights into how LRRK2 mutations manifest or exacerbate human diseases and identifies GSDMD-dependent necroptosis as a potential target to limit Lrrk2G2019S-mediated immunopathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi G Weindel
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Eduardo L Martinez
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Cory J Mabry
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Samantha L Bell
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry & Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Krystal J Vail
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX 77843, USA; Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Aja K Coleman
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jordyn J VanPortfliet
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Baoyu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Allison R Wagner
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Sikandar Azam
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Haley M Scott
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Pingwei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Kristin L Patrick
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Robert O Watson
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, Texas A&M Health, College of Medicine, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Sánchez-Álvarez M, del Pozo MÁ, Bosch M, Pol A. Insights Into the Biogenesis and Emerging Functions of Lipid Droplets From Unbiased Molecular Profiling Approaches. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:901321. [PMID: 35756995 PMCID: PMC9213792 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.901321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are spherical, single sheet phospholipid-bound organelles that store neutral lipids in all eukaryotes and some prokaryotes. Initially conceived as relatively inert depots for energy and lipid precursors, these highly dynamic structures play active roles in homeostatic functions beyond metabolism, such as proteostasis and protein turnover, innate immunity and defense. A major share of the knowledge behind this paradigm shift has been enabled by the use of systematic molecular profiling approaches, capable of revealing and describing these non-intuitive systems-level relationships. Here, we discuss these advances and some of the challenges they entail, and highlight standing questions in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel del Pozo
- Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gáliková M, Klepsatel P. Endocrine control of glycogen and triacylglycerol breakdown in the fly model. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 138:104-116. [PMID: 35393234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, the combination of genetics, transcriptomic and proteomic approaches yielded substantial insights into the mechanisms behind the synthesis and breakdown of energy stores in the model organisms. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has been particularly useful to unravel genetic regulations of energy metabolism. Despite the considerable evolutionary distance between humans and flies, the energy storage organs, main metabolic pathways, and even their genetic regulations remained relatively conserved. Glycogen and fat are universal energy reserves used in all animal phyla and several of their endocrine regulators, such as the insulin pathway, are highly evolutionarily conserved. Nevertheless, some of the factors inducing catabolism of energy stores have diverged significantly during evolution. Moreover, even within a single insect species, D. melanogaster, there are substantial developmental and context-dependent variances in the regulation of energy stores. These differences include, among others, the endocrine pathways that govern the catabolic events or the predominant fuel which is utilized for the given process. For example, many catabolic regulators that control energy reserves in adulthood seem to be largely dispensable for energy mobilization during development. In this review, we focus on a selection of the most important catabolic regulators from the group of peptide hormones (Adipokinetic hormone, Corazonin), catecholamines (octopamine), steroid hormones (20-hydroxyecdysone), and other factors (extracellular adenosine, regulators of lipase Brummer). We discuss their roles in the mobilization of energy reserves for processes such as development through non-feeding stages, flight or starvation survival. Finally, we conclude with future perspectives on the energy balance research in the fly model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Gáliková
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Peter Klepsatel
- Institute of Zoology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 06 Bratislava, Slovakia; Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Bosch M, Pol A. Eukaryotic lipid droplets: metabolic hubs, and immune first responders. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:218-229. [PMID: 35065875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As major eukaryotic lipid storage organelles, lipid droplets (LDs) are metabolic hubs coordinating energy flux and building block distribution. Infectious pathogens often promote accumulation and physically interact with LDs. The most accepted view is that host LDs are hijacked by invaders to draw on nutrients for host colonisation. However, unique traits such as biogenesis plasticity, dynamic proteome, signalling capacity, and ability to interact with other organelles endow LDs with competencies to face complex biological challenges. Here, we focus on published data suggesting that LDs are not usurped organelles but innate immunity first responders. By comparison with analogous mechanisms activated on LDs in nutrient-poor environments, our review supports the hypothesis that host LDs actively participate in immunometabolism, immune signalling, and microbial killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Duong L, Gross SP, Siryaporn A. Developing Antimicrobial Synergy With AMPs. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 3:640981. [PMID: 35047912 PMCID: PMC8757689 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2021.640981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been extensively studied due to their vast natural abundance and ability to kill microbes. In an era critically lacking in new antibiotics, manipulating AMPs for therapeutic application is a promising option. However, bacterial pathogens resistant to AMPs remain problematic. To improve AMPs antimicrobial efficacy, their use in conjunction with other antimicrobials has been proposed. How might this work? AMPs kill bacteria by forming pores in bacterial membranes or by inhibiting bacterial macromolecular functions. What remains unknown is the duration for which AMPs keep bacterial pores open, and the extent to which bacteria can recover by repairing these pores. In this mini-review, we discuss various antimicrobial synergies with AMPs. Such synergies might arise if the antimicrobial agents helped to keep bacterial pores open for longer periods of time, prevented pore repair, perturbed bacterial intracellular functions at greater levels, or performed other independent bacterial killing mechanisms. We first discuss combinations of AMPs, and then focus on histones, which have antimicrobial activity and co-localize with AMPs on lipid droplets and in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Recent work has demonstrated that histones can enhance AMP-induced membrane permeation. It is possible that histones, histone fragments, and histone-like peptides could amplify the antimicrobial effects of AMPs, giving rise to antimicrobial synergy. If so, clarifying these mechanisms will thus improve our overall understanding of the antimicrobial processes and potentially contribute to improved drug design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leora Duong
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Albert Siryaporn
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang L, Lin J, Yu J, Yang K, Sun L, Tang H, Pan L. Downregulation of Perilipin1 by the Immune Deficiency Pathway Leads to Lipid Droplet Reconfiguration and Adaptation to Bacterial Infection in Drosophila. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:2347-2358. [PMID: 34588219 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs), the highly dynamic intracellular organelles, are critical for lipid metabolism. Dynamic alterations in the configurations and functions of LDs during innate immune responses to bacterial infections and the underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we trace the time-course morphology of LDs in fat bodies of Drosophila after transient bacterial infection. Detailed analysis shows that perilipin1 (plin1), a core gene involved in the regulation of LDs, is suppressed by the immune deficiency signaling, one major innate immune pathway in Drosophila During immune activation, downregulated plin1 promotes the enlargement of LDs, which in turn alleviates immune reaction-associated reactive oxygen species stress. Thus, the growth of LDs is likely an active adaptation to maintain redox homeostasis in response to immune deficiency activation. Therefore, our study provides evidence that plin1 serves as a modulator on LDs' reconfiguration in regulating infection-induced pathogenesis, and plin1 might be a potential therapeutic target for coordinating inflammation resolution and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Lin
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junjing Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Kaiyan Yang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Sun
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China;
| | - Lei Pan
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Pereira-Dutra FS, Bozza PT. Lipid droplets diversity and functions in inflammation and immune response. Expert Rev Proteomics 2021; 18:809-825. [PMID: 34668810 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2021.1995356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and evolutionary conserved lipid-enriched organelles composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids associated with a diverse array of proteins that are cell- and stimulus-regulated. Far beyond being simply a deposit of neutral lipids, accumulating evidence demonstrate that LDs act as spatial and temporal local for lipid and protein compartmentalization and signaling organization. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the progress in our understanding of LD protein diversity and LD functions in the context of cell signaling and immune responses, highlighting the relationship between LD composition with the multiple roles of this organelle in immunometabolism, inflammation and host-response to infection. EXPERT OPINION LDs are essential platforms for various cellular processes, including metabolic regulation, cell signaling, and immune responses. The functions of LD in infection and inflammatory disease are associated with the dynamic and complexity of their proteome. Our contemporary view place LDs as critical regulators of different inflammatory and infectious diseases and key markers of leukocyte activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe S Pereira-Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zeng X, Lyu L, Zhao D, Zhong J, Feng Y, Wan H, Li C, Zhang Z, Wang Y. dLp/HDL-BGBP and MTP Cloning and Expression Profiles During Embryonic Development in the Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain. Front Physiol 2021; 12:717751. [PMID: 34489734 PMCID: PMC8416765 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.717751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are the main energy source for embryonic development in oviparous animals. Prior to the utilization and catabolism, lipids are primarily transported from the yolk sac to embryonic tissues. In the present study, cDNA encoding a circulatory large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) superfamily member, the precursor of large discoidal lipoprotein (dLp) and high-density lipoprotein/β-1,3-glucan-binding protein (HDL-BGBP), named dLp/HDL-BGBP of 14,787 bp in length, was cloned from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. dLp/HDL-BGBP was predicted to encode a 4,831 amino acids (aa) protein that was the precursor of dLp and HDL-BGBP, which were both detected in hemolymph by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. For the intracellular LLTP, three microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) cDNAs of 2,905, 2,897, and 3,088 bp in length were cloned from the mud crab and were predicted to encode MTP-A of 881 aa, MTP-B of 889 aa, and MTP-C of 919 aa, respectively, which were different merely in the N-terminal region and shared an identical sequence of 866 aa. During embryonic development, the expression level of dLp/HDL-BGBP consecutively increased from the early appendage formation stage to the eye pigment-formation stage, which indicated that HDL-BGBP is probably the scaffolding protein for yolk lipid. For the MTP gene, MTP-C accounted for ~70% of MTP mRNA from the blastocyst stage to the nauplius stage, as well as the pre-hatching stage; MTP-C and MTP-A expression levels were comparable from the early appendage formation stage to the late eye pigment-formation stage; MTP-A was extremely low in blastocyst and gastrula stages; MTP-B was expressed at a relatively low-level throughout embryo development. The variations in the expression profiles among MTP transcripts suggested that MTP might play roles in the lipid droplet maturation and lipoprotein assembly during embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
- School of Life Sciences, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Liang Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dousha Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jinying Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Haifu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunyang Li
- Department of Student Affairs, Ningde Normal University, Ningde, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Monson EA, Trenerry AM, Laws JL, Mackenzie JM, Helbig KJ. Lipid droplets and lipid mediators in viral infection and immunity. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuaa066. [PMID: 33512504 PMCID: PMC8371277 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) contribute to key pathways important for the physiology and pathophysiology of cells. In a homeostatic view, LDs regulate the storage of neutral lipids, protein sequestration, removal of toxic lipids and cellular communication; however, recent advancements in the field show these organelles as essential for various cellular stress response mechanisms, including inflammation and immunity, with LDs acting as hubs that integrate metabolic and inflammatory processes. The accumulation of LDs has become a hallmark of infection, and is often thought to be virally driven; however, recent evidence is pointing to a role for the upregulation of LDs in the production of a successful immune response to viral infection. The fatty acids housed in LDs are also gaining interest due to the role that these lipid species play during viral infection, and their link to the synthesis of bioactive lipid mediators that have been found to have a very complex role in viral infection. This review explores the role of LDs and their subsequent lipid mediators during viral infections and poses a paradigm shift in thinking in the field, whereby LDs may play pivotal roles in protecting the host against viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebony A Monson
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Alice M Trenerry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Jay L Laws
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia, 3000
| | - Karla J Helbig
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, 3083
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bosch M, Sweet MJ, Parton RG, Pol A. Lipid droplets and the host-pathogen dynamic: FATal attraction? J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202104005. [PMID: 34165498 PMCID: PMC8240858 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the ongoing conflict between eukaryotic cells and pathogens, lipid droplets (LDs) emerge as a choke point in the battle for nutrients. While many pathogens seek the lipids stored in LDs to fuel an expensive lifestyle, innate immunity rewires lipid metabolism and weaponizes LDs to defend cells and animals. Viruses, bacteria, and parasites directly and remotely manipulate LDs to obtain substrates for metabolic energy, replication compartments, assembly platforms, membrane blocks, and tools for host colonization and/or evasion such as anti-inflammatory mediators, lipoviroparticles, and even exosomes. Host LDs counterattack such advances by synthesizing bioactive lipids and toxic nucleotides, organizing immune signaling platforms, and recruiting a plethora of antimicrobial proteins to provide a front-line defense against the invader. Here, we review the current state of this conflict. We will discuss why, when, and how LDs efficiently coordinate and precisely execute a plethora of immune defenses. In the age of antimicrobial resistance and viral pandemics, understanding innate immune strategies developed by eukaryotic cells to fight and defeat dangerous microorganisms may inform future anti-infective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Robert G. Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Intracellular lipid droplet accumulation occurs early following viral infection and is required for an efficient interferon response. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4303. [PMID: 34262037 PMCID: PMC8280141 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24632-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are increasingly recognized as critical organelles in signalling events, transient protein sequestration and inter-organelle interactions. However, the role LDs play in antiviral innate immune pathways remains unknown. Here we demonstrate that induction of LDs occurs as early as 2 h post-viral infection, is transient and returns to basal levels by 72 h. This phenomenon occurs following viral infections, both in vitro and in vivo. Virally driven in vitro LD induction is type-I interferon (IFN) independent, and dependent on Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) engagement, offering an alternate mechanism of LD induction in comparison to our traditional understanding of their biogenesis. Additionally, LD induction corresponds with enhanced cellular type-I and -III IFN production in infected cells, with enhanced LD accumulation decreasing viral replication of both Herpes Simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we demonstrate, that LDs play vital roles in facilitating the magnitude of the early antiviral immune response specifically through the enhanced modulation of IFN following viral infection, and control of viral replication. By identifying LDs as a critical signalling organelle, this data represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms which coordinate an effective antiviral response.
Collapse
|
39
|
Heier C, Klishch S, Stilbytska O, Semaniuk U, Lushchak O. The Drosophila model to interrogate triacylglycerol biology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158924. [PMID: 33716135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The deposition of storage fat in the form of triacylglycerol (TAG) is an evolutionarily conserved strategy to cope with fluctuations in energy availability and metabolic stress. Organismal TAG storage in specialized adipose tissues provides animals a metabolic reserve that sustains survival during development and starvation. On the other hand, excessive accumulation of adipose TAG, defined as obesity, is associated with an increasing prevalence of human metabolic diseases. During the past decade, the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, traditionally used in genetics and developmental biology, has been established as a versatile model system to study TAG metabolism and the etiology of lipid-associated metabolic diseases. Similar to humans, Drosophila TAG homeostasis relies on the interplay of organ systems specialized in lipid uptake, synthesis, and processing, which are integrated by an endocrine network of hormones and messenger molecules. Enzymatic formation of TAG from sugar or dietary lipid, its storage in lipid droplets, and its mobilization by lipolysis occur via mechanisms largely conserved between Drosophila and humans. Notably, dysfunctional Drosophila TAG homeostasis occurs in the context of aging, overnutrition, or defective gene function, and entails tissue-specific and organismal pathologies that resemble human disease. In this review, we summarize the physiology and biochemistry of TAG in Drosophila and outline the potential of this organism as a model system to understand the genetic and dietary basis of TAG storage and TAG-related metabolic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Heier
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Humboldtstrasse 50, A-8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Svitlana Klishch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Olha Stilbytska
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Uliana Semaniuk
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department Biochemistry 1, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenka str, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Boucher DM, Vijithakumar V, Ouimet M. Lipid Droplets as Regulators of Metabolism and Immunity. IMMUNOMETABOLISM 2021; 3. [DOI: 10.20900/immunometab20210021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
Abstract
Abstract
A hallmark of sterile and nonsterile inflammation is the increased accumulation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (LDs) in non-adipose cells. LDs are ubiquitous organelles specialized in neutral lipid storage and hydrolysis. Originating in the ER, LDs are comprised of a core of neutral lipids (cholesterol esters, triglycerides) surrounded by a phospholipid monolayer and several LD-associated proteins. The perilipin (PLIN1-5) family are the most abundant structural proteins present on the surface of LDs. While PLIN1 is primarily expressed in adipocytes, PLIN2 and PLIN3 are ubiquitously expressed. LDs also acquire a host of enzymes and proteins that regulate LD metabolism. Amongst these are neutral lipases and selective lipophagy factors that promote hydrolysis of LD-associated neutral lipid. In addition, LDs physically associate with other organelles such as mitochondria through inter-organelle membrane contact sites that facilitate lipid transport. Beyond serving as a source of energy storage, LDs participate in inflammatory and infectious diseases, regulating both innate and adaptive host immune responses. Here, we review recent studies on the role of LDs in the regulation of immunometabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M. Boucher
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Viyashini Vijithakumar
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Mireille Ouimet
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin St, Ottawa, ON, K1Y 4W7, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Motility Plays an Important Role in the Lifetime of Mammalian Lipid Droplets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083802. [PMID: 33916886 PMCID: PMC8067576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The lipid droplet is a kind of organelle that stores neutral lipids in cells. Recent studies have found that in addition to energy storage, lipid droplets also play an important role in biological processes such as resistance to stress, immunity, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Lipid droplets are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum, and mature lipid droplets participate in various cellular processes. Lipid droplets are decomposed by lipase and lysosomes. In the life of a lipid droplet, the most important thing is to interact with other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and autophagic lysosomes. The interaction between lipid droplets and other organelles requires them to be close to each other, which inevitably involves the motility of lipid droplets. In fact, through many microscopic observation techniques, researchers have discovered that lipid droplets are highly dynamic organelles that move quickly. This paper reviews the process of lipid droplet motility, focusing on explaining the molecular basis of lipid droplet motility, the factors that regulate lipid droplet motility, and the influence of motility on the formation and decomposition of lipid droplets. In addition, this paper also proposes several unresolved problems for lipid droplet motility. Finally, this paper makes predictions about the future research of lipid droplet motility.
Collapse
|
42
|
Herker E, Vieyres G, Beller M, Krahmer N, Bohnert M. Lipid Droplet Contact Sites in Health and Disease. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:345-358. [PMID: 33546922 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
After having been disregarded for a long time as inert fat drops, lipid droplets (LDs) are now recognized as ubiquitous cellular organelles with key functions in lipid biology and beyond. The identification of abundant LD contact sites, places at which LDs are physically attached to other organelles, has uncovered an unexpected level of communication between LDs and the rest of the cell. In recent years, many disease factors mutated in hereditary disorders have been recognized as LD contact site proteins. Furthermore, LD contact sites are dramatically rearranged in response to infections with intracellular pathogens, as well as under pathological metabolic conditions such as hepatic steatosis. Collectively, it is emerging that LD-organelle contacts are important players in development and progression of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Herker
- Institute of Virology, Philipps-University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gabrielle Vieyres
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Leibniz ScienceCampus InterACt, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Mathias Beller
- Institute for Mathematical Modeling of Biological Systems, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; Systems Biology of Lipid Metabolism, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Natalie Krahmer
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Maria Bohnert
- Institute of Cell Dynamics and Imaging, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre (CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xu D, Li P, Xu L. Characterization of the Role of Rab18 in Mediating LD-ER Contact and LD Growth. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2293:229-241. [PMID: 34453721 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1346-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic cellular organelles found in most eukaryotic cells. Lipid incorporation from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to LD is important in controlling LD growth and intracellular lipid homeostasis. However, the molecular link that mediates ER and LD cross talk remains elusive. Here, we describe the methodology used to characterize the function of Rab18 in regulating LD homeostasis and LD-ER contact. First, we focus on the quantitative assay used to measure intracellular LDs morphological changes. This is followed by a detailed description of the use of the APEX-label technology in combination with electron microscope (EM) to visualize ER-LD contact sites. These assays are valuable for the investigation of LD-associated proteins such as Rab18 in establishing membrane contact sites between LDs and other subcellular organelles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dijin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jin Y, Tan Y, Zhao P, Ren Z. SEIPIN: A Key Factor for Nuclear Lipid Droplet Generation and Lipid Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218208. [PMID: 33147895 PMCID: PMC7663086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid homeostasis is essential for normal cell physiology. Generally, lipids are stored in a lipid droplet (LD), a ubiquitous organelle consisting of a neutral lipid core and a single layer of phospholipid membrane. It is thought that LDs are generated from the endoplasmic reticulum and then released into the cytosol. Recent studies indicate that LDs can exist in the nucleus, where they play an important role in the maintenance of cell phospholipid homeostasis. However, the details of nuclear lipid droplet (nLD) generation have not yet been clearly characterized. SEIPIN is a nonenzymatic protein encoded by the Berardinelli-Seip congenital lipodystrophy type 2 (BSCL2) gene. It is associated with lipodystrophy diseases. Many recent studies have indicated that SEIPIN is essential for LDs generation. Here, we review much of this research in an attempt to explain the role of SEIPIN in nLD generation. From an integrative perspective, we conclude by proposing a theoretical model to explain how SEIPIN might participate in maintaining homeostasis of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (Y.J.); (Y.T.); (P.Z.)
- Bio-Medical Center of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (Y.J.); (Y.T.); (P.Z.)
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Pengxiang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (Y.J.); (Y.T.); (P.Z.)
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; (Y.J.); (Y.T.); (P.Z.)
- Bio-Medical Center of Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bosch M, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Fajardo A, Kapetanovic R, Steiner B, Dutra F, Moreira L, López JA, Campo R, Marí M, Morales-Paytuví F, Tort O, Gubern A, Templin RM, Curson JEB, Martel N, Català C, Lozano F, Tebar F, Enrich C, Vázquez J, Del Pozo MA, Sweet MJ, Bozza PT, Gross SP, Parton RG, Pol A. Mammalian lipid droplets are innate immune hubs integrating cell metabolism and host defense. Science 2020; 370:370/6514/eaay8085. [PMID: 33060333 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are the major lipid storage organelles of eukaryotic cells and a source of nutrients for intracellular pathogens. We demonstrate that mammalian LDs are endowed with a protein-mediated antimicrobial capacity, which is up-regulated by danger signals. In response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), multiple host defense proteins, including interferon-inducible guanosine triphosphatases and the antimicrobial cathelicidin, assemble into complex clusters on LDs. LPS additionally promotes the physical and functional uncoupling of LDs from mitochondria, reducing fatty acid metabolism while increasing LD-bacterial contacts. Thus, LDs actively participate in mammalian innate immunity at two levels: They are both cell-autonomous organelles that organize and use immune proteins to kill intracellular pathogens as well as central players in the local and systemic metabolic adaptation to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bosch
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fajardo
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ronan Kapetanovic
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bernhard Steiner
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Filipe Dutra
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.040-900, Brazil
| | - Luciana Moreira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.040-900, Brazil
| | - Juan Antonio López
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, CNIC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rocío Campo
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, CNIC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Marí
- Department of Cell Death and Proliferation, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB)-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.,Hepatocellular Signaling and Cancer Team, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Morales-Paytuví
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olivia Tort
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Gubern
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rachel M Templin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James E B Curson
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nick Martel
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Cristina Català
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Team, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Team, IDIBAPS, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- Cardiovascular Proteomics Laboratory, Vascular Pathophysiology Area, CNIC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red, Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBER-CV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Del Pozo
- Mechanoadaptation and Caveolae Biology Laboratory, Cell and Developmental Biology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC). 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matthew J Sweet
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Patricia T Bozza
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 21.040-900, Brazil
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia. .,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38139, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Mingione A, Ottaviano E, Barcella M, Merelli I, Rosso L, Armeni T, Cirilli N, Ghidoni R, Borghi E, Signorelli P. Cystic Fibrosis Defective Response to Infection Involves Autophagy and Lipid Metabolism. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081845. [PMID: 32781626 PMCID: PMC7463682 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease, with 70% of patients developing a proteinopathy related to the deletion of phenylalanine 508. CF is associated with multiple organ dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and recurrent lung infections. CF is characterized by defective autophagy, lipid metabolism, and immune response. Intracellular lipid accumulation favors microbial infection, and autophagy deficiency impairs internalized pathogen clearance. Myriocin, an inhibitor of sphingolipid synthesis, significantly reduces inflammation, promotes microbial clearance in the lungs, and induces autophagy and lipid oxidation. RNA-seq was performed in Aspergillusfumigatus-infected and myriocin-treated CF patients’ derived monocytes and in a CF bronchial epithelial cell line. Fungal clearance was also evaluated in CF monocytes. Myriocin enhanced CF patients’ monocytes killing of A. fumigatus. CF patients’ monocytes and cell line responded to infection with a profound transcriptional change; myriocin regulates genes that are involved in inflammation, autophagy, lipid storage, and metabolism, including histones and heat shock proteins whose activity is related to the response to infection. We conclude that the regulation of sphingolipid synthesis induces a metabolism drift by promoting autophagy and lipid consumption. This process is driven by a transcriptional program that corrects part of the differences between CF and control samples, therefore ameliorating the infection response and pathogen clearance in the CF cell line and in CF peripheral blood monocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Mingione
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Science Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.)
| | - Emerenziana Ottaviano
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Health Science Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Matteo Barcella
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Health Science Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Ivan Merelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Biomedical Technologies, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, 20090 Milan, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Rosso
- Health Sciences Department, University of Milan, Thoracic surgery and transplantation Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Tatiana Armeni
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Section of Biochemistry, Biology and Physics, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Natalia Cirilli
- Cystic Fibrosis Referral Care Center, Mother-Child Department, United Hospitals Le Torrette, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Science Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.)
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Brain Therapeutics, via Antonio di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Borghi
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Health Science Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; (E.O.); (M.B.); (E.B.)
| | - Paola Signorelli
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Health Science Department, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, 20142 Milan, Italy; (A.M.); (R.G.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Doolin T, Amir HM, Duong L, Rosenzweig R, Urban LA, Bosch M, Pol A, Gross SP, Siryaporn A. Mammalian histones facilitate antimicrobial synergy by disrupting the bacterial proton gradient and chromosome organization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3888. [PMID: 32753666 PMCID: PMC7403156 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
First proposed as antimicrobial agents, histones were later recognized for their role in condensing chromosomes. Histone antimicrobial activity has been reported in innate immune responses. However, how histones kill bacteria has remained elusive. The co-localization of histones with antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in immune cells suggests that histones may be part of a larger antimicrobial mechanism in vivo. Here we report that histone H2A enters E. coli and S. aureus through membrane pores formed by the AMPs LL-37 and magainin-2. H2A enhances AMP-induced pores, depolarizes the bacterial membrane potential, and impairs membrane recovery. Inside the cytoplasm, H2A reorganizes bacterial chromosomal DNA and inhibits global transcription. Whereas bacteria recover from the pore-forming effects of LL-37, the concomitant effects of H2A and LL-37 are irrecoverable. Their combination constitutes a positive feedback loop that exponentially amplifies their antimicrobial activities, causing antimicrobial synergy. More generally, treatment with H2A and the pore-forming antibiotic polymyxin B completely eradicates bacterial growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tory Doolin
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Henry M Amir
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Leora Duong
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Rachel Rosenzweig
- Department of Materials Sciences and Engineering, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Lauren A Urban
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Marta Bosch
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Albert Pol
- Cell Compartments and Signaling Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Steven P Gross
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Albert Siryaporn
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
NHR-49 Transcription Factor Regulates Immunometabolic Response and Survival of Caenorhabditis elegans during Enterococcus faecalis Infection. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00130-20. [PMID: 32482643 PMCID: PMC7375755 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00130-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response to pathogens is energetically expensive to the host; however, the cellular source of energy to fuel immune response remains unknown. In this study, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or yeast rapidly utilizes lipid droplets, the major energy reserve. The nematode’s response to the pathogenic bacterium Enterococcus faecalis entails metabolic rewiring for the upregulation of several genes involved in lipid utilization and downregulation of lipid synthesis genes. Immune response to pathogens is energetically expensive to the host; however, the cellular source of energy to fuel immune response remains unknown. In this study, we show that Caenorhabditis elegans exposed to pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria or yeast rapidly utilizes lipid droplets, the major energy reserve. The nematode’s response to the pathogenic bacterium Enterococcus faecalis entails metabolic rewiring for the upregulation of several genes involved in lipid utilization and downregulation of lipid synthesis genes. Genes encoding acyl-CoA synthetase ACS-2, involved in lipid metabolism, and flavin monooxygenase FMO-2, involved in detoxification, are two highly upregulated genes during E. faecalis infection. We find that both ACS-2 and FMO-2 are necessary for survival and rely on NHR-49, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ortholog, for upregulation during E. faecalis infection. Thus, NHR-49 regulates an immunometabolic axis of survival in C. elegans by modulating breakdown of lipids as well as immune effector production upon E. faecalis exposure.
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhao X, Li X, Shi X, Karpac J. Diet-MEF2 interactions shape lipid droplet diversification in muscle to influence Drosophila lifespan. Aging Cell 2020; 19:e13172. [PMID: 32537848 PMCID: PMC7433001 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The number, size, and composition of lipid droplets can be influenced by dietary changes that shift energy substrate availability. This diversification of lipid droplets can promote metabolic flexibility and shape cellular stress responses in unique tissues with distinctive metabolic roles. Using Drosophila, we uncovered a role for myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) in modulating diet-dependent lipid droplet diversification within adult striated muscle, impacting mortality rates. Muscle-specific attenuation of MEF2, whose chronic activation maintains glucose and mitochondrial homeostasis, leads to the accumulation of large, cholesterol ester-enriched intramuscular lipid droplets in response to high calorie, carbohydrate-sufficient diets. The diet-dependent accumulation of these lipid droplets also correlates with both enhanced stress protection in muscle and increases in organismal lifespan. Furthermore, MEF2 attenuation releases an antagonistic regulation of cell cycle gene expression programs, and up-regulation of Cyclin E is required for diet- and MEF2-dependent diversification of intramuscular lipid droplets. The integration of MEF2-regulated gene expression networks with dietary responses thus plays a critical role in shaping muscle metabolism and function, further influencing organismal lifespan. Together, these results highlight a potential protective role for intramuscular lipid droplets during dietary adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| | - Xiangyu Shi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| | - Jason Karpac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular MedicineTexas A&M University Health Science CenterBryanTXUSA
| |
Collapse
|