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Borys F, Joachimiak E, Krawczyk H, Fabczak H. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Microtubule Dynamics in Normal and Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163705. [PMID: 32823874 PMCID: PMC7464520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), highly dynamic structures composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, are involved in cell movement and intracellular traffic and are essential for cell division. Within the cell, MTs are not uniform as they can be composed of different tubulin isotypes that are post-translationally modified and interact with different microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). These diverse intrinsic factors influence the dynamics of MTs. Extrinsic factors such as microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) can also affect MT dynamics. MTAs can be divided into two main categories: microtubule-stabilizing agents (MSAs) and microtubule-destabilizing agents (MDAs). Thus, the MT skeleton is an important target for anticancer therapy. This review discusses factors that determine the microtubule dynamics in normal and cancer cells and describes microtubule–MTA interactions, highlighting the importance of tubulin isoform diversity and post-translational modifications in MTA responses and the consequences of such a phenomenon, including drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Borys
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (H.F.)
| | - Hanna Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (H.F.)
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Shen F, Long D, Yu T, Chen X, Liao Y, Wu Y, Lin X. Vinblastine differs from Taxol as it inhibits the malignant phenotypes of NSCLC cells by increasing the phosphorylation of Op18/stathmin. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:2481-2489. [PMID: 28259950 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol (paclitaxel) and vinblastine (VBL) are both efficacious chemotherapeutic agents that target the microtubules of tumor cells, but each functions in a mutual antagonistic manner. Op18/stathmin is a small molecular phosphoprotein which promotes depolymerization of microtubules. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) NCI-H1299 cells were employed to compare the curative effects of VBL and Taxol and explore the correlation between drug sensitivity and Op18/stathmin signaling. The present study found that VBL obviously promoted cellular apoptosis and initiated activation of caspase 3 and 9, and inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, as well as cell migration in the NCI-H1299 cells in contrast with Taxol. VBL did not affect the expression of Op18/stathmin, but increased its phosphorylation at all 4 serine sites. Conversely, Taxol mainly decreased the expression of Op18/stathmin and the phosphorylation at Ser25 and Ser63 sites. Silencing of Op18/stathmin by RNA interference (RNAi) led to a great reduction in the differences in the cell proliferation inhibition between VBL and Taxol. VBL treatment notably weakened the expression of PP2A, Bcl-2, NF-κB and interleukin-10 (IL-10) and autocrine IL-10 compared with Taxol; whereas PP2A was substantially increased following Taxol induction. High expression of Op18/stathmin was found to be negatively correlated with the sensitivity of Taxol in the NSCLC cells, but had a minor impact on VBL cytotoxicity. These findings revealed that both VBL and Taxol induce cell apoptosis through Op18/stathmin, but the mechanisms are completely different. VBL is an attractive alternative to the treatment of Taxol-resistant tumors with high expression of Op18/stathmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Shen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Dan Long
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Xian Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410000, P.R. China
| | - Xuechi Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan 410219, P.R. China
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Abstract
Despite a growing interest in development of non-cytotoxic targeted agents, systemic chemotherapy is still the mainstay of treatment for both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, chemotherapy resistance limits our ability to effectively treat advanced lung cancer. Some lung tumors are intrinsically resistant to chemotherapy, and in virtually all cases, even the initial responders rapidly develop acquired resistance. While targeting histology could result in enhanced tumor sensitivity to a particular chemotherapeutic agent, better understanding of molecular determinants of chemotherapy sensitivity/resistance would be critically important. Development of predictive biomarkers to personalize chemotherapeutic agents and combining novel agents targeting specific resistance pathways with standard chemotherapy could be some promising strategies to overcome chemotherapy resistance in lung cancer. In this chapter, we will discuss some key mechanisms of resistance for commonly used chemotherapeutic agents in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Kim
- Department of Medicine, James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Malesinski S, Tsvetkov PO, Kruczynski A, Peyrot V, Devred F. Stathmin potentiates vinflunine and inhibits Paclitaxel activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128704. [PMID: 26030092 PMCID: PMC4451147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell biology and crystallographic studies have suggested a functional link between stathmin and microtubule targeting agents (MTAs). In a previous study we showed that stathmin increases vinblastine (VLB) binding to tubulin, and that conversely VLB increases stathmin binding to tubulin. This constituted the first biochemical evidence of the direct relationship between stathmin and an antimitotic drug, and revealed a new mechanism of action for VLB. The question remained if the observed interaction was specific for this drug or represented a general phenomenon for all MTAs. In the present study we investigated the binding of recombinant stathmin to purified tubulin in the presence of paclitaxel or another Vinca alkaloid, vinflunine, using Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC). These experiments revealed that stathmin binding to tubulin is increased in the presence of vinflunine, whereas no signal is observed in the presence of paclitaxel. Further investigation using turbidity and co-sedimentation showed that stathmin inhibited paclitaxel microtubule-stabilizing activity. Taken together with the previous study using vinblastine, our results suggest that stathmin can be seen as a modulator of MTA activity and binding to tubulin, providing molecular explanation for multiple previous cellular and in vivo studies showing that stathmin expression level affects MTAs efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soazig Malesinski
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Philipp O. Tsvetkov
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, RAMS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Kruczynski
- Centre de Recherche en Oncologie Expérimentale, Centre de Recherche et Développement Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Peyrot
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - François Devred
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Faculté de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- * E-mail:
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Barve M, Wang Z, Kumar P, Jay CM, Luo X, Bedell C, Mennel RG, Wallraven G, Brunicardi FC, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J, Rao DD. Phase 1 Trial of Bi-shRNA STMN1 BIV in Refractory Cancer. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1123-1130. [PMID: 25619726 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stathmin1 (STMN1) is a microtubule modulator that is expressed in multiple cancers and correlates with poor survival. We previously demonstrated in vivo safety of bifunctional (bi) shRNA STMN1 bilamellar invaginated vesicle (BIV) and that systemic delivery correlated with antitumor activity. Patients with superficial advanced refractory cancer with no other standard options were entered into trial. Study design involved dose escalation (four patients/cohort) using a modified Fibonacci schema starting at 0.7 mg DNA administered via single intratumoral injection. Biopsy at baseline, 24/48 hours and resection 8 days after injection provided tissue for determination of cleavage product using next-generation sequencing (NGS) and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), 5' RLM rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) assay. Serum pharmacokinetics of circulating plasmid was done. Twelve patients were entered into three dose levels (0.7, 1.4, 7.0 mg DNA). No ≥ grade 3 toxic effects to drug were observed. Maximum circulating plasmid was detected at 30 seconds with less than 10% detectable in all subjects at 24 hours. No toxic effects were observed. Predicted cleavage product was detected by both NGS (n = 7/7 patients analyzed, cohorts 1, 2) and RLM RACE (n = 1/1 patients analyzed cohort 3). In conclusion, bi-shRNA STMN1 BIV is well tolerated and detection of mRNA target sequence-specific cleavage product confirmed bi-shRNA BIV mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minal Barve
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, Texas, USA; Texas Oncology, P.A., Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Cynthia Bedell
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robert G Mennel
- Texas Oncology, P.A., Dallas, Texas, USA; Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Francis Charles Brunicardi
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neil Senzer
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, Texas, USA; Strike Bio, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA; Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John Nemunaitis
- Mary Crowley Cancer Research Centers, Dallas, Texas, USA; Texas Oncology, P.A., Dallas, Texas, USA; Strike Bio, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA; Gradalis, Inc., Dallas, Texas, USA; Medical City Dallas Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA.
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Wu W, Tan XF, Tan HT, Lim TK, Chung MCM. Unbiased proteomic and transcript analyses reveal that stathmin-1 silencing inhibits colorectal cancer metastasis and sensitizes to 5-fluorouracil treatment. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:1717-28. [PMID: 25063586 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0088-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Colorectal cancer metastasis is a major cause of mortality worldwide, which may only be controlled with novel methods limiting tumor dissemination and chemoresistance. High stathmin-1 (STMN1) expression was previously established as a hallmark of colorectal cancer progression and predictor of poor survival; however, the mechanism of action is less clear. This work demonstrates that STMN1 silencing arrests tumor-disseminative cascades by inhibiting multiple metastatic drivers, and repressing oncogenic and mesenchymal transcription. Using a sensitive iTRAQ labeling proteomic approach that quantified differential abundance of 4562 proteins, targeting STMN1 expression was shown to reinstate the default cellular program of metastatic inhibition, and promote cellular adhesion via amplification of hemidesmosomal junctions and intermediate filament tethering. Silencing STMN1 also significantly improved chemoresponse to the classical colorectal cancer therapeutic agent, 5FU, via a novel caspase-6 (CASP6)-dependent mechanism. Interestingly, the prometastatic function of STMN1 was independent of p53 but required phosphorylations at S25 or S38; abrogating phosphorylative events may constitute an alternative route to achieving metastatic inhibition. These findings establish STMN1 as a potential target in antimetastatic therapy, and demonstrate the power of an approach coupling proteomics and transcript analyses in the global assessment of treatment benefits and potential side-effects. IMPLICATIONS Stathmin-1 is a potential candidate in colorectal cancer therapy that targets simultaneously the twin problems of metastatic spread and chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xing Fei Tan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hwee Tong Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teck Kwang Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maxey Ching Ming Chung
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore. Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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Nemunaitis J. Stathmin 1: a protein with many tasks. New biomarker and potential target in cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012; 16:631-4. [PMID: 22686589 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2012.696101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin 1 (STMN1) is a critical protein involved in microtubule polymerization and is necessary for survival of cancer cells. This editorial describes the role of targeted therapeutics which disrupt STMN1 modulation and such effect on cancer survival.
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Carney BK, Caruso Silva V, Cassimeris L. The microtubule cytoskeleton is required for a G2 cell cycle delay in cancer cells lacking stathmin and p53. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:278-89. [PMID: 22407961 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In several cancer cell lines, depleting the microtubule (MT)-destabilizing protein stathmin/oncoprotein18 leads to a G2 cell cycle delay and apoptosis. These phenotypes are observed only in synergy with low levels of p53, but the pathway(s) activated by stathmin depletion to delay the cell cycle are unknown. We found that stathmin depletion caused greater MT stability in synergy with loss of p53, measured by the levels of acetylated α-tubulin and the rate of centrosomal MT nucleation. Nocodazole or vinblastine-induced MT depolymerization abrogated the stathmin-depletion induced G2 delay, measured by the percentage of cells staining positive for several markers (TPX2, CDK1 with inhibitory phosphorylation), indicating that MTs are required to lengthen G2. Live cell imaging showed that stathmin depletion increased time in G2 without an impact on the duration of mitosis, indicating that the longer interphase duration is not simply a consequence of a previous slowed mitosis. In contrast, stabilization of MTs with paclitaxel (8 nM) slowed mitosis without lengthening the duration of interphase, demonstrating that increased MT stability alone is not sufficient to delay cells in G2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce K Carney
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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Meng S, Zhou Z, Chen F, Kong X, Liu H, Jiang K, Liu W, Hu M, Zhang X, Ding C, Wu Y. Newcastle disease virus induces apoptosis in cisplatin-resistant human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2011; 317:56-64. [PMID: 22095029 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) is widely used in lung cancer chemotherapy. However, cisplatin resistance represents a major obstacle in effective clinical treatment. This study aims to investigate whether Newcastle disease virus (NDV) exhibits an oncolytic effect on cisplatin-resistant A549 lung cancer cells. We found that NDV induced A549/DDP cell apoptosis via the caspase pathway, particularly involving caspase-9, while the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt pathways also contributed to apoptotic induction. Furthermore, NDV displayed oncolytic effects in a mouse A549/DDP lung cancer model. Collectively, our data indicate that NDV could overcome the cisplatin resistance in lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songshu Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin 150001, China
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Stewart DJ. Tumor and host factors that may limit efficacy of chemotherapy in non-small cell and small cell lung cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2010; 75:173-234. [PMID: 20047843 PMCID: PMC2888634 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While chemotherapy provides useful palliation, advanced lung cancer remains incurable since those tumors that are initially sensitive to therapy rapidly develop acquired resistance. Resistance may arise from impaired drug delivery, extracellular factors, decreased drug uptake into tumor cells, increased drug efflux, drug inactivation by detoxifying factors, decreased drug activation or binding to target, altered target, increased damage repair, tolerance of damage, decreased proapoptotic factors, increased antiapoptotic factors, or altered cell cycling or transcription factors. Factors for which there is now substantial clinical evidence of a link to small cell lung cancer (SCLC) resistance to chemotherapy include MRP (for platinum-based combination chemotherapy) and MDR1/P-gp (for non-platinum agents). SPECT MIBI and Tc-TF scanning appears to predict chemotherapy benefit in SCLC. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the strongest clinical evidence is for taxane resistance with elevated expression or mutation of class III beta-tubulin (and possibly alpha tubulin), platinum resistance and expression of ERCC1 or BCRP, gemcitabine resistance and RRM1 expression, and resistance to several agents and COX-2 expression (although COX-2 inhibitors have had minimal impact on drug efficacy clinically). Tumors expressing high BRCA1 may have increased resistance to platinums but increased sensitivity to taxanes. Limited early clinical data suggest that chemotherapy resistance in NSCLC may also be increased with decreased expression of cyclin B1 or of Eg5, or with increased expression of ICAM, matrilysin, osteopontin, DDH, survivin, PCDGF, caveolin-1, p21WAF1/CIP1, or 14-3-3sigma, and that IGF-1R inhibitors may increase efficacy of chemotherapy, particularly in squamous cell carcinomas. Equivocal data (with some positive studies but other negative studies) suggest that NSCLC tumors with some EGFR mutations may have increased sensitivity to chemotherapy, while K-ras mutations and expression of GST-pi, RB or p27kip1 may possibly confer resistance. While limited clinical data suggest that p53 mutations are associated with resistance to platinum-based therapies in NSCLC, data on p53 IHC positivity are equivocal. To date, resistance-modulating strategies have generally not proven clinically useful in lung cancer, although small randomized trials suggest a modest benefit of verapamil and related agents in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Stewart
- Department of Thoracic/Head & Neck Medical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Calvo A, Perez-Stable C, Segura V, Catena R, Guruceaga E, Nguewa P, Blanco D, Parada L, Reiner T, Green JE. Molecular characterization of the Ggamma-globin-Tag transgenic mouse model of hormone refractory prostate cancer: comparison to human prostate cancer. Prostate 2010; 70:630-45. [PMID: 20058236 PMCID: PMC3457648 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PrCa) has a high incidence in Western countries and at present, there is no cure for hormone refractory prostate cancer. Transgenic mouse models have proven useful for understanding mechanisms of prostate carcinogenesis. The characterization of genetically modified mouse PrCa models using high-throughput genomic analyses provides important information to guide appropriate experiment applications for such model. METHODS We have analyzed the transcriptome of the hormone refractory and highly metastatic Fetal Globin-SV40/T-antigen (Ggamma-globin-Tag) transgenic mouse model for PrCa compared to normal mouse prostate tissue. Gene expression patterns found in Ggamma-globin-Tag mouse prostate tumors were compared with publicly available human localized and metastatic prostate tumors (GEO accession # GSE3325) through hierarchical cluster analysis, Pearson's rank correlation coefficient, and Self Organizing Feature Maps (SOM) analyses. RESULTS Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors clustered closely with human metastatic tumors and gene expression patterns had a significant correlation (P < 0.01), unlike human localized primary tumors (P > 0.6). Bioinformatic analyses identified deregulated genetic pathways and networks in Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors, which displayed similarities to alterations in human PrCa. Changes in the expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair (Rb1, p53, Myc, PCNA, DNMT3A) and growth factor signaling pathways (TGFbeta2, ERK1/2, NRas, and Notch1) are deregulated in the Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors, suggesting their key role in the oncogenic process. Identification of an enrichment of putative binding sites for transcription factors revealed eight transcription factors that may be important in Ggamma-globin-Tag carcinogenesis, including SP1, NF-Y, CREB, Elk1, and E2F. Novel genes related to microtubule regulation were also identified in Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors as potentially important candidate targets for PrCa. Overexpression of stathmin-1, whose expression was increased in human metastatic prostate tumors, was validated in Ggamma-globin-Tag tumors by immunohistochemistry. This protein belongs to the SV40/T-antigen cancer signature identified in previous studies in prostate, breast, and lung cancer mouse models. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the Ggamma-globin-Tag model for hormone refractory PrCa shares important features with aggressive, metastatic human PrCa. Given the role of stathmin-1 in the destabilization of microtubles and taxane resistance, the Ggamma-globin-Tag model and other SV40/T-antigen driven transgenic models may be useful for testing potential therapies directed at stathmin-1 in human prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Calvo
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlos Perez-Stable
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Department of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Victor Segura
- Unit of Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raúl Catena
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elizabeth Guruceaga
- Unit of Proteomics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Paul Nguewa
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David Blanco
- Division of Oncology, Department of Histology and Pathology, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Teresita Reiner
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center and Research Service, Department of Medicine and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Jeffrey E. Green
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Dr. Jeffrey E. Green, Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Building 37, Room 4054, 37 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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12
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Stewart DJ. Lung Cancer Resistance to Chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-524-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Ki BL, Kyung BP. Comparative proteomic analysis of cancerous and adjacent normal lung tissues. BIOMEDIT︠S︡INSKAI︠A︡ KHIMII︠A︡ 2010; 56:663-73. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20105606663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in industrialized countries. Unfortunately, most lung cancers are found too late for a cure, therefore early detection and treatment is very important. We have applied proteomic analysis by using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and peptide mass fingerprinting techniques for examination of cancerous and adjacent non-cancerous lung tissues from the same patient. The aim of the study was to find proteins, which could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring of this disease. Indeed, we found differences in expression of several proteins, related to various cellular activities, such as, chaperoning (e,g. GRP96, GRP78, HSP27), metabolism and oxidation stress (e.g. L-fucose, GST), cytoskeleton (e.g., tubulin beta 2/3, beta actin), cell adhesion (e.g. annexin A5/3), binding proteins (e.g. 14-3-3 theta) and signal transduction. These changes may be important for progression of carcinogenesis; they may be used as the molecular-support for future diagnostic markers.
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Expression of Stathmin in Localized Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: Correlations With Prognosis. Urology 2009; 74:1264-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2009.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 04/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Dai L, Li C, Shedden KA, Misek DE, Lubman DM. Comparative proteomic study of two closely related ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma cell lines using cIEF fractionation and pathway analysis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1119-31. [PMID: 19288585 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The proteomic profiles from two distinct ovarian endometrioid tumor-derived cell lines, (MDAH-2774 and TOV-112D) each with different morphological characteristics and genetic mutations, have been studied. Characterization of the differential global protein expression between these two cell lines has important implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. In this comparative proteomic study, extensive fractionation of peptides generated from whole-cell trypsin digestion was achieved by coupling cIEF in the first-dimensional separation with capillary LC (RP-HPLC) in the second dimensional separation. Online analysis was performed using tandem mass spectra acquired by a linear ion trap mass spectrometer from triplicate runs. A total of 1749 and 1955 proteins with protein probability above 0.95 were identified from MDAH-2774 and TOV-112D after filtering through Peptide Prophet/Protein Prophet software. Differentially expressed proteins were further investigated by ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) to reveal the association with important biological functions. Canonical pathway analysis using IPA demonstrates that important signaling pathways are highly associated with one of these two cell lines versus the other, such as the PI3K/AKT pathway, which is found to be significantly predominant in MDAH-2774 but not in TOV-112D. Also, protein network analysis using IPA highlights p53 as a central hub relating to other proteins from the connectivity map. These results illustrate the utility of high throughput proteomics methods using large-scale proteome profiling combined with bioinformatics tools to identify differential signaling pathways, thus contributing to the understanding of mechanisms of deregulation in neoplastic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Dai
- Bioinformatics Program, University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0656, USA
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16
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Kuo MF, Wang HS, Kuo QT, Shun CT, Hsu HC, Yang SH, Yuan RH. High expression of stathmin protein predicts a fulminant course in medulloblastoma. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2009; 4:74-80. [PMID: 19569914 DOI: 10.3171/2009.2.peds08287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Stathmin, an important cytosolic phosphoprotein, is involved in cell proliferation and motility. This study was performed to elucidate the role of stathmin in the progression of medulloblastoma. METHODS The expression of stathmin protein was examined by immunohistochemical staining of tumor sections obtained in 17 consecutive patients with medulloblastoma who underwent resection between 1995 and 2005. Four patients were excluded because they were either lost to follow-up or underwent biopsy sampling only, leaving a total of 13 patients in the study. The stathmin expression was scored according to the immunoreactive fraction of tumor cells, and the level was correlated with various clinicopathological factors. RESULTS The expression level of stathmin protein was < or = 10% in 9 patients, 11-50% in 1, and > 50% in 3. No staining was seen in the tissues adjacent to the tumors. For comparison, the authors grouped the expression level of stathmin into high (> 50%) and low (< or = 50%). It was found that patients with high expression of stathmin had more frequent tumor dissemination at the time of resection or soon after total excision of the tumor (p = 0.0035), and hence experienced a fulminant course with lower patient survival (p < 0.0001), with an average survival period of 6.7 months (range 2-10 months). The expression level of stathmin did not correlate with patient age, sex, CSF cytological findings, use of adjuvant therapies, Ki 67 index, or risk classification of the tumors according to previously described categories in the literature. CONCLUSIONS High stathmin expression correlates with tumor dissemination, is an important prognostic factor of medulloblastoma, and may serve as a useful marker for more intensive adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Fai Kuo
- Division of Neurosurgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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17
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Singer S, Malz M, Herpel E, Warth A, Bissinger M, Keith M, Muley T, Meister M, Hoffmann H, Penzel R, Gdynia G, Ehemann V, Schnabel PA, Kuner R, Huber P, Schirmacher P, Breuhahn K. Coordinated expression of stathmin family members by far upstream sequence element-binding protein-1 increases motility in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:2234-43. [PMID: 19258502 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-3338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic instability of the microtubule network modulates processes such as cell division and motility, as well as cellular morphology. Overexpression of the microtubule-destabilizing phosphoprotein stathmin is frequent in human malignancies and represents a promising therapeutic target. Although stathmin inhibition gives rise to antineoplastic effects, additional and functionally redundant microtubule-interacting proteins may attenuate the efficiency of this therapeutic approach. We have systematically analyzed the expression and potential protumorigenic effects of stathmin family members in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Both stathmin and stathmin-like 3 (SCLIP) were overexpressed in adenocarcinoma as well as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues and induced tumor cell proliferation, migration, and matrix invasion in respective cell lines. Accordingly, reduced stathmin and SCLIP levels affected cell morphology and were associated with a less malignant phenotype. Combined inhibition of both factors caused additive effects on tumor cell motility, indicating partial functional redundancy. Because stathmin and SCLIP expression significantly correlated in NSCLC tissues, we searched for common upstream regulators and identified the far upstream sequence element-binding protein-1 (FBP-1) as a pivotal inducer of several stathmin family members. Our results indicate that the coordinated overexpression of microtubule-destabilizing factors by FBP-1 is a critical step to facilitate microtubule dynamics and subsequently increases proliferation and motility of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Singer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Thoraxklinik Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Rana S, Maples PB, Senzer N, Nemunaitis J. Stathmin 1: a novel therapeutic target for anticancer activity. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2008; 8:1461-70. [PMID: 18759697 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.8.9.1461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stathmin 1 (STMN1), also known as p17, p18, p19, 19K, metablastin, oncoprotein 18, LAP 18 and Op18, is a 19 kDa cytosolic protein. It was the first discovered member of a family of phylogenetically related microtubule-destabilizing phosphoproteins critically involved in the construction and function of the mitotic spindle. A threshold level of STMN1 is required for orderly progression through mitosis in a variety of cell types. STMN1 is overexpressed across a broad range of human malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma, neuroblastoma; ovarian, prostatic, breast and lung cancers and mesothelioma). It is also upregulated in normally proliferating cell lines but is only rarely upregulated in nonproliferating cell lines with the exception of neurons, anterior pituitary cells and glial cells. Its expression is also upregulated in hepatocytes during regeneration and in lymphoid cells when they are signaled to proliferate. In this review, we summarize available data as rationale for the therapeutic manipulation of STMN1 in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shushan Rana
- Gradalis, Inc., 2545 Golden Bear Drive, Suite 110, Carrollton, TX 75006, USA.
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19
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Wang R, Dong K, Lin F, Wang X, Gao P, Wei SH, Cheng SY, Zhang HZ. Inhibiting proliferation and enhancing chemosensitivity to taxanes in osteosarcoma cells by RNA interference-mediated downregulation of stathmin expression. Mol Med 2007; 13:567-75. [PMID: 17873971 PMCID: PMC1976861 DOI: 10.2119/2007-00046.wang] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Stathmin (Oncoprotein18), a signal transduction regulatory factor, plays an important role in cell division and malignant tumor development. Stathmin is a ubiquitous intracellular phosphoprotein that is overexpressed in a variety of human malignancies, including osteosarcoma. To investigate the potential use of stathmin as a therapeutic target for human osteosarcomas, we employed RNA interference [small interfering RNA (siRNA)] to reduce stathmin expression in human osteosarcoma cell lines and analyzed their phenotypic changes. Results showed that the downregulation of stathmin expression in human osteosarcoma cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. The specific downregulation induced cell arrest in the G(2)/M phase of cell cycle and eventually apoptotic cell death. Taxanes are a group of effective chemotherapeutic agents whose activity is mediated through stabilization of the microtubules of the mitotic spindle. In the present study, we also observed a synergistic enhancement of the cytotoxicity effect by combination use of taxanes and RNA interference-mediated stathmin downregulation. All these experimental data indicate that stathmin downregulation can lead to potent antitumor activity and chemosensitizing activity to taxanes in human osteosarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - Ke Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - San-Hua Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - Shi-Yin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Diagnosis, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University; Xi’an, China
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20
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Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a frequent hematological malignancy. Despite enormous therapeutic efforts that range from various cytotoxic agents to allogeneic stem cell transplantation, overall survival of patients with AML remains unsatisfying. The poor survival rates are mainly due to therapy-related mortality, failure of induction chemotherapy and early relapses. Therefore, novel therapeutic agents that are more efficient and better tolerated are eagerly sought after. For existing therapeutic strategies, there is a lack of markers that are capable of reliably predicting prognosis or the therapeutic response prior to treatment. There is hope that elucidation of the AML-specific proteome will prompt the discovery of novel therapeutic targets and biomarkers in AML. Modern mass-spectrometry instrumentation has achieved excellent performance in terms of sensitivity, resolution and mass accuracy; however, so far, the contribution of proteomics to the care of patients with AML is virtually zero. This might be partly because mass spectrometry instrumentation and protein fractionation still lack true high-throughput capabilities with highest levels of reproducibility, thus hampering large-scale translational studies with clinical samples. Since mass-spectrometry instruments are very intricate devices, their successful operation will hinge on the willingness and ability of mass-spectrometry experts and clinical researchers to adopt new views, learn from each other and cooperate in order to ultimately benefit the patient suffering from AML. This review highlights some clinical problems circumventing the treatment of patients with AML. Furthermore, it provides a brief overview of the technical background of standard proteomics approaches and describes opportunities, challenges and pitfalls of proteomic studies with regards to AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Czibere
- Heinrich Heine University, Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunlogy, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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21
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Lee SC, Chan J, Clement MV, Pervaiz S. Functional proteomics of resveratrol-induced colon cancer cell apoptosis: caspase-6-mediated cleavage of lamin A is a major signaling loop. Proteomics 2006; 6:2386-94. [PMID: 16518869 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200500366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the molecular basis of resveratrol (RSV)-evoked apoptosis in four (Bax+/-, Bax-/-, p53+/+, and p53-/-) HCT116 colon cancer cell lines. RSV induced apoptosis in all the cells in a dose-dependent manner; however, Bax+/- and p53+/+ cells were more susceptible than their knockout counterparts (Bax-/- and p53-/-, respectively). Using Bax+/- cells as a model, proteomic analysis revealed four RSV-responsive events: fragmentation of lamin A/C protein; increase in concentration of a more basic isoelectric variant of the ribosomal protein P0; and decrease in concentration of dUTPase as well as stathmin 1. Lamin A cleavage in response to RSV treatment was confirmed using Western blot analysis. Caspase-6 was activated, which was evidenced by cleavage and accumulation in active form of caspase-6 as well as upregulation of the protease activity. RSV-elicited lamin A cleavage and apoptosis were entirely abrogated by the peptide inhibitors of caspase-6. Likewise, partial knockdown of caspase-6 expression using small interfering RNA resulted in significant inhibition of RSV-elicited lamin A cleavage and apoptosis. Furthermore, the lower apoptosis sensitivity of the knockout cells (Bax-/- and p53-/-) correlated with the relatively reduced processing of caspase-6 and lamin A cleavage. Taken together, these data highlight the critical role of caspase-6 and its cleavage of lamin A in apoptotic signaling triggered by RSV in the colon carcinoma cells, which can be activated in the absence of Bax or p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Chin Lee
- National University Medical Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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22
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Abstract
The pivotal role of kinases in signal transduction and cellular regulation has lent them considerable appeal as pharmacological targets across a broad spectrum of cancers. p21-activated kinases (Paks) are serine/threonine kinases that function as downstream nodes for various oncogenic signalling pathways. Paks are well-known regulators of cytoskeletal remodelling and cell motility, but have recently also been shown to promote cell proliferation, regulate apoptosis and accelerate mitotic abnormalities, which results in tumour formation and cell invasiveness. Alterations in Pak expression have been detected in human tumours, which makes them an attractive new therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77030-4009, USA.
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23
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Kouzu Y, Uzawa K, Koike H, Saito K, Nakashima D, Higo M, Endo Y, Kasamatsu A, Shiiba M, Bukawa H, Yokoe H, Tanzawa H. Overexpression of stathmin in oral squamous-cell carcinoma: correlation with tumour progression and poor prognosis. Br J Cancer 2006; 94:717-23. [PMID: 16495930 PMCID: PMC2361217 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stathmin is an intracellular phosphoprotein that is overexpressed in a number of human malignancies. Our previous study using proteomic profiling showed that significant upregulation of stathmin occurs in oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC)-derived cell lines. In the current study, to determine the potential involvement of stathmin in OSCC, we evaluated the state of stathmin protein and mRNA expression in OSCC-derived cell lines and human primary OSCCs. A significant increase in stathmin expression was observed in all OSCC-derived cell lines examined compared to human normal oral keratinocytes. In immunohistochemistry, 65% of the OSCCs were positive for stathmin, and no immunoreaction was observed in corresponding normal tissues. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction data were consistent with the protein expression status. Moreover, stathmin expression status was correlated with the TNM stage grading. Furthermore, we found a statistical correlation between the protein expression status and disease-free survival (P=0.029). These results suggest that expression of stathmin could contribute to cancer progression/prognosis, and that stathmin may have potential as a biomarker and a therapeutic target for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kouzu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Uzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan. E-mail:
| | - H Koike
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - K Saito
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - D Nakashima
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Higo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y Endo
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - A Kasamatsu
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - M Shiiba
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Bukawa
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Yokoe
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - H Tanzawa
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Division of Dentistry and Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Chiba University Hospital, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Center of Excellence (COE) Program in The 21st Century, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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24
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Escobar MA, Hoelz DJ, Sandoval JA, Hickey RJ, Grosfeld JL, Malkas LH. Profiling of nuclear extract proteins from human neuroblastoma cell lines: the search for fingerprints. J Pediatr Surg 2005; 40:349-58. [PMID: 15750928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2004.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuroblastoma (NB) commonly presents with advanced disease at diagnosis and is associated with poor survival. If identified early, however, survival is improved suggesting a benefit of early detection. The authors have used proteomics technology in an attempt to identify novel markers that permit early detection of NB and characterize its molecular makeup. METHODS Three different human NB cell lines SK-N-AS, SK-N-DZ, and SK-N-FI were subjected to series of biochemical fractionation steps to extract nuclear proteins. These proteins were analyzed for differential expression by 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Polypeptides of interest were subsequently identified by liquid chromatography-linked tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Multiple proteins were identified in these human NB cell lines including SET (a ubiquitous nuclear protein), stathmin (a cytosolic signal transduction protein), and grp94 (a heat shock protein). SET is a putative oncogene associated with the chromosomal translocation (6;9) leading to acute undifferentiated leukemia. Stathmin is an oncogene found in greater abundance in leukemic cells compared to nonleukemic cells. A total of 94-kDa glucose-regulated protein has been shown to be protective in human breast cancer cells in vitro and related with the occurrence, differentiation, and progression of human lung cancer. The first protein has not been previously associated with NB. CONCLUSIONS The identification of these 3 previously unrecognized cancer-related potential biomarkers in human NB cell lines may prove useful in developing diagnostic tests. The proteomic methodology of 2-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry also provides an improved opportunity to understand the natural history of NB and develop novel chemotherapeutic agents for this prevalent childhood malignancy with a dismal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio A Escobar
- Section of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Riley Children's Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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25
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Neuronal-associated microtubule proteins class III β-tubulin and MAP2c in neuroblastoma: Role in resistance to microtubule-targeted drugs. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.1137.3.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Advanced stage neuroblastoma has a poor clinical outcome and microtubule-destabilizing agents, such as the Vinca alkaloids, are an important component in the treatment of this childhood cancer. Vinca alkaloids bind to β-tubulin on the α/β-tubulin heterodimer and disrupt microtubule dynamics, leading to cell death. To date, studies examining the contribution of microtubules and associated proteins to the efficacy of microtubule-destabilizing agents in neuroblastoma have been limited. In this study, BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cells previously selected for resistance to either vincristine (BE/VCR10) or colchicine (BE/CHCb0.2) were found to display significant decreases in neuronal-specific class III β-tubulin. Interestingly, vincristine-selected cells exhibited increased levels of polymerized tubulin that were not due to α-tubulin and class I, II, or III β-tubulin mutations. Expression levels of the microtubule-depolymerizing protein stathmin were significantly increased in BE/VCR10 cells. In contrast, levels of MAP2a and MAP2b were relatively unaltered. A marked decrease in the neuronal protein, MAP2c, was identified in the vincristine-selected cells and, to a lesser extent, in the colchicine-selected cells. This is the first report describing specific microtubule alterations in neuroblastoma cells resistant to tubulin-targeted agents. The results indicate a need to identify the factors responsible for resistance to tubulin-targeted agents in neuroblastoma so that improved and novel treatment strategies can be developed for this drug refractory disease.
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26
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Neben K, Korshunov A, Benner A, Wrobel G, Hahn M, Kokocinski F, Golanov A, Joos S, Lichter P. Microarray-based screening for molecular markers in medulloblastoma revealed STK15 as independent predictor for survival. Cancer Res 2004; 64:3103-11. [PMID: 15126347 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-03-3968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma, a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the cerebellum, is one of the most common central nervous system malignancies of childhood. Despite aggressive multimodal therapy, including surgery, irradiation, and chemotherapy, 5-year survival rates have only approached 50-60%. To identify potential candidate genes that predict for overall survival (OS), we performed a gene expression profiling analysis in 35 newly diagnosed medulloblastoma neoplasms. Subsequently, the nine most promising candidate genes were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization on tumor tissue microarrays representing a series of 180 tumors. We found 54 genes in which expression levels predicted for unfavorable survival in medulloblastoma. In line with the gene expression profiling analysis, a positive staining for STK15 (P = 0.0006), stathmin 1 (P = 0.001), and cyclin D1 (P = 0.03) was associated with an unfavorable OS, whereas cyclin B1, DAXX, Ki-67, MYC, NRAS, and p53 showed no statistical significant effect. In comparison to clinically defined parameters such as gender, age, metastatic stage, extent of tumor resection, application of chemotherapy, and tumor grade, positive staining for STK15 was identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS (P = 0.026). Moreover, additional gene copy numbers of MYC (P = 0.003) and STK15 (P = 0.05) predicted for poor survival. The combination of gene expression profiling with tissue microarray experiments allowed the identification of a series of candidate genes that predicts for survival in medulloblastoma. Of the results highlighted by the various data analysis procedures, genes associated with cell proliferation (cyclin D1), transcription (MYC), and especially mitosis (stathmin 1, STK15) appear particularly intriguing with respect to medulloblastoma pathomechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Neben
- Division of Molecular Genetics (B060), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Germany
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Orr GA, Verdier-Pinard P, McDaid H, Horwitz SB. Mechanisms of Taxol resistance related to microtubules. Oncogene 2003; 22:7280-95. [PMID: 14576838 PMCID: PMC4039039 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 549] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Since its approval by the FDA in 1992 for the treatment of ovarian cancer, the use of Taxol has dramatically increased. Although treatment with Taxol has led to improvement in the duration and quality of life for some cancer patients, the majority eventually develop progressive disease after initially responding to Taxol treatment. Drug resistance represents a major obstacle to improving the overall response and survival of cancer patients. This review focuses on mechanisms of Taxol resistance that occur directly at the microtubule, such as mutations, tubulin isotype selection and post-translational modifications, and also at the level of regulatory proteins. A review of tubulin structure, microtubule dynamics, the mechanism of action of Taxol and its binding site on the microtubule are included, so that the reader can evaluate Taxol resistance in context.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Orr
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pascal Verdier-Pinard
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Hayley McDaid
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: SB Horwitz;
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28
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Rosell R, Scagliotti G, Danenberg KD, Lord RVN, Bepler G, Novello S, Cooc J, Crinò L, Sánchez JJ, Taron M, Boni C, De Marinis F, Tonato M, Marangolo M, Gozzelino F, Di Costanzo F, Rinaldi M, Salonga D, Stephens C. Transcripts in pretreatment biopsies from a three-arm randomized trial in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Oncogene 2003; 22:3548-53. [PMID: 12789263 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis show marginal response to chemotherapy in terms of tumor shrinkage, time to progression and median survival. The identification and implementation of predictive genetic markers of response-specific cytotoxic drugs is a priority of current research and future trials. In this study, we have used quantitative PCR to analyse expression of beta-tubulin III, stathmin, RRM1, COX-2 and GSTP1 in mRNA isolated from paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies of 75 nonsmall-cell lung cancer patients treated as part of a large randomized trial. In total, 22 patients were treated with gemcitabine/cisplatin, 25 with vinorelbine/cisplatin and 28 with paclitaxel/carboplatin. There were no differences in clinical characteristics and transcript levels in the pretreatment biopsies according to treatment arm. Patients with low beta-tubulin III levels had better response in the paclitaxel/carboplatin arm (P=0.05), and those with low RRM1 levels showed a tendency to better response in the gemcitabine/cisplatin arm. Time to progression was influenced by beta-tubulin III (P=0.03) and stathmin (P=0.05) levels in the vinorelbine/cisplatin arm, and there was a tendency toward correlation between beta-tubulin III levels and time to progression in the paclitaxel/carboplatin arm. RRM1 levels influenced time to progression (P=0.05) and even more so, survival (P=0.0028) in the gemcitabine/cisplatin arm. The predictive value of beta-tubulin III, stathmin and RRM1 should be tested in prospective customized chemotherapy trials, the results of which will help tailor chemotherapy to improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Department of Oncology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Abstract
All kinesins share a conserved core motor domain implying a common mechanism for generating force from ATP hydrolysis. How is it then that kinesins exhibit such divergent activities: motility, microtubule cross-linking and microtubule depolymerization? Although conventional motile kinesins have served as the paradigm for understanding kinesin function, the unconventional kinesins exploit variations on the motile theme to perform unexpected tasks. This review summarizes the biological functions and examines the possible molecular mechanisms of Kin C and Kin I unconventional kinesins. We also discuss the possible differences between the microtubule destabilization models proposed for Kar3 and Kin I kinesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Ovechkina
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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30
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Chen G, Wang H, Gharib TG, Huang CC, Thomas DG, Shedden KA, Kuick R, Taylor JMG, Kardia SLR, Misek DE, Giordano TJ, Iannettoni MD, Orringer MB, Hanash SM, Beer DG. Overexpression of oncoprotein 18 correlates with poor differentiation in lung adenocarcinomas. Mol Cell Proteomics 2003; 2:107-16. [PMID: 12644570 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m200055-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the expression of oncoprotein 18 (Op18) in 93 lung adenocarcinomas and 10 uninvolved lung samples using quantitative two-dimensional PAGE analysis with confirmation by mass spectrometry and two-dimensional Western blot analysis. mRNA expression was examined using oligonucleotide microarrays, and the cellular localization of the Op18 protein was examined using immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays. Three phosphorylated forms and one unphosphorylated form of the Op18 protein were identified and found to be overexpressed in lung adenocarcinomas as compared with normal lung. The percentage of phosphorylated to total Op18 protein isoforms increased from 3.2% in normal lung to 7.9% in lung tumors. Both the phosphorylated and unphosphorylated Op18 proteins were significantly increased in poorly differentiated tumors as compared with moderately or well differentiated lung adenocarcinomas (p<0.03), suggesting that up-regulated expression of Op18 reflects a poor differentiation status and higher cell proliferation rates. This was further verified in A549 and SKLU1 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines by examining Op18 levels and phosphorylation status following treatment that altered either cell proliferation or differentiation. The increased expression of Op18 protein was significantly correlated with its mRNA level indicating that increased transcription likely underlies elevated expression of Op18. The overexpression of Op18 proteins in poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinomas and the elevated expression of the phosphorylated forms of Op18 may offer a new target for drug- or gene-directed therapy and may have potential utility as a tumor marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Chen
- Department of Surgery, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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31
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Sánchez JM, Balañá C, Font A, Sánchez JJ, Manzano JL, Guillot M, Margelí M, Richardet M, Rosell R. Phase II non-randomized study of three different sequences of docetaxel and vinorelbine in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002; 38:309-15. [PMID: 12445754 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(02)00220-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Docetaxel and vinorelbine as single agents and in combination with cisplatin have shown significant activity in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Significant neutropenia has been observed with the combination of docetaxel/vinorelbine. To gain insight into the potential synergism of this combination, we examined three different sequences of docetaxel 75 and vinorelbine 20 mg/m(2), every 3 weeks, in locally advanced and metastatic NSCLC patients. About 14 patients were evaluable in each schedule: schedule A, docetaxel day 1, vinorelbine days 1 and 6; schedule B, docetaxel day 6, vinorelbine days 1 and 6; schedule C, docetaxel day 1, vinorelbine days 6 and 15. Response rates were: 42.8, 7.1 and 21.4% for schedules A, B and C, respectively (P=0.01, schedule A vs. B). Median survival time was 16, 6.5 and 10.6 months for schedules A, B and C, respectively (P=0.04, schedule A vs. B). Neutropenia was the commonest toxicity; 43% of patients in schedule A and 57% of patients in schedule B had a febrile neutropenia episode. Prophylactic granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) was prescribed in schedule C after the first episode of febrile neutropenia. Non-hematologic toxicities were mild in all three schedules. For future studies, schedule A with lower doses is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Sánchez
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Ctra Canyet s/n, 08916 Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hanash SM, Madoz-Gurpide J, Misek DE. Identification of novel targets for cancer therapy using expression proteomics. Leukemia 2002; 16:478-85. [PMID: 11960325 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2001] [Accepted: 11/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although most drugs target proteins, the proteome has remained largely untapped for the discovery of drug targets. The sequencing of the human genome has had a tremendous impact on proteomics and has provided a framework for protein identification. There is currently substantial interest in implementing proteomics platforms for drug target discovery. Although the field is still in the early stages, current proteomic tools include a variety of technologies that could be implemented for large-scale protein expression analysis of cells and tissues, leading to discovery of novel drug targets. Proteomics uniquely allows delineation of global changes in protein expression patterns resulting from transcriptional and post-transcriptional control, post-translational modifications and shifts in proteins between different cellular compartments. Some of the current technologies for proteome profiling and the application of proteomics to the analysis of leukemias by our group are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Hanash
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Rosell R, Monzo M, O'Brate A, Taron M. Translational oncogenomics: toward rational therapeutic decision-making. Curr Opin Oncol 2002; 14:171-9. [PMID: 11880707 DOI: 10.1097/00001622-200203000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The wealth of data in basic science and translational research may often represent a conundrum for clinical oncologists, who need to selectively consider this abundant information and translate it into therapeutic decisions. For the sake of simplicity, we have classified the multiplicity of genetic abnormalities in five repertoires that are rapidly assessable and useful for stratification in clinical trials: allelic imbalance, aberrant promoter methylation, gene mRNA overexpression, microtubule alterations, and polymorphisms. Allelic imbalance refers to chromosomal instability, which is a major feature of cancer, and innovative techniques used in colorectal cancer should also be implemented in lung cancer. Epigenetic changes (variations in transcription levels) have been extensively studied in non-small cell lung cancer. Methylation techniques have shown that these epigenetic changes commonly occur at the same frequency in numerous genes, both well-known ( FHIT, APC, p16 ) and recently discovered ( TMS1, RASSF1 ) in non-small cell lung cancer and in breast cancer. Innovative techniques like quantitative polymerase chain reaction can determine gene expression profiles, mainly overexpression of mRNAs, which may be related to resistance to specific cytotoxic drugs. In the near future, we hope these profiles can be used to individualize chemotherapy. Multiple microtubule alterations related to overexpression of different genes can also be used to predict response to taxanes and Vinca alkaloids. Finally, the assessment of polymorphisms could enable us to understand their functional consequences in chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Rosell
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
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