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Ghafoor MH, Song BL, Zhou L, Qiao ZY, Wang H. Self-Assembly of Peptides as an Alluring Approach toward Cancer Treatment and Imaging. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:2841-2862. [PMID: 38644736 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.4c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a severe threat to humans, as it is the second leading cause of death after cardiovascular diseases and still poses the biggest challenge in the world of medicine. Due to its higher mortality rates and resistance, it requires a more focused and productive approach to provide the solution for it. Many therapies promising to deliver favorable results, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, have come up with more negatives than positives. Therefore, a new class of medicinal solutions and a more targeted approach is of the essence. This review highlights the alluring properties, configurations, and self-assembly of peptide molecules which benefit the traditional approach toward cancer therapy while sparing the healthy cells in the process. As targeted drug delivery systems, self-assembled peptides offer a wide spectrum of conjugation, biocompatibility, degradability-controlled responsiveness, and biomedical applications, including cancer treatment and cancer imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza Ghafoor
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Ben-Li Song
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zeng-Ying Qiao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
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2
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Ma L, Wang W, Zhao Y, Liu M, Ye W, Li X. Application of LRG mechanism in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23940. [PMID: 38223707 PMCID: PMC10784321 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a prevalent type of hydrocephalus, including secondary normal pressure hydrocephalus (SNPH) and idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH). However, its clinical diagnosis and pathological mechanism are still unclear. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein (LRG) is involved in various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and nervous system diseases. Now the physiological mechanism of LRG is still being explored. According to the current research results on LRG, we found that the agency of LRG has much to do with the known pathological process of NPH. This review focuses on analyzing the LRG signaling pathways and the pathological mechanism of NPH. According to the collected literature evidence, we speculated that LRG probably be involved in the pathological process of NPH. Finally, based on the mechanism of LRG and NPH, we also summarized the evidence of molecular targeted therapies for future research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Menghao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Xianfeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, China
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3
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Yang J, Yin GN, Kim DK, Han AR, Lee DS, Min KW, Fu Y, Yun J, Suh JK, Ryu JK, Kim HM. Crystal structure of LRG1 and the functional significance of LRG1 glycan for LPHN2 activation. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-00992-4. [PMID: 37121976 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The serum glycoprotein leucine-rich ɑ-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), primarily produced by hepatocytes and neutrophils, is a multifunctional protein that modulates various signaling cascades, mainly TGFβ signaling. Serum LRG1 and neutrophil-derived LRG1 have different molecular weights due to differences in glycosylation, but the impact of the differential glycan composition in LRG1 on its cellular function is largely unknown. We previously reported that LRG1 can promote both angiogenic and neurotrophic processes under hyperglycemic conditions by interacting with LPHN2. Here, we determined the crystal structure of LRG1, identifying the horseshoe-like solenoid structure of LRG1 and its four N-glycosylation sites. In addition, our biochemical and cell-biological analyses found that the deglycosylation of LRG1, particularly the removal of glycans on N325, is critical for the high-affinity binding of LRG1 to LPHN2 and thus promotes LRG1/LPHN2-mediated angiogenic and neurotrophic processes in mouse tissue explants, even under normal glucose conditions. Moreover, the intracavernous administration of deglycosylated LRG1 in a diabetic mouse model ameliorated vascular and neurological abnormalities and restored erectile function. Collectively, these data indicate a novel role of LRG1 glycans as molecular switches that can tune the range of LRG1's cellular functions, particularly the LRG1/LPHN2 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Yang
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Guo Nan Yin
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Kyun Kim
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Reum Han
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Sun Lee
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Wook Min
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongwon Yun
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Kyu Suh
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Kan Ryu
- National Research Center for Sexual Medicine and Department of Urology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22332, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho Min Kim
- Center for Biomolecular and Cellular Structure, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon, 34126, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Medical Science & Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Otsuka T, Matsui H. Fish Models for Exploring Mitochondrial Dysfunction Affecting Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087079. [PMID: 37108237 PMCID: PMC10138900 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the progressive loss of neuronal structure or function, resulting in memory loss and movement disorders. Although the detailed pathogenic mechanism has not been elucidated, it is thought to be related to the loss of mitochondrial function in the process of aging. Animal models that mimic the pathology of a disease are essential for understanding human diseases. In recent years, small fish have become ideal vertebrate models for human disease due to their high genetic and histological homology to humans, ease of in vivo imaging, and ease of genetic manipulation. In this review, we first outline the impact of mitochondrial dysfunction on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Then, we highlight the advantages of small fish as model organisms, and present examples of previous studies regarding mitochondria-related neuronal disorders. Lastly, we discuss the applicability of the turquoise killifish, a unique model for aging research, as a model for neurodegenerative diseases. Small fish models are expected to advance our understanding of the mitochondrial function in vivo, the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, and be important tools for developing therapies to treat diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Otsuka
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Hideaki Matsui
- Department of Neuroscience of Disease, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
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5
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Garau J, Charras A, Varesio C, Orcesi S, Dragoni F, Galli J, Fazzi E, Gagliardi S, Pansarasa O, Cereda C, Hedrich CM. Altered DNA methylation and gene expression predict disease severity in patients with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. Clin Immunol 2023; 249:109299. [PMID: 36963449 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Aicardi-Goutières Syndrome (AGS) is a rare neuro-inflammatory disease characterized by increased expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Disease-causing mutations are present in genes associated with innate antiviral responses. Disease presentation and severity vary, even between patients with identical mutations from the same family. This study investigated DNA methylation signatures in PBMCs to understand phenotypic heterogeneity in AGS patients with mutations in RNASEH2B. AGS patients presented hypomethylation of ISGs and differential methylation patterns (DMPs) in genes involved in "neutrophil and platelet activation". Patients with "mild" phenotypes exhibited DMPs in genes involved in "DNA damage and repair", whereas patients with "severe" phenotypes had DMPs in "cell fate commitment" and "organ development" associated genes. DMPs in two ISGs (IFI44L, RSAD2) associated with increased gene expression in patients with "severe" when compared to "mild" phenotypes. In conclusion, altered DNA methylation and ISG expression as biomarkers and potential future treatment targets in AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Garau
- Neurogenetics Research Centre, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amandine Charras
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Costanza Varesio
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Dragoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jessica Galli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Molecular Biology and Transcriptomics, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Orietta Pansarasa
- Cellular Model and Neuroepigenetics, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Christian M Hedrich
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Choi CHJ, Barr W, Zaman S, Model C, Park A, Koenen M, Lin Z, Szwed SK, Marchildon F, Crane A, Carroll TS, Molina H, Cohen P. LRG1 is an adipokine that promotes insulin sensitivity and suppresses inflammation. eLife 2022; 11:e81559. [PMID: 36346018 PMCID: PMC9674348 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While dysregulation of adipocyte endocrine function plays a central role in obesity and its complications, the vast majority of adipokines remain uncharacterized. We employed bio-orthogonal non-canonical amino acid tagging (BONCAT) and mass spectrometry to comprehensively characterize the secretome of murine visceral and subcutaneous white and interscapular brown adip ocytes. Over 600 proteins were identified, the majority of which showed cell type-specific enrichment. We here describe a metabolic role for leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) as an obesity-regulated adipokine secreted by mature adipocytes. LRG1 overexpression significantly improved glucose homeostasis in diet-induced and genetically obese mice. This was associated with markedly reduced white adipose tissue macrophage accumulation and systemic inflammation. Mechanistically, we found LRG1 binds cytochrome c in circulation to dampen its pro-inflammatory effect. These data support a new role for LRG1 as an insulin sensitizer with therapeutic potential given its immunomodulatory function at the nexus of obesity, inflammation, and associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Hee J Choi
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew YorkUnited States
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - William Barr
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Samir Zaman
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Corey Model
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Mascha Koenen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Zeran Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Sarah K Szwed
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew YorkUnited States
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Francois Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Audrey Crane
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resouce Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Henrik Molina
- Proteomics Resource Center, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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Paron F, Barattucci S, Cappelli S, Romano M, Berlingieri C, Stuani C, Laurents D, Mompeán M, Buratti E. Unravelling the toxic effects mediated by the neurodegenerative disease-associated S375G mutation of TDP-43 and its S375E phosphomimetic variant. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102252. [PMID: 35835219 PMCID: PMC9364110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) is a nucleic acid–binding protein found in the nucleus that accumulates in the cytoplasm under pathological conditions, leading to proteinopathies, such as frontotemporal dementia and ALS. An emerging area of TDP-43 research is represented by the study of its post-translational modifications, the way they are connected to disease-associated mutations, and what this means for pathological processes. Recently, we described a novel mutation in TDP-43 in an early onset ALS case that was affecting a potential phosphorylation site in position 375 (S375G). A preliminary characterization showed that both the S375G mutation and its phosphomimetic variant, S375E, displayed altered nuclear–cytoplasmic distribution and cellular toxicity. To better investigate these effects, here we established cell lines expressing inducible WT, S375G, and S375E TDP-43 variants. Interestingly, we found that these mutants do not seem to affect well-studied aspects of TDP-43, such as RNA splicing or autoregulation, or protein conformation, dynamics, or aggregation, although they do display dysmorphic nuclear shape and cell cycle alterations. In addition, RNA-Seq analysis of these cell lines showed that although the disease-associated S375G mutation and its phosphomimetic S375E variant regulate distinct sets of genes, they have a common target in mitochondrial apoptotic genes. Taken together, our data strongly support the growing evidence that alterations in TDP-43 post-translational modifications can play a potentially important role in disease pathogenesis and provide a further link between TDP-43 pathology and mitochondrial health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Paron
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Simone Barattucci
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Cappelli
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Romano
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Christian Berlingieri
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Cristiana Stuani
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Douglas Laurents
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Mompeán
- "Rocasolano" Institute for Physical Chemistry, Spanish National Research Council, Serrano 119, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Buratti
- Molecular Pathology, International Centre for Genetic and Engineering Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy.
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8
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Majek P, Sovova Z, Pecankova K, Cermak J, Gasova Z, Pecherkova P, Ignjatovic V, Dyr JE. Mass spectrometry, data re-analysis, and homology modelling predict posttranslational modifications of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein as a marker of myelodysplastic syndrome. Cancer Biomark 2022; 34:485-492. [PMID: 35275518 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-210033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG) has been repeatedly proposed as a potential plasma biomarker for myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). OBJECTIVE The goal of our work was to establish the total LRG plasma level and LRG posttranslational modifications (PTMs) as a suitable MDS biomarker. METHODS The total plasma LRG concentration was determined with ELISA, whilst the LRG-specific PTMs and their locations, were established using mass spectrometry and public mass spectrometry data re-analysis. Homology modelling and sequence analysis were used to establish the potential impact of PTMs on LRG functions via their impact on the LRG structure. RESULTS While the results showed that the total LRG plasma concentration is not a suitable MDS marker, alterations within two LRG sites correlated with MDS diagnosis (p= 0.0011). Sequence analysis and the homology model suggest the influence of PTMs within the two LRG sites on the function of this protein. CONCLUSIONS We report the presence of LRG proteoforms that correlate with diagnosis in the plasma of MDS patients. The combination of mass spectrometry, re-analysis of publicly available data, and homology modelling, represents an approach that can be used for any protein to predict clinically relevant protein sites for biomarker research despite the character of the PTMs being unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Majek
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zofie Sovova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Pecankova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Cermak
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Gasova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Pecherkova
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville Victoria, Australia.,Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan E Dyr
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, Prague, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Significance: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are well known to promote innate immune responses during and in the absence of microbial infections. However, excessive or prolonged exposure to ROS provokes innate immune signaling dysfunction and contributes to the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. The relatively high basal expression of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in innate immune cells renders them prone to activation in response to minor intrinsic or extrinsic ROS misbalances in the absence of pathogens. Critical Issues: A prominent source of ROS are mitochondria, which are also major inter-organelle hubs for innate immunity activation, since most PRRs and downstream receptor molecules are directly located either at mitochondria or at mitochondria-associated membranes. Due to their ancestral bacterial origin, mitochondria can also act as quasi-intrinsic self-microbes that mimic a pathogen invasion and become a source of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that triggers innate immunity from within. Recent Advances: The release of mitochondrial DAMPs correlates with mitochondrial metabolism changes and increased generation of ROS, which can lead to the oxidative modification of DAMPs. Recent studies suggest that ROS-modified mitochondrial DAMPs possess increased, persistent immunogenicity. Future Directions: Herein, we discuss how mitochondrial DAMP release and oxidation activates PRRs, changes cellular metabolism, and causes innate immune response dysfunction by promoting systemic inflammation, thereby contributing to the onset or progression of autoimmune diseases. The future goal is to understand what the tipping point for DAMPs is to become oxidized, and whether this is a road without return. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 36, 441-461.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koenig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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10
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Stoffers P, Guckenbiehl S, Welker MW, Zeuzem S, Lange CM, Trebicka J, Herrmann E, Welsch C. Diagnostic and prognostic significance of cell death markers in patients with cirrhosis and acute decompensation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263989. [PMID: 35176084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transition from compensated to decompensated liver cirrhosis is a hallmark of disease progression, however, reliable predictors to assess the risk of decompensation in individual patients from routine diagnostics are lacking. Here, we characterize serum levels of cell death-associated markers and routine biochemistry from patients with chronic liver disease with and without decompensation. Methods A post-hoc analysis was based on prospectively collected clinical data from 160 patients with chronic liver disease, stably compensated or decompensated at baseline or during follow-up, over a median period of 721 days. Serum levels of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and routine biochemistry are quantified at baseline (for all patients) and during follow-up (for patients with acute decompensation). The panel of DAMPs assessed in this study comprises high-mobility group-box protein 1 (HMGB1), cytochrome C (cyt C), soluble Fas-ligand (sFasL), interleukin 6 (IL-6), soluble cytokeratin-18 (CK18-M65) and its caspase‐cleaved fragment CK18-M30. Results In this cohort study, 80 patients (50%) were diagnosed with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, 60 patients (37.5%) with hepatitis C virus- and 20 patients (13.5%) with hepatitis B virus-related liver cirrhosis. At baseline, 17 patients (10.6%) showed decompensated liver disease and another 28 patients (17.5%) developed acute decompensation during follow-up (within 24 months). One hundred fifteen patients showed stable liver disease (71.9%). We found DAMPs significantly elevated in patients with decompensated liver disease versus compensated liver disease. Patients with acute decompensation during follow-up showed higher baseline levels of IL-6, sFasL, CK18-M65 and–M30 (P<0.01) compared to patients with stably compensated liver disease. In multivariate analyses, we found an independent association of baseline serum levels of sFasL (P = 0.02; OR = 2.67) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) (P<0.001; OR = 2.1) with acute decompensation. Accuracy of the marker combination for predicting acute decompensation was high (AUC = 0.79). Elevated aminotransferase levels did not correlate with decompensated liver disease and acute decompensation. Conclusions DAMPs are elevated in patients with decompensated liver disease and patients developing acute decompensation. The prognostic value of a marker combination with soluble Fas-ligand and GGT in patients with liver cirrhosis should be further evaluated.
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De Rossi G, Da Vitoria Lobo ME, Greenwood J, Moss SE. LRG1 as a novel therapeutic target in eye disease. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:328-340. [PMID: 34987199 PMCID: PMC8807626 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal diseases are major causes of blindness and visual impairment in the developed world and on the rise due to an ageing population and diabetes epidemic. Standard of care is centred around blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but despite having halved the number of patients losing sight, a high rate of patient non-response and loss of efficacy over time are key challenges. Dysregulation of vascular homoeostasis, coupled with fibrosis and inflammation, are major culprits driving sight-threatening eye diseases. Improving our knowledge of these pathological processes should inform the development of new drugs to address the current clinical challenges for patients. Leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is an emerging key player in vascular dysfunction, inflammation and fibrosis. Under physiological conditions, LRG1 is constitutively expressed by the liver and granulocytes, but little is known about its normal biological function. In pathological scenarios, such as diabetic retinopathy (DR) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nvAMD), its expression is ectopically upregulated and it acquires a much better understood pathogenic role. Context-dependent modulation of the transforming growth-factor β (TGFβ) pathway is one of the main activities of LRG1, but additional roles have recently been emerging. This review aims to highlight the clinical and pre-clinical evidence for the pathogenic contribution of LRG1 to vascular retinopathies, as well as extrapolate from other diseases, functions which may be relevant to eye disease. Finally, we will provide a current update on the development of anti-LRG1 therapies for the treatment of nvAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Rossi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | | | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, 11-43 Bath Street, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
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12
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Abstract
The secreted glycoprotein leucine-rich α-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) was first described as a key player in pathogenic ocular neovascularization almost a decade ago. Since then, an increasing number of publications have reported the involvement of LRG1 in multiple human conditions including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, neurological disease, and inflammatory disorders. The purpose of this review is to provide, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of the LRG1 literature considering its role in health and disease. Although LRG1 is constitutively expressed by hepatocytes and neutrophils, Lrg1-/- mice show no overt phenotypic abnormality suggesting that LRG1 is essentially redundant in development and homeostasis. However, emerging data are challenging this view by suggesting a novel role for LRG1 in innate immunity and preservation of tissue integrity. While our understanding of beneficial LRG1 functions in physiology remains limited, a consistent body of evidence shows that, in response to various inflammatory stimuli, LRG1 expression is induced and directly contributes to disease pathogenesis. Its potential role as a biomarker for the diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of multiple conditions is widely discussed while dissecting the mechanisms underlying LRG1 pathogenic functions. Emphasis is given to the role that LRG1 plays as a vasculopathic factor where it disrupts the cellular interactions normally required for the formation and maintenance of mature vessels, thereby indirectly contributing to the establishment of a highly hypoxic and immunosuppressive microenvironment. In addition, LRG1 has also been reported to affect other cell types (including epithelial, immune, mesenchymal and cancer cells) mostly by modulating the TGFβ signalling pathway in a context-dependent manner. Crucially, animal studies have shown that LRG1 inhibition, through gene deletion or a function-blocking antibody, is sufficient to attenuate disease progression. In view of this, and taking into consideration its role as an upstream modifier of TGFβ signalling, LRG1 is suggested as a potentially important therapeutic target. While further investigations are needed to fill gaps in our current understanding of LRG1 function, the studies reviewed here confirm LRG1 as a pleiotropic and pathogenic signalling molecule providing a strong rationale for its use in the clinic as a biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Camilli
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Alexandra E Hoeh
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia De Rossi
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephen E Moss
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - John Greenwood
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Jemmerson R. Paradoxical Roles of Leucine-Rich α 2-Glycoprotein-1 in Cell Death and Survival Modulated by Transforming Growth Factor-Beta 1 and Cytochrome c. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:744908. [PMID: 34692699 PMCID: PMC8531642 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.744908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) has been shown to impact both apoptosis and cell survival, pleiotropic effects similar to one of its known ligands, transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Recent studies have given insight into the TGF-β1 signaling pathways involved in LRG1-mediated death versus survival signaling, i.e., canonical or non-canonical. Interaction of LRG1 with another ligand, extracellular cytochrome c (Cyt c), promotes cell survival, at least for lymphocytes. LRG1 has been shown to bind Cyt c with high affinity, higher than it binds TGF-β1, making it sensitive to small changes in the level of extracellular Cyt c within a microenvironment that may arise from cell death. Evidence is presented here that LRG1 can bind TGF-β1 and Cyt c simultaneously, raising the possibility that the ternary complex may present a signaling module with the net effect of signaling, cell death versus survival, determined by the relative extent to which the LRG1 binding sites are occupied by these two ligands. A possible role for LRG1 should be considered in studies where extracellular effects of TGF-β1 and Cyt c have been observed in media supplemented with LRG1-containing serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Jemmerson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Kakar M, Berezovska MM, Broks R, Asare L, Delorme M, Crouzen E, Zviedre A, Reinis A, Engelis A, Kroica J, Saxena A, Petersons A. Serum and Urine Biomarker Leucine-Rich Alpha-2 Glycoprotein 1 Differentiates Pediatric Acute Complicated and Uncomplicated Appendicitis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:860. [PMID: 34064691 PMCID: PMC8151968 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11050860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This prospective, single-center cohort study analyzes the potential of inflammatory protein mediator leucine-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) for the early and accurate diagnosis of acute appendicitis (AA), and differentiation of acute complicated (AcA) from uncomplicated appendicitis (AuA). METHODS Participants were divided into the AcA, AuA, and control groups, and their serum (s-LRG1) and urine LRG1 (u-LRG1) levels were assayed preoperatively on the second and fifth postoperative days. RESULTS 153 patients participated, 97 had AA. Preoperative u-LRG1 with a cut-off value of 0.18 μg/mL generated an area under the receiver operated characteristic (AUC) curve of 0.70 (95% CI 0.62-0.79) for AA versus control (p < 0.001), while the results for AcA versus AuA were not significant (AUC 0.60, 95% CI 0.49-0.71, p = 0.089). The s-LRG1 levels of AA versus the control with a cut-off value of 51.69 μg/mL generated an AUC of 0.94 (95% CI 0.91-0.99, p < 0.001). The cut-off value of s-LRG1 was 84.06 μg/mL for diagnosis of AcA from AuA, and therefore, significant (AUC 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.80, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS LRG1 exhibited excellent diagnostic performance as an inexpensive, non-invasive, rapid, and accurate biomarker able to reflect the pathogenesis of AA. LRG1 has the potential to replace advanced imaging to diagnose clinically ambiguous AA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kakar
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.M.B.); (A.Z.); (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Marisa Maija Berezovska
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.M.B.); (A.Z.); (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Renars Broks
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Lasma Asare
- Statistical Unit, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Mathilde Delorme
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Emile Crouzen
- Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (M.D.); (E.C.)
| | - Astra Zviedre
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.M.B.); (A.Z.); (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Aigars Reinis
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Arnis Engelis
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.M.B.); (A.Z.); (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
| | - Juta Kroica
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.B.); (A.R.); (J.K.)
| | - Amulya Saxena
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Chelsea Children’s Hospital, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Fdn Trust, Imperial College London, London SW10 9NH, UK;
| | - Aigars Petersons
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children’s Clinical University Hospital, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia; (M.M.B.); (A.Z.); (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia
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15
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Comish PB, Carlson D, Kang R, Tang D. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and the Systemic Immune Consequences of Severe Thermal Injury. J Immunol 2021; 205:1189-1197. [PMID: 32839211 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Thermal injury is often associated with a proinflammatory state resulting in serious complications. After a burn, the innate immune system is activated with subsequent immune cell infiltration and cytokine production. Although the innate immune response is typically beneficial, an excessive activation leads to cytokine storms, multiple organ failure, and even death. This overwhelming immune response is regulated by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are endogenous molecules that are actively secreted by immune cells or passively released by dead or dying cells that can bind to pathogen recognition receptors in immune and nonimmune cells. Recent studies involving animal models along with human studies have drawn great attention to the possible pathological role of DAMPs as an immune consequence of thermal injury. In this review, we outline DAMPs and their function in thermal injury, shedding light on the mechanism of sterile inflammation during tissue injury and identifying new immune targets for treating thermal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Comish
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Deborah Carlson
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
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Jemmerson R, Staskus K, Higgins L, Conklin K, Kelekar A. Intracellular leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 competes with Apaf-1 for binding cytochrome c in protecting MCF-7 breast cancer cells from apoptosis. Apoptosis 2021; 26:71-82. [PMID: 33386492 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG1) has been shown to compete with apoptosis activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) for binding cytochrome c (Cyt c) and could play a role in inhibition of apoptosis. Employing MCF-7 breast cancer cells, we report that intracellular LRG1 does protect against apoptosis. Thus, cells transfected with the lrg1 gene and expressing higher levels of LRG1 were more resistant to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis than parental cells, while cells in which LRG mRNA was knocked down by short hairpin (sh) RNA-induced degradation were more sensitive. The amount of Cyt c co-immunoprecipitated with Apaf-1 from the cytosol of apoptotic cells was inversely related to the level of LRG1 expression. In lrg1-transfected cells partially-glycosylated LRG1 was found in the cytosol and there was an increase in cytosolic Cyt c in live lrg1-transfected cells relative to parental cells. However, apoptosis was not spontaneously induced because Cyt c was bound to LRG1 and not to Apaf-1. Cyt c was the only detectable protein co-immunoprecipitated with LRG1. Following hydrogen peroxide treatment degradation of LRG1 allowed for induction of apoptosis. We propose that intracellular LRG1 raises the threshold of cytoplasmic Cyt c required to induce apoptosis and, thus, prevents onset of the intrinsic pathway in cells where Cyt c release from mitochondria does not result from committed apoptotic signaling. This mechanism of survival afforded by LRG1 is likely to be distinct from its extracellular survival function that has been reported by several research groups.
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Guldvik IJ, Zuber V, Braadland PR, Grytli HH, Ramberg H, Lilleby W, Thiede B, Zucknick M, Saatcioglu F, Gislefoss R, Kvåle R, George A, Grönberg H, Wiklund F, Neal DE, Gnanapragasam VJ, Taskén KA, Mills IG. Identification and Validation of Leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 as a Noninvasive Biomarker for Improved Precision in Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification. EUR UROL SUPPL 2020; 21:51-60. [PMID: 34337468 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More accurate risk assessments are needed to improve prostate cancer management. Objective To identify blood-based protein biomarkers that provided prognostic information for risk stratification. Design, setting, and participants Mass spectrometry was used to identify biomarker candidates from blood, and validation studies were performed in four independent cohorts retrospectively collected between 1988 and 2015. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis The primary outcome objectives were progression-free survival, prostate cancer–specific survival (PCSS), and overall survival. Statistical analyses to assess survival and model performance were performed. Results and limitation Serum leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) was found to be elevated in fatal prostate cancer. LRG1 provided prognostic information independent of metastasis and increased the accuracy in predicting PCSS, particularly in the first 3 yr. A high LRG1 level is associated with an average of two-fold higher risk of disease-progression and mortality in both high-risk and metastatic patients. However, our study design, with a retrospective analysis of samples spanning several decades back, limits the assessment of the clinical utility of LRG1 in today’s clinical practice. Thus, independent prospective studies are needed to establish LRG1 as a clinically useful biomarker for patient management. Conclusions High blood levels of LRG1 are unfavourable in newly diagnosed high-risk and metastatic prostate cancer, and LRG1 increased the accuracy of risk stratification of prostate cancer patients. Patient summary High blood levels of leucine-rich α-2-glycoprotein 1 are unfavourable in newly diagnosed high-risk and metastatic prostate cancer.
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Abstract
Despite enduring diverse insults, mitochondria maintain normal functions through mitochondrial quality control. However, the failure of mitochondrial quality control resulting from excess damage and mechanical defects causes mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to various human diseases. Recent studies have reported that mitochondrial defects are found in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and worsen AD symptoms. In AD pathogenesis, mitochondrial dysfunction-driven generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their contribution to neuronal damage has been widely studied. In contrast, studies on mitochondrial dysfunction-associated inflammatory responses have been relatively scarce. Moreover, ROS produced upon failure of mitochondrial quality control may be linked to the inflammatory response and influence the progression of AD. Thus, this review will focus on inflammatory pathways that are associated with and initiated through defective mitochondria and will summarize recent progress on the role of mitochondria-mediated inflammation in AD. We will also discuss how reducing mitochondrial dysfunction-mediated inflammation could affect AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jisu Park
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Seo-Hyun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Keun Jung
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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19
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Cattaneo C, Caramaschi A, Uga E, Braghin M, Cosi G, Peila C, Strozzi MC, Sabatini M, Gazzolo D, Manfredi M, Cavaletto M. Analysis of Toll-Like Receptors in Human Milk: Detection of Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:4078671. [PMID: 31886300 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4078671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioactive and anti-inflammatory role of human milk components has been recognized; active milk components include soluble forms of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Preterm babies are more susceptible to infections and may succumb to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), a gastrointestinal disease which is exacerbated by an excessive inflammatory response after TLR activation. Here, we investigated the presence of Toll-like receptors TLR1/2/4/6 in colostrum and mature milk of women who delivered before (preterm) or after (term) 37 weeks of gestational age, integrating classical immune-related techniques with proteomic LC-MS/MS analysis. We have detected immunoreactivity for TLRs mostly in preterm samples, even for TLR1 and TLR6, until now not described in human milk. We demonstrated the presence of only TLR2 in the milk fat globule membrane, while the immunoreactivity of TLR1/4/6 was ascribed to crossreaction with some interesting milk proteins sharing leucine-rich repeat domains. These results will provide new insights into the definition of the role of TLRs in intestinal immune regulation of the newborns.
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20
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Liu JX, Yang C, Zhang WH, Su HY, Liu ZJ, Pan Q, Liu HF. Disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury. Life Sci 2019; 235:116828. [PMID: 31479679 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The renal tubule cells require a large number of mitochondria to supply ATP due to their high-energy demand during reabsorption and secretion against chemical gradients and result in mitochondria susceptible to disorder and injury during stress conditions. Injured mitochondria are eventually degraded by mitophagy, and disturbances in mitophagy are associated with the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury (AKI) such as diabetic nephropathy and glomerulosclerosis. However, whether a disturbance in mitophagy has occurred and the role it plays in (SAKI) is still unclear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the key features of mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (SAKI). MAIN METHODS In this study, a murine septic AKI model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was built; mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics were measured in mice kidney in different time point. KEY FINDINGS The results showed that mitochondrial dynamics were characterized by fission/fusion aberrant, however more inclined to fission, and mitochondrial associated apoptosis was elevated over-time during SAKI. Furthermore, mitophagy was impaired in the later phase of SAKI, although elevated in early stage of SAKI. The results indicate that the underlying mechanisms of impaired mitophagy may associate with the cleavage of Parkin via caspases activated by NLRP3, at least partly. SIGNIFICANCE It is conceivable that this selective autophagic process and quality control machinery was impaired, leading to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria, oxidative stress, and cell death. Therefore, a targeted approach, by enhancing mitophagy during SAKI, may be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Jin J, Sun H, Liu D, Wang H, Liu Q, Chen H, Zhong D, Li G. LRG1 Promotes Apoptosis and Autophagy through the TGFβ-smad1/5 Signaling Pathway to Exacerbate Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Neuroscience 2019; 413:123-134. [PMID: 31220542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein1 (LRG1), a pleiotropic protein, plays a pathogenic role in multiple human diseases. However, its pathophysiological function in ischemia/reperfusion injury remains unclear. In this study, we discussed the function and mechanism of LRG1 in acute ischemic stroke from both basic and clinical research points of view. Mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) surgery 2 weeks after LRG1 was overexpressed by the delivery of adeno-associated virus (AAV). For wild-type mice, both the protein and the transcript of LRG1 in the brain tissue were elevated after tMCAO. Meanwhile, the serum levels of LRG1 were decreased after tMCAO. The neuronal injury was shown aggravated in the AAV-LRG1 group (AAV-LRG1 mice with tMCAO) through infarction volume, neurological score, HE, and Nissl staining. Meanwhile, LRG1 significantly enhanced apoptosis and autophagy during tMCAO, as detected by caspase3, Bax, Bcl-2, LC3II/LC3I, Beclin1, p62, and a TUNEL assay. Furthermore, by overexpression of LRG1, the protein of ALK1 was upregulated and the TGFβ-smad1/5 signaling pathway was activated upon tMCAO. We also showed that patients with acute cerebral infarction had lower serum levels of LRG1 compared to healthy controls. In addition, LRG1 levels were associated with infarction volume, stroke severity, and prognosis in patients with supratentorial infarction. Taken together, the data from this study revealed that LRG1 promoted apoptosis and autophagy through the TGFβ-smad1/5 signaling pathway by up-regulating ALK1, which exacerbates ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hongxue Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Haining Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Hongping Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Di Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Guozhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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Bajwa E, Pointer CB, Klegeris A. The Role of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Chronic Neuroinflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2019; 2019:4050796. [PMID: 31065234 PMCID: PMC6466851 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been established as a common feature of neurodegenerative disorders that contributes to disease pathology by causing impaired cellular energy production. Mitochondrial molecules released into the extracellular space following neuronal damage or death may also play a role in these diseases by acting as signaling molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Mitochondrial DAMPs have been shown to initiate proinflammatory immune responses from nonneuronal glial cells, including microglia and astrocytes; thereby, they have the potential to contribute to the chronic neuroinflammation present in these disorders accelerating the degeneration of neurons. In this review, we highlight the mitochondrial DAMPs cytochrome c (CytC), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and cardiolipin and explore their potential role in the central nervous system disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, which are characterized by neurodegeneration and chronic neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Bajwa
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Caitlin B. Pointer
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Andis Klegeris
- Department of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Pek SLT, Cheng AKS, Lin MX, Wong MS, Chan EZL, Moh AMC, Sum CF, Lim SC, Tavintharan S. Association of circulating proinflammatory marker, leucine-rich-α2-glycoprotein (LRG1), following metabolic/bariatric surgery. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e3029. [PMID: 29883055 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity confers substantial excess risk for morbidity and mortality, especially for type 2 diabetes (T2D). Leucine-rich-α2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1), a novel proinflammatory factor, was recently reported to be higher in patients with T2D with complications of peripheral arterial disease. Association of LRG1, obesity, and weight loss is unknown. We examined whether plasma LRG1 is associated with obesity in health screening participants and if it predicts future weight loss in morbidly obese patients after metabolic/bariatric surgery. METHODS Cohort 1 was a cross-sectional study from a Health Screening program (n = 616) in a tertiary hospital. Cohort 2 was a prospective study of morbidly obese patients (n = 231) who underwent metabolic/bariatric surgery with follow-up weight measurements. Anthropometric data, baseline fasting glucose, plasma adiponectin, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (HsCRP), and LRG1 were measured. Postsurgery blood, after metabolic/bariatric surgery, were available for LRG1and HsCRP measurements in 57 patients. RESULTS In the group with highest tertile of LRG1, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and HsCRP were significantly higher, while total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and adiponectin were lower than tertiles 1 and 2. Generalized linear model analysis showed that female gender (P < .0001), non-Chinese ethnicity (P < .019), and higher HsCRP (P < .0001) levels were independent and significant determinants of higher plasma LRG1 levels. After adjustment for age, gender, ethnicity, and baseline BMI, female gender (P = .020), higher presurgery BMI (P = .001), and lower presurgery LRG1 (P = .002) remained statistically significant predictors for greater weight loss. Plasma LRG1 increased significantly [from 28.2 (21.9-36.8) to 34.9 (22.6-49.5)] μg/mL (P = .003) within 1.5 months, after metabolic/bariatric surgery. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that LRG1 level is positively associated with obesity and a lower level of plasma LRG1 predicts weight loss in metabolic/bariatric surgery. Our novel findings suggest LRG1, itself or in combination with other known factors, is a potential biomarker of inflammation and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Moh Sim Wong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Chee Fang Sum
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
| | - Su Chi Lim
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, Singapore
| | - Subramaniam Tavintharan
- Clinical Research Unit, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
- Diabetes Centre, Admiralty Medical Centre, Singapore
- Division of Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore
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Grazioli S, Pugin J. Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns: From Inflammatory Signaling to Human Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:832. [PMID: 29780380 PMCID: PMC5946030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the recent years, much has been unraveled about the pro-inflammatory properties of various mitochondrial molecules once they are leaving the mitochondrial compartment. On entering the cytoplasm or the extracellular space, mitochondrial DAMPs (also known as mitochondrial alarmins) can become pro-inflammatory and initiate innate and adaptive immune responses by activating cell surface and intracellular receptors. Current evidence indicates that uncontrolled and excessive release of mitochondrial DAMPs is associated with severity, has prognosis value in human diseases, and contributes to the dysregulated process observed in numerous inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as in ischemic heart disease and cancer. Herein, we review that the expanding research field of mitochondrial DAMPs in innate immune responses and the current knowledge on the association between mitochondrial DAMPs and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Grazioli
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Pugin
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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25
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Alvarez-Paggi D, Hannibal L, Castro MA, Oviedo-Rouco S, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Tomasina F, Radi R, Murgida DH. Multifunctional Cytochrome c: Learning New Tricks from an Old Dog. Chem Rev 2017; 117:13382-13460. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Luciana Hannibal
- Department
of Pediatrics, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg 79106, Germany
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - María A. Castro
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Rouco
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
| | - Veronica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Veronica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Av.
Gral. Flores 2125, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física and INQUIMAE (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas
y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2, piso 1, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina
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26
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Tsolaki V, Makris D, Mantzarlis K, Zakynthinos E. Sepsis-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Oxidative Implications in the Initiation and Resolution of the Damage. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017; 2017:7393525. [PMID: 29057035 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7393525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction may complicate the course of severe sepsis and septic shock with significant implications for patient's survival. The basic pathophysiologic mechanisms leading to septic cardiomyopathy have not been fully clarified until now. Disease-specific treatment is lacking, and care is still based on supportive modalities. Septic state causes destruction of redox balance in many cell types, cardiomyocytes included. The production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species is increased, and natural antioxidant systems fail to counterbalance the overwhelming generation of free radicals. Reactive species interfere with many basic cell functions, mainly through destruction of protein, lipid, and nucleic acid integrity, compromising enzyme function, mitochondrial structure and performance, and intracellular signaling, all leading to cardiac contractile failure. Takotsubo cardiomyopathy may result from oxidative imbalance. This review will address the multiple aspects of cardiomyocyte bioenergetic failure in sepsis and discuss potential therapeutic interventions.
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27
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Gouveia A, Bajwa E, Klegeris A. Extracellular cytochrome c as an intercellular signaling molecule regulating microglial functions. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:2274-2281. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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28
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Druhan LJ, Lance A, Li S, Price AE, Emerson JT, Baxter SA, Gerber JM, Avalos BR. Leucine Rich α-2 Glycoprotein: A Novel Neutrophil Granule Protein and Modulator of Myelopoiesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170261. [PMID: 28081565 PMCID: PMC5233425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Leucine-rich α2 glycoprotein (LRG1), a serum protein produced by hepatocytes, has been implicated in angiogenesis and tumor promotion. Our laboratory previously reported the expression of LRG1 in murine myeloid cell lines undergoing neutrophilic granulocyte differentiation. However, the presence of LRG1 in primary human neutrophils and a role for LRG1 in regulation of hematopoiesis have not been previously described. Here we show that LRG1 is packaged into the granule compartment of human neutrophils and secreted upon neutrophil activation to modulate the microenvironment. Using immunofluorescence microscopy and direct biochemical measurements, we demonstrate that LRG1 is present in the peroxidase-negative granules of human neutrophils. Exocytosis assays indicate that LRG1 is differentially glycosylated in neutrophils, and co-released with the secondary granule protein lactoferrin. Like LRG1 purified from human serum, LRG1 secreted from activated neutrophils also binds cytochrome c. We also show that LRG1 antagonizes the inhibitory effects of TGFβ1 on colony growth of human CD34+ cells and myeloid progenitors. Collectively, these data invoke an additional role for neutrophils in innate immunity that has not previously been reported, and suggest a novel mechanism whereby neutrophils may modulate the microenvironment via extracellular release of LRG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J. Druhan
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Amanda Lance
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Shimena Li
- The University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea E. Price
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob T. Emerson
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Baxter
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Gerber
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Belinda R. Avalos
- The Department of Hematologic Oncology, The Levine Cancer Institute, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Eleftheriadis T, Pissas G, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis I. Cytochrome c as a Potentially Clinical Useful Marker of Mitochondrial and Cellular Damage. Front Immunol 2016; 7:279. [PMID: 27489552 PMCID: PMC4951490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are evolutionary endosymbionts derived from bacteria. Thus, they bear molecules, such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that contains CpG DNA repeats and N-formyl peptides (FPs), found in bacteria. Upon cell necrosis or apoptosis, these molecules are released into the interstitial space and the circulation and recognized by the immune cells through the same receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, leading to inflammation. Other mitochondrial molecules are not of bacterial origin, but they may serve as danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) when due to cell injury are translocated into inappropriate compartments. There they are recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the immune cells. Cytochrome c is such a molecule. In this review, experimental and clinical data are presented that confirms cytochrome c release into the extracellular space in pathological conditions characterized by cell death. This indicates that serum cytochrome c, which can be easily measured, may be a clinically useful marker for diagnosing and assessing the severity of such pathological entities. Reasonably, detection of high cytochrome c level into the circulation means release of various other molecules that serves as DAMPs when found extracellularly, the mtDNA and FPs included. Finally, because the release of this universally found compound into the extracellular space makes cytochrome c an ideal molecule to play the role of a DAMP per se, the available experimental and clinical data that support such a role are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georgios Pissas
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Stefanidis
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, University of Thessaly , Larissa , Greece
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30
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Kakihana Y, Ito T, Nakahara M, Yamaguchi K, Yasuda T. Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction: pathophysiology and management. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:22. [PMID: 27011791 PMCID: PMC4804632 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is aggravated by an inappropriate immune response to invading microorganisms, which occasionally leads to multiple organ failure. Several lines of evidence suggest that the ventricular myocardium is depressed during sepsis with features of diastolic dysfunction. Potential candidates responsible for septic cardiomyopathy include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), cytokines, and nitric oxide. Extracellular histones and high-mobility group box 1 that function as endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) also contribute to the myocardial dysfunction associated with sepsis. If untreated, persistent shock causes cellular injury and the liberation of further DAMPs. Like PAMPs, DAMPs have the potential to activate inflammation, creating a vicious circle. Early infection control with adequate antibiotic care is important during septic shock to decrease PAMPs arising from invasive microorganisms. Early aggressive fluid resuscitation as well as the administration of vasopressors and inotropes is also important to reduce DAMPs generated by damaged cells although excessive volume loading, and prolonged administration of catecholamines might be harmful. This review delineates some features of septic myocardial dysfunction, assesses its most common underlying mechanisms, and briefly outlines current therapeutic strategies and potential future approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Kakihana
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan ; Department of Systems Biology in Thromboregulation, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakahara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Keiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
| | - Tomotsugu Yasuda
- Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8520 Japan
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31
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Hannibal L, Tomasina F, Capdevila DA, Demicheli V, Tórtora V, Alvarez-Paggi D, Jemmerson R, Murgida DH, Radi R. Alternative Conformations of Cytochrome c: Structure, Function, and Detection. Biochemistry 2016; 55:407-28. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Hannibal
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Center
for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Mathildenstrasse 1, Freiburg D-79106, Germany
| | - Florencia Tomasina
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Daiana A. Capdevila
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica Demicheli
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Verónica Tórtora
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Damián Alvarez-Paggi
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ronald Jemmerson
- Department
of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, MMC 196,
420 Delaware Street, Southeast, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel H. Murgida
- Departamento
de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química
Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 2, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento
de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro
de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Avda. General Flores 2125, 11800 Montevideo, Uruguay
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32
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Abstract
Although apoptosis is well recognized as a cell death program with clear anticancer roles, accumulating evidence linking apoptosis with tissue repair and regeneration indicates that its relationship with malignant disease is more complex than previously thought. Here we review how the responses of neighboring cells in the microenvironment of apoptotic tumor cells may contribute to the cell birth/cell death disequilibrium that provides the basis for cancerous tissue emergence and growth. We describe the bioactive properties of apoptotic cells and consider, in particular, how apoptosis of tumor cells can engender a range of responses including pro-oncogenic signals having proliferative, angiogenic, reparatory, and immunosuppressive features. Drawing on the parallels between wound healing, tissue regeneration and cancer, we propose the concept of the "onco-regenerative niche," a cell death-driven generic network of tissue repair and regenerative mechanisms that are hijacked in cancer. Finally, we consider how the responses to cell death in tumors can be targeted to provide more effective and long-lasting therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
| | - Catriona A Ford
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Jorine J L P Voss
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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33
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Zalis MC, Reyes JF, Augustsson P, Holmqvist S, Roybon L, Laurell T, Deierborg T. Label-free concentration of viable neurons, hESCs and cancer cells by means of acoustophoresis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2016; 8:332-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ib00288e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Concentration of viable cell populations in suspension is of interest for several clinical and pre-clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Zalis
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- Sweden
| | - Juan F. Reyes
- Neuronal Survival Unit
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- Sweden
| | - Per Augustsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Lund University
- Sweden
| | - Staffan Holmqvist
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- BMC A10 and Strategic Research Area MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center
- Lund University
| | - Laurent Roybon
- Stem Cell Laboratory for CNS Disease Modeling
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- BMC A10 and Strategic Research Area MultiPark and Lund Stem Cell Center
- Lund University
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Lund University
- Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory
- Department of Experimental Medical Science
- Lund University
- Sweden
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34
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Garg AD, Galluzzi L, Apetoh L, Baert T, Birge RB, Bravo-San Pedro JM, Breckpot K, Brough D, Chaurio R, Cirone M, Coosemans A, Coulie PG, De Ruysscher D, Dini L, de Witte P, Dudek-Peric AM, Faggioni A, Fucikova J, Gaipl US, Golab J, Gougeon ML, Hamblin MR, Hemminki A, Herrmann M, Hodge JW, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Krysko DV, Land WG, Madeo F, Manfredi AA, Mattarollo SR, Maueroder C, Merendino N, Multhoff G, Pabst T, Ricci JE, Riganti C, Romano E, Rufo N, Smyth MJ, Sonnemann J, Spisek R, Stagg J, Vacchelli E, Vandenabeele P, Vandenberk L, Van den Eynde BJ, Van Gool S, Velotti F, Zitvogel L, Agostinis P. Molecular and Translational Classifications of DAMPs in Immunogenic Cell Death. Front Immunol 2015; 6:588. [PMID: 26635802 PMCID: PMC4653610 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity of malignant cells has recently been acknowledged as a critical determinant of efficacy in cancer therapy. Thus, besides developing direct immunostimulatory regimens, including dendritic cell-based vaccines, checkpoint-blocking therapies, and adoptive T-cell transfer, researchers have started to focus on the overall immunobiology of neoplastic cells. It is now clear that cancer cells can succumb to some anticancer therapies by undergoing a peculiar form of cell death that is characterized by an increased immunogenic potential, owing to the emission of the so-called “damage-associated molecular patterns” (DAMPs). The emission of DAMPs and other immunostimulatory factors by cells succumbing to immunogenic cell death (ICD) favors the establishment of a productive interface with the immune system. This results in the elicitation of tumor-targeting immune responses associated with the elimination of residual, treatment-resistant cancer cells, as well as with the establishment of immunological memory. Although ICD has been characterized with increased precision since its discovery, several questions remain to be addressed. Here, we summarize and tabulate the main molecular, immunological, preclinical, and clinical aspects of ICD, in an attempt to capture the essence of this phenomenon, and identify future challenges for this rapidly expanding field of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek D Garg
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Lionel Apetoh
- U866, INSERM , Dijon , France ; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Bourgogne , Dijon , France ; Centre Georges François Leclerc , Dijon , France
| | - Thais Baert
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven , Leuven , Belgium ; Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Raymond B Birge
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, University Hospital Cancer Center, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School , Newark, NJ , USA
| | - José Manuel Bravo-San Pedro
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Jette , Belgium
| | - David Brough
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Ricardo Chaurio
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Mara Cirone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - An Coosemans
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, UZ Leuven , Leuven , Belgium ; Laboratory of Gynaecologic Oncology, Department of Oncology, Leuven Cancer Institute, KU Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Dirk De Ruysscher
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Luciana Dini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento , Salento , Italy
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Aleksandra M Dudek-Peric
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | | | - Jitka Fucikova
- SOTIO , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Jakub Golab
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Warsaw , Warsaw , Poland
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Transplantation Laboratory, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland ; Helsinki University Hospital Comprehensive Cancer Center , Helsinki , Finland ; TILT Biotherapeutics Ltd. , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - James W Hodge
- Recombinant Vaccine Group, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France ; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP , Paris , France ; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, VIB , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Walter G Land
- Molecular ImmunoRheumatology, INSERM UMRS1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg , Strasbourg , France
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz , Graz , Austria ; BioTechMed Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Angelo A Manfredi
- IRRCS Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele , Milan , Italy
| | - Stephen R Mattarollo
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland , Wooloongabba, QLD , Australia
| | - Christian Maueroder
- Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nurnberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Nicolò Merendino
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Thomas Pabst
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Jean-Ehrland Ricci
- INSERM, U1065, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire (C3M), Équipe "Contrôle Métabolique des Morts Cellulaires" , Nice , France
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - Erminia Romano
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Nicole Rufo
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Mark J Smyth
- Immunology in Cancer and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Insitute , Herston, QLD , Australia ; School of Medicine, University of Queensland , Herston, QLD , Australia
| | - Jürgen Sonnemann
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Children's Clinic, Jena University Hospital , Jena , Germany
| | - Radek Spisek
- SOTIO , Prague , Czech Republic ; Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Erika Vacchelli
- Equipe 11 Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers , Paris , France ; U1138, INSERM , Paris , France ; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie , Paris , France ; Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, VIB , Ghent , Belgium ; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Lien Vandenberk
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Benoit J Van den Eynde
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Stefaan Van Gool
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Francesca Velotti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University , Viterbo , Italy
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute , Villejuif , France ; University of Paris Sud , Le Kremlin-Bicêtre , France ; U1015, INSERM , Villejuif , France ; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 507 , Villejuif , France
| | - Patrizia Agostinis
- Cell Death Research and Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven - University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
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Yao X, Carlson D, Sun Y, Ma L, Wolf SE, Minei JP, Zang QS. Mitochondrial ROS Induces Cardiac Inflammation via a Pathway through mtDNA Damage in a Pneumonia-Related Sepsis Model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139416. [PMID: 26448624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that mitochondria-targeted vitamin E (Mito-Vit-E), a mtROS specific antioxidant, improves cardiac performance and attenuates inflammation in a pneumonia-related sepsis model. In this study, we applied the same approaches to decipher the signaling pathway(s) of mtROS-dependent cardiac inflammation after sepsis. Sepsis was induced in Sprague Dawley rats by intratracheal injection of S. pneumoniae. Mito-Vit-E, vitamin E or vehicle was administered 30 minutes later. In myocardium 24 hours post-inoculation, Mito-Vit-E, but not vitamin E, significantly protected mtDNA integrity and decreased mtDNA damage. Mito-Vit-E alleviated sepsis-induced reduction in mitochondria-localized DNA repair enzymes including DNA polymerase γ, AP endonuclease, 8-oxoguanine glycosylase, and uracil-DNA glycosylase. Mito-Vit-E dramatically improved metabolism and membrane integrity in mitochondria, suppressed leakage of mtDNA into the cytoplasm, inhibited up-regulation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) pathway factors MYD88 and RAGE, and limited RAGE interaction with its ligand TFAM in septic hearts. Mito-Vit-E also deactivated NF-κB and caspase 1, reduced expression of the essential inflammasome component ASC, and decreased inflammatory cytokine IL–1β. In vitro, both Mito-Vit-E and TLR9 inhibitor OND-I suppressed LPS-induced up-regulation in MYD88, RAGE, ASC, active caspase 1, and IL–1β in cardiomyocytes. Since free mtDNA escaped from damaged mitochondria function as a type of DAMPs to stimulate inflammation through TLR9, these data together suggest that sepsis-induced cardiac inflammation is mediated, at least partially, through mtDNA-TLR9-RAGE. At last, Mito-Vit-E reduced the circulation of myocardial injury marker troponin-I, diminished apoptosis and amended morphology in septic hearts, suggesting that mitochondria-targeted antioxidants are a potential cardioprotective approach for sepsis.
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Zhang J, Ahn J, Suh Y, Hwang S, Davis ME, Lee K. Identification of CTLA2A, DEFB29, WFDC15B, SERPINA1F and MUP19 as Novel Tissue-Specific Secretory Factors in Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124962. [PMID: 25946105 PMCID: PMC4422522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory factors in animals play an important role in communication between different cells, tissues and organs. Especially, the secretory factors with specific expression in one tissue may reflect important functions and unique status of that tissue in an organism. In this study, we identified potential tissue-specific secretory factors in the fat, muscle, heart, lung, kidney and liver in the mouse by analyzing microarray data from NCBI’s Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) public repository and searching and predicting their subcellular location in GeneCards and WoLF PSORT, and then confirmed tissue-specific expression of the genes using semi-quantitative PCR reactions. With this approach, we confirmed 11 lung, 7 liver, 2 heart, 1 heart and muscle, 7 kidney and 2 adipose and liver-specific secretory factors. Among these genes, 1 lung-specific gene - CTLA2A (cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 2 alpha), 3 kidney-specific genes - SERPINA1F (serpin peptidase inhibitor, Clade A, member 1F), WFDC15B (WAP four-disulfide core domain 15B) and DEFB29 (defensin beta 29) and 1 liver-specific gene - MUP19 (major urinary protein 19) have not been reported as secretory factors. These genes were tagged with hemagglutinin at the 3’end and then transiently transfected to HEK293 cells. Through protein detection in cell lysate and media using Western blotting, we verified secretion of the 5 genes and predicted the potential pathways in which they may participate in the specific tissue through data analysis of GEO profiles. In addition, alternative splicing was detected in transcripts of CTLA2A and SERPINA1F and the corresponding proteins were found not to be secreted in cell culture media. Identification of novel secretory factors through the current study provides a new platform to explore novel secretory factors and a general direction for further study of these genes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Zhang
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Seongsoo Hwang
- Animal Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael E. Davis
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Furukawa K, Kawamoto K, Eguchi H, Tanemura M, Tanida T, Tomimaru Y, Akita H, Hama N, Wada H, Kobayashi S, Nonaka Y, Takamatsu S, Shinzaki S, Kumada T, Satomura S, Ito T, Serada S, Naka T, Mori M, Doki Y, Miyoshi E, Nagano H. Clinicopathological Significance of Leucine-Rich α2-Glycoprotein-1 in Sera of Patients With Pancreatic Cancer. Pancreas 2015; 44:93-8. [PMID: 25058884 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein-1 (LRG-1) is an inflammatory protein. Serum LRG-1 levels can reportedly be used as a cancer biomarker for several types of carcinoma. In the present study, we investigated the clinical usefulness of serum LRG-1 levels as a biomarker of pancreatic cancer. METHODS A total of 124 patients with pancreatic cancer, 35 patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP), and 144 healthy volunteers were enrolled in the study. Serum LRG-1 levels were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to examine LRG-1 expression in pancreatic cancer tissues. RESULTS Serum LRG-1 levels were significantly increased in patients with pancreatic cancer compared with CP patients and healthy volunteers. The LRG-1 levels increased with progressive clinical stages of pancreatic cancer. Receiver operator curve analysis showed that a combination of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 and LRG-1 resulted in a higher area under the curve for the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Positive staining was observed in all cases of pancreatic cancer, but positive signal was scarcely detected in tissues from CP patients or normal surrounding tissue. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that serum LRG-1 is a promising biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Furukawa
- From the *Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; †Department of Surgery and Institute for Clinical Research National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima; ‡Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka; §Department of Gastroenterology, Ogaki Municipal Hospital, Gifu; ║Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd; ¶Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Japan Community Health Care Organization Osaka Hospital; and #Laboratory for Immune Signal, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
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Abstract
A growing array of biological pathways underpins the syndrome we recognize as heart failure. These include both deleterious pathways promoting its development and progression, as well as compensatory cardioprotective pathways. Components of these pathways can be utilized as biomarkers of this condition to aid diagnosis, prognostication and potentially guide management. As our understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure deepens further candidate biomarkers are being identified. We provide an overview of the more recently emerging biomarkers displaying potential promise for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Dalzell
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Jane A Cannon
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Colette E Jackson
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Ninian N Lang
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
| | - Roy S Gardner
- Scottish Advanced Heart Failure Unit, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Glasgow, G81 4DY, UK
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Tyurina YY, Poloyac SM, Tyurin VA, Kapralov AA, Jiang J, Anthonymuthu TS, Kapralova VI, Vikulina AS, Jung MY, Epperly MW, Mohammadyani D, Klein-Seetharaman J, Jackson TC, Kochanek PM, Pitt BR, Greenberger JS, Vladimirov YA, Bayır H, Kagan VE. A mitochondrial pathway for biosynthesis of lipid mediators. Nat Chem 2014; 6:542-52. [PMID: 24848241 PMCID: PMC4201180 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The central role of mitochondria in metabolic pathways and in cell-death mechanisms requires sophisticated signalling systems. Essential in this signalling process is an array of lipid mediators derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids. However, the molecular machinery for the production of oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids is localized in the cytosol and their biosynthesis has not been identified in mitochondria. Here we report that a range of diversified polyunsaturated molecular species derived from a mitochondria-specific phospholipid, cardiolipin (CL), is oxidized by the intermembrane-space haemoprotein, cytochrome c. We show that a number of oxygenated CL species undergo phospholipase A2-catalysed hydrolysis and thus generate multiple oxygenated fatty acids, including well-known lipid mediators. This represents a new biosynthetic pathway for lipid mediators. We demonstrate that this pathway, which includes the oxidation of polyunsaturated CLs and accumulation of their hydrolysis products (oxygenated linoleic, arachidonic acids and monolysocardiolipins), is activated in vivo after acute tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Y Tyurina
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Samuel M Poloyac
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Alexander A Kapralov
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Jianfei Jiang
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Tamil Selvan Anthonymuthu
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Valentina I Kapralova
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Anna S Vikulina
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [3] Department of Biophysics, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 117192, Russia
| | - Mi-Yeon Jung
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Michael W Epperly
- Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | | | - Travis C Jackson
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Bruce R Pitt
- 1] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Joel S Greenberger
- Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Yury A Vladimirov
- Department of Biophysics, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 117192, Russia
| | - Hülya Bayır
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- 1] Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA [2] Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Zang Q, Wolf SE, Minei JP. Sepsis-induced Cardiac Mitochondrial Damage and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in the Elderly. Aging Dis 2014; 5:137-49. [PMID: 24729939 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of sepsis and its attendant mortality risk are significantly increased with aging. Thus, severe sepsis in the elderly is likely to become an emerging concern in critical care units. Cardiac dysfunction is an important component of multi-organ failure after sepsis. In our laboratory, utilizing a pneumonia-related sepsis animal model, our research has been focused on the mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced cardiac failure. In this review, based on findings from others and ours, we discussed age-dependent decay in mitochondria and the role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) in sepsis-induced cardiac inflammation and autophagy. Our recent discovery of a potential signal transduction pathway that triggers myocardial mitochondrial damage is also discussed. Because of the significance of mitochondria damage in the aging process and in sepsis pathogenesis, we hypothesize that specific enhancing mitochondrial antioxidant defense by mitochondria-targeted antioxidants (MTAs) may provide important therapeutic potential in treating elder sepsis patients. In this review, we summarized the categories of currently published MTA molecules and the results of preclinical evaluation of MTAs in sepsis and aging models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven E Wolf
- Departments of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph P Minei
- Departments of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Yao X, Wigginton JG, Maass DL, Ma L, Carlson D, Wolf SE, Minei JP, Zang QS. Estrogen-provided cardiac protection following burn trauma is mediated through a reduction in mitochondria-derived DAMPs. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H882-94. [PMID: 24464748 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00475.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) play important roles in sterile inflammation after acute injuries. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that 17β-estradiol protects the heart via suppressing myocardial mitochondrial DAMPs after burn injury using an animal model. Sprague-Dawley rats were given a third-degree scald burn comprising 40% total body surface area (TBSA). 17β-Estradiol, 0.5 mg/kg, or control vehicle was administered subcutaneously 15 min following burn. The heart was harvested 24 h postburn. Estradiol showed significant inhibition on the productivity of H2O2 and oxidation of lipid molecules in the mitochondria. Estradiol increased mitochondrial antioxidant defense via enhancing the activities and expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Estradiol also protected mitochondrial respiratory function and structural integrity. In parallel, estradiol remarkably decreased burn-induced release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) into cytoplasm. Further, estradiol inhibited myocardial apoptosis, shown by its suppression on DNA laddering and downregulation of caspase 1 and caspase 3. Estradiol's anti-inflammatory effect was demonstrated by reduction in systemic and cardiac cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6), decrease in NF-κB activation, and attenuation of the expression of inflammasome component ASC in the heart of burned rats. Estradiol-provided cardiac protection was shown by reduction in myocardial injury marker troponin-I, amendment of heart morphology, and improvement of cardiac contractility after burn injury. Together, these data suggest that postburn administration of 17β-estradiol protects the heart via an effective control over the generation of mitochondrial DAMPs (mtROS, cytochrome c, and mtDNA) that incite cardiac apoptosis and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yao
- Departments of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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42
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Marshall KD, Edwards MA, Krenz M, Davis JW, Baines CP. Proteomic mapping of proteins released during necrosis and apoptosis from cultured neonatal cardiac myocytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 306:C639-47. [PMID: 24401845 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00167.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac injury induces myocyte apoptosis and necrosis, resulting in the secretion and/or release of intracellular proteins. Currently, myocardial injury can be detected by analysis of a limited number of biomarkers in blood or coronary artery perfusate. However, the complete proteomic signature of protein release from necrotic cardiac myocytes is unknown. Therefore, we undertook a proteomic-based study of proteins released from cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in response to H2O2 (necrosis) or staurosporine (apoptosis) to identify novel specific markers of cardiac myocyte cell death. Necrosis and apoptosis resulted in the identification of 147 and 79 proteins, respectively. Necrosis resulted in a relative increase in the amount of many proteins including the classical necrotic markers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), high-mobility group B1 (HMGB1), myoglobin, enolase, and 14-3-3 proteins. Additionally, we identified several novel markers of necrosis including HSP90, α-actinin, and Trim72, many of which were elevated over control levels earlier than classical markers of necrotic injury. In contrast, the majority of identified proteins remained at low levels during apoptotic cell death, resulting in no candidate markers for apoptosis being identified. Blotting for a selection of these proteins confirmed their release during necrosis but not apoptosis. We were able to confirm the presence of classical necrotic markers in the extracellular milieu of necrotic myocytes. We also were able to identify novel markers of necrotic cell death with relatively early release profiles compared with classical protein markers of necrosis. These results have implications for the discovery of novel biomarkers of necrotic myocyte injury, especially in the context of ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt D Marshall
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri
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Simpson KL, Cawthorne C, Zhou C, Hodgkinson CL, Walker MJ, Trapani F, Kadirvel M, Brown G, Dawson MJ, MacFarlane M, Williams KJ, Whetton AD, Dive C. A caspase-3 'death-switch' in colorectal cancer cells for induced and synchronous tumor apoptosis in vitro and in vivo facilitates the development of minimally invasive cell death biomarkers. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e613. [PMID: 23640455 PMCID: PMC3674346 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Novel anticancer drugs targeting key apoptosis regulators have been developed and are undergoing clinical trials. Pharmacodynamic biomarkers to define the optimum dose of drug that provokes tumor apoptosis are in demand; acquisition of longitudinal tumor biopsies is a significant challenge and minimally invasive biomarkers are required. Considering this, we have developed and validated a preclinical 'death-switch' model for the discovery of secreted biomarkers of tumour apoptosis using in vitro proteomics and in vivo evaluation of the novel imaging probe [(18)F]ML-10 for non-invasive detection of apoptosis using positron emission tomography (PET). The 'death-switch' is a constitutively active mutant caspase-3 that is robustly induced by doxycycline to drive synchronous apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells in vitro or grown as tumor xenografts. Death-switch induction caused caspase-dependent apoptosis between 3 and 24 hours in vitro and regression of 'death-switched' xenografts occurred within 24 h correlating with the percentage of apoptotic cells in tumor and levels of an established cell death biomarker (cleaved cytokeratin-18) in the blood. We sought to define secreted biomarkers of tumor apoptosis from cultured cells using Discovery Isobaric Tag proteomics, which may provide candidates to validate in blood. Early after caspase-3 activation, levels of normally secreted proteins were decreased (e.g. Gelsolin and Midkine) and proteins including CD44 and High Mobility Group protein B1 (HMGB1) that were released into cell culture media in vitro were also identified in the bloodstream of mice bearing death-switched tumors. We also exemplify the utility of the death-switch model for the validation of apoptotic imaging probes using [(18)F]ML-10, a PET tracer currently in clinical trials. Results showed increased tracer uptake of [(18)F]ML-10 in tumours undergoing apoptosis, compared with matched tumour controls imaged in the same animal. Overall, the death-switch model represents a robust and versatile tool for the discovery and validation of apoptosis biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Simpson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - C Cawthorne
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, UK
| | - C Zhou
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - C L Hodgkinson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - M J Walker
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - F Trapani
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - M Kadirvel
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, UK
| | - G Brown
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, UK
| | - M J Dawson
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - M MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Hodgkin Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester, UK
| | - K J Williams
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, 27 Palatine Road, Manchester, UK
| | - A D Whetton
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics Laboratory, School of Cancer and Enabling Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - C Dive
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester and Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Wilmslow Road, Withington, Manchester, UK
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Fragnoud R, Yugueros-Marcos J, Pachot A, Bedin F. Isotope Coded Protein Labeling analysis of plasma specimens from acute severe dengue fever patients. Proteome Sci 2012; 10:60. [PMID: 23101585 PMCID: PMC3547721 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-10-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue fever is the most important arthropod born viral disease of public health significance. Although most patients suffer only from flu-like symptoms, a small group of patient experiences more severe forms of the disease. To contribute to a better understanding of its pathogenesis this study aims to identify proteins differentially expressed in a pool of five viremic plasma from severe dengue patients relative to a pool of five non-severe dengue patients. Results The use of Isotope Coded Protein Labeling (ICPLTM) to analyze plasma depleted of twenty high-abundance proteins allowed for the identification of 51 differentially expressed proteins, which were characterized by mass spectrometry. Using quantitative ELISA, three of these proteins (Leucine-rich glycoprotein 1, Vitamin D binding-protein and Ferritin) were confirmed as having an increased expression in a panel of severe dengue plasma. The proteins identified as overexpressed by ICPLTM in severe dengue plasma involve in clear up action after cell injury, tissue coherence and immune defense. Conclusion This ICPLTM study evaluating differences between acute severe dengue plasmas and acute non-severe dengue plasmas suggests that the three proteins identified are overexpressed early in the course of the disease. Their possible use as biomarkers for the prognostic of disease severity is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Fragnoud
- BioMérieux SA, Chemin de l'Orme, 69280, Marcy l'Etoile, France.
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Degraba TJ, Hoehn GT, Nyquist PA, Wang H, Kenney R, Gonzales DA, Kern SJ, Ying SX, Munson PJ, Suffredini AF. Biomarker discovery in serum from patients with carotid atherosclerosis. Cerebrovasc Dis Extra 2011; 1:115-29. [PMID: 22566989 PMCID: PMC3343755 DOI: 10.1159/000334477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood-based biomarkers of atherosclerosis have been used to identify patients at high risk for developing stroke. We hypothesized that patients with carotid artery disease would have a distinctive proteomic signature in blood as compared to a healthy control population without carotid artery disease. In order to discover protein biomarkers associated with increased atherosclerotic risk, we used two different strategies to identify biomarkers from patients with clinically defined atherosclerosis who were undergoing endarterectomy for atherosclerotic carotid artery disease. These patients were compared with healthy matched controls. METHODS Serum was obtained from patients undergoing endarterectomy (EA; n = 38) and compared to a group of age-matched healthy controls (n = 40). Serum was fractionated using anion exchange chromatography and three different surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI) chip surfaces and then evaluated with mass spectrometry (MS) and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE). RESULTS A random forest (RF) analysis of the SELDI-MS protein peak data distinguished these two groups with 69.2% sensitivity and 73.2% specificity. Four unique SELDI peaks (4.2, 4.4, 16.7 and 28 kDa, all p< 0.01) showed the greatest influence in the RF model. The EA patients with a history of prior clinical atherosclerotic plaque rupture manifested as either stroke or transient ischemic attack (symptomatic; n = 16) were compared to patients with carotid atherosclerosis but no clinical evidence of plaque rupture (asymptomatic; n = 22). Analysis of the SELDI spectra did not separate these two patient subgroups. A subgroup analysis using 2D-DIGE images obtained from albumin-depleted serum comparing symptomatic (n = 10) to asymptomatic EA patients (n = 10) found 4 proteins that were differentially expressed (p < 0.01) in the symptomatic patients. These proteins were identified as α(1)-antitrypsin, haptoglobin and vitamin D binding protein that were downregulated and α(2)-glycoprotein precursor that was upregulated in the symptomatic EA group. CONCLUSIONS SELDI-MS data analysis of fractionated serum suggests that a distinct protein signature exists in patients with carotid atherosclerosis compared to age-matched healthy controls. Identification of 4 proteins in a subset of patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis suggests that these and other protein biomarkers may assist in identifying high-risk patients with carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Degraba
- Neurology Department, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Md., USA
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Krysko DV, Agostinis P, Krysko O, Garg AD, Bachert C, Lambrecht BN, Vandenabeele P. Emerging role of damage-associated molecular patterns derived from mitochondria in inflammation. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:157-64. [PMID: 21334975 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 491] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell death and injury often lead to release or exposure of intracellular molecules called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) or cell death-associated molecules. These molecules are recognized by the innate immune system by pattern recognition receptors - the same receptors that detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns, thus revealing similarities between pathogen-induced and non-infectious inflammatory responses. Many DAMPs are derived from the plasma membrane, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum and cytosol. Recently, mitochondria have emerged as other organelles that function as a source of DAMPs. Here, we highlight the significance of mitochondrial DAMPs and discuss their contribution to inflammation and development of human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V Krysko
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Belgium.
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Watson CJ, Ledwidge MT, Phelan D, Collier P, Byrne JC, Dunn MJ, McDonald KM, Baugh JA. Proteomic analysis of coronary sinus serum reveals leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein as a novel biomarker of ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Circ Heart Fail 2011; 4:188-97. [PMID: 21282491 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.110.952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) prevention strategies require biomarkers that identify disease manifestation. Increases in B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) correlate with increased risk of cardiovascular events and HF development. We hypothesize that coronary sinus serum from a high BNP hypertensive population reflects an active pathological process and can be used for biomarker exploration. Our aim was to discover differentially expressed disease-associated proteins that identify patients with ventricular dysfunction and HF. METHODS AND RESULTS Coronary sinus serum from 11 asymptomatic, hypertensive patients underwent quantitative differential protein expression analysis by 2-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and then studied by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in sera from 40 asymptomatic, hypertensive patients and 105 patients across the spectrum of ventricular dysfunction (32 asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, 26 diastolic HF, and 47 systolic HF patients). Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG) was consistently overexpressed in high BNP serum. LRG levels correlate significantly with BNP in hypertensive, asymptomatic left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, diastolic HF, and systolic HF patient groups (P≤0.05). LRG levels were able to identify HF independent of BNP. LRG correlates with coronary sinus serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (P=0.009) and interleukin-6 (P=0.021). LRG is expressed in myocardial tissue and correlates with transforming growth factor-βR1 (P<0.001) and α-smooth muscle actin (P=0.025) expression. CONCLUSIONS LRG was identified as a serum biomarker that accurately identifies patients with HF. Multivariable modeling confirmed that LRG is a stronger identifier of HF than BNP and this is independent of age, sex, creatinine, ischemia, β-blocker therapy, and BNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J Watson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, St Vincent's University Hospital and The Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Bones J, Byrne JC, O'Donoghue N, McManus C, Scaife C, Boissin H, Nastase A, Rudd PM. Glycomic and glycoproteomic analysis of serum from patients with stomach cancer reveals potential markers arising from host defense response mechanisms. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:1246-65. [PMID: 21142185 DOI: 10.1021/pr101036b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the reduced incidence of gastric cancer in the developed world, a diagnosis of stomach carcinoma still carries a poor prognosis due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease in the early stages, subsequent advanced stage diagnosis, and a low 5 year survival rate. Endoscopy remains the primary standard for diagnosis of stomach carcinoma and the current marker, carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) lacks the levels of sensitivity and specificity required in order to make it clinically useful for diagnostic monitoring. Therefore, there is a current need for additional markers to improve the diagnostic accuracy for the early stages of stomach cancer. Together, glycomic, proteomic, and glycoproteomic analyses of serum have the potential to identify such probable markers. A discovery study is reported here using preoperative serum from 80 stomach cancer patients, 10 patients bearing benign stomach disease, and 20 matched controls. Glycomic analysis of the total and immunoaffinity depleted serum revealed statistically significant increases in the levels of sialyl Lewis X epitopes (SLe(X)) present on triantennary glycans accompanied by increased levels of core fucosylated agalactosyl biantennary glycans present on IgG (referred to as the IgG G0 glycoform) which are associated with increasing disease pathogenesis. Protein expression analysis using 2D-DiGE returned a number of differentially expressed protein candidates in the depleted serum, many of which were shown to carry triantennary SLe(X) during subsequent glycomic investigations. Biological pathway analysis of the experimental data returned complement activation and acute phase response signaling as the most significantly altered pathways in the stomach cancer patient serum. Upon the basis of these findings, it is suggested that increased expression of IgG G0 and complement activation are a host response to the presence of the stomach tumor while the increased expression of SLe(X) and acute phase response proteins is a result of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling, including IL-6, during carcinogenesis. The approach presented herein provides an insight into the underlying mechanisms of disease and the resulting changes in the glycome and glycoproteome offer promise as potential markers for diagnosis and prognostic monitoring in stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bones
- NIBRT Dublin-Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, The National Institute for Bioprocessing Research and Training, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Gregory CD, Pound JD. Cell death in the neighbourhood: direct microenvironmental effects of apoptosis in normal and neoplastic tissues. J Pathol 2010; 223:177-94. [PMID: 21125674 DOI: 10.1002/path.2792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 09/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Here we consider the impact of the physiological cell-death programme on normal tissue homeostasis and on disease pathogenesis, with particular reference to evolution and progression of neoplasia. We seek to describe the direct contributions played by apoptosis in creating the microenvironments of normal and malignant tissues and to discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the elements of the '3Rs' that define the meaning of apoptosis: recognition, response, and removal. Apoptotic cells elicit responses in other cell types-both phagocytic and non-phagocytic-through short- and long-range signalling modes that range from direct contact to intercellular communication via membrane-bound microparticles. Such cellular responses include migration, proliferation, and differentiation, as well as production of immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory mediators together with, in the case of phagocytes, engulfment, and breakdown of apoptotic cells. In normal tissues, the removal of apoptotic cells is rapid and typically non-phlogistic. We discuss the importance of this clearance process in tissue homeostasis and the consequences of its failure in disease pathogenesis. Using the typical cell culture environment in vitro as an illustrative example in which apoptosis occurs commonly in the absence of the removal mechanisms, we also discuss the inhibitory effects of persistent apoptotic cells on their otherwise viable neighbours. Since apoptosis is a common and sustained event in high-grade malignancies, we hypothesize on its purposeful role in conditioning the tumour microenvironment. We propose that apoptosis subserves several pro-tumour functions-trophic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory-and we identify strategies targeting host responses to apoptotic cells as promising modes of future therapies that could be applied to multiple cancer types in which tumour-cell apoptosis is active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Gregory
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Queens Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Gawinecka J, Dieks J, Asif AR, Carimalo J, Heinemann U, Streich JH, Dihazi H, Schulz-Schaeffer W, Zerr I. Codon 129 polymorphism specific cerebrospinal fluid proteome pattern in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and the implication of glycolytic enzymes in prion-induced pathology. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5646-57. [PMID: 20866111 DOI: 10.1021/pr1004604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contains a dynamic and complex mixture of proteins, which can reflect a physiological and pathological state of the central nervous system. In our present study, we show CSF protein patterns from patients with the two most frequent subtypes of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) defined by the codon 129 genotype (MM, MV, and VV) and the protease-resistant form of prion protein (type 1 and type 2). The densitometric analysis of 2D gels showed up-regulation of 27 and down-regulation of 3 proteins in the MM-sCJD as well as the up-regulation of 24 proteins in the VV-sCJD as compared to nondemented control. Almost 40% of sCJD specific regulated proteins in CSF are involved in glucose metabolism, regardless of the codon 129 polymorphism. The increase in CSF levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI), and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase A (ALDOA) were validated on a larger group of sCJD patients including three possible codon 129 polymorphism carriers and three control groups consisting of nondemented, neurological cases as well as patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia. Subsequently, the abundance of these glycolytic enzymes in the brain as well as their cellular localization were determined. This study demonstrates for the first time the implication of G6PI in prion-induced pathology as well as its cellular translocalization in sCJD. The identification of sCJD-regulated proteins in CSF of living symptomatic patients in our study can broaden our knowledge about pathological processes occurring in sCJD, as they are still not fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gawinecka
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical Center Georg-August University, Goettingen, Germany
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