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Song KH, Ge X, Engelbach JA, Thio LL, Neil JJ, Ackerman JJH, Garbow JR. Subcutaneous deuterated substrate administration in mice: An alternative to tail vein infusion. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:681-686. [PMID: 37849055 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tail-vein catheterization and subsequent in-magnet infusion is a common route of administration of deuterium (2 H)-labeled substrates in small-animal deuterium (D) MR studies. With mice, because of the tail vein's small diameter, this procedure is challenging. It requires considerable personnel training and practice, is prone to failure, and may preclude serial studies. Motivated by the need for an alternative, the time courses for common small-molecule deuterated substrates and downstream metabolites in brain following subcutaneous infusion were determined in mice and are presented herein. METHODS Three 2 H-labeled substrates-[6,6-2 H2 ]glucose, [2 H3 ]acetate, and [3,4,4,4-2 H4 ]beta-hydroxybutyrate-and 2 H2 O were administered to mice in-magnet via subcutaneous catheter. Brain time courses of the substrates and downstream metabolites (and semi-heavy water) were determined via single-voxel DMRS. RESULTS Subcutaneous catheter placement and substrate administration was readily accomplished with limited personnel training. Substrates reached pseudo-steady state in brain within ∼30-40 min of bolus infusion. Time constants characterizing the appearance in brain of deuterated substrates or semi-heavy water following 2 H2 O administration were similar (∼15 min). CONCLUSION Administration of deuterated substrates via subcutaneous catheter for in vivo DMRS experiments with mice is robust, requires limited personnel training, and enables substantial dosing. It is suitable for metabolic studies where pseudo-steady state substrate administration/accumulation is sufficient. It is particularly advantageous for serial longitudinal studies over an extended period because it avoids inevitable damage to the tail vein following multiple catheterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Ho Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Xia Ge
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Engelbach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liu Lin Thio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Neil
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph J H Ackerman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of the Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of the Alvin J Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Adamson PM, Datta K, Watkins R, Recht LD, Hurd RE, Spielman DM. Deuterium metabolic imaging for 3D mapping of glucose metabolism in humans with central nervous system lesions at 3T. Magn Reson Med 2024; 91:39-50. [PMID: 37796151 PMCID: PMC10841984 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the potential of 3T deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) using a birdcage 2 H radiofrequency (RF) coil in both healthy volunteers and patients with central nervous system (CNS) lesions. METHODS A modified gradient filter, home-built 2 H volume RF coil, and spherical k-space sampling were employed in a three-dimensional chemical shift imaging acquisition to obtain high-quality whole-brain metabolic images of 2 H-labeled water and glucose metabolic products. These images were acquired in a healthy volunteer and three subjects with CNS lesions of varying pathologies. Hardware and pulse sequence experiments were also conducted to improve the signal-to-noise ratio of DMI at 3T. RESULTS The ability to quantify local glucose metabolism in correspondence to anatomical landmarks across patients with varying CNS lesions is demonstrated, and increased lactate is observed in one patient with the most active disease. CONCLUSION DMI offers the potential to examine metabolic activity in human subjects with CNS lesions with DMI at 3T, promising for the potential of the future clinical translation of this metabolic imaging technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Adamson
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California USA
| | - Keshav Datta
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ron Watkins
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lawrence D. Recht
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ralph E. Hurd
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Asano H, Elhelaly AE, Hyodo F, Iwasaki R, Noda Y, Kato H, Ichihashi K, Tomita H, Murata M, Mori T, Matsuo M. Deuterium Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Deuterated Water-Induced 2H-Tissue Labeling Allows Monitoring Cancer Treatment at Clinical Field Strength. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5173-5182. [PMID: 37732903 PMCID: PMC10722130 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-1635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE An accurate and noninvasive assessment of tumor response following treatment other than traditional anatomical imaging techniques is essential. Deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) imaging has been demonstrated as an alternative for cancer metabolic imaging by high-field MRI using deuterium-labeled molecules. The study aim was to use 2H tissue labeling and deuterium MRI at clinical field strength for tumor visualization and assessment of three anticancer therapies in pancreatic cancer model mice. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic carcinoma and C26 colorectal carcinoma models of BALB/c-nu mice was prepared, and repeated deuterium MRI was performed during the first 10 days of free drinking of 30% D2O to track 2H distribution in tissues. 2H accumulation in the tumor after irradiation, bevacizumab administration, or gemcitabine administration was also measured in MIA PaCa-2-bearing mice. Confirmatory proton MRI, ex vivo metabolic hyperpolarization 13C-MRS, and histopathology were performed. RESULTS The mouse's whole-body distribution of 2H was visible 1 day after drinking, and the signal intensity increased daily. Although the tumor size did not change 1 and 3 days after irradiation, the amount of 2H decreased significantly. The 2H image intensity of the tumor also significantly decreased after the administration of bevacizumab or gemcitabine. Metabolic hyperpolarization 13C-MRS, proton MRI, and 2H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed the efficacy of the anticancer treatments. CONCLUSIONS Deuterium MRI at 1.5T proved feasible to track 2H distribution throughout mouse tissues during D2O administration and revealed a higher 2H accumulation in the tumor xenografts. This research demonstrated a promising successful method for preliminary assessment of radiotherapy and chemotherapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Asano
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Radiological Technology, Central Japan International Medical Center, Gifu, Japan
| | - Abdelazim Elsayed Elhelaly
- Department of Radiology, Frontier Science for Imaging, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT), Institute for Advanced Study, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Iwasaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Kato
- Department of Radiology, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koki Ichihashi
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Open Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Mori
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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Montrazi ET, Bao Q, Martinho RP, Peters DC, Harris T, Sasson K, Agemy L, Scherz A, Frydman L. Deuterium imaging of the Warburg effect at sub-millimolar concentrations by joint processing of the kinetic and spectral dimensions. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4995. [PMID: 37401393 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is a promising molecular MRI approach, which follows the administration of deuterated substrates and their metabolization. [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose for instance is preferentially converted in tumors to [3,3'-2 H2 ]-lactate as a result of the Warburg effect, providing a distinct resonance whose mapping using time-resolved spectroscopic imaging can diagnose cancer. The MR detection of low-concentration metabolites such as lactate, however, is challenging. It has been recently shown that multi-echo balanced steady-state free precession (ME-bSSFP) increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of these experiments approximately threefold over regular chemical shift imaging; the present study examines how DMI's sensitivity can be increased further by advanced processing methods. Some of these, such as compressed sensing multiplicative denoising and block-matching/3D filtering, can be applied to any spectroscopic/imaging methods. Sensitivity-enhancing approaches were also specifically tailored to ME-bSSFP DMI, by relying on priors related to the resonances' positions and to features of the metabolic kinetics. Two new methods are thus proposed that use these constraints for enhancing the sensitivity of both the spectral images and the metabolic kinetics. The ability of these methods to improve DMI is evidenced in pancreatic cancer studies carried at 15.2 T, where suitable implementations of the proposals imparted eightfold or more SNR improvement over the original ME-bSSFP data, at no informational cost. Comparisons with other propositions in the literature are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elton T Montrazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Qingjia Bao
- Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ricardo P Martinho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dana C Peters
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Talia Harris
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Sasson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Brender JR, Assmann JC, Farthing DE, Saito K, Kishimoto S, Warrick KA, Maglakelidze N, Larus TL, Merkle H, Gress RE, Krishna MC, Buxbaum NP. In vivo deuterium magnetic resonance imaging of xenografted tumors following systemic administration of deuterated water. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14699. [PMID: 37679461 PMCID: PMC10485001 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo deuterated water (2H2O) labeling leads to deuterium (2H) incorporation into biomolecules of proliferating cells and provides the basis for its use in cell kinetics research. We hypothesized that rapidly proliferating cancer cells would become preferentially labeled with 2H and, therefore, could be visualized by deuterium magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) following a brief period of in vivo systemic 2H2O administration. We initiated systemic 2H2O administration in two xenograft mouse models harboring either human colorectal, HT-29, or pancreatic, MiaPaCa-2, tumors and 2H2O level of ~ 8% in total body water (TBW). Three schemas of 2H2O administration were tested: (1) starting at tumor seeding and continuing for 7 days of in vivo growth with imaging on day 7, (2) starting at tumor seeding and continuing for 14 days of in vivo growth with imaging on day 14, and (3) initiation of labeling following a week of in vivo tumor growth and continuing until imaging was performed on day 14. Deuterium chemical shift imaging of the tumor bearing limb and contralateral control was performed on either day 7 of 14 after tumor seeding, as described. After 14 days of in vivo tumor growth and 7 days of systemic labeling with 2H2O, a clear deuterium contrast was demonstrated between the xenografts and normal tissue. Labeling in the second week after tumor implantation afforded the highest contrast between neoplastic and healthy tissue in both models. Systemic labeling with 2H2O can be used to create imaging contrast between tumor and healthy issue, providing a non-radioactive method for in vivo cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Brender
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julian C Assmann
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Don E Farthing
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Keita Saito
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shun Kishimoto
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathrynne A Warrick
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natella Maglakelidze
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri L Larus
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- Laboratory for Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald E Gress
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murali C Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Nataliya P Buxbaum
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunotherapy Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Pediatric Oncology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Niess F, Strasser B, Hingerl L, Niess E, Motyka S, Hangel G, Krššák M, Gruber S, Spurny-Dworak B, Trattnig S, Scherer T, Lanzenberger R, Bogner W. Reproducibility of 3D MRSI for imaging human brain glucose metabolism using direct ( 2H) and indirect ( 1H) detection of deuterium labeled compounds at 7T and clinical 3T. Neuroimage 2023; 277:120250. [PMID: 37414233 PMCID: PMC11019874 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) and quantitative exchange label turnover (QELT) are novel MR spectroscopy techniques for non-invasive imaging of human brain glucose and neurotransmitter metabolism with high clinical potential. Following oral or intravenous administration of non-ionizing [6,6'-2H2]-glucose, its uptake and synthesis of downstream metabolites can be mapped via direct or indirect detection of deuterium resonances using 2H MRSI (DMI) and 1H MRSI (QELT), respectively. The purpose of this study was to compare the dynamics of spatially resolved brain glucose metabolism, i.e., estimated concentration enrichment of deuterium labeled Glx (glutamate+glutamine) and Glc (glucose) acquired repeatedly in the same cohort of subjects using DMI at 7T and QELT at clinical 3T. METHODS Five volunteers (4 m/1f) were scanned in repeated sessions for 60 min after overnight fasting and 0.8 g/kg oral [6,6'-2H2]-glucose administration using time-resolved 3D 2H FID-MRSI with elliptical phase encoding at 7T and 3D 1H FID-MRSI with a non-Cartesian concentric ring trajectory readout at clinical 3T. RESULTS One hour after oral tracer administration regionally averaged deuterium labeled Glx4 concentrations and the dynamics were not significantly different over all participants between 7T 2H DMI and 3T 1H QELT data for GM (1.29±0.15 vs. 1.38±0.26 mM, p=0.65 & 21±3 vs. 26±3 µM/min, p=0.22) and WM (1.10±0.13 vs. 0.91±0.24 mM, p=0.34 & 19±2 vs. 17±3 µM/min, p=0.48). Also, the observed time constants of dynamic Glc6 data in GM (24±14 vs. 19±7 min, p=0.65) and WM (28±19 vs. 18±9 min, p=0.43) dominated regions showed no significant differences. Between individual 2H and 1H data points a weak to moderate negative correlation was observed for Glx4 concentrations in GM (r=-0.52, p<0.001), and WM (r=-0.3, p<0.001) dominated regions, while a strong negative correlation was observed for Glc6 data GM (r=-0.61, p<0.001) and WM (r=-0.70, p<0.001). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that indirect detection of deuterium labeled compounds using 1H QELT MRSI at widely available clinical 3T without additional hardware is able to reproduce absolute concentration estimates of downstream glucose metabolites and the dynamics of glucose uptake compared to 2H DMI data acquired at 7T. This suggests significant potential for widespread application in clinical settings especially in environments with limited access to ultra-high field scanners and dedicated RF hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Niess
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Lukas Hingerl
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Eva Niess
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for MR Imaging Biomarkers (BIOMAK), Austria
| | - Stanislav Motyka
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for MR Imaging Biomarkers (BIOMAK), Austria
| | - Gilbert Hangel
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Krššák
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Gruber
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for MR Imaging Biomarkers (BIOMAK), Austria
| | - Benjamin Spurny-Dworak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Trattnig
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Institute for Clinical Molecular MRI, Karl Landsteiner Society, Pölten 3100St, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Department of Medicine III, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Comprehensive Center for Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health (C3NMH), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Center, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Lazarettgasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for MR Imaging Biomarkers (BIOMAK), Austria
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Zou C, Ruan Y, Li H, Wan Q, Du F, Yuan J, Qin Q, Thompson GJ, Yang X, Li Y, Liu X, Zheng H. A new deuterium-labeled compound [2,3,4,6,6'- 2 H 5 ]-D-glucose for deuterium magnetic resonance metabolic imaging. NMR Biomed 2023; 36:e4890. [PMID: 36477944 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium (2 H) magnetic resonance imaging is an emerging approach for noninvasively studying glucose metabolism in vivo, which is important for understanding pathogenesis and monitoring the progression of many diseases such as tumors, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the synthesis of 2 H-labeled glucose is costly because of the expensive raw substrates and the requirement for extreme reaction conditions, making the 2 H-labeled glucose rather expensive and unaffordable for clinic use. In this study, we present a new deuterated compound, [2,3,4,6,6'-2 H5 ]-D-glucose, with an approximate 10-fold reduction in production costs. The synthesis route uses cheaper raw substrate methyl-α-D-glucopyranoside, relies on mild reaction conditions (80°C), and has higher deuterium labeling efficiency. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and mass spectroscopy experiments confirmed the successful deuterium labeling in the compound. Animal studies demonstrated that the substrate could describe the glycolytic metabolism in a glioma rat model by quantifying the downstream metabolites through 2 H-MRS on an ultrahigh field system. Comparison of the glucose metabolism characteristics was carried out between [2,3,4,6,6'-2 H5 ]-D-glucose and commercial [6,6'-2 H2 ]-D-glucose in the animal studies. This cost-effective compound will help facilitate the clinical translation of deuterium magnetic resonance imaging, and enable this powerful metabolic imaging modality to be widely used in both preclinical and clinical research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zou
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingheng Ruan
- Shenzhen Dingbang Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanxi Li
- Shenzhen Dingbang Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Wan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Du
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawen Yuan
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qikai Qin
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Xiaojun Yang
- Shenzhen Dingbang Bioscience Co., Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Li
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance and Multimodality Imaging of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hairong Zheng
- Paul C. Lauterbur Research Center for Biomedical Imaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Nam KM, Gursan A, Bhogal AA, Wijnen JP, Klomp DWJ, Prompers JJ, Hendriks AD. Deuterium echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) in the human liver in vivo at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2023. [PMID: 37154391 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the feasibility of deuterium echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) to accelerate 3D deuterium metabolic imaging in the human liver at 7 T. METHODS A deuterium EPSI sequence, featuring a Hamming-weighted k-space acquisition pattern for the phase-encoding directions, was implemented. Three-dimensional deuterium EPSI and conventional MRSI were performed on a water/acetone phantom and in vivo in the human liver at natural abundance. Moreover, in vivo deuterium EPSI measurements were acquired after oral administration of deuterated glucose. The effect of acquisition time on SNR was evaluated by retrospectively reducing the number of averages. RESULTS The SNR of natural abundance deuterated water signal in deuterium EPSI was 6.5% and 5.9% lower than that of MRSI in the phantom and in vivo experiments, respectively. In return, the acquisition time of in vivo EPSI data could be reduced retrospectively to 2 min, beyond the minimal acquisition time of conventional MRSI (of 20 min in this case), while still leaving sufficient SNR. Three-dimensional deuterium EPSI, after administration of deuterated glucose, enabled monitoring of hepatic glucose dynamics with full liver coverage, a spatial resolution of 20 mm isotropic, and a temporal resolution of 9 min 50 s, which could retrospectively be shortened to 2 min. CONCLUSION In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of accelerated 3D deuterium metabolic imaging of the human liver using deuterium EPSI. The acceleration obtained with EPSI can be used to increase temporal and/or spatial resolution, which will be valuable to study tissue metabolism of deuterated compounds over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Min Nam
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ayhan Gursan
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alex A Bhogal
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jannie P Wijnen
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis W J Klomp
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan D Hendriks
- Center for Image Sciences, Department of High Field MR Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Cocking D, Damion RA, Franks H, Jaconelli M, Wilkinson D, Brook M, Auer DP, Bowtell R. Deuterium brain imaging at 7T during D 2 O dosing. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:1514-1521. [PMID: 36426762 PMCID: PMC10099797 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the (2 H) deuterium MR signal measured from human brain at 7T in participants loading with D2 O to ˜1.5% enrichment over a six-week period. METHODS 2 H spectroscopy and imaging measurements were used to track the time-course of 2 H enrichment within the brain during the initial eight-hour loading period in two participants. Multi-echo gradient echo (MEGE) images were acquired at a range of TR values from four participants during the steady-state loading period and used for mapping 2 H T1 and T2 * relaxation times. Co-registration to higher resolution 1 H images allowed T1 and T2 * relaxation times of deuterium in HDO in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), gray matter (GM), and white matter (WM) to be estimated. RESULTS 2 H concentrations measured during the eight-hour loading were consistent with values estimated from cumulative D2 O dose and body mass. Signal changes measured from three different regions of the brain during loading showed similar time-courses. After summing over echoes, gradient echo brain images acquired in 7.5 minutes with a voxel volume of 0.36 ml showed an SNR of ˜16 in subjects loaded to 1.5%. T1 -values for deuterium in HDO were significantly shorter than corresponding values for 1 H in H2 O, while T2 * values were similar. 2 H relaxation times in CSF were significantly longer than in GM or WM. CONCLUSION Deuterium MR Measurements at 7T were used to track the increase in concentration of 2 H in brain during heavy water loading. 2 H T1 and T2 * relaxation times from water in GM, WM, and CSF are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cocking
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Robin A. Damion
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre/Nottingham Clinical Research FacilitiesQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUK
| | - Hester Franks
- Centre for Cancer Sciences Biodiscovery Institute, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Department of OncologyNottingham University Hospitals NHS TrustNottinghamUK
| | - Matthew Jaconelli
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Daniel Wilkinson
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry MedicineSchool of Medicine, University of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Matthew Brook
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre/Nottingham Clinical Research FacilitiesQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUK
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Dorothee P. Auer
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Mental Health and Clinical Neuroscience, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre/Nottingham Clinical Research FacilitiesQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUK
| | - Richard Bowtell
- School of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre/Nottingham Clinical Research FacilitiesQueen's Medical CentreNottinghamUK
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10
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Chen Ming Low J, Wright AJ, Hesse F, Cao J, Brindle KM. Metabolic imaging with deuterium labeled substrates. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc 2023; 134-135:39-51. [PMID: 37321757 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is an emerging clinically-applicable technique for the non-invasive investigation of tissue metabolism. The generally short T1 values of 2H-labeled metabolites in vivo can compensate for the relatively low sensitivity of detection by allowing rapid signal acquisition in the absence of significant signal saturation. Studies with deuterated substrates, including [6,6'-2H2]glucose, [2H3]acetate, [2H9]choline and [2,3-2H2]fumarate have demonstrated the considerable potential of DMI for imaging tissue metabolism and cell death in vivo. The technique is evaluated here in comparison with established metabolic imaging techniques, including PET measurements of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) uptake and 13C MR imaging of the metabolism of hyperpolarized 13C-labeled substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Chen Ming Low
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Alan J Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Friederike Hesse
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Jianbo Cao
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
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11
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Gursan A, Hendriks AD, Welting D, de Jong PA, Klomp DWJ, Prompers JJ. Deuterium body array for the simultaneous measurement of hepatic and renal glucose metabolism and gastric emptying with dynamic 3D deuterium metabolic imaging at 7 T. NMR Biomed 2023:e4926. [PMID: 36929629 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is a novel noninvasive method to assess tissue metabolism and organ (patho)physiology in vivo using deuterated substrates, such as [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose. The liver and kidneys play a central role in whole-body glucose homeostasis, and in type 2 diabetes, both hepatic and renal glucose metabolism are dysregulated. Diabetes is also associated with gastric emptying abnormalities. In this study, we developed a four-channel 2 H transmit/receive body array coil for DMI in the human abdomen at 7 T and assessed its performance. In addition, the feasibility of simultaneously measuring gastric emptying, and hepatic and renal glucose uptake and metabolism with dynamic 3D DMI upon administration of deuterated glucose, was investigated. Simulated and measured B1 + patterns were in good agreement. The intrasession variability of the natural abundance deuterated water signal in the liver and right kidney, measured in nine healthy volunteers, was 5.6% ± 0.9% and 4.9% ± 0.7%, respectively. Dynamic 3D DMI scans with oral administration of [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose showed similar kinetics of deuterated glucose appearance and disappearance in the liver and kidney. The measured gastric emptying half time was 80 ± 10 min, which is in good agreement with scintigraphy measurements. In conclusion, DMI with oral administration of [6,6'-2 H2 ]-glucose enables simultaneous assessment of gastric emptying and liver and kidney glucose uptake and metabolism. When applied in patients with diabetes, this approach may advance our understanding of the interplay between disturbances in liver and kidney glucose uptake and metabolism and gastric emptying, at a detail that cannot be achieved by any other method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Gursan
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan D Hendriks
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Welting
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pim A de Jong
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W J Klomp
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Roig ES, De Feyter HM, Nixon TW, Ruhm L, Nikulin AV, Scheffler K, Avdievich NI, Henning A, de Graaf RA. Deuterium metabolic imaging of the human brain in vivo at 7 T. Magn Reson Med 2023; 89:29-39. [PMID: 36063499 PMCID: PMC9756916 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the potential of deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) in the human brain in vivo at 7 T, using a multi-element deuterium (2 H) RF coil for 3D volume coverage. METHODS 1 H-MR images and localized 2 H MR spectra were acquired in vivo in the human brain of 3 healthy subjects to generate DMI maps of 2 H-labeled water, glucose, and glutamate/glutamine (Glx). In addition, non-localized 2 H-MR spectra were acquired both in vivo and in vitro to determine T1 and T2 relaxation times of deuterated metabolites at 7 T. The performance of the 2 H coil was assessed through numeric simulations and experimentally acquired B1 + maps. RESULTS 3D DMI maps covering the entire human brain in vivo were obtained from well-resolved deuterated (2 H) metabolite resonances of water, glucose, and Glx. The T1 and T2 relaxation times were consistent with those reported at adjacent field strengths. Experimental B1 + maps were in good agreement with simulations, indicating efficient and homogeneous B1 + transmission and low RF power deposition for 2 H, consistent with a similar array coil design reported at 9.4 T. CONCLUSION Here, we have demonstrated the successful implementation of 3D DMI in the human brain in vivo at 7 T. The spatial and temporal nominal resolutions achieved at 7 T (i.e., 2.7 mL in 28 min, respectively) were close to those achieved at 9.4 T and greatly outperformed DMI at lower magnetic fields. DMI at 7 T and beyond has clear potential in applications dealing with small brain lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Serés Roig
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Terence W. Nixon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Loreen Ruhm
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Advanced Imaging Research Centre, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Anton V. Nikulin
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nikolai I. Avdievich
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Henning
- High-Field MR Centre, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
- Advanced Imaging Research Centre, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Hesse F, Wright AJ, Somai V, Bulat F, Kreis F, Brindle KM. Imaging Glioblastoma Response to Radiotherapy Using 2H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Measurements of Fumarate Metabolism. Cancer Res 2022; 82:3622-3633. [PMID: 35972377 PMCID: PMC9530651 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Early detection of tumor cell death in glioblastoma following treatment with chemoradiation has the potential to distinguish between true disease progression and pseudoprogression. Tumor cell death can be detected noninvasively in vivo by imaging the production of [2,3-2H2]malate from [2,3-2H2]fumarate using 2H magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopic imaging. We show here that 2H MR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging measurements of [2,3-2H2]fumarate metabolism can detect tumor cell death in orthotopically implanted glioblastoma models within 48 hours following the completion of chemoradiation. Following the injection of [2,3-2H2]fumarate into tumor-bearing mice, production of [2,3-2H2]malate was measured in a human cell line-derived model and in radiosensitive and radioresistant patient-derived models of glioblastoma that were treated with temozolomide followed by targeted fractionated irradiation. The increase in the [2,3-2H2]malate/[2,3-2H2]fumarate signal ratio posttreatment, which correlated with histologic assessment of cell death, was a more sensitive indicator of treatment response than diffusion-weighted and contrast agent-enhanced 1H MRI measurements, which have been used clinically to detect responses of glioblastoma to chemoradiation. Overall, early detection of glioblastoma cell death using 2H MRI of malate production from fumarate could help improve the clinical evaluation of response to chemoradiation. SIGNIFICANCE 2H magnetic resonance imaging of labeled fumarate metabolism can detect early evidence of tumor cell death following chemoradiation, meeting a clinical need to reliably detect treatment response in glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hesse
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J. Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Vencel Somai
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Flaviu Bulat
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Kreis
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M. Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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14
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Kaggie JD, Khan AS, Matys T, Schulte RF, Locke MJ, Grimmer A, Frary A, Menih IH, Latimer E, Graves MJ, McLean MA, Gallagher FA. Deuterium metabolic imaging and hyperpolarized 13C-MRI of the normal human brain at clinical field strength reveals differential cerebral metabolism. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119284. [PMID: 35533826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) and hyperpolarized 13C-pyruvate MRI (13C-HPMRI) are two emerging methods for non-invasive and non-ionizing imaging of tissue metabolism. Imaging cerebral metabolism has potential applications in cancer, neurodegeneration, multiple sclerosis, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and inborn errors of metabolism. Here we directly compare these two non-invasive methods at 3 T for the first time in humans and show how they simultaneously probe both oxidative and non-oxidative metabolism. DMI was undertaken 1-2 h after oral administration of [6,6'-2H2]glucose, and 13C-MRI was performed immediately following intravenous injection of hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate in ten and nine normal volunteers within each arm respectively. DMI was used to generate maps of deuterium-labelled water, glucose, lactate, and glutamate/glutamine (Glx) and the spectral separation demonstrated that DMI is feasible at 3 T. 13C-HPMRI generated maps of hyperpolarized carbon-13 labelled pyruvate, lactate, and bicarbonate. The ratio of 13C-lactate/13C-bicarbonate (mean 3.7 ± 1.2) acquired with 13C-HPMRI was higher than the equivalent 2H-lactate/2H-Glx ratio (mean 0.18 ± 0.09) acquired using DMI. These differences can be explained by the route of administering each probe, the timing of imaging after ingestion or injection, as well as the biological differences in cerebral uptake and cellular physiology between the two molecules. The results demonstrate these two metabolic imaging methods provide different yet complementary readouts of oxidative and reductive metabolism within a clinically feasible timescale. Furthermore, as DMI was undertaken at a clinical field strength within a ten-minute scan time, it demonstrates its potential as a routine clinical tool in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Kaggie
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Alixander S Khan
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tomasz Matys
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Matthew J Locke
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ashley Grimmer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Frary
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ines Horvat Menih
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elizabeth Latimer
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin J Graves
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mary A McLean
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Ferdia A Gallagher
- Department of Radiology, University of Cambridge, Box 218, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK; Cambridge University Hospitals, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Cancer Research UK Cambridge Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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15
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Liu Y, De Feyter HM, Fulbright RK, McIntyre S, Nixon TW, de Graaf RA. Interleaved fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI and deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) on human brain in vivo. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:28-37. [PMID: 35225375 PMCID: PMC9924309 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To integrate deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) with clinical MRI through an interleaved MRI and DMI acquisition workflow. Interleaved MRI-DMI was enabled with hardware and pulse sequence modifications, and the performance was demonstrated using fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI as an example. METHODS Interleaved FLAIR-DMI was developed by interleaving the 2 H excitation and acquisition time windows into the intrinsic delay periods presented in the FLAIR method. All 2 H MR signals were up-converted to the 1 H Larmor frequency using a custom-built hardware unit, which also achieved frequency and phase locking of the output signal in real-time. The interleaved measurements were compared with direct measurements both in phantom and in the human brain in vivo. RESULTS The interleaved MRI-DMI acquisition strategy allowed simultaneous detection of FLAIR MRI and DMI in the same scan time as a FLAIR-only MRI acquisition. Both phantom and in vivo data showed that the MR image quality, DMI sensitivity as well as information content were preserved using interleaved MRI-DMI. CONCLUSION The interleaved MRI-DMI technology can be used to extend clinical MRI protocols with DMI, thereby offering a metabolic component to the MR imaging contrasts without a penalty on patient comfort or scan time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanning Liu
- Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Robert K. Fulbright
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Scott McIntyre
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Terence W. Nixon
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center (MRRC), Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging,Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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16
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Ge X, Song KH, Engelbach JA, Yuan L, Gao F, Dahiya S, Rich KM, Ackerman JJH, Garbow JR. Distinguishing Tumor Admixed in a Radiation Necrosis (RN) Background: 1H and 2H MR With a Novel Mouse Brain-Tumor/RN Model. Front Oncol 2022; 12:885480. [PMID: 35712497 PMCID: PMC9196939 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.885480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Distinguishing radiation necrosis (RN) from recurrent tumor remains a vexing clinical problem with important health-care consequences for neuro-oncology patients. Here, mouse models of pure tumor, pure RN, and admixed RN/tumor are employed to evaluate hydrogen (1H) and deuterium (2H) magnetic resonance methods for distinguishing RN vs. tumor. Furthermore, proof-of-principle, range-finding deuterium (2H) metabolic magnetic resonance is employed to assess glycolytic signatures distinguishing RN vs. tumor. Materials and Methods A pipeline of common quantitative 1H MRI contrasts, including an improved magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) sequence, and 2H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) following administration of 2H-labeled glucose, was applied to C57BL/6 mouse models of the following: (i) late time-to-onset RN, occurring 4–5 weeks post focal 50-Gy (50% isodose) Gamma Knife irradiation to the left cerebral hemisphere, (ii) glioblastoma, growing ~18–24 days post implantation of 50,000 mouse GL261 tumor cells into the left cerebral hemisphere, and (iii) mixed model, with GL261 tumor growing within a region of radiation necrosis (1H MRI only). Control C57BL/6 mice were also examined by 2H metabolic magnetic resonance. Results Differences in quantitative 1H MRI parametric values of R1, R2, ADC, and MTR comparing pure tumor vs. pure RN were all highly statistically significant. Differences in these parameter values and DCEAUC for tumor vs. RN in the mixed model (tumor growing in an RN background) are also all significant, demonstrating that these contrasts—in particular, MTR—can effectively distinguish tumor vs. RN. Additionally, quantitative 2H MRS showed a highly statistically significant dominance of aerobic glycolysis (glucose ➔ lactate; fermentation, Warburg effect) in the tumor vs. oxidative respiration (glucose ➔ TCA cycle) in the RN and control brain. Conclusions These findings, employing a pipeline of quantitative 1H MRI contrasts and 2H MRS following administration of 2H-labeled glucose, suggest a pathway for substantially improving the discrimination of tumor vs. RN in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ge
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kyu-Ho Song
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - John A Engelbach
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Liya Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Sonika Dahiya
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Keith M Rich
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joseph J H Ackerman
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Department of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States.,Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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17
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Chan KL, Ziegs T, Henning A. Improved signal-to-noise performance of MultiNet GRAPPA 1 H FID MRSI reconstruction with semi-synthetic calibration data. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:1500-1515. [PMID: 35657035 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To further develop MultiNet GRAPPA, a neural-network-based reconstruction, for lower SNR proton MRSI (1 H MRSI) data using adapted undersampling schemes and improved training sets. METHODS 1 H FID-MRSI data and an anatomical image for GRAPPA reconstruction were acquired in two slices in the human brain (n = 6) at 7T. MRSI data were retrospectively undersampled for a 4×, 6×, and 7× acceleration rate. Signal-to-noise, relative error (RE) between accelerated and fully sampled metabolic maps, RMS of the lipid artifacts, and fitting reliability were compared across acceleration rates, to the fully sampled data, and with different kinds and amounts of training images. RESULTS Training with semi-synthetic images resulted in higher SNR and lower lipid RMS relative to training with acquired images from one or several subjects. SNR increased with the number of semi-synthetic training images and the 4× accelerated data retains ∼30% more SNR than other accelerated data. Spectra reconstructed with 20 semi-synthetic averages retained ∼100% more SNR and had ∼5% lower lipid RMS than those reconstructed with the center k-space points of one image as was originally proposed for very high SNR MRSI data and had higher fitting reliability. The metabolite RE was lowest when training with 20-semi-synthetic training images and highest when training with the center k-space points of one image. CONCLUSION MultiNet GRAPPA is feasible with lower SNR 1 H MRSI data if 20-semi-synthetic training images are used at a 4× acceleration rate. This acceleration rate provided the best trade-off between scan time and spectral SNR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Chan
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Theresia Ziegs
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anke Henning
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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Simões RV, Henriques RN, Cardoso BM, Fernandes FF, Carvalho T, Shemesh N. Glucose fluxes in glycolytic and oxidative pathways detected in vivo by deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopy reflect proliferation in mouse glioblastoma. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 33:102932. [PMID: 35026626 PMCID: PMC8760481 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We performed dynamic glucose enhanced (DGE) 2H-MRS in mouse GBM tumors. Marchenko-Pastur PCA denoising of 2H-MRS spectra improved kinetic quantification. Metabolic kinetics revealed differential glucose pathway fluxes in non-necrotic tumors. Modulation of glucose metabolism reflected tumor heterogeneity (proliferation).
Objectives Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive glial brain tumors, can metabolize glucose through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidation pathways. While specific dependencies on those pathways are increasingly associated with treatment response, detecting such GBM subtypes in vivo remains elusive. Here, we develop a dynamic glucose-enhanced deuterium spectroscopy (DGE 2H-MRS) approach for differentially assessing glucose turnover rates through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidation in mouse GBM and explore their association with histologic features of the tumor and its microenvironment. Materials and methods GL261 and CT2A glioma allografts were induced in immunocompetent mice and scanned in vivo at 9.4 Tesla, harnessing DGE 2H-MRS with volume selection and Marchenko-Pastur PCA (MP-PCA) denoising to achieve high temporal resolution. Each tumor was also classified by histopathologic analysis and assessed for cell proliferation (Ki67 immunostaining), while the respective cell lines underwent in situ extracellular flux analysis to assess mitochondrial function. Results MP-PCA denoising of in vivo DGE 2H-MRS data significantly improved the time-course detection (~2-fold increased Signal-to-Noise Ratio) and fitting precision (−19 ± 1 % Cramér-Rao Lower Bounds) of 2H-labelled glucose, and glucose-derived glutamate-glutamine (Glx) and lactate pools in GL261 and CT2A orthotopic tumors. Kinetic modeling further indicated inter-tumor heterogeneity of glucose consumption rate for glycolysis and oxidation during a defined epoch of active proliferation in both cohorts (19 ± 1 days post-induction), with consistent volumes (38.3 ± 3.4 mm3) and perfusion properties prior to marked necrosis. Histopathologic analysis of these tumors revealed clear differences in tumor heterogeneity between the two GBM models, aligned with metabolic differences of the respective cell lines monitored in situ. Importantly, glucose oxidation (i.e. Glx synthesis and elimination rates: 0.40 ± 0.08 and 0.12 ± 0.03 mM min−1, respectively) strongly correlated with cell proliferation across the pooled cohorts (R = 0.82, p = 0.001; and R = 0.80, p = 0.002, respectively), regardless of tumor morphologic features or in situ metabolic characteristics of each GBM model. Conclusions Our fast DGE 2H-MRS enables the quantification of glucose consumption rates through glycolysis and mitochondrial oxidation in mouse GBM, which is relevant for assessing their modulation in vivo according to tumor microenvironment features such as cell proliferation. This novel application augurs well for non-invasive metabolic characterization of glioma or other cancers with mitochondrial oxidation dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui V Simões
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Rafael N Henriques
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz M Cardoso
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Tânia Carvalho
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Noam Shemesh
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Hangel G, Niess E, Lazen P, Bednarik P, Bogner W, Strasser B. Emerging methods and applications of ultra-high field MR spectroscopic imaging in the human brain. Anal Biochem 2022; 638:114479. [PMID: 34838516 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) of the brain enables insights into the metabolic changes and fluxes in diseases such as tumors, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, or hepatic encephalopathy, as well as insights into general brain functionality. However, the routine application of MRSI is mostly hampered by very low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) due to the low concentrations of metabolites, about 10000 times lower than water. Furthermore, MRSI spectra have a dense information content with many overlapping metabolite resonances, especially for proton MRSI. MRI scanners at ultra-high field strengths, like 7 T or above, offer the opportunity to increase SNR, as well as the separation between resonances, thus promising to solve both challenges. Yet, MRSI at ultra-high field strengths is challenged by decreased B0- and B1-homogeneity, shorter T2 relaxation times, stronger chemical shift displacement errors, and aggravated lipid contamination. Therefore, to capitalize on the advantages of ultra-high field strengths, these challenges must be overcome. This review focuses on the challenges MRSI of the human brain faces at ultra-high field strength, as well as the possible applications to this date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert Hangel
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Niess
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Lazen
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Bednarik
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bogner
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Strasser
- High Field MR Centre, Department of Medical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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20
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Ekici S, Nye J, Neill S, Allen J, Shu HK, Fleischer C. Glutamine Imaging: A New Avenue for Glioma Management. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022; 43:11-18. [PMID: 34737183 PMCID: PMC8757564 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a7333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The glutamine pathway is emerging as an important marker of cancer prognosis and a target for new treatments. In gliomas, the most common type of brain tumors, metabolic reprogramming leads to abnormal consumption of glutamine as an energy source, and increased glutamine concentrations are associated with treatment resistance and proliferation. A key challenge in the development of glutamine-based biomarkers and therapies is the limited number of in vivo tools to noninvasively assess local glutamine metabolism and monitor its changes. In this review, we describe the importance of glutamine metabolism in gliomas and review the current landscape of translational and emerging imaging techniques to measure glutamine in the brain. These techniques include MRS, PET, SPECT, and preclinical methods such as fluorescence and mass spectrometry imaging. Finally, we discuss the roadblocks that must be overcome before incorporating glutamine into a personalized approach for glioma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ekici
- From the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.)
| | - J.A. Nye
- From the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.)
| | - S.G. Neill
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.G.N.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - J.W. Allen
- From the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.),Neurology (J.W.A.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H.-K. Shu
- Radiation Oncology (H.-K.S.), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C.C. Fleischer
- From the Departments of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (S.E., J.A.N., J.W.A., C.C.F.),Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering (C.C.F.), Geogria Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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21
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Ruhm L, Avdievich N, Ziegs T, Nagel AM, De Feyter HM, de Graaf RA, Henning A. Deuterium metabolic imaging in the human brain at 9.4 Tesla with high spatial and temporal resolution. Neuroimage 2021; 244:118639. [PMID: 34637905 PMCID: PMC8591372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To present first highly spatially resolved deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) measurements of the human brain acquired with a dedicated coil design and a fast chemical shift imaging (CSI) sequence at an ultrahigh field strength of B0 = 9.4 T. 2H metabolic measurements with a temporal resolution of 10 min enabled the investigation of the glucose metabolism in healthy human subjects. METHODS The study was performed with a double-tuned coil with 10 TxRx channels for 1H and 8TxRx/2Rx channels for 2H and an Ernst angle 3D CSI sequence with a nominal spatial resolution of 2.97 ml and a temporal resolution of 10 min. RESULTS The metabolism of [6,6'-2H2]-labeled glucose due to the TCA cycle could be made visible in high resolution metabolite images of deuterated water, glucose and Glx over the entire human brain. CONCLUSION X-nuclei MRSI as DMI can highly benefit from ultrahigh field strength enabling higher temporal and spatial resolutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loreen Ruhm
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Nikolai Avdievich
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Theresia Ziegs
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; IMPRS for Cognitive and Systems Neuroscience, Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Armin M Nagel
- Institute of Radiology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Division of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henk M De Feyter
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Anke Henning
- High-Field MR Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany; Advanced Imaging Research Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas/Texas, United States
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22
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Platt T, Ladd ME, Paech D. 7 Tesla and Beyond: Advanced Methods and Clinical Applications in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:705-725. [PMID: 34510098 PMCID: PMC8505159 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ultrahigh magnetic fields offer significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio, and several magnetic resonance applications additionally benefit from a higher contrast-to-noise ratio, with static magnetic field strengths of B0 ≥ 7 T currently being referred to as ultrahigh fields (UHFs). The advantages of UHF can be used to resolve structures more precisely or to visualize physiological/pathophysiological effects that would be difficult or even impossible to detect at lower field strengths. However, with these advantages also come challenges, such as inhomogeneities applying standard radiofrequency excitation techniques, higher energy deposition in the human body, and enhanced B0 field inhomogeneities. The advantages but also the challenges of UHF as well as promising advanced methodological developments and clinical applications that particularly benefit from UHF are discussed in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Platt
- From the Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - Mark E. Ladd
- From the Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
- Faculty of Physics and Astronomy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MRI, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen
| | - Daniel Paech
- Division of Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg
- Clinic for Neuroradiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Gursan A, Froeling M, Hendriks AD, Welting D, Kentgens APM, Klomp DWJ, Prompers JJ. Residual quadrupolar couplings observed in 7 Tesla deuterium MR spectra of skeletal muscle. Magn Reson Med 2021; 87:1165-1173. [PMID: 34657308 PMCID: PMC9297863 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Deuterium metabolic imaging could potentially be used to investigate metabolism in skeletal muscle noninvasively. However, skeletal muscle is a tissue with a high degree of spatial organization. In this study, we investigated the effect of incomplete motional averaging on the naturally abundant deuterated water signal in 7 Tesla deuterium spectra of the lower leg muscles and the dependence on the angle between the muscle fibers and the main magnetic field B0, as determined by DTI. Methods Natural abundance deuterium MRSI measurements of the right lower leg muscles were performed at 7 Tesla. Three subjects were scanned in a supine position, with the right leg parallel with the B0 field. One subject was scanned twice; during the second scan, the subject was laying on his right side and the right knee was bent such that the angle between the right lower leg and B0 was approximately 45°. DTI was performed in the same subjects in the same positions at 3 Tesla to determine muscle fiber angles. Results We observed splittings in the natural abundance deuterated water signal. The size of the splittings varied between different muscles in the lower leg but were mostly similar among subjects for each muscle. The splittings depended on the orientation of the muscle fibers with respect to the main magnetic field B0. Conclusion Partial molecular alignment in skeletal muscle leads to residual deuteron quadrupolar couplings in deuterated water, the size of which depends on the angle between the muscle fibers and B0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayhan Gursan
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Froeling
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan D Hendriks
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Welting
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W J Klomp
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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24
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Straathof M, Meerwaldt AE, De Feyter HM, de Graaf RA, Dijkhuizen RM. Deuterium Metabolic Imaging of the Healthy and Diseased Brain. Neuroscience 2021; 474:94-99. [PMID: 33493618 PMCID: PMC9846473 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Altered brain metabolism contributes to pathophysiology in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative diseases such as stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Current clinical tools to study brain metabolism rely on positron emission tomography (PET) requiring specific hardware and radiotracers, or magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) involving technical complexity. In this review we highlight deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) as a novel translational technique for assessment of brain metabolism, with examples from brain tumor and stroke studies. DMI is an MRS-based method that enables detection of deuterated substrates, such as glucose, and their metabolic products, such as lactate, glutamate and glutamine. It provides additional detail of downstream metabolites compared to analogous approaches like fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET, and can be implemented and executed on clinical and preclinical MR systems. We foresee that DMI, with future improvements in spatial and temporal resolutions, holds promise to become a valuable MR imaging (MRI) method for non-invasive mapping of glucose uptake and its downstream metabolites in healthy and diseased brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou Straathof
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anu E. Meerwaldt
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Rick M. Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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25
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Markovic S, Roussel T, Agemy L, Sasson K, Preise D, Scherz A, Frydman L. Deuterium MRSI characterizations of glucose metabolism in orthotopic pancreatic cancer mouse models. NMR Biomed 2021; 34:e4569. [PMID: 34137085 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Detecting and mapping metabolism in tissues represents a major step in detecting, characterizing, treating and understanding cancers. Recently introduced deuterium metabolic imaging techniques could offer a noninvasive route for the metabolic imaging of animals and humans, based on using 2 H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to detect the uptake of deuterated glucose and the fate of its metabolic products. In this study, 2 H6,6' -glucose was administered to mice cohorts that had been orthotopically implanted with two different models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), involving PAN-02 and KPC cell lines. As the tumors grew, 2 H6,6' -glucose was administered as bolii into the animals' tail veins, and 2 H MRSI images were recorded at 15.2 T. 2D phase-encoded chemical shift imaging experiments could detect a signal from this deuterated glucose immediately after the bolus injection for both the PDAC models, reaching a maximum in the animals' tumors ~ 20 min following administration, and nearly total decay after ~ 40 min. The main metabolic reporter of the cancers was the 2 H3,3' -lactate signal, which MRSI could detect and localize on the tumors when these were 5 mm or more in diameter. Lactate production time traces varied slightly with the animal and tumor model, but in general lactate peaked at times of 60 min or longer following injection, reaching concentrations that were ~ 10-fold lower than those of the initial glucose injection. This 2 H3,3' -lactate signal was only visible inside the tumors. 2 H-water could also be detected as deuterated glucose's metabolic product, increasing throughout the entire time course of the experiment from its ≈10 mM natural abundance background. This water resonance could be imaged throughout the entire abdomen of the animals, including an enhanced presence in the tumor, but also in other organs like the kidney and bladder. These results suggest that deuterium MRSI may serve as a robust, minimally invasive tool for the monitoring of metabolic activity in pancreatic tumors, capable of undergoing clinical translation and supporting decisions concerning treatment strategies. Comparisons with in vivo metabolic MRI experiments that have been carried out in other animal models are presented and their differences/similarities are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Markovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tangi Roussel
- Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine, Marseille, France
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Sasson
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dina Preise
- Life Science Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Polvoy I, Qin H, Flavell RR, Gordon J, Viswanath P, Sriram R, Ohliger MA, Wilson DM. Deuterium Metabolic Imaging-Rediscovery of a Spectroscopic Tool. Metabolites 2021; 11:570. [PMID: 34564385 PMCID: PMC8470013 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for metabolism-specific imaging techniques has rekindled interest in Deuterium (2H) Metabolic Imaging (DMI), a robust method based on administration of a substrate (glucose, acetate, fumarate, etc.) labeled with the stable isotope of hydrogen and the observation of its metabolic fate in three-dimensions. This technique allows the investigation of multiple metabolic processes in both healthy and diseased states. Despite its low natural abundance, the short relaxation time of deuterium allows for rapid radiofrequency (RF) pulses without saturation and efficient image acquisition. In this review, we provide a comprehensive picture of the evolution of DMI over the course of recent decades, with a special focus on its potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Polvoy
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Hecong Qin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Jeremy Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
| | - Michael A. Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
- Department of Radiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 185 Berry St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (I.P.); (H.Q.); (R.R.F.); (J.G.); (P.V.); (R.S.); (M.A.O.)
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, 505 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Veltien A, van Asten J, Ravichandran N, de Graaf RA, De Feyter HM, Oosterwijk E, Heerschap A. Simultaneous Recording of the Uptake and Conversion of Glucose and Choline in Tumors by Deuterium Metabolic Imaging. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4034. [PMID: 34439188 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Tumors increase their glucose and choline uptake to support growth. These properties are employed to detect and identify tumors in the body by imaging the uptake of radio-isotope analogs of these compounds. In this study we show that deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) (a new MRI method to image metabolites using non-radioactive labeling with deuterium) can image choline uptake in tumors. Furthermore, we demonstrate that DMI can image the tumor uptake of choline and glucose (and additionally its metabolic conversion) simultaneously, in contrast to radio-isotope imaging, which only assesses the uptake of one radio-isotope labeled compound at a time. For these reasons (and also because DMI is relatively simple and can be combined with other MR methods), it is a promising modality for a more specific tumor characterization than by separate imaging of the uptake of radio-isotope labeled glucose or choline. Abstract Increased glucose and choline uptake are hallmarks of cancer. We investigated whether the uptake and conversion of [2H9]choline alone and together with that of [6,6′-2H2]glucose can be assessed in tumors via deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) after administering these compounds. Therefore, tumors with human renal carcinoma cells were grown subcutaneously in mice. Isoflurane anesthetized mice were IV infused in the MR magnet for ~20 s with ~0.2 mL solutions containing either [2H9]choline (0.05 g/kg) alone or together with [6,6′-2H2]glucose (1.3 g/kg). 2H MR was performed on a 11.7T MR system with a home-built 2H/1H coil using a 90° excitation pulse and 400 ms repetition time. 3D DMI was recorded at high resolution (2 × 2 × 2 mm) in 37 min or at low resolution (3.7 × 3.7 × 3.7 mm) in 2:24 min. Absolute tissue concentrations were calculated assuming natural deuterated water [HOD] = 13.7 mM. Within 5 min after [2H9]choline infusion, its signal appeared in tumor spectra representing a concentration increase to 0.3–1.2 mM, which then slowly decreased or remained constant over 100 min. In plasma, [2H9]choline disappeared within 15 min post-infusion, implying that its signal arises from tumor tissue and not from blood. After infusing a mixture of [2H9]choline and [6,6′-2H2]glucose, their signals were observed separately in tumor 2H spectra. Over time, the [2H9]choline signal broadened, possibly due to conversion to other choline compounds, [[6,6′-2H2]glucose] declined, [HOD] increased and a lactate signal appeared, reflecting glycolysis. Metabolic maps of 2H compounds, reconstructed from high resolution DMIs, showed their spatial tumor accumulation. As choline infusion and glucose DMI is feasible in patients, their simultaneous detection has clinical potential for tumor characterization.
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Peters DC, Markovic S, Bao Q, Preise D, Sasson K, Agemy L, Scherz A, Frydman L. Improving deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) signal-to-noise ratio by spectroscopic multi-echo bSSFP: A pancreatic cancer investigation. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:2604-2617. [PMID: 34196041 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) maps the uptake of deuterated precursors and their conversion into lactate and other markers of tumor metabolism. Even after leveraging 2 H's short T1 s, DMI's signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is limited. We hypothesize that a multi-echo balanced steady-state free precession (ME-bSSFP) approach would increase SNR compared to chemical shift imaging (CSI), while achieving spectral isolation of the metabolic precursors and products. METHODS Suitably tuned 2 H ME-bSSFP (five echo times [TEs], ΔTE = 2.2 ms, repetition time [TR]/flip-angle = 12 ms/60°) was implemented at 15.2T and compared to CSI (TR/flip-angle = 95 ms/90°) regarding SNR and spectral isolation, in simulations, in deuterated phantoms and for the in vivo diagnosis of a mouse tumor model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (N = 10). RESULTS Simulations predicted an SNR increase vs. CSI of 3-5, and that the peaks of 2 H-water, 2 H6,6' -glucose, and 2 H3,3' -lactate can be well isolated by ME-bSSFP; phantoms confirmed this. In vivo, at equal spatial resolution (1.25 × 1.25 mm2 ) and scan time (10 min), 2 H6,6' -glucose's and 2 H3,3' -lactate's SNR were indeed higher for bSSFP than for CSI, three-fold for glucose (57 ± 30 vs. 19 ± 11, P < .001), doubled for water (13 ± 5 vs. 7 ± 3, P = .005). The time courses and overall localization of all metabolites agreed well, comparing CSI against ME-bSSFP. However, a clearer localization of glucose in kidneys and bladder, the detection of glucose-avid rims in certain tumors, and a heterogeneous pattern of intra-tumor lactate production could only be observed using ME-bSSFP's higher resolution. CONCLUSIONS ME-bSSFP provides greater SNR per unit time than CSI, providing for higher spatial resolution mapping of glucose uptake and lactate production in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana C Peters
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stefan Markovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Qingjia Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dina Preise
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Keren Sasson
- Department of Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lilach Agemy
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avigdor Scherz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Markovic S, Roussel T, Neeman M, Frydman L. Deuterium Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Discrimination of Fetoplacental Metabolism in Normal and L-NAME-Induced Preeclamptic Mice. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060376. [PMID: 34200839 PMCID: PMC8230481 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent magnetic resonance studies in healthy and cancerous organs have concluded that deuterated metabolites possess highly desirable properties for mapping non-invasively and, as they happen, characterizing glycolysis and other biochemical processes in animals and humans. A promising avenue of this deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) approach involves looking at the fate of externally administered 2H6,6′-glucose, as it is taken up and metabolized into different products as a function of time. This study employs deuterium magnetic resonance to follow the metabolism of wildtype and preeclamptic pregnant mice models, focusing on maternal and fetoplacental organs over ≈2 h post-injection. 2H6,6′-glucose uptake was observed in the placenta and in specific downstream organs such as the fetal heart and liver. Main metabolic products included 2H3,3′-lactate and 2H-water, which were produced in individual fetoplacental organs with distinct time traces. Glucose uptake in the organs of most preeclamptic animals appeared more elevated than in the control mice (p = 0.02); also higher was the production of 2H-water arising from this glucose. However, the most notable differences arose in the 2H3,3′-lactate concentration, which was ca. two-fold more abundant in the placenta (p = 0.005) and in the fetal (p = 0.01) organs of preeclamptic-like animals, than in control mice. This is consistent with literature reports about hypoxic conditions arising in preeclamptic and growth-restricted pregnancies, which could lead to an enhancement in anaerobic glycolysis. Overall, the present measurements suggest that DMI, a minimally invasive approach, may offer new ways of studying and characterizing health and disease in mammalian pregnancies, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Markovic
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Tangi Roussel
- Center for Magnetic Resonance in Biology and Medicine, 13385 Marseille, France;
| | - Michal Neeman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
| | - Lucio Frydman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-8934-4093
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De Feyter HM, de Graaf RA. Deuterium metabolic imaging - Back to the future. J Magn Reson 2021; 326:106932. [PMID: 33902815 PMCID: PMC8083995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic spectroscopy (DMS) and imaging (DMI) have recently been described as simple and robust MR-based methods to map metabolism with high temporal and/or spatial resolution. The metabolic fate of a wide range of suitable deuterated substrates, including glucose and acetate, can be monitored with deuterium MR methods in which the favorable MR characteristics of deuterium prevent many of the complications that hamper other techniques. The short T1 relaxation times lead to good MR sensitivity, while the low natural abundance prevents the need for water or lipid suppression. The sparsity of the deuterium spectra in combination with the low resonance frequency provides relative immunity to magnetic field inhomogeneity. Taken together, these features combine into a highly robust metabolic imaging method that has strong potential to become a dominant MR research tool and a viable clinical imaging modality. This perspective reviews the history of deuterium as a metabolic tracer, the use of NMR as a detection method for deuterium in vitro and in vivo and the recent development of DMS and DMI. Following a review of the NMR characteristics and the biological effects of deuterium, the promising future of DMI is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henk M De Feyter
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Robin A de Graaf
- Departments of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Hesse F, Somai V, Kreis F, Bulat F, Wright AJ, Brindle KM. Monitoring tumor cell death in murine tumor models using deuterium magnetic resonance spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2014631118. [PMID: 33727417 PMCID: PMC8000230 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014631118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
2H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging has been shown recently to be a viable technique for metabolic imaging in the clinic. We show here that 2H MR spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging measurements of [2,3-2H2]malate production from [2,3-2H2]fumarate can be used to detect tumor cell death in vivo via the production of labeled malate. Production of [2,3-2H2]malate, following injection of [2,3-2H2]fumarate (1 g/kg) into tumor-bearing mice, was measured in a murine lymphoma (EL4) treated with etoposide, and in human breast (MDA-MB-231) and colorectal (Colo205) xenografts treated with a TRAILR2 agonist, using surface-coil localized 2H MR spectroscopy at 7 T. Malate production was also imaged in EL4 tumors using a fast 2H chemical shift imaging sequence. The malate/fumarate ratio increased from 0.016 ± 0.02 to 0.16 ± 0.14 in EL4 tumors 48 h after drug treatment (P = 0.0024, n = 3), and from 0.019 ± 0.03 to 0.25 ± 0.23 in MDA-MB-231 tumors (P = 0.0001, n = 5) and from 0.016 ± 0.04 to 0.28 ± 0.26 in Colo205 tumors (P = 0.0002, n = 5) 24 h after drug treatment. These increases were correlated with increased levels of cell death measured in excised tumor sections obtained immediately after imaging. 2H MR measurements of [2,3-2H2]malate production from [2,3-2H2]fumarate provide a potentially less expensive and more sensitive method for detecting cell death in vivo than 13C MR measurements of hyperpolarized [1,4-13C2]fumarate metabolism, which have been used previously for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Hesse
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Vencel Somai
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, United Kingdom
| | - Felix Kreis
- Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Flaviu Bulat
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Alan J Wright
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin M Brindle
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0RE, United Kingdom;
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
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de Graaf RA, Thomas MA, Behar KL, De Feyter HM. Characterization of Kinetic Isotope Effects and Label Loss in Deuterium-Based Isotopic Labeling Studies. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:234-243. [PMID: 33319987 PMCID: PMC9890388 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI) is a novel, 3D, magnetic resonance (MR)-based method to map metabolism of deuterated substrates in vivo. The replacement of protons with deuterons could potentially lead to kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) in which metabolic rates of deuterated substrates are reduced due to the presence of a heavier isotope. Knowledge of the extent of KIE in vivo and 2H label loss due to exchange reactions is required for DMI-based measurements of absolute metabolic rates. Here the deuterium KIE and label loss in vivo are investigated for glucose and acetate using a double substrate/double labeling strategy and 1H-decoupled 13C NMR in rat glioma cells and rat brain tissue metabolite extracts. The unique spectral patterns due to extensive 2H-13C and 13C-13C scalar couplings allow the identification of all possible metabolic products. The 2H label loss observed in lactate, glutamate, and glutamine of rat brain was 15.7 ± 2.6, 37.9 ± 1.1, and 41.5 ± 5.2% when using [6,6-2H2]-glucose as the metabolic substrate. For [2-2H3]-acetate, the 2H label loss in glutamate and glutamine was 14.4 ± 3.4 and 13.6 ± 2.2%, respectively, in excellent agreement with predicted values. Steady-state 2H label accumulation in the C4 position of glutamate and glutamine was contrasted by the absence of label accumulation in the C2 or C3 positions, indicating that during a full turn of the tricarboxylic acid cycle all 2H label is lost. The measured KIE was relatively small (4-6%) for both substrates and all measured metabolic products. These results pave the way for further development of quantitative DMI studies to generate metabolic flux maps in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin A. de Graaf
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043, United States
| | - Monique A. Thomas
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043, United States
| | - Kevin L. Behar
- Department of Psychiatry, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043, United States
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, 300 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208043, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8043, United States
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von Morze C, Engelbach JA, Blazey T, Quirk JD, Reed GD, Ippolito JE, Garbow JR. Comparison of hyperpolarized 13 C and non-hyperpolarized deuterium MRI approaches for imaging cerebral glucose metabolism at 4.7 T. Magn Reson Med 2020; 85:1795-1804. [PMID: 33247884 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to directly compare two isotopic metabolic imaging approaches, hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C MRI and deuterium metabolic imaging (DMI), for imaging specific closely related segments of cerebral glucose metabolism at 4.7 T. METHODS Comparative HP-13 C and DMI neuroimaging experiments were conducted consecutively in normal rats during the same scanning session. Localized conversions of [1-13 C]pyruvate and [6,6-2 H2 ]glucose to their respective downstream metabolic products were measured by spectroscopic imaging, using an identical 2D-CSI sequence with parameters optimized for the respective experiments. To facilitate direct comparison, a pair of substantially equivalent 2.5-cm double-tuned X/1 H RF surface coils was developed. For improved results, multidimensional low-rank reconstruction was applied to denoise the raw DMI data. RESULTS Localized conversion of HP [1-13 C]pyruvate to [1-13 C]lactate, and [6,6-2 H2 ]glucose to [3,3-2 H2 ]lactate and Glx-d (glutamate and glutamine), was detected in rat brain by spectroscopic imaging at 4.7 T. The SNR and spatial resolution of HP-13 C MRI was superior to DMI but limited to a short time window, whereas the lengthy DMI acquisition yielded maps of not only lactate, but also Glx production, albeit with relatively poor spectral discrimination between metabolites at this field strength. Across the individual rats, there was an apparent inverse correlation between cerebral production of HP [1-13 C]lactate and Glx-d, along with a trend toward increased [3,3-2 H2 ]lactate. CONCLUSION The HP-13 C MRI and DMI methods are both feasible at 4.7 T and have significant potential for metabolic imaging of specific segments of glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius von Morze
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - John A Engelbach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Tyler Blazey
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James D Quirk
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Joseph E Ippolito
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Joel R Garbow
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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