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Rankins DR, Herrera MJ, Christensen MP, Chen A, Hood NZ, Heras J, German DP. When digestive physiology doesn't match "diet": Lumpenus sagitta (Stichaeidae) is an "omnivore" with a carnivorous gut. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 285:111508. [PMID: 37625480 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
What an animal ingests and what it digests can be different. Thus, we examined the nutritional physiology of Lumpenus sagitta, a member of the family Stichaeidae, to better understand whether it could digest algal components like its better studied algivorous relatives. Although L. sagitta ingests considerable algal content, we found little evidence of algal digestion. This fish species has a short gut that doesn't show positive allometry with body size, low amylolytic activity that actually decreases as the fish grow, no ontogenetic changes in digestive enzyme gene expression, elevated N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activity (indicative of chitin breakdown), and an enteric microbial community that is consistent with carnivory and differs from members of its family that consume and digest algae. Hence, we are left concluding that L. sagitta is not capable of digesting the algae it consumes, and instead, are likely targeting epibionts on the algae itself, and other invertebrates consumed with the algae. Our study expands the coverage of dietary and digestive information for the family Stichaeidae, which is becoming a model for fish digestive physiology and genomics, and shows the power of moving beyond gut content analyses to better understand what an animal can actually digest and use metabolically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Rankins
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
| | - Michelle J Herrera
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Michelle P Christensen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Alisa Chen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Newton Z Hood
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Joseph Heras
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, 321 Steinhaus Hall, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA
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2
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Xiang J, Keep RF. Proton-Coupled Oligopeptide Transport (Slc15) in the Brain: Past and Future Research. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2533-2540. [PMID: 37308743 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This mini-review describes the role of the solute carrier (SLC)15 family of proton-coupled oligopeptide transporters (POTs) and particularly Pept2 (Slc15A2) and PhT1 (Slc15A4) in the brain. That family transports endogenous di- and tripeptides and peptidomimetics but also a number of drugs. The review focuses on the pioneering work of David E. Smith in the field in identifying the impact of PepT2 at the choroid plexus (the blood-CSF barrier) as well as PepT2 and PhT1 in brain parenchymal cells. It also discusses recent findings and future directions in relation to brain POTs including cellular and subcellular localization, regulatory pathways, transporter structure, species differences and disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Xiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Richard F Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan, R5018 BSRB 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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3
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Vacca F, Gomes AS, De Gennaro M, Rønnestad I, Bossi E, Verri T. The teleost fish PepT1-type peptide transporters and their relationships with neutral and charged substrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1186475. [PMID: 37670771 PMCID: PMC10475540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1186475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In teleosts, two PepT1-type (Slc15a1) transporters, i.e., PepT1a and PepT1b, are expressed at the intestinal level. They translocate charged di/tripeptides with different efficiency, which depends on the position of the charged amino acid in the peptide and the external pH. The relation between the position of the charged amino acid and the capability of transporting the dipeptide was investigated in the zebrafish and Atlantic salmon PepT1-type transporters. Using selected charged (at physiological pH) dipeptides: i.e., the negatively charged Asp-Gly and Gly-Asp, and the positively charged Lys-Gly and Gly-Lys and Lys-Met and Met-Lys, transport currents and kinetic parameters were collected. The neutral dipeptide Gly-Gln was used as a reference substrate. Atlantic salmon PepT1a and PepT1b transport currents were similar in the presence of Asp-Gly and Gly-Asp, while zebrafish PepT1a elicited currents strongly dependent on the position of Asp in the dipeptide and zebrafish PepT1b elicited small transport currents. For Lys- and Met-containing dipeptides smaller currents compared to Gly-Gln were observed in PepT1a-type transporters. In general, for zebrafish PepT1a the currents elicited by all tested substrates slightly increased with membrane potential and pH. For Atlantic salmon PepT1a, the transport current increased with negative potential but only in the presence of Met-containing dipeptides and in a pH-dependent way. Conversely, large currents were shown for PepT1b for all tested substrates but Gly-Lys in Atlantic salmon. This shows that in Atlantic salmon PepT1b for Lys-containing substrates the position of the charged dipeptides carrying the Lys residue defines the current amplitudes, with larger currents observed for Lys in the N-terminal position. Our results add information on the ability of PepT1 to transport charged amino acids and show species-specificity in the kinetic behavior of PepT1-type proteins. They also suggest the importance of the proximity of the substrate binding site of residues such as LysPepT1a/GlnPepT1b for recognition and specificity of the charged dipeptide and point out the role of the comparative approach that exploits the natural protein variants to understand the structure and functions of membrane transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vacca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marco De Gennaro
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Elena Bossi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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4
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Ma J, Xu C, Jiang N, Meng Y, Zhou Y, Xue M, Liu W, Li Y, Fan Y. Transcriptomics in Rare Minnow ( Gobiocypris rarus) towards Attenuated and Virulent Grass Carp Reovirus Genotype II Infection. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1870. [PMID: 37889762 PMCID: PMC10251909 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Grass carp reovirus genotype Ⅱ (GCRV Ⅱ) causes a variety of fish hemorrhagic disease, which seriously affects the sustainable development of grass carp aquaculture in China. Rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) is an ideal model fish to study the pathogenesis of GCRV Ⅱ. To investigate the involved molecular responses against the GCRV Ⅱ infection, we performed comparative transcriptomic analysis in the spleen and liver of rare minnow injected with virulent strain DY197 and attenuated strain QJ205. Results showed that the virulent DY197 strain induced more differently expressed genes (DEGs) than the attenuated QJ205 strain, and tissue-specific responses were induced. In the spleen, the attenuated and virulent strains induced different DEGs; the attenuated QJ205 infection activated steroid synthesis pathway that involved in membrane formation; however, virulent DY197 infection activated innate immunity and apoptosis related pathways while suppressing cell proliferation and migration related pathways that are important for damage tissue repair, as well as hemorrhage related pathways. In the liver, the attenuated and virulent strains infection induced similar DEGs; both strains infection activated immunity and apoptosis related pathways but suppressed metabolism-related pathways; virulent DY197 infection especially activated protein digestion and absorption-related pathways and suppressed steroid synthesis pathway. To conclude, virulent strain infection especially induced tissue-specific alterations and caused severe suppression of hemorrhage-related pathways in spleen. Our findings will contribute to better understanding of the interactions between host and GCRV II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiqun Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China; (J.M.); (C.X.); (N.J.); (Y.M.); (Y.Z.); (M.X.); (W.L.); (Y.L.)
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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5
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Zhou M, Huang F, Qi Y. Role of peptide transporters in small peptide uptake of bovine mammary epithelial cells cultured in a transwell chamber. Food Sci Nutr 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhou
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering Liaocheng University Liaocheng P.R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering Liaocheng University Liaocheng P.R. China
| | - Yehui Qi
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering Liaocheng University Liaocheng P.R. China
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6
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Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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7
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Amer SA, Farahat M, Khamis T, Abdo SA, Younis EM, Abdel-Warith AWA, Reda R, Ali SA, Davies SJ, Ibrahim RE. Evaluation of Spray-Dried Bovine Hemoglobin Powder as a Dietary Animal Protein Source in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223206. [PMID: 36428433 PMCID: PMC9687044 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the potential effects of dietary inclusion of spray-dried bovine hemoglobin powder (SDBH) on the growth, gene expression of peptide and amino acid transporters, insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and myostatin, digestive enzymes activity, intestinal histomorphology and immune status, immune-related gene expression, and economic efficiency in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Two hundred twenty-five fingerlings (32.38 ± 0.05 g/fish) were distributed into five treatments with five dietary inclusion levels of SDBH: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% for a ten-week feeding period. Dietary inclusion of SDBH linearly increased the final body weight (FBW), total weight gain (TWG), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER). Additionally, a linear decrease in feed conversion ratio (FCR) and daily feed intake relative to the daily BW was reported in the highest inclusion levels (7.5 and 10%). Dietary inclusion of SDBH was associated with a significant increase in the intestinal villous height (VH), villous width (VW), villous height: crypt depth ratio (VH: CD), and muscle coat thickness (MCT), with the highest values reported in SDBH7.5 group. Increased serum growth hormone levels and decreased serum leptin hormone levels were also reported by increasing the SDBH level. The serum glucose level was decreased in the SDBH7.5 and SDBH10 groups. The digestive enzymes' activity (amylase and protease) was increased by increasing the SDBH inclusion level. An up-regulation in the expression of peptide and amino acid transporters, IGF-1, and down-regulation of myostatin was reported in the SDBH2.5 to SDBH7.5 groups. Spleen sections showed more lymphoid elements, especially in the SDBH2.5 and SDBH7.5 groups. The SDBH inclusion increased the serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide (NO), and complement 3 (C3) levels, with the highest values recorded in the SDBH5 group. The phagocytic % and the phagocytic index were increased by increasing the SDBH inclusion %. The expressions of immune-related genes (transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), and interleukin 10 (IL10)) were up-regulated by SDBH inclusion with the highest expression in the SDBH5 group. Economically, the feed costs and feed costs/kg gain were linearly decreased in the SDBH7.5 and SDBH10 diets. In conclusion, spray-dried bovine hemoglobin powder could be used as a protein source for up to 10% of the diets of Nile tilapia for better growth and immune status of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A. Amer
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.); (R.E.I.)
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Samar A. Abdo
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Elsayed M. Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Rehab Reda
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Sozan A. Ali
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Simon J. Davies
- School of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Rowida E. Ibrahim
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.); (R.E.I.)
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8
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Cui X, Ma Q, Duan M, Xu H, Liang M, Wei Y. Effects of fishmeal replacement by Clostridium autoethanogenum protein on the growth, digestibility, serum free amino acid and gene expression related to protein metabolism of obscure pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Leigh SC, Catabay C, German DP. Sustained changes in digestive physiology and microbiome across sequential generations of zebrafish fed different diets. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 273:111285. [PMID: 35961610 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alterations to ratios of protein and fiber in an organism's diet have been shown to structurally and functionally alter its individual digestive physiology. However, it is unclear how these dietary changes may affect phenotypic changes across generations. We utilized feeding trials, morphological analyses, enzyme activities, and 16S rRNA sequencing of the gut microbiome of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to determine how variations to fiber and protein concentrations, kept consistent across sequential generations, affect phenotypic changes. Our results show that Parental (P) and first generation (F1) fish did not differ from each other in terms of their intestine length, intestine mass, enzyme activity levels, and microbial community composition for any of the three experimental diets (high-protein/low-fiber, moderate-protein/fiber, and low-protein/high-fiber). However, each of the three experimental diets for the P and F1 fish, as well as the ancestral diet fish, did have distinct microbial community structure from one another. This indicates that there is a strong dietary effect on digestive physiology and gut microbial community and that these effects are consistent when the diet is kept homogenous across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Leigh
- Department of Biology, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA.
| | - Caitlyn Catabay
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Donovan P German
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA. https://twitter.com/dgermanuci
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10
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Zhong H, Lou C, Ren B, Zhou Y. Insulin-like growth factor 1 injection changes gene expression related to amino acid transporting, complement and coagulation cascades in the stomach of tilapia revealed by RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959717. [PMID: 36016944 PMCID: PMC9395620 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a key hormone that regulates fish growth. It acts on a variety of organs and regulates multiple signaling pathways. In order to explore the specific effects of IGF-1 on fish nutrient absorption, immune system, and other functions, the present study investigated the transcriptional changes of stomachs in tilapia by IGF injection. The tilapias were divided into two groups which were injected with saline (C group) and IGF-1 (2 μg/g body weight) (I group), respectively. After three times injections, the stomachs from the tested tilapias were collected 7 days post the first injection and the transcriptomes were sequenced by Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 platform. The results showed that a total of 155 DEGs were identified between C and I groups. By gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, two GO terms related to absorption function were enriched including organic acid transport, and amino acid transport which contained 6 functional DEGs. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis suggested that Staphylococcus aureus infection, as well as complement and coagulation cascades pathways were enriched and contained 6 DEGs. Taken together, the present study indicated that IGF-1 injection altered gene expression related to amino acid transporting, complement and coagulation cascades which provides a promise immunopotentiation therapy by IGF-1 in digestive tract of tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhong
- Hunan Research Center of Engineering Technology for Utilization of Distinctive Aquatic Resource, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Zhong,
| | - Chenyi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Life Science College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingxin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Life Science College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Life Science College, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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11
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Sheng Z, Turchini GM, Xu J, Fang Z, Chen N, Xie R, Zhang H, Li S. Functional Properties of Protein Hydrolysates on Growth, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Protein Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Larval Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides). Front Immunol 2022; 13:913024. [PMID: 35928824 PMCID: PMC9343713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.913024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary inclusion of protein hydrolysates on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, protein metabolism, and intestinal health in larval largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). The experimental feeding trial presented in this study was based on five isonitrogenous and isolipidic diets formulated with graded inclusion levels of protein hydrolysates, and it showed that protein hydrolysates improved growth performance, reduced larval deformity rate, and increased the activity of digestive enzymes, including pepsin and trypsin. Gene expression results revealed that the supplementation of protein hydrolysates upregulated the expression of intestinal amino acid transporters LAT2 and peptide transporter 2 (PepT2), as well as the amino acid transporters LAT1 in muscle. Dietary provision of protein hydrolysates activated the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway including the up-regulation of TOR and AKT1, and down-regulation of 4EBP1. Additionally, the expression of genes involved in the amino acids response (AAR) pathway, ATF4 and REDD1, were inhibited. Protein hydrolysates inhibited the transcription of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-8 and 5-LOX, but promoted the expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β and IL-10. The 16S rRNA analysis, using V3-V4 region, indicated that dietary protein hydrolysates supplementation reduced the diversity of the intestine microbial community, increased the enrichment of Plesiomonas and reduced the enrichment of Staphylococcus at the genus level. In summary, protein hydrolysates have been shown to be an active and useful supplement to positively complement other protein sources in the diets for largemouth bass larvae, and this study provided novel insights on the beneficial roles and possible mechanisms of action of dietary protein hydrolysates in improving the overall performance of fish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Sheng
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Giovanni M. Turchini
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jianming Xu
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zishuo Fang
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naisong Chen
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ruitao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhangjiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhangjiang, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Songlin Li,
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12
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Vacca F, Gomes AS, Murashita K, Cinquetti R, Roseti C, Barca A, Rønnestad I, Verri T, Bossi E. Functional characterization of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) PepT2 transporters. J Physiol 2022; 600:2377-2400. [PMID: 35413133 PMCID: PMC9321897 DOI: 10.1113/jp282781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The high‐affinity/low‐capacity system Slc15a2 (PepT2) is responsible for the reuptake of di/tripeptides from the renal proximal tubule, but it also operates in many other tissues and organs. Information regarding PepT2 in teleost fish is limited and, to date, functional data are available from the zebrafish (Danio rerio) only. Here, we report the identification of two slc15a2 genes in the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) genome, namely slc15a2a and slc15a2b. The two encoded PepT2 proteins share 87% identity and resemble both structurally and functionally the canonical vertebrate PepT2 system. The mRNA tissue distribution analyses reveal a widespread distribution of slc15a2a transcripts, being more abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and the distal part of the gastrointestinal tract. The function of the two transporters was investigated by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two‐electrode voltage‐clamp recordings of transport and presteady‐state currents. Both PepT2a and PepT2b in the presence of Gly‐Gln elicit pH‐dependent and Na+ independent inward currents. The biophysical and kinetic analysis of the recorded currents defined the transport properties, confirming that the two Atlantic salmon PepT2 proteins behave as high‐affinity/low‐capacity transporters. The recent structures and the previous kinetic schemes of rat and human PepT2 qualitatively account for the characteristics of the two Atlantic salmon proteins. This study is the first to report on the functional expression of two PepT2‐type transporters that operate in the same vertebrate organism as a result of (a) gene duplication process(es). Key points Two slc15a2‐type genes, slc15a2a and slc15a2b coding for PepT2‐type peptide transporters were found in the Atlantic salmon. slc15a2a
transcripts, widely distributed in the fish tissues, are abundant in the brain and gills, while slc15a2b transcripts are mainly expressed in the kidney and distal gastrointestinal tract. Amino acids involved in vertebrate Slc15 transport function are conserved in PepT2a and PepT2b proteins. Detailed kinetic analysis indicates that both PepT2a and PepT2b operate as high‐affinity transporters. The kinetic schemes and structures proposed for the mammalian models of PepT2 are suitable to explain the function of the two Atlantic salmon transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vacca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, I-21100, Italy
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Po. Box 7803, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway
| | - Koji Murashita
- Research Center for Aquaculture Systems, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Minami-ise, Mie, 516-0193, Japan
| | - Raffella Cinquetti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, I-21100, Italy
| | - Cristina Roseti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, I-21100, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, I-73100, Italy
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Po. Box 7803, Bergen, NO-5020, Norway
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, I-73100, Italy
| | - Elena Bossi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, Varese, I-21100, Italy
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13
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Herrera MJ, Heras J, German DP. Comparative transcriptomics reveal tissue level specialization towards diet in prickleback fishes. J Comp Physiol B 2022. [PMID: 35076747 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-021-01426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Beyond a few obvious examples (e.g., gut length, amylase activity), digestive and metabolic specializations towards diet remain elusive in fishes. Thus, we compared gut length, δ13C and δ15N signatures of the liver, and expressed genes in the intestine and liver of wild-caught individuals of four closely-related, sympatric prickleback species (family Stichaeidae) with different diets: Xiphister mucosus (herbivore), its sister taxon X. atropurpureus (omnivore), Phytichthys chirus (omnivore) and the carnivorous Anoplarchus purpurescens. We also measured the same parameters after feeding them carnivore or omnivore diets in the laboratory for 4 weeks. Growth and isotopic signatures showed assimilation of the laboratory diets, and gut length was significantly longer in X. mucosus in comparison to the other fishes, whether in the wild, or in the lab consuming the different diets. Dozens of genes relating to digestion and metabolism were observed to be under selection in the various species, but P. chirus stood out with some genes in the liver showing strong positive selection, and these genes correlating with differing isotopic incorporation of the laboratory carnivore diet in this species. Although the intestine showed variation in the expression of hundreds of genes in response to the laboratory diets, the liver exhibited species-specific gene expression patterns that changed very little (generally <40 genes changing expression, with P. chirus providing an exception). Overall, our results suggest that the intestine is plastic in function, but the liver may be where specialization manifests since this tissue shows species-specific gene expression patterns that match with natural diet.
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Romersi RF, Nicklisch SCT. Interactions of Environmental Chemicals and Natural Products With ABC and SLC Transporters in the Digestive System of Aquatic Organisms. Front Physiol 2022; 12:767766. [PMID: 35095552 PMCID: PMC8793745 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.767766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An organism’s diet is a major route of exposure to both beneficial nutrients and toxic environmental chemicals and natural products. The uptake of dietary xenobiotics in the intestine is prevented by transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) and ATP Binding Cassette (ABC) family. Several environmental chemicals and natural toxins have been identified to induce expression of these defense transporters in fish and aquatic invertebrates, indicating that they are substrates and can be eliminated. However, certain environmental chemicals, termed Transporter-Interfering Chemicals or TICs, have recently been shown to bind to and inhibit fish and mammalian P-glycoprotein (ABCB1), thereby sensitizing cells to toxic chemical accumulation. If and to what extent other xenobiotic defense or nutrient uptake transporters can also be inhibited by dietary TICs is still unknown. To date, most chemical-transporter interaction studies in aquatic organisms have focused on ABC-type transporters, while molecular interactions of xenobiotics with SLC-type transporters are poorly understood. In this perspective, we summarize current advances in the identification, localization, and functional analysis of protective MXR transporters and nutrient uptake systems in the digestive system of fish and aquatic invertebrates. We collate the existing literature data on chemically induced transporter gene expression and summarize the molecular interactions of xenobiotics with these transport systems. Our review emphasizes the need for standardized assays in a broader panel of commercially important fish and seafood species to better evaluate the effects of TIC and other xenobiotic interactions with physiological substrates and MXR transporters across the aquatic ecosystem and predict possible transfer to humans through consumption.
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Meirelles MG, Nornberg BF, da Silveira TLR, Kütter MT, Castro CG, Ramirez JRB, Pedrosa V, Romano LA, Marins LF. Growth Hormone Overexpression Induces Hyperphagia and Intestinal Morphophysiological Adaptations to Improve Nutrient Uptake in Zebrafish. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723853. [PMID: 34539447 PMCID: PMC8442846 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The excess of circulating growth hormone (GH) in most transgenic animals implies mandatory growth resulting in higher metabolic demand. Considering that the intestine is the main organ responsible for the digestion, absorption, and direction of dietary nutrients to other tissues, this study aimed to investigate the mechanisms by which gh overexpression modulates the intestine to support higher growth. For this purpose, we designed an 8-weeks feeding trial to evaluate growth parameters, feed intake, and intestinal morphometric indices in the adult gh-transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. To access the sensitivity of the intestine to the excess of circulating GH, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of intestine GH receptors (GHRs) (ghra and ghrb) was analyzed. In addition, the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1a (igf1a) and genes encoding for di and tripeptide transporters (pept1a and pept1b) were assessed. Gh-transgenic zebrafish had better growth performance and higher feed intake compared to non-transgenic sibling controls. Chronic excess of GH upregulates the expression of its cognate receptor (ghrb) and the main growth factor related to trophic effects in the intestine (igf1a). Moreover, transgenic zebrafish showed an increased intestinal absorptive area and higher expression of crucial genes related to the absorption of products from meal protein degradation. These results reinforce the ability of GH to modulate intestinal morphology and the mechanisms of assimilation of nutrients to sustain the energy demand for the continuous growth induced by the excess of circulating GH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela G Meirelles
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Bruna F Nornberg
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Tony L R da Silveira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Mateus T Kütter
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Caroline G Castro
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Juan Rafael B Ramirez
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Funcional de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Virgínia Pedrosa
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Luis Alberto Romano
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Patologia de Organismos Aquáticos, Instituto de Oceanografia, Estação Marinha de Aquicultura, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Marins
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG, Rio Grande, Brazil
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Del Vecchio G, Lai F, Gomes AS, Verri T, Kalananthan T, Barca A, Handeland S, Rønnestad I. Effects of Short-Term Fasting on mRNA Expression of Ghrelin and the Peptide Transporters PepT1 and 2 in Atlantic Salmon ( Salmo salar). Front Physiol 2021; 12:666670. [PMID: 34234687 PMCID: PMC8255630 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.666670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake is a vital process that supplies necessary energy and essential nutrients to the body. Information regarding luminal composition in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) collected through mechanical and nutrient sensing mechanisms are generally conveyed, in both mammals and fish, to the hypothalamic neurocircuits. In this context, ghrelin, the only known hormone with an orexigenic action, and the intestinal peptide transporters 1 and 2, involved in absorption of dietary di- and tripeptides, exert important and also integrated roles for the nutrient uptake. Together, both are potentially involved in signaling pathways that control food intake originating from different segments of the GIT. However, little is known about the role of different paralogs and their response to fasting. Therefore, after 3 weeks of acclimatization, 12 Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) post-smolt were fasted for 4 days to explore the gastrointestinal response in comparison with fed control (n = 12). The analysis covered morphometric (weight, length, condition factor, and wet content/weight fish %), molecular (gene expression variations), and correlation analyses. Such short-term fasting is a common and recommended practice used prior to any handling in commercial culture of the species. There were no statistical differences in length and weight but a significant lower condition factor in the fasted group. Transcriptional analysis along the gastrointestinal segments revealed a tendency of downregulation for both paralogous genes slc15a1a and slc15a1b and with significant lowered levels in the pyloric ceca for slc15a1a and in the pyloric ceca and midgut for slc15a1b. No differences were found for slc15a2a and slc15a2b (except a higher expression of the fasted group in the anterior midgut), supporting different roles for slc15 paralogs. This represents the first report on the effects of fasting on slc15a2 expressed in GIT in teleosts. Transcriptional analysis of ghrelin splicing variants (ghrl-1 and ghrl-2) showed no difference between treatments. However, correlation analysis showed that the mRNA expression for all genes (restricted to segment with the highest levels) were affected by the residual luminal content. Overall, the results show minimal effects of 4 days of induced fasting in Atlantic salmon, suggesting that more time is needed to initiate a large GIT response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Floriana Lai
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ana S Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | | | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Sigurd Handeland
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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17
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Kuz’mina VV. Specific Features of Nutrient Transport
in the Digestive Tract of Fish. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093021020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Bellotto O, Kralj S, De Zorzi R, Geremia S, Marchesan S. Supramolecular hydrogels from unprotected dipeptides: a comparative study on stereoisomers and structural isomers. Soft Matter 2020; 16:10151-10157. [PMID: 32935720 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01191f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid stereoconfiguration has been shown to play a key role in the self-assembly of unprotected tripeptides into hydrogels under physiological conditions. Dramatic changes were noted for hydrophobic sequences based on the diphenylalanine motif from the formation of amorphous aggregates in the case of homochiral peptides to nanostructured and stable hydrogels in the case of heterochiral stereoisomers. Herein, we report that by further shortening the sequence to a dipeptide, the overall differences between isomers are less marked, with both homo- and hetero-chiral dipeptides forming gels, although with different stability over time. The soft materials are studied by a number of spectroscopic and microcopic techniques, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction to unveil the supramolecular interactions of these hydrogel building blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Bellotto
- University of Trieste, Chem. Pharm. Sc. Dept., Via Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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19
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Wei Y, Li B, Xu H, Liang M. Effects of lysine and leucine in free and different dipeptide forms on the growth, amino acid profile and transcription of intestinal peptide, and amino acid transporters in turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Physiol Biochem 2020; 46:1795-1807. [PMID: 32514852 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00828-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different dipeptides (lysine-leucine, lysine-glycine, and leucine-glycine) and free amino acids (lysine and leucine) on the growth, gene expression of intestinal peptide and amino acid transporters, and serum free amino acid concentrations in turbot. Fish (11.98 ± 0.03 g) were fed four experimental diets supplementing with crystalline amino acids (CAA), lysine-leucine (Lys-Leu), lysine-glycine (Lys-Gly), and leucine-glycine (Gly-Leu). Fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) containing a mixture of free amino acids and small peptides was designed as a positive control diet. There was no significant difference in the growth and feed utilization among three dipeptide diets (Lys-Leu, Lys-Gly, and Gly-Leu). Compared with the CAA group, feed efficiency ratio was significantly higher in the Lys-Leu and Lys-Gly groups, and protein efficiency ratio was significantly higher in the Lys-Leu group. For peptide transporter, oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT1) mRNA level was not affected by dietary treatments. For amino acid transporters, lower expression of B0 neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1) and proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1 (PAT1) were observed in fish fed the dipeptide and FPH diets compared with the CAA diet. In conclusion, juvenile turbot fed Lys-Leu, Gly-Leu, and Lys-Gly had a similar growth performance, whereas lysine and leucine in the Lys-Leu form can be utilized more efficiently for feed utilization than those in free amino acid from. In addition, compared to free amino acids, dipeptides and fish protein hydrolysate in diets may down-regulate the expression of amino acid transporters but did not affect the expression of PepT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wei
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Benxiang Li
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Houguo Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China
| | - Mengqing Liang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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Abstract
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is an endogenously synthesised dipeptide which is present in different human tissues e.g. in the kidney. Carnosine is degraded by enzyme serum carnosinase, encoding by CNDP1 gene. Carnosine is engaged in different metabolic pathways in the kidney. It reduces the level of proinflammatory and profibrotic cytokines, inhibits advanced glycation end products' formation, moreover, it also decreases the mesangial cell proliferation. Carnosine may also serve as a scavenger of peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals and a natural angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. This review summarizes the results of experimental and human studies concerning the role of carnosine in kidney diseases, particularly in chronic kidney disease, ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute renal failure, diabetic nephropathy and also drug-induced nephrotoxicity. The interplay between serum carnosine concentration and serum carnosinase activity and polymorphism in the CNDP1 gene is discussed. Carnosine has renoprotective properties. It has a promising potential for the treatment and prevention of different kidney diseases, particularly chronic kidney disease which is a global public health issue. Further studies of the role of carnosine in the kidney may offer innovative and effective strategies for the management of kidney diseases.
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21
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Gomes AS, Vacca F, Cinquetti R, Murashita K, Barca A, Bossi E, Rønnestad I, Verri T. Identification and characterization of the Atlantic salmon peptide transporter 1a. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C191-C204. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00360.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1) mediates the uptake of dietary di-/tripeptides in vertebrates. However, in teleost fish gut, more than one PepT1-type transporter might operate, because of teleost-specific whole gen(om)e duplication event(s) that occurred during evolution. Here, we describe a novel teleost di-/tripeptide transporter, i.e., the Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) peptide transporter 1a [PepT1a; or solute carrier family 15 member 1a (Slc15a1a)], which is a paralog (77% similarity and 64% identity at the amino acid level) of the well-described Atlantic salmon peptide transporter 1b [PepT1b, alias PepT1; or solute carrier family 15 member 1b (Slc15a1b)]. Comparative analysis and evolutionary relationships of gene/protein sequences were conducted after ad hoc database mining. Tissue mRNA expression analysis was performed by quantitative real-time PCR, whereas transport function analysis was accomplished by heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage-clamp measurements. Atlantic salmon pept1a is highly expressed in the proximal intestine (pyloric ceca ≈ anterior midgut > midgut >> posterior midgut), in the same gut regions as pept1b but notably ~5-fold less abundant. Like PepT1b, Atlantic salmon PepT1a is a low‐affinity/high‐capacity system. Functional analysis showed electrogenic, Na+-independent/pH-dependent transport and apparent substrate affinity ( K0.5) values for Gly-Gln of 1.593 mmol/L at pH 7.6 and 0.076 mmol/L at pH 6.5. In summary, we show that a piscine PepT1a-type transporter is functional. Defining the role of Atlantic salmon PepT1a in the gut will help to understand the evolutionary and functional relationships among peptide transporters. Its functional characterization will contribute to elucidate the relevance of peptide transporters in Atlantic salmon nutritional physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S. Gomes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cinquetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Koji Murashita
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Research Center for Aquaculture Systems, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Tamaki, Japan
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Elena Bossi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of General Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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22
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Vacca F, Barca A, Gomes AS, Mazzei A, Piccinni B, Cinquetti R, Del Vecchio G, Romano A, Rønnestad I, Bossi E, Verri T. The peptide transporter 1a of the zebrafish Danio rerio, an emerging model in nutrigenomics and nutrition research: molecular characterization, functional properties, and expression analysis. Genes Nutr 2019; 14:33. [PMID: 31890051 PMCID: PMC6923934 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Peptide transporter 1 (PepT1, alias Slc15a1) mediates the uptake of dietary di/tripeptides in all vertebrates. However, in teleost fish, more than one PepT1-type transporter might function, due to specific whole genome duplication event(s) that occurred during their evolution leading to a more complex paralogue gene repertoire than in higher vertebrates (tetrapods). Results Here, we describe a novel di/tripeptide transporter in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), i.e., the zebrafish peptide transporter 1a (PepT1a; also known as Solute carrier family 15 member a1, Slc15a1a), which is a paralogue (78% similarity, 62% identity at the amino acid level) of the previously described zebrafish peptide transporter 1b (PepT1b, alias PepT1; also known as Solute carrier family 15 member 1b, Slc15a1b). Also, we report a basic analysis of the pept1a (slc15a1a) mRNA expression levels in zebrafish adult tissues/organs and embryonic/early larval developmental stages. As assessed by expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes and two-electrode voltage clamp measurements, zebrafish PepT1a, as PepT1b, is electrogenic, Na+-independent, and pH-dependent and functions as a low-affinity system, with K0.5 values for Gly-Gln at − 60 mV of 6.92 mmol/L at pH 7.6 and 0.24 mmol/L at pH 6.5 and at − 120 mV of 3.61 mmol/L at pH 7.6 and 0.45 mmol/L at pH 6.5. Zebrafish pept1a mRNA is highly expressed in the intestine and ovary of the adult fish, while its expression in early development undergoes a complex trend over time, with pept1a mRNA being detected 1 and 2 days post-fertilization (dpf), possibly due to its occurrence in the RNA maternal pool, decreasing at 3 dpf (~ 0.5-fold) and increasing above the 1–2 dpf levels at 4 to 7 dpf, with a peak (~ 7-fold) at 6 dpf. Conclusions We show that the zebrafish PepT1a-type transporter is functional and co-expressed with pept1b (slc15a1b) in the adult fish intestine. Its expression is also confirmed during the early phases of development when the yolk syncytial layer is present and yolk protein resorption processes are active. While completing the missing information on PepT1-type transporters function in the zebrafish, these results open to future investigations on the similar/differential role(s) of PepT1a/PepT1b in zebrafish and teleost fish physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vacca
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Ana S Gomes
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Aurora Mazzei
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Barbara Piccinni
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy.,Present address: Physiopathology of Reproduction and IVF Unit, Nardò Hospital, Nardò Health and Social Care District, Lecce Local Health Agency, I-73048 Nardò, Lecce Italy
| | - Raffaella Cinquetti
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Gianmarco Del Vecchio
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Alessandro Romano
- 5Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, I-20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivar Rønnestad
- 3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7803, NO-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elena Bossi
- 1Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- 2Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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23
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Weinrauch AM, Blewett TA, Glover CN, Goss GG. Acquisition of alanyl-alanine in an Agnathan: Characteristics of dipeptide transport across the hindgut of the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii. J Fish Biol 2019; 95:1471-1479. [PMID: 31621087 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study used 3 H-L -alanyl-L -alanine to demonstrate dipeptide uptake using in vitro gut sacs prepared from the hindgut of the Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii. Concentration-dependent kinetic analysis resulted in a sigmoidal distribution with a maximal (± SE) uptake rate (Jmax -like) of 70 ± 3 nmol cm-2 h-1 and an affinity constant (Km -like) of 1072 ± 81 μM. Addition of high alanine concentrations to transport assays did not change dipeptide transport rates, indicating that hydrolysis of the dipeptide in mucosal solutions and subsequent uptake via apical amino acid transporters was not occurring, which was further supported by a Km distinct from that of amino acid transport. Transport occurred independent of mucosal pH, but uptake was reduced by 42% in low mucosal sodium. This may implicate cooperation between peptide transporters and sodium-proton exchangers, previously demonstrated in several mammalian and teleost species. Finally, apical L -alanyl-L -alanine uptake rates (i.e., mucosal disappearance) were significantly increased following a meal, demonstrating regulation of uptake. Overall, this examination of dipeptide acquisition in the earliest extant Agnathan suggests evolutionarily conserved mechanisms of transport between hagfish and later-diverging vertebrates such as teleosts and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Weinrauch
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Chris N Glover
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
- Faculty of Science and Technology and Athabasca River Basin Research Institute, Athabasca University, Athabasca, Alberta, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, British Columbia, Canada
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Con P, Nitzan T, Slosman T, Harpaz S, Cnaani A. Peptide Transporters in the Primary Gastrointestinal Tract of Pre-Feeding Mozambique Tilapia Larva. Front Physiol 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31333482 PMCID: PMC6624445 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish larvae differ greatly from the adult form in their morphology and organ functionality. The functionality of the gastrointestinal tract depends on the expression of various pumps, transporters, and channels responsible for feed digestion and nutrients absorption. During the larval period, the gastrointestinal tract develops from a simple closed tube, into its complex form with differentiated segments, crypts and villi, as found in the adult. In this study, we characterized the expression of three peptide transporters (PepT1a, PepT1b, and PepT2) in the gastrointestinal tract of Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) larvae along 12 days of development, from pre-hatching to the completion of yolk sac absorption. Gene expression analysis revealed differential and complimentary time-dependent expression of the PepT1 variants and PepT2 along the larval development period. Immunofluorescence analysis showed differential protein localization of the three peptide transporters (PepTs) along the gastrointestinal tract, in a similar pattern to the adult. In addition, PepT1a was localized in mucosal cells in the larvae esophagus, in much higher abundance than in the adults. The results of this study demonstrate specialization of intestinal sections and absorbance potential of the enterocytes prior to the onset of active exogenous feeding, thus pointing to an uncharacterized function and role of the gastrointestinal tract and its transporters during the larval period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazit Con
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Department of Animal Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tali Nitzan
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tatiana Slosman
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sheenan Harpaz
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Department of Poultry and Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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25
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Fronte B, Abramo F, Brambilla F, De Zoysa M, Miragliotta V. Effect of hydrolysed fish protein and autolysed yeast as alternative nitrogen sources on gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) growth performances and gut morphology. Italian Journal of Animal Science 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2019.1581584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baldassare Fronte
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Abramo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Mahanama De Zoysa
- Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Istituto di Ricerca di Medicina Veterinaria, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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26
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Subramaniam M, Weber LP, Loewen ME. Intestinal electrogenic sodium-dependent glucose absorption in tilapia and trout reveal species differences in SLC5A-associated kinetic segmental segregation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2019; 316:R222-R234. [PMID: 30601703 PMCID: PMC6459381 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrogenic sodium-dependent glucose transport along the length of the intestine was compared between the omnivorous Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) and the carnivorous rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Ussing chambers. In tilapia, a high-affinity, high-capacity kinetic system accounted for the transport throughout the proximal intestine, midintestine, and hindgut segments. Similar dapagliflozin and phloridzin dihydrate inhibition across all segments support this homogenous high-affinity, high-capacity system throughout the tilapia intestine. Genomic and gene expression analysis supported findings by identifying 10 of the known 12 SLC5A family members, with homogeneous expression throughout the segments with dominant expression of sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1; SLC5A1) and sodium-myoinositol cotransporter 2 (SMIT2; SLC5A11). In contrast, trout's electrogenic sodium-dependent glucose absorption was 20-35 times lower and segregated into three significantly different kinetic systems found in different anatomical segments: a high-affinity, low-capacity system in the pyloric ceca; a super-high-affinity, low-capacity system in the midgut; and a low-affinity, low-capacity system in the hindgut. Genomic and gene expression analysis found 5 of the known 12 SLC5A family members with dominant expression of SGLT1 ( SLC5A1), sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2; SLC5A2), and SMIT2 ( SLC5A11) in the pyloric ceca, and only SGLT1 ( SLC5A1) in the midgut, accounting for differences in kinetics between the two. The hindgut presented a low-affinity, low-capacity system partially attributed to a decrease in SGLT1 ( SLC5A1). Overall, the omnivorous tilapia had a higher electrogenic glucose absorption than the carnivorous trout, represented with different kinetic systems and a greater expression and number of SLC5A orthologs. Fish differ from mammals, having hindgut electrogenic glucose absorption and segment specific transport kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Subramaniam
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Lynn P Weber
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
| | - Matthew E Loewen
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan , Canada
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27
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Hallali E, Kokou F, Chourasia TK, Nitzan T, Con P, Harpaz S, Mizrahi I, Cnaani A. Dietary salt levels affect digestibility, intestinal gene expression, and the microbiome, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202351. [PMID: 30138368 PMCID: PMC6107154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is the world’s most widely cultured fish species. Therefore, its nutritional physiology is of great interest from an aquaculture perspective. Studies conducted on several fish species, including tilapia, demonstrated the beneficial effects of dietary salt supplementation on growth; however, the mechanism behind these beneficial effects is still not fully understood. The fish intestine is a complex system, with functions, such as nutrient absorption, ion equilibrium and acid-base balance that are tightly linked and dependent on each other's activities and products. Ions are the driving force in the absorption of feed components through pumps, transporters and protein channels. In this study, we examined the impact of 5% increase in dietary NaCl on protein, lipid, ash and dry matter digestibility, as well as on the expression of intestinal peptide transporters (PepTs) and ion pumps (Na+/K+-ATPase, V-H+-ATPase, N+/H+-Exchanger) in Nile tilapia. In addition, effects on the gut microbiome were evaluated. Our results show that dietary salt supplementation significantly increased digestibility of all measured nutritional components, peptide transporters expression and ion pumps activity. Moreover, changes in the gut microbial diversity were observed, and were associated with lipid digestibility and Na+/K+-ATPase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Hallali
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Fotini Kokou
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tapan Kumar Chourasia
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tali Nitzan
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Pazit Con
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Sheenan Harpaz
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Itzhak Mizrahi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Avner Cnaani
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- * E-mail:
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Spanier B, Rohm F. Proton Coupled Oligopeptide Transporter 1 (PepT1) Function, Regulation, and Influence on the Intestinal Homeostasis. Compr Physiol 2018; 8:843-869. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Chourasia TK, D'Cotta H, Baroiller JF, Slosman T, Cnaani A. Effects of the acclimation to high salinity on intestinal ion and peptide transporters in two tilapia species that differ in their salinity tolerance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2018; 218:16-23. [PMID: 29366921 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tilapiine species, widely distributed across habitats with diverse water salinities, are important to aquaculture as well as a laboratory model. The effects of water salinity on two tilapia species, that differ in their salinity tolerance, was evaluated. Oreochromis niloticus reared in brackish-water, showed a significant decrease in growth and feed efficiency, whereas O. mossambicus reared in seawater did not show any significant changes. The expression and activity of Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA), V-type H+-ATPase (VHA) and carbonic anhydrase (CA), as well as expression levels of genes encoding two HCO3- and three peptide transporters (nbc1, slc26a6, slc15a1a, slc15a1b and slc15a2) were measured in three intestinal sections of these two species, grown in freshwater and brackish/sea-water. Overall, the spatial distribution along the intestine of the genes examined in this study was similar between the two species, with the exception of tcaIV. The salinity response, on the other hand, varied greatly between these species. In O. mossambicus, there was a salinity-dependent increased expression of most of the examined genes (except slc26a6 and slc15a2), while in O. niloticus the expression of most genes did not change, or even decreased (tcaIV, nbc1 and slc15a1b). This study highlighted differences in the intestinal response to salinity acclimation between closely- related species that differ in their salinity tolerance. O. mossambicus, which has a high salinity tolerance, showed expression patterns and responses similar to marine species, and differed from the low-salinity-tolerance O. niloticus, which showed a response that differed from the accepted models, that are based on marine and diadromous fishes.
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30
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Peters V, Zschocke J, Schmitt CP. Carnosinase, diabetes mellitus and the potential relevance of carnosinase deficiency. J Inherit Metab Dis 2018; 41:39-47. [PMID: 29027595 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-017-0099-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carnosinase (CN1) is a dipeptidase, encoded by the CNDP1 gene, that degrades histidine-containing dipeptides, such as carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine. Loss of CN1 function (also called carnosinase deficiency or aminoacyl-histidine dipeptidase deficiency) has been reported in a small number of patients with highly elevated blood carnosine concentrations, denoted carnosinaemia; it is unclear whether the variety of clinical symptoms in these individuals is causally related to carnosinase deficiency. Reduced CN1 function should increase serum carnosine concentrations but the genetic basis of carnosinaemia has not been formally confirmed to be due to CNDP1 mutations. A CNDP1 polymorphism associated with low CN1 activity correlates with significantly reduced risk for diabetic nephropathy, especially in women with type 2 diabetes, and may slow progression of chronic kidney disease in children with glomerulonephritis. Studies in rodents demonstrate antiproteinuric and vasculoprotective effects of carnosine, the precise molecular mechanisms, however, are still incompletely understood. Thus, carnosinemia due to CN1 deficiency may be a non-disease; in contrast, carnosine may potentially protect against long-term sequelae of reactive metabolites accumulating, e.g. in diabetes and chronic renal failure.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/diagnosis
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/enzymology
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/epidemiology
- Amino Acid Metabolism, Inborn Errors/genetics
- Animals
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/diagnosis
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/enzymology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/epidemiology
- Brain Diseases, Metabolic, Inborn/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetic Nephropathies/diagnosis
- Diabetic Nephropathies/enzymology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/epidemiology
- Diabetic Nephropathies/genetics
- Dipeptidases/deficiency
- Dipeptidases/genetics
- Humans
- Mutation
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Prognosis
- Protective Factors
- Risk Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Peters
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Zschocke
- Division of Human Genetics, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus P Schmitt
- Centre for Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 669, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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