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Sabahi M, Salehipour A, Bazl MSY, Rezaei N, Mansouri A, Borghei-Razavi H. Local immunotherapy of glioblastoma: A comprehensive review of the concept. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 381:578146. [PMID: 37451079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite advancements in standard treatments, the prognosis of Glioblastoma (GBM) remains poor, prompting research for novel therapies. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment option for GBM, and many immunotherapeutic agents are currently under investigation. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells are rapidly evolving in immunotherapy of GBM with many clinical trials showing efficacy of CAR T cells exerting anti-tumor activity following recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs). Exhaustion in CAR T cells can reduce their capacity for long-term persistence and anti-tumor action. Local immunotherapy, which targets the tumor microenvironment and creates a more hospitable immunological environment for CAR T cells, has the potential to reduce CAR T cell exhaustion and increase immunity. Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are ectopic lymphoid-like formations that can develop within the tumor microenvironment or in other non-lymphoid tissues. As a comprehensive local immunotherapy tool, the incorporation of TLS into an implanted biodegradable scaffold has amazing immunotherapeutic potential. The immune response to GBM can be improved even further by strategically inserting a stimulator of interferon genes (STING) agonist into the scaffold. Additionally, the scaffold's addition of glioma stem cells (GSC), which immunotherapeutic approaches may use to target, enhances the removal of cancer cells from their source. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that GSCs have an impact on TLS formation, which helps to create a favorable tumor microenvironment. Herein, we overview local delivery of a highly specific tandem AND-gate CAR T cell along with above mentioned components. A multifaceted approach that successfully engages the immune system to mount an efficient targeted immune response against GBM is provided by the integration of CAR T cells, TLS, STING agonists, and GSCs within an implantable biodegradable scaffold. This approach offers a promising therapeutic approach for patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadmahdi Sabahi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pauline Braathen Neurological Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA.
| | - Arash Salehipour
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Sajjad Yavari Bazl
- Neurosurgery Research Group (NRG), Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran; Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Mansouri
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
| | - Hamid Borghei-Razavi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Pauline Braathen Neurological Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Weston, FL, USA.
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2
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Wu B, Shi X, Jiang M, Liu H. Cross-talk between cancer stem cells and immune cells: potential therapeutic targets in the tumor immune microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:38. [PMID: 36810098 PMCID: PMC9942413 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01748-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing research has revealed that the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is one of the biggest obstacles in the current cancer therapy. CSCs make an influential function in tumor progression, recurrence and chemoresistance due to their typical stemness characteristics. CSCs are preferentially distributed in niches, and those niche sites exhibit characteristics typical of the tumor microenvironment (TME). The complex interactions between CSCs and TME illustrate these synergistic effects. The phenotypic heterogeneity within CSCs and the spatial interactions with the surrounding tumor microenvironment led to increased therapeutic challenges. CSCs interact with immune cells to protect themselves against immune clearance by exploiting the immunosuppressive function of multiple immune checkpoint molecules. CSCs also can protect themselves against immune surveillance by excreting extracellular vesicles (EVs), growth factors, metabolites and cytokines into the TME, thereby modulating the composition of the TME. Therefore, these interactions are also being considered for the therapeutic development of anti-tumor agents. We discuss here the immune molecular mechanisms of CSCs and comprehensively review the interplay between CSCs and the immune system. Thus, studies on this topic seem to provide novel ideas for reinvigorating therapeutic approaches to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of General Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Xiang Shi
- grid.459742.90000 0004 1798 5889Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042 China
| | - Meixi Jiang
- grid.412644.10000 0004 5909 0696Department of Neurology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110032 China
| | - Hongxu Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, 110042, China.
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Bernstock JD, Hoffman SE, Kappel AD, Valdes PA, Essayed WI, Klinger NV, Kang KD, Totsch SK, Olsen HE, Schlappi CW, Filipski K, Gessler FA, Baird L, Filbin MG, Hashizume R, Becher OJ, Friedman GK. Immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of diffuse midline gliomas. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2124058. [PMID: 36185807 PMCID: PMC9519005 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2124058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are a highly aggressive and universally fatal subgroup of pediatric tumors responsible for the majority of childhood brain tumor deaths. Median overall survival is less than 12 months with a 90% mortality rate at 2 years from diagnosis. Research into the underlying tumor biology and numerous clinical trials have done little to change the invariably poor prognosis. Continued development of novel, efficacious therapeutic options for DMGs remains a critically important area of active investigation. Given that DMGs are not amenable to surgical resection, have only limited response to radiation, and are refractory to traditional chemotherapy, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative treatment modality. This review summarizes the various immunotherapy-based treatments for DMG as well as their specific limitations. We explore the use of cell-based therapies, oncolytic virotherapy or immunovirotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibition, and immunomodulatory vaccination strategies, and highlight the recent clinical success of anti-GD2 CAR-T therapy in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) patients. Finally, we address the challenges faced in translating preclinical and early phase clinical trial data into effective standardized treatment for DMG patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D. Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA,CONTACT Joshua D. Bernstock Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston Children’s Hospital, Hale Building, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Samantha E. Hoffman
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ari D. Kappel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pablo A. Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walid Ibn Essayed
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil V. Klinger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacie K. Totsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hannah E. Olsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charles W. Schlappi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Neurological Institute (Edinger Institute), University Hospital, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Germany and German Cancer Research Center (DFKZ), Heidelberg, Germany,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), Frankfurt, Germany,University Cancer Center (UCT), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian A. Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lissa Baird
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mariella G. Filbin
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children’s Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rintaro Hashizume
- Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Oren J. Becher
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, the Mount Sinai Hospital, NY, NY, USA
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA,Gregory K. Friedman Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 7th Avenue South, Lowder 512, Birmingham, AL35233, USA
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4
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Sanchez Gil J, Dubois M, Neirinckx V, Lombard A, Coppieters N, D’Arrigo P, Isci D, Aldenhoff T, Brouwers B, Lassence C, Rogister B, Lebrun M, Sadzot-Delvaux C. Nanobody-based retargeting of an oncolytic herpesvirus for eliminating CXCR4+ GBM cells: A proof of principle. Molecular Therapy - Oncolytics 2022; 26:35-48. [PMID: 35784400 PMCID: PMC9217993 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive primary brain tumor in adults, which remains difficult to cure. The very high recurrence rate has been partly attributed to the presence of GBM stem-like cells (GSCs) within the tumors, which have been associated with elevated chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) expression. CXCR4 is frequently overexpressed in cancer tissues, including GBM, and usually correlates with a poor prognosis. We have created a CXCR4-retargeted oncolytic herpesvirus (oHSV) by insertion of an anti-human CXCR4 nanobody in glycoprotein D of an attenuated HSV-1 (ΔICP34.5, ΔICP6, and ΔICP47), thereby describing a proof of principle for the use of nanobodies to target oHSVs toward specific cellular entities. Moreover, this virus has been armed with a transgene expressing a soluble form of TRAIL to trigger apoptosis. In vitro, this oHSV infects U87MG CXCR4+ and patient-derived GSCs in a CXCR4-dependent manner and, when armed, triggers apoptosis. In a U87MG CXCR4+ orthotopic xenograft mouse model, this oHSV slows down tumor growth and significantly improves mice survival. Customizing oHSVs with diverse nanobodies for targeting multiple proteins appears as an interesting approach for tackling the heterogeneity of GBM, especially GSCs. Altogether, our study must be considered as a proof of principle and a first step toward personalized GBM virotherapies to complement current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Sanchez Gil
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Maxime Dubois
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Neirinckx
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lombard
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Natacha Coppieters
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Paolo D’Arrigo
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Damla Isci
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Therese Aldenhoff
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Benoit Brouwers
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cédric Lassence
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Marielle Lebrun
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Catherine Sadzot-Delvaux
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Corresponding author Catherine Sadzot-Delvaux, Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA Infection, Inflammation and Immunity (GIGA I3), University of Liège, 11 Avenue de l’Hôpital, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
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5
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Fekrirad Z, Barzegar Behrooz A, Ghaemi S, Khosrojerdi A, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A, Arefian E, Ghavami S. Immunology Meets Bioengineering: Improving the Effectiveness of Glioblastoma Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:3698. [PMID: 35954362 PMCID: PMC9367505 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) therapy has seen little change over the past two decades. Surgical excision followed by radiation and chemotherapy is the current gold standard treatment. Immunotherapy techniques have recently transformed many cancer treatments, and GBM is now at the forefront of immunotherapy research. GBM immunotherapy prospects are reviewed here, with an emphasis on immune checkpoint inhibitors and oncolytic viruses. Various forms of nanomaterials to enhance immunotherapy effectiveness are also discussed. For GBM treatment and immunotherapy, we outline the specific properties of nanomaterials. In addition, we provide a short overview of several 3D (bio)printing techniques and their applications in stimulating the GBM microenvironment. Lastly, the susceptibility of GBM cancer cells to the various immunotherapy methods will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Fekrirad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran 18735-136, Iran;
| | - Amir Barzegar Behrooz
- Brain Cancer Research Group, Department of Cancer, Asu Vanda Gene Industrial Research Company, Tehran 1533666398, Iran;
| | - Shokoofeh Ghaemi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
| | - Arezou Khosrojerdi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand 9717853577, Iran;
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-111, Iran
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Turkey;
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 14155-6619, Iran;
- Pediatric Cell and Gene Therapy Research Center, Gene, Cell & Tissue Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14155-6559, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, University of Technology in Katowice, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Biology of Breathing Theme, Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba College of Medicine, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P5, Canada
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Hatta M, Kaibori M, Matsushima H, Yoshida T, Okumura T, Hayashi M, Yoshii K, Todo T, Sekimoto M. Efficacy of a third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus in refractory soft tissue sarcoma xenograft models. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 25:225-235. [PMID: 35615265 PMCID: PMC9118137 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant soft tissue tumors, particularly highly malignant leiomyosarcomas, are resistant to chemotherapy and associated with a poor prognosis. T-01, a third-generation genetically modified herpes simplex virus type 1, replicates in tumor cells alone and exerts a cell-killing effect. The current study aimed to investigate the antitumor effect of T-01, which is a novel treatment for leiomyosarcoma. In vitro, six human cell lines and one mouse sarcoma cell line were assessed for T-01 cytotoxicity. In vivo, the efficacy of T-01 was examined in subcutaneously transplanted leiomyosarcoma (SK-LMS-1) cells and subcutaneously or intraperitoneally transplanted mouse sarcoma (CCRF S-180II) cells. Cytokines were assessed using ELISpot assay with splenocytes from the allogeneic models for immunological evaluation. T-01 showed cytotoxicity in all seven cell lines (p < 0.001). In the SK-LMS-1 xenotransplantation model, tumor growth was suppressed by T-01 administration (p = 0.02). In the CCRF S-180II subcutaneous tumor model, bilateral tumor growth was significantly suppressed in the T-01-treated group compared with the control group (p < 0.001). In the peritoneal dissemination model, T-01 treatment caused significant survival prolongation compared with the control (p < 0.01). In conclusion, third-generation genetically modified herpes simplex virus type 1 may be an effective novel therapy against refractory sarcomas.
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Antonucci L, Canciani G, Mastronuzzi A, Carai A, Del Baldo G, Del Bufalo F. CAR-T Therapy for Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas: Peculiarities, Current Investigations and Future Strategies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867154. [PMID: 35603195 PMCID: PMC9115105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
High-Grade Gliomas (HGG) are among the deadliest malignant tumors of central nervous system (CNS) in pediatrics. Despite aggressive multimodal treatment - including surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy - long-term prognosis of patients remains dismal with a 5-year survival rate less than 20%. Increased understanding of genetic and epigenetic features of pediatric HGGs (pHGGs) revealed important differences with adult gliomas, which need to be considered in order to identify innovative and more effective therapeutic approaches. Immunotherapy is based on different techniques aimed to redirect the patient own immune system to fight specifically cancer cells. In particular, T-lymphocytes can be genetically modified to express chimeric proteins, known as chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), targeting selected tumor-associated antigens (TAA). Disialoganglioside GD2 (GD-2) and B7-H3 are highly expressed on pHGGs and have been evaluated as possible targets in pediatric clinical trials, in addition to the antigens common to adult glioblastoma – such as interleukin-13 receptor alpha 2 (IL-13α2), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) and erythropoietin-producing human hepatocellular carcinoma A2 receptor (EphA2). CAR-T therapy has shown promise in preclinical model of pHGGs but failed to achieve the same success obtained for hematological malignancies. Several limitations, including the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), the heterogeneity in target antigen expression and the difficulty of accessing the tumor site, impair the efficacy of T-cells. pHGGs display an immunologically cold TME with poor T-cell infiltration and scarce immune surveillance. The secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) and the presence of immune-suppressive cells – like tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) - limit the effectiveness of immune system to eradicate tumor cells. Innovative immunotherapeutic strategies are necessary to overcome these hurdles and improve ability of T-cells to eradicate tumor. In this review we describe the distinguishing features of HGGs of the pediatric population and of their TME, with a focus on the most promising CAR-T therapies overcoming these hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Antonucci
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Canciani
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Mastronuzzi
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Carai
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giada Del Baldo
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Bufalo
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Da-Veiga MA, Rogister B, Lombard A, Neirinckx V, Piette C. Glioma Stem Cells in Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas: From Current Knowledge to Future Perspectives. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092296. [PMID: 35565425 PMCID: PMC9099564 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pediatric high-grade glioma (pHGG) has a dismal prognosis in which the younger the patient, the more restricted the treatments are, in regard to the incurred risks. Current therapies destroy many tumor cells but fail to target the highly malignant glioma stem cells (GSCs) that adapt quickly to give rise to recurring, treatment-resistant cancers. Despite a lack of consensus around an efficient detection, GSCs are well described in adult brain tumors but remain poorly investigated in pediatric cases, mostly due to their rarity. An improved knowledge about GSC roles in pediatric tumors would provide a key leverage towards the elimination of this sub-population, based on targeted treatments. The aim of this review is to sum up the state of art about GSCs in pHGG. Abstract In children, high-grade gliomas (HGG) and diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) account for a high proportion of death due to cancer. Glioma stem cells (GSCs) are tumor cells in a specific state defined by a tumor-initiating capacity following serial transplantation, self-renewal, and an ability to recapitulate tumor heterogeneity. Their presence was demonstrated several decades ago in adult glioblastoma (GBM), and more recently in pediatric HGG and DMG. In adults, we and others have previously suggested that GSCs nest into the subventricular zone (SVZ), a neurogenic niche, where, among others, they find shelter from therapy. Both bench and bedside evidence strongly indicate a role for the GSCs and the SVZ in GBM progression, fostering the development of innovative targeting treatments. Such new therapeutic approaches are of particular interest in infants, in whom standard therapies are often limited due to the risk of late effects. The aim of this review is to describe current knowledge about GSCs in pediatric HGG and DMG, i.e., their characterization, the models that apply to their development and maintenance, the specific signaling pathways that may underlie their activity, and their specific interactions with neurogenic niches. Finally, we will discuss the clinical relevance of these observations and the therapeutic advantages of targeting the SVZ and/or the GSCs in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Da-Veiga
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.-A.D.-V.); (B.R.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Bernard Rogister
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.-A.D.-V.); (B.R.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
- Department of Neurology, CHU of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Lombard
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.-A.D.-V.); (B.R.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, CHU of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Virginie Neirinckx
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.-A.D.-V.); (B.R.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
| | - Caroline Piette
- Laboratory of Nervous System Disorders and Therapy, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (M.-A.D.-V.); (B.R.); (A.L.); (V.N.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, CHU Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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9
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Ghajar-Rahimi G, Kang KD, Totsch SK, Gary S, Rocco A, Blitz S, Kachurak K, Chambers MR, Li R, Beierle EA, Bag A, Johnston JM, Markert JM, Bernstock JD, Friedman GK. Clinical advances in oncolytic virotherapy for pediatric brain tumors. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 239:108193. [PMID: 35487285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Malignant brain tumors constitute nearly one-third of cancer diagnoses in children and have recently surpassed hematologic malignancies as the most lethal neoplasm in the pediatric population. Outcomes for children with brain tumors are unacceptably poor and current standards of care-surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiation-are associated with significant long-term morbidity. Oncolytic virotherapy has emerged as a promising immunotherapy for the treatment of brain tumors. While the majority of brain tumor clinical trials utilizing oncolytic virotherapy have been in adults, five viruses are being tested in pediatric brain tumor clinical trials: herpes simplex virus (G207), reovirus (pelareorep/Reolysin), measles virus (MV-NIS), poliovirus (PVSRIPO), and adenovirus (DNX-2401, AloCELYVIR). Herein, we review past and current pediatric immunovirotherapy brain tumor trials including the relevant preclinical and clinical research that contributed to their development. We describe mechanisms by which the viruses may overcome barriers in treating pediatric brain tumors, examine challenges associated with achieving effective, durable responses, highlight unique aspects and successes of the trials, and discuss future directions of immunovirotherapy research for the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelare Ghajar-Rahimi
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Stacie K Totsch
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sam Gary
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Abbey Rocco
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kara Kachurak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M R Chambers
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asim Bag
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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10
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Quinn CH, Beierle AM, Hutchins SC, Marayati R, Bownes LV, Stewart JE, Markert HR, Erwin MH, Aye JM, Yoon KJ, Friedman GK, Willey CD, Markert JM, Beierle EA. Targeting High-Risk Neuroblastoma Patient-Derived Xenografts with Oncolytic Virotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030762. [PMID: 35159029 PMCID: PMC8834037 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death by disease in children, and over 15% of pediatric cancer-related mortalities are due to neuroblastoma. Current treatment options for neuroblastoma remain suboptimal as they often have significant toxicities, are associated with long-term side effects, and result in disease relapse in over half of children with high-risk disease. There is a dire need for new therapies, and oncolytic viruses may represent an effective solution. Oncolytic viruses attack tumor cells in two ways: direct infection of tumor cells leading to cytolysis, and production of a debris field that stimulates an anti-tumor immune response. Our group has previously shown that M002, an oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV), genetically engineered to express murine interleukin-12 (mIL-12), was effective at targeting and killing long term passage tumor cell lines. In the current study, we investigated M002 in three neuroblastoma patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). PDXs better recapitulate the human condition, and these studies were designed to gather robust data for translation to a clinical trial. We found that all three PDXs expressed viral entry receptors, and that the virus actively replicated in the cells. M002 caused significant tumor cell death in 2D culture and 3D bioprinted tumor models. Finally, the PDXs displayed variable susceptibility to M002, with a more profound effect on high-risk neuroblastoma PDXs compared to low-risk PDX. These findings validate the importance of incorporating PDXs for preclinical testing of oncolytic viral therapeutics and showcase a novel technique, 3D bioprinting, to test therapies in PDXs. Collectively, our data indicate that oHSVs effectively target high-risk neuroblastoma, and support the advancement of this therapy to the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H. Quinn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Andee M. Beierle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (A.M.B.); (C.D.W.)
| | - Sara Claire Hutchins
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (S.C.H.); (J.M.A.); (G.K.F.)
| | - Raoud Marayati
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Laura V. Bownes
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Jerry E. Stewart
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Hooper R. Markert
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Michael H. Erwin
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
| | - Jamie M. Aye
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (S.C.H.); (J.M.A.); (G.K.F.)
| | - Karina J. Yoon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (S.C.H.); (J.M.A.); (G.K.F.)
| | - Christopher D. Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; (A.M.B.); (C.D.W.)
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA; (C.H.Q.); (R.M.); (L.V.B.); (J.E.S.); (H.R.M.); (M.H.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-205-638-9688
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11
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Vorobyev PO, Babaeva FE, Panova AV, Shakiba J, Kravchenko SK, Soboleva AV, Lipatova AV. Oncolytic Viruses in the Therapy of Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:684-695. [PMID: 36217339 PMCID: PMC9534467 DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading causes of death. Despite significant success in the treatment of lymphatic system tumors, the problems of relapse, drug resistance and effectiveness of therapy remain relevant. Oncolytic viruses are able to replicate in tumor cells and destroy them without affecting normal, healthy tissues. By activating antitumor immunity, viruses are effective against malignant neoplasms of various nature. In lymphoproliferative diseases with a drug-resistant phenotype, many cases of remissions have been described after viral therapy. The current level of understanding of viral biology and the discovery of host cell interaction mechanisms made it possible to create unique strains with high oncoselectivity widely used in clinical practice in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. O. Vorobyev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - F. E. Babaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Panova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117971 Moscow, Russia
| | - J. Shakiba
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - S. K. Kravchenko
- National Medical Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia, 125167 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Soboleva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - A. V. Lipatova
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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12
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Han Y, Zou C, Zhu C, Liu T, Shen S, Cheng P, Cheng W, Wu A. The Systematic Landscape of Nectin Family and Nectin-Like Molecules: Functions and Prognostic Value in Low Grade Glioma. Front Genet 2021; 12:718717. [PMID: 34925438 PMCID: PMC8672115 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.718717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Nectin and nectin-like molecules (Necls) are molecules that are involved in cell–cell adhesion and other vital cellular processes. This study aimed to determine the expression and prognostic value of nectin and Necls in low grade glioma (LGG). Materials and Methods: Differentially expressed nectin and Necls in LGG samples and the relationship of nectin family and Necls expression with prognosis, clinicopathological parameters, and survival were explored using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas (CGGA), and Repository of Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (REMBRANDT) databases. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis models were performed to construct the prognosis-related gene signature. Kaplan-Meier curves and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and multivariate Cox regression analysis, were utilized to evaluate the prognostic capacity of the four-gene signature. Gene ontology (GO)enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analyses (GSEA) were performed to further understand the underlying molecular mechanisms. The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) was used to explore the relationship between the four-gene signature and tumor immune infiltration. Results: Several nectin and Necls were differentially expressed in LGG. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses and Univariate Cox regression showed patients with high expression of NECTIN2 and PVR and low expression of CADM2 and NECTIN1 had worse prognosis among TCGA, CGGA, and REMBRANDT database. Then, a novel four-gene signature was built for LGG prognosis prediction. ROC curves, KM survival analyses, and multivariate COX regression indicated the new signature was an independent prognostic indicator for overall survival. Finally, GSEA and GO enrichment analyses revealed that immune-related pathways participate in the molecular mechanisms. The risk score had a strong negative correlation with tumor purity and data of TIMER showed different immune cell proportions (macrophage and myeloid dendritic cell) between high- and low-risk groups. Additionally, signature scores were positively related to multiple immune-related biomarkers (IL 2, IL8 and IFNγ). Conclusion: Our results offer an extensive analysis of nectin and Necls levels and a four-gene model for prognostic prediction in LGG, providing insights for further investigation of CADM2, NECTIN1/2, and PVR as potential clinical and immune targets in LGG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cunyi Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tianqi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wen Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anhua Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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13
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Friedman GK, Johnston JM, Bag AK, Bernstock JD, Li R, Aban I, Kachurak K, Nan L, Kang KD, Totsch S, Schlappi C, Martin AM, Pastakia D, McNall-Knapp R, Farouk Sait S, Khakoo Y, Karajannis MA, Woodling K, Palmer JD, Osorio DS, Leonard J, Abdelbaki MS, Madan-Swain A, Atkinson TP, Whitley RJ, Fiveash JB, Markert JM, Gillespie GY. Oncolytic HSV-1 G207 Immunovirotherapy for Pediatric High-Grade Gliomas. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:1613-1622. [PMID: 33838625 PMCID: PMC8284840 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2024947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outcomes in children and adolescents with recurrent or progressive high-grade glioma are poor, with a historical median overall survival of 5.6 months. Pediatric high-grade gliomas are largely immunologically silent or "cold," with few tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. Preclinically, pediatric brain tumors are highly sensitive to oncolytic virotherapy with genetically engineered herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) G207, which lacks genes essential for replication in normal brain tissue. METHODS We conducted a phase 1 trial of G207, which used a 3+3 design with four dose cohorts of children and adolescents with biopsy-confirmed recurrent or progressive supratentorial brain tumors. Patients underwent stereotactic placement of up to four intratumoral catheters. The following day, they received G207 (107 or 108 plaque-forming units) by controlled-rate infusion over a period of 6 hours. Cohorts 3 and 4 received radiation (5 Gy) to the gross tumor volume within 24 hours after G207 administration. Viral shedding from saliva, conjunctiva, and blood was assessed by culture and polymerase-chain-reaction assay. Matched pre- and post-treatment tissue samples were examined for tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes by immunohistologic analysis. RESULTS Twelve patients 7 to 18 years of age with high-grade glioma received G207. No dose-limiting toxic effects or serious adverse events were attributed to G207 by the investigators. Twenty grade 1 adverse events were possibly related to G207. No virus shedding was detected. Radiographic, neuropathological, or clinical responses were seen in 11 patients. The median overall survival was 12.2 months (95% confidence interval, 8.0 to 16.4); as of June 5, 2020, a total of 4 of 11 patients were still alive 18 months after G207 treatment. G207 markedly increased the number of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS Intratumoral G207 alone and with radiation had an acceptable adverse-event profile with evidence of responses in patients with recurrent or progressive pediatric high-grade glioma. G207 converted immunologically "cold" tumors to "hot." (Supported by the Food and Drug Administration and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02457845.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - James M Johnston
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Asim K Bag
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Rong Li
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Inmaculada Aban
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Kara Kachurak
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Li Nan
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Kyung-Don Kang
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Stacie Totsch
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Charles Schlappi
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Allison M Martin
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Devang Pastakia
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Rene McNall-Knapp
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Sameer Farouk Sait
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Yasmin Khakoo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Matthias A Karajannis
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Karina Woodling
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Joshua D Palmer
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Diana S Osorio
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Jeffrey Leonard
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Mohamed S Abdelbaki
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Avi Madan-Swain
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - Richard J Whitley
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - John B Fiveash
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - James M Markert
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology (G.K.F., K.K., L.N., K.-D.K., S.T., C.S., A.M.-S.), Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (T.P.A.), and Pediatric Infectious Disease (R.J.W.), and the Departments of Neurosurgery (G.K.F., J.M.J., J.M.M., G.Y.G.), Pathology (R.L.), Biostatistics (I.A.), and Radiation Oncology (J.B.F.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, and Children's of Alabama (G.K.F., J.M.J., R.L., K.K., A.M.-S., T.P.A., R.J.W.) - both in Birmingham; the Department of Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis (A.K.B.), and the Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville (D.P.) - both in Tennessee; the Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston (J.D.B.); the Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine (A.M.M.), and the Departments of Pediatrics (S.F.S., Y.K., M.A.K.) and Neurology (Y.K.), Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - both in New York; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City (R.M.-K.); the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant (K.W., D.S.O., M.S.A.) and the Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery (J.L.), Nationwide Children's Hospital, and the Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center (J.D.P.) - both in Columbus; and the Division of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplant, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis (M.S.A.)
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14
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Aydemir MN, Aydemir HB, Korkmaz EM, Budak M, Cekin N, Pinarbasi E. Computationally predicted SARS-COV-2 encoded microRNAs target NFKB, JAK/STAT and TGFB signaling pathways. Gene Rep 2021; 22:101012. [PMID: 33398248 PMCID: PMC7773562 DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently an outbreak that emerged in Wuhan, China in December 2019, spread to the whole world in a short time and killed >1,410,000 people. It was determined that a new type of beta coronavirus called severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was causative agent of this outbreak and the disease caused by the virus was named as coronavirus disease 19 (COVID19). Despite the information obtained from the viral genome structure, many aspects of the virus-host interactions during infection is still unknown. In this study we aimed to identify SARS-CoV-2 encoded microRNAs and their cellular targets. We applied a computational method to predict miRNAs encoded by SARS-CoV-2 along with their putative targets in humans. Targets of predicted miRNAs were clustered into groups based on their biological processes, molecular function, and cellular compartments using GO and PANTHER. By using KEGG pathway enrichment analysis top pathways were identified. Finally, we have constructed an integrative pathway network analysis with target genes. We identified 40 SARS-CoV-2 miRNAs and their regulated targets. Our analysis showed that targeted genes including NFKB1, NFKBIE, JAK1-2, STAT3-4, STAT5B, STAT6, SOCS1-6, IL2, IL8, IL10, IL17, TGFBR1-2, SMAD2-4, HDAC1-6 and JARID1A-C, JARID2 play important roles in NFKB, JAK/STAT and TGFB signaling pathways as well as cells' epigenetic regulation pathways. Our results may help to understand virus-host interaction and the role of viral miRNAs during SARS-CoV-2 infection. As there is no current drug and effective treatment available for COVID19, it may also help to develop new treatment strategies.
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Key Words
- ACE-2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AKT1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1
- BCL2, BCL2 apoptosis regulator
- CDK1, cyclin dependent kinase 1
- CDKL2, cyclin dependent kinase like 2
- COVID19, new type corona virus disease
- CTNNB1, catenin beta 1
- CXCL1, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1
- CXCL10, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10
- CXCL11, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 11
- CXCL16, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 16
- CXCL9, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 9
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- EIF4A1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1
- GRB2, growth factor receptor bound protein 2
- HDAC1, histone deacetylase 1
- HDAC2, histone deacetylase 2
- HDAC3, histone deacetylase 3
- HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1 subunit alpha
- ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- IFNGR2, interferon gamma receptor 2
- IKBKE, inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B kinase subunit epsilon
- IL10, interleukin 10
- IL13, interleukin 13
- IL15, interleukin 15
- IL16, interleukin 16
- IL17A, interleukin 17 A
- IL2, interleukin 2
- IL21, interleukin 21
- IL22, interleukin 22
- IL24, interleukin 24
- IL25, interleukin 25
- IL33, interleukin 33
- IL5, interleukin 5
- IL7, interleukin 7
- IL8, interleukin 8
- JAK/STAT
- JAK1, Janus kinase 1
- JAK2, Janus kinase 2
- JARID1A, lysine demethylase 5A
- JARID1B, lysine demethylase 5B
- JARID1C, lysine demethylase 5C
- JARID2, Jumonji and AT-rich interaction domain containing 2
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MAPK1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1
- MAPK3, mitogen-activated protein kinase 3
- MAPK4, mitogen-activated protein kinase 4
- MAPK6, mitogen-activated protein kinase 6
- MAPK7, mitogen-activated protein kinase 7
- NFKB
- NFKB1, nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1
- NFKBIE, NFKB inhibitor epsilon
- NOS3, nitric oxide synthase 3
- PANTHER, protein analysis through evolutionary relationships
- PIK3CA, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- RB1, RB transcriptional corepressor 1
- RHOA, ras homolog family member A
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus type 2
- SMAD2, SMAD family member 2
- SMAD3, SMAD family member 3
- SMAD4, SMAD family member 4
- SOCS1, suppressor of cytokine signaling 1
- SOCS3, suppressor of cytokine signaling 3
- SOCS4, suppressor of cytokine signaling 4
- SOCS5, suppressor of cytokine signaling 5
- SOCS6, suppressor of cytokine signaling 6
- SOS1, SOS Ras/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1
- SP1, Sp1 transcription factor
- STAT3, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- STAT4, signal transducer and activator of transcription 4
- STAT5B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B
- STAT6, signal transducer and activator of transcription 6
- SUMO1, small ubiquitin like modifier 1
- SUMO2, small ubiquitin like modifier 2
- TBP, TATA-box binding protein
- TGFB
- TGFBR1, transforming growth factor beta receptor 1
- TGFBR2, transforming growth factor beta receptor 2
- TMPRSS11A, transmembrane serine protease 11A
- TMPRSS4, transmembrane serine protease 4
- TNFRSF21, TNF receptor superfamily member 21
- WHO, World Health Organization
- miRNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Nur Aydemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Habes Bilal Aydemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ertan Mahir Korkmaz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Mahir Budak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Cekin
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Ergun Pinarbasi
- Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, 58140 Sivas, Turkey
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15
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Estevez-Ordonez D, Chagoya G, Salehani A, Atchley TJ, Laskay NMB, Parr MS, Elsayed GA, Mahavadi AK, Rahm SP, Friedman GK, Markert JM. Immunovirotherapy for the Treatment of Glioblastoma and Other Malignant Gliomas. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2021; 32:265-281. [PMID: 33781507 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents one of the most challenging malignancies due to many factors including invasiveness, heterogeneity, and an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Current treatment modalities have resulted in only modest effect on outcomes. The development of viral vectors for oncolytic immunovirotherapy and targeted drug delivery represents a promising therapeutic prospect for GBM and other brain tumors. A host of genetically engineered viruses, herpes simplex virus, poliovirus, measles, and others, have been described and are at various stages of clinical development. Herein we provide a review of the advances and current state of oncolytic virotherapy for the targeted treatment of GBM and malignant gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagoberto Estevez-Ordonez
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gustavo Chagoya
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Arsalaan Salehani
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Travis J Atchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nicholas M B Laskay
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Matthew S Parr
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Galal A Elsayed
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anil K Mahavadi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sage P Rahm
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1060 Faculty Office Tower 510 20th Street South, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are considered as promising tools in cancer treatment. In addition
to direct cytolysis, the stimulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses is the most
important mechanism in oncolytic virotherapy that finally leads to the long-standing tumor retardations
in the advanced melanoma clinical trials. The OVs have become a worthy method in cancer
treatment, due to their several biological advantages including (1) the selective replication in
cancer cells without affecting normal cells; (2) the lack of resistance to the treatment; (3) cancer
stem cell targeting; (4) the ability to be spread; and (5) the immune response induction against the
tumors. Numerous types of viruses; for example, Herpes simplex viruses, Adenoviruses, Reoviruses,
Poliovirus, and Newcastle disease virus have been studied as a possible cancer treatment
strategy. Although some viruses have a natural orientation or tropism to cancer cells, several others
need attenuation and genetic manipulation to increase the safety and tumor-specific replication activity.
Two important mechanisms are involved in OV antitumor responses, which include the tumor
cell death due to virus replication, and also induction of immunogenic cell death as a result of
the immune system responses against the tumor cells. Furthermore, the high efficiency of OV on
antitumor immune response stimulation can finally lead to a significant tumor shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Mohamadi
- Applied Virology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Centre Antoine Lacassagne, University of Cote d’Azur, Nice, France
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17
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Rius-Rocabert S, García-Romero N, García A, Ayuso-Sacido A, Nistal-Villan E. Oncolytic Virotherapy in Glioma Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207604. [PMID: 33066689 PMCID: PMC7589679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioma tumors are one of the most devastating cancer types. Glioblastoma is the most advanced stage with the worst prognosis. Current therapies are still unable to provide an effective cure. Recent advances in oncolytic immunotherapy have generated great expectations in the cancer therapy field. The use of oncolytic viruses (OVs) in cancer treatment is one such immune-related therapeutic alternative. OVs have a double oncolytic action by both directly destroying the cancer cells and stimulating a tumor specific immune response to return the ability of tumors to escape the control of the immune system. OVs are one promising alternative to conventional therapies in glioma tumor treatment. Several clinical trials have proven the feasibility of using some viruses to specifically infect tumors, eluding undesired toxic effects in the patient. Here, we revisited the literature to describe the main OVs proposed up to the present moment as therapeutic alternatives in order to destroy glioma cells in vitro and trigger tumor destruction in vivo. Oncolytic viruses were divided with respect to the genome in DNA and RNA viruses. Here, we highlight the results obtained in various clinical trials, which are exploring the use of these agents as an alternative where other approaches provide limited hope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rius-Rocabert
- Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Noemí García-Romero
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonia García
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Angel Ayuso-Sacido
- Faculty of Experimental Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- Brain Tumor Laboratory, Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitales Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-S.); (E.N.-V.); Tel.: +34-913-724-714 (E.N.-V.)
| | - Estanislao Nistal-Villan
- Microbiology Section, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain;
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular Aplicada (IMMA), Universidad San Pablo-CEU, 28668 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.A.-S.); (E.N.-V.); Tel.: +34-913-724-714 (E.N.-V.)
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18
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Bernstock JD, Bag AK, Fiveash J, Kachurak K, Elsayed G, Chagoya G, Gessler F, Valdes PA, Madan-Swain A, Whitley R, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Johnston JM, Friedman GK. Design and Rationale for First-in-Human Phase 1 Immunovirotherapy Clinical Trial of Oncolytic HSV G207 to Treat Malignant Pediatric Cerebellar Brain Tumors. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:1132-1139. [PMID: 32657154 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tumors represent the most common pediatric solid neoplasms and leading cause of childhood cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Although most adult brain tumors are supratentorial and arise in the cerebrum, the majority of pediatric brain tumors are infratentorial and arise in the posterior fossa, specifically the cerebellum. Outcomes from malignant cerebellar tumors are unacceptable despite aggressive treatments (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy) that are harmful to the developing brain. Novel treatments/approaches such as oncolytic virotherapy are urgently needed. Preclinical and prior clinical studies suggest that genetically engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) G207 can safely target cerebellar malignancies and has potential to induce an antitumor immune response at local and distant sites of disease, including spinal metastases and leptomeningeal disease. Herein, we outline the rationale, design, and significance of a first-in-human immunotherapy Phase 1 clinical trial targeting recurrent cerebellar malignancies with HSV G207 combined with a single low-dose of radiation (5 Gy), designed to enhance virus replication and innate and adaptive immune responses. We discuss the unique challenges of inoculating virus through intratumoral catheters into cerebellar tumors. The trial utilizes a single arm open-label traditional 3 + 3 design with four dose cohorts. The primary objective is to assess safety and tolerability of G207 with radiation in recurrent/progressive malignant pediatric cerebellar tumors. After biopsy to prove recurrence/progression, one to four intratumoral catheters will be placed followed by a controlled-rate infusion of G207 for 6 h followed by the removal of catheters at the bedside. Radiation will be given within 24 h of virus inoculation. Patients will be monitored closely for toxicity and virus shedding. Efficacy will be assessed by measuring radiographic response, performance score, progression-free and overall survival, and quality of life. The data obtained will be invaluable in our efforts to produce more effective and less toxic therapies for children with high-grade brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bernstock
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Asim K Bag
- Diagnostic Imaging, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - John Fiveash
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kara Kachurak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Galal Elsayed
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gustavo Chagoya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Florian Gessler
- Department for Neurosurgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pablo A Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Avi Madan-Swain
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Richard Whitley
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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19
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Sette P, Amankulor N, Li A, Marzulli M, Leronni D, Zhang M, Goins WF, Kaur B, Bolyard C, Cripe TP, Yu J, Chiocca EA, Glorioso JC, Grandi P. GBM-Targeted oHSV Armed with Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 Enhances Anti-tumor Activity and Animal Survival. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2019; 15:214-222. [PMID: 31890868 PMCID: PMC6926261 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of mutant strains of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) in early-phase human clinical trials for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has proven safe, but limited efficacy suggests that more potent vector designs are required for effective GBM therapy. Inadequate vector performance may derive from poor intratumoral vector replication and limited spread to uninfected cells. Vector replication may be impaired by mutagenesis strategies to achieve vector safety, and intratumoral virus spread may be hampered by vector entrapment in the tumor-specific extracellular matrix (ECM) that in GBM is composed primarily of type IV collagen. In this report, we armed our previously described epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)vIII-targeted, neuronal microRNA-sensitive oHSV with a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP9) to improve intratumoral vector distribution. We show that vector-expressed MMP9 enhanced therapeutic efficacy and long-term animal survival in a GBM xenograft model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sette
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nduka Amankulor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aofei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Marco Marzulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daniela Leronni
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chelsea Bolyard
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Timothy P. Cripe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Hematologic Malignancies & Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Division of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - E. Antonio Chiocca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women’s/Faulkner Hospital and Harvey Cushing Neuro-oncology Laboratories, Harvard Medicine School, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Neuro-oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Paola Grandi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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20
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Bernstock JD, Vicario N, Rong L, Valdes PA, Choi BD, Chen JA, DiToro D, Osorio DS, Kachurak K, Gessler F, Johnston JM, Atkinson TP, Whitley RJ, Bag AK, Gillespie GY, Markert JM, Maric D, Friedman GK. A novel in situ multiplex immunofluorescence panel for the assessment of tumor immunopathology and response to virotherapy in pediatric glioblastoma reveals a role for checkpoint protein inhibition. Oncoimmunology 2019; 8:e1678921. [PMID: 31741780 PMCID: PMC6844311 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2019.1678921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy with oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 therapy offers an innovative, targeted, less-toxic approach for treating brain tumors. However, a major obstacle in maximizing oncolytic virotherapy is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms that unfold in CNS tumors/associated microenvironments after infusion of virus. We demonstrate that our multiplex biomarker screening platform comprehensively informs changes in both topographical location and functional states of resident/infiltrating immune cells that play a role in neuropathology after treatment with HSV G207 in a pediatric Phase 1 patient. Using this approach, we identified robust infiltration of CD8+ T cells suggesting activation of the immune response following virotherapy; however there was a corresponding upregulation of checkpoint proteins PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, and IDO revealing a potential role for checkpoint inhibitors. Such work may ultimately lead to an understanding of the governing pathobiology of tumors, thereby fostering development of novel therapeutics tailored to produce optimal responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bernstock
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nunzio Vicario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Li Rong
- Department of Pathology, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Pablo A Valdes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bryan D Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason A Chen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel DiToro
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana S Osorio
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kara Kachurak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Florian Gessler
- Department for Neurosurgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - T Prescott Atkinson
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, Department of Pediatrics and Diagnostic Mycoplasma Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Richard J Whitley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Asim K Bag
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dragan Maric
- Flow and Imaging Cytometry Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disordersand Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NINDS/NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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21
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Hartheimer JS, Park S, Rao SS, Kim Y. Targeting Hyaluronan Interactions for Glioblastoma Stem Cell Therapy. Cancer Microenviron 2019; 12:47-56. [PMID: 31079324 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-019-00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Even with rigorous treatments, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has an abysmal median survival rate, greatly due to the drug-resistant glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) population. GSCs are known to remodel their microenvironment, but the precise role of extracellular matrix components hyaluronic acid (HA) and hyaluronidases (HAases) on the GSC population is still largely unknown. Our objective was to determine how HAase can sensitize GSCs to chemotherapy drugs by disrupting the HA-CD44 signaling. GBM cell line U87-MG and patient-derived D456 cells were grown in GSC-enriching media and treated with HA or HAase. Expressions of GSC markers, HA-related genes, and drug resistance genes were measured via flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and qRT-PCR. Proliferation after combined HAase and temozolomide (TMZ) treatment was measured via WST-8. HA supplementation promoted the expression of GSC markers and CD44 in GBM cells cultured in serum-free media. Conversely, HAase addition inhibited GSC gene expression while promoting CD44 expression. Finally, HAase sensitized GBM cells to TMZ. We propose a combined treatment of HAase and chemotherapy drugs by disrupting the stemness-promoting HA to target GSCs. This combination therapy shows promise even when temozolomide treatment alone causes resistance.
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22
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is a highly malignant and typically fatal tumor of the central nervous system. The tumor is characterized by marked cellular and molecular heterogeneity, including a subpopulation of brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) that are highly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. We previously reported that the RNA-binding protein HuR is: (1) overexpressed in glioblastoma, (2) necessary for tumor growth in vivo, and (3) a positive regulator of tumor-promoting genes in glioblastoma. These findings provide strong evidence that HuR might be a viable therapeutic target in glioblastoma. In this report, we investigated the effects of MS-444, a small molecule inhibitor of HuR, in xenograft-derived human glioblastoma cells and BTICs. We found that MS-444 treatment of glioblastoma cells resulted in loss of viability and induction of apoptosis, with evidence implicating death receptor 5. BTICs were particularly sensitive to MS-444. At sub-lethal doses, MS-444 attenuated invasion of glioblastoma cells and BTICs in a transwell model. At the molecular level, MS-444 treatment led to an attenuation of mRNAs in different tumor promoting pathways including angiogenesis, immune evasion and suppression of apoptosis. Although cytoplasmic HuR was reduced with MS-444 treatment, the attenuation of mRNAs could not be explained by RNA destabilization. In summary, this report provides proof of concept that small molecule inhibition of HuR could be a viable approach for treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Wang
- a Departments of Neurology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL
| | - Anita B Hjelmeland
- b Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL
| | - L Burt Nabors
- a Departments of Neurology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL
| | - Peter H King
- a Departments of Neurology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL.,b Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology , University of Alabama , Birmingham , AL.,c Birmingham Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Birmingham , AL
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23
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Bernstock JD, Vicario N, Li R, Nan L, Totsch SK, Schlappi C, Gessler F, Han X, Parenti R, Beierle EA, Whitley RJ, Aban I, Gillespie GY, Markert JM, Friedman GK. Safety and efficacy of oncolytic HSV-1 G207 inoculated into the cerebellum of mice. Cancer Gene Ther 2020; 27:246-55. [PMID: 30918335 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-019-0091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Primary malignant central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the leading cause of childhood cancer-related death and morbidity. While advances in surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy have improved the survival rates in children with malignant brain tumors, mortality persists in certain subpopulations and current therapies are associated with extreme morbidity. This is especially true for children with malignant infratentorial tumors. Accordingly, G207, a genetically engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) capable of selectively targeting cancer cells has emerged as a promising therapeutic option for this patient population. Herein, we demonstrate that cerebellar inoculation of G207 was systemically non-toxic in an immunocompetent, HSV-1 sensitive mouse strain (CBA/J). Mice had neither abnormal brain/organ pathology nor evidence of G207 replication by immunohistochemistry at days 7 and 30 after cerebellar G207 inoculation. While a minute amount viral DNA was recovered in the cerebellum and brainstem of mice at day 7, no viral DNA persisted at day 30. Critically, G207 delivered to the cerebellum was able to target/treat the highly aggressive MYC-overexpressed group 3 murine medulloblastoma increasing survival vs controls. These results provide critical safety and efficacy data to support the translation of G207 for pediatric clinical trials in intractable cerebellar malignancies.
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24
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Bernstock JD, Wright Z, Bag AK, Gessler F, Gillespie GY, Markert JM, Friedman GK, Johnston JM. Stereotactic Placement of Intratumoral Catheters for Continuous Infusion Delivery of Herpes Simplex Virus -1 G207 in Pediatric Malignant Supratentorial Brain Tumors. World Neurosurg 2018; 122:e1592-e1598. [PMID: 30481622 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The engineered herpes simplex virus-1 G207, is a promising therapeutic option for central nervous system tumors. The first-ever pediatric phase 1 trial of continuous-infusion delivery of G207 via intratumoral catheters for recurrent or progressive malignant brain tumors is ongoing. In this article, we describe surgical techniques for the accurate placement of catheters in multiple supratentorial locations and perioperative complications associated with such procedures. METHODS A prospective study of G207 in children with recurrent malignant supratentorial tumors is ongoing. Preoperative stereotactic protocol magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and catheter trajectories planned using StealthStation planning software. Children underwent placement of 3-4 silastic catheters using a small incision burr hole and the Vertek system. Patients had a preinfusion computed tomography scan to confirm correct placement of catheters. RESULTS Six children underwent implantation of 3-4 catheters. Locations of catheter placement included frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes, and the insula and thalamus. There were no clinically significant perioperative complications. Postoperative computed tomography scans coupled with preoperative MRI scans demonstrated accurate placement of 21 of 22 catheters, with 1 misplaced catheter pulled back to an optimal location at the bedside. One patient had hemorrhage along the catheter tract that was clinically asymptomatic. Another patient had cerebrospinal fluid leak from a biopsy incision 9 days after surgery that was oversewn without complication. CONCLUSIONS The placement of multiple intratumoral catheters in pediatric patients with supratentorial tumors via frameless stereotactic techniques is feasible and safe. Intratumoral catheters provide a potentially effective route for the delivery of G207 and may be employed in other trials utilizing oncolytic virotherapy for brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Bernstock
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Zachary Wright
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Asim K Bag
- Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology Section, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Florian Gessler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | - James M Johnston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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25
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Bahreyni A, Ghorbani E, Fuji H, Ryzhikov M, Khazaei M, Erfani M, Avan A, Hassanian SM, Azadmanesh K. Therapeutic potency of oncolytic virotherapy-induced cancer stem cells targeting in brain tumors, current status, and perspectives. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:2766-2773. [PMID: 30321455 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Brain tumors are the most common form of solid tumors in children and is presently a serious therapeutic challenge worldwide. Traditional treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy was shown to be unsuccessful in targeting brain tumor cancer stem cells (CSCs), leading to recurrent, treatment-resistant secondary malignancies. Oncolytic virotherapy (OV) is an effective antitumor therapeutic strategy which offers a novel, targeted approach for eradicating pediatric brain tumor CSCs by utilizing mechanisms of cell killing that differ from conventional therapies. A number of studies and some clinical trials have therefore investigated the effects of combined therapy of radiations or chemotherapies with oncolytic viruses which provide new insights regarding the effectiveness and improvement of treatment responses for brain cancer patients. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the therapeutic potency of OVs-induced CSCs targeting in the treatment of brain tumors for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Fuji
- Department of Biochemistry, Payame-Noor University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University, School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Majid Khazaei
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Marjan Erfani
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed M Hassanian
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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26
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Friedman GK, Bernstock JD, Chen D, Nan L, Moore BP, Kelly VM, Youngblood SL, Langford CP, Han X, Ring EK, Beierle EA, Gillespie GY, Markert JM. Enhanced Sensitivity of Patient-Derived Pediatric High-Grade Brain Tumor Xenografts to Oncolytic HSV-1 Virotherapy Correlates with Nectin-1 Expression. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13930. [PMID: 30224769 PMCID: PMC6141470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric high-grade brain tumors and adult glioblastoma are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV) is a promising approach to target brain tumors; oHSV G207 and M032 (encodes human interleukin-12) are currently in phase I clinical trials in children with malignant supratentorial brain tumors and adults with glioblastoma, respectively. We sought to compare the sensitivity of patient-derived pediatric malignant brain tumor and adult glioblastoma xenografts to these clinically-relevant oHSV. In so doing we found that pediatric brain tumors were more sensitive to the viruses and expressed significantly more nectin-1 (CD111) than adult glioblastoma. Pediatric embryonal and glial tumors were 74-fold and 14-fold more sensitive to M002 and 16-fold and 6-fold more sensitive to G207 than adult glioblastoma, respectively. Of note, pediatric embryonal tumors were more sensitive than glial tumors. Differences in sensitivity may be due in part to nectin-1 expression, which predicted responses to the viruses. Treatment with oHSV resulted in prolonged survival in both pediatric and adult intracranial patient-dervied tumor xenograft models. Our results suggest that pediatric brain tumors are ideal targets for oHSV and that brain tumor expression of nectin-1 may be a useful biomarker to predict patient response to oHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA.
| | - Joshua D Bernstock
- School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Li Nan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Blake P Moore
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Virginia M Kelly
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Samantha L Youngblood
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Catherine P Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Eric K Ring
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
| | - James M Markert
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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27
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Terai K, Bi D, Liu Z, Kimura K, Sanaat Z, Dolatkhah R, Soleimani M, Jones C, Bright A, Esfandyari T, Farassati F. A Novel Oncolytic Herpes Capable of Cell-Specific Transcriptional Targeting of CD133± Cancer Cells Induces Significant Tumor Regression. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1154-1169. [PMID: 29658163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The topic of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is of significant importance due to its implications in our understanding of the tumor biology as well as the development of novel cancer therapeutics. However, the question of whether targeting CSCs can hamper the growth of tumors remains mainly unanswered due to the lack of specific agents for this purpose. To address this issue, we have developed the first mutated version of herpes simplex virus-1 that is transcriptionally targeted against CD133+ cells. CD133 has been portrayed as one of the most important markers in CSCs involved in the biology of a number of human cancers, including liver, brain, colon, skin, and pancreas. The virus developed in this work, Signal-Smart 2, showed specificity against CD133+ cells in three different models (hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal cancer, and melanoma) resulting in a loss of viability and invasiveness of cancer cells. Additionally, the virus showed robust inhibitory activity against in vivo tumor growth in both preventive and therapeutic mouse models as well as orthotopic model highly relevant to potential clinical application of this virus. Therefore, we conclude that targeting CD133+ CSCs has the potential to be pursued as a novel strategy against cancer. Stem Cells 2018;36:1154-1169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Terai
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Danse Bi
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhengian Liu
- Midwest Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Kyle Kimura
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Zohreh Sanaat
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Roya Dolatkhah
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Mina Soleimani
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Christopher Jones
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Allison Bright
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Tuba Esfandyari
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas, Missouri, USA
| | - Faris Farassati
- Midwest Biomedical Research Foundation, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas, Missouri, USA.,Saint Luke's Cancer Institute-Saint Luke's Marion Bloch Neuroscience Institute, Kansas, Missouri, USA
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28
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Varela-Guruceaga M, Tejada-Solís S, García-Moure M, Fueyo J, Gomez-Manzano C, Patiño-García A, Alonso MM. Oncolytic Viruses as Therapeutic Tools for Pediatric Brain Tumors. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:E226. [PMID: 29987215 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, we have seen an important progress in our comprehension of the molecular basis of pediatric brain tumors (PBTs). However, they still represent the main cause of death by disease in children. Due to the poor prognosis of some types of PBTs and the long-term adverse effects associated with the traditional treatments, oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as an interesting therapeutic option since they displayed safety and high tolerability in pre-clinical and clinical levels. In this review, we summarize the OVs evaluated in different types of PBTs, mostly in pre-clinical studies, and we discuss the possible future direction of research in this field. In this sense, one important aspect of OVs antitumoral effect is the stimulation of an immune response against the tumor which is necessary for a complete response in preclinical immunocompetent models and in the clinic. The role of the immune system in the response of OVs needs to be evaluated in PBTs and represents an experimental challenge due to the limited immunocompetent models of these diseases available for pre-clinical research.
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Nakatake R, Kaibori M, Nakamura Y, Tanaka Y, Matushima H, Okumura T, Murakami T, Ino Y, Todo T, Kon M. Third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus inhibits the growth of liver tumors in mice. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:600-610. [PMID: 29288515 PMCID: PMC5834814 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodality therapies are used to manage patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), although advanced HCC is incurable. Oncolytic virus therapy is probably the next major breakthrough in cancer treatment. The third-generation oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) T-01 kills tumor cells without damaging the surrounding normal tissues. Here we investigated the antitumor effects of T-01 on HCC and the host's immune response to HCC cells. The cytopathic activities of T-01 were tested in 14 human and 1 murine hepatoma cell line in vitro. In various mouse xenograft models, HuH-7, KYN-2, PLC/PRF/5 and HepG2 human cells and Hepa1-6 murine cells were used to investigate the in vivo efficacy of T-01. T-01 was cytotoxic to 13 cell lines (in vitro). In mouse xenograft models of subcutaneous, orthotopic and peritoneal tumor metastasis in athymic mice (BALB/c nu/nu), the growth of tumors formed by the human HCC cell lines and hepatoblastoma cell line was inhibited by T-01 compared with that of mock-inoculated tumors. In a bilateral Hepa1-6 subcutaneous tumor model in C57BL/6 mice, the growth of tumors inoculated with T-01 was inhibited, as was the case for contralateral tumors. T-01 also significantly reduced tumor growth. T-01 infection significantly enhanced antitumor efficacy via T cell-mediated immune responses. Results demonstrate that a third-generation oncolytic HSV-1 may serve as a novel treatment for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richi Nakatake
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Kaibori
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Matushima
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadayoshi Okumura
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Department of Microbiology, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ino
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, The Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Kon
- Department of Surgery, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
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Ring EK, Li R, Moore BP, Nan L, Kelly VM, Han X, Beierle EA, Markert JM, Leavenworth JW, Gillespie GY, Friedman GK. Newly Characterized Murine Undifferentiated Sarcoma Models Sensitive to Virotherapy with Oncolytic HSV-1 M002. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2017; 7:27-36. [PMID: 29034313 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in conventional chemotherapy, surgical techniques, and radiation, outcomes for patients with relapsed, refractory, or metastatic soft tissue sarcomas are dismal. Survivors often suffer from lasting morbidity from current treatments. New targeted therapies with less toxicity, such as those that harness the immune system, and immunocompetent murine sarcoma models to test these therapies are greatly needed. We characterized two new serendipitous murine models of undifferentiated sarcoma (SARC-28 and SARC-45) and tested their sensitivity to virotherapy with oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1). Both models expressed high levels of the primary HSV entry molecule nectin-1 (CD111) and were susceptible to killing by interleukin-12 (IL-12) producing HSV-1 M002 in vitro and in vivo. M002 resulted in a significant intratumoral increase in effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and activated monocytes, and a decrease in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in immunocompetent mice. Compared to parent virus R3659 (no IL-12 production), M002 resulted in higher CD8:MDSC and CD8:T regulatory cell (Treg) ratios, suggesting that M002 creates a more favorable immune tumor microenvironment. These data provide support for clinical trials targeting sarcomas with oncolytic HSV-1. These models provide an exciting opportunity to explore combination therapies for soft tissue sarcomas that rely on an intact immune system to reach full therapeutic potential.
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Waters AM, Johnston JM, Reddy AT, Fiveash J, Madan-Swain A, Kachurak K, Bag AK, Gillespie GY, Markert JM, Friedman GK. Rationale and Design of a Phase 1 Clinical Trial to Evaluate HSV G207 Alone or with a Single Radiation Dose in Children with Progressive or Recurrent Malignant Supratentorial Brain Tumors. HUM GENE THER CL DEV 2017; 28:7-16. [PMID: 28319448 DOI: 10.1089/humc.2017.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary central nervous system tumors are the most common solid neoplasm of childhood and the leading cause of cancer-related death in pediatric patients. Survival rates for children with malignant supratentorial brain tumors are poor despite aggressive treatment with combinations of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, and survivors often suffer from damaging lifelong sequelae from current therapies. Novel innovative treatments are greatly needed. One promising new approach is the use of a genetically engineered, conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus (HSV) that has shown tumor-specific tropism and potential efficacy in the treatment of malignant brain tumors. G207 is a genetically engineered HSV-1 lacking genes essential for replication in normal brain cells. Safety has been established in preclinical investigations involving intracranial inoculation in the highly HSV-sensitive owl monkey (Aotus nancymai), and in three adult phase 1 trials in recurrent/progressive high-grade gliomas. No dose-limiting toxicities were seen in the adult studies and a maximum tolerated dose was not reached. Approximately half of the 35 treated adults had radiographic or neuropathologic evidence of response at a minimum of one time point. Preclinical studies in pediatric brain tumor models indicate that a variety of pediatric tumor types are highly sensitive to killing by G207. This clinical protocol outlines a first in human children study of intratumoral inoculation of an oncolytic virus via catheters placed directly into recurrent or progressive supratentorial malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Waters
- 1 Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James M Johnston
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alyssa T Reddy
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - John Fiveash
- 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Avi Madan-Swain
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kara Kachurak
- 5 Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's of Alabama , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Asim K Bag
- 6 Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - James M Markert
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama.,3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- 3 Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, Alabama
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Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common primary brain tumor and carries a grim prognosis, with a median survival of just over 14 months. Given the poor outcomes with standard-of-care treatments, novel treatment strategies are needed. The concept of virotherapy for the treatment of malignant tumors dates back more than a century and can be divided into replication-competent oncolytic viruses and replication-deficient viral vectors. Oncolytic viruses are designed to selectively target, infect, and replicate in tumor cells, while sparing surrounding normal brain. A host of oncolytic viruses has been evaluated in early phase human trials with promising safety results, but none has progressed to phase III trials. Despite the 25 years that has passed since the initial publication of genetically engineered oncolytic viruses for the treatment of glioma, much remains to be learned about the use of this therapy, including its mechanism of action, optimal treatment paradigm, appropriate targets, and integration with adjuvant agents. Oncolytic viral therapy for glioma remains promising and will undoubtedly impact the future of patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Foreman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Waters AM, Stafman LL, Garner EF, Mruthyunjayappa S, Stewart JE, Friedman GK, Coleman JM, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Beierle EA. Effect of Repeat Dosing of Engineered Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Virus on Preclinical Models of Rhabdomyosarcoma. Transl Oncol 2016; 9:419-430. [PMID: 27751346 PMCID: PMC5067929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), a tumor of skeletal muscle origin, is the most common sarcoma of childhood. Despite multidrug chemotherapy regimens, surgical intervention, and radiation treatment, outcomes remain poor, especially in advanced disease, and novel therapies are needed for the treatment of these aggressive malignancies. Genetically engineered oncolytic viruses, such as herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV), are currently being explored as treatments for pediatric tumors. M002, an oncolytic HSV, has both copies of the γ134.5 gene deleted, enabling replication in tumor cells but thwarting infection of normal, postmitotic cells. We hypothesized that M002 would infect human RMS tumor cells and lead to decreased tumor cell survival in vitro and impede tumor growth in vivo. In the current study, we demonstrated that M002 could infect, replicate in, and decrease cell survival in both embryonal (ERMS) and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS) cells. Additionally, M002 reduced xenograft tumor growth and increased animal survival in both ARMS and ERMS. Most importantly, we showed for the first time that repeated dosing of oncolytic virus coupled with low-dose radiation provided improved tumor response in RMS. These findings provide support for the clinical investigation of oncolytic HSV in pediatric RMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Waters
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Laura L Stafman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Evan F Garner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Smitha Mruthyunjayappa
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Jerry E Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Jennifer M Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - James M Markert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA 35233.
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Abstract
Pediatric solid tumors remain a major health concern, with nearly 16,000 children diagnosed each year. Of those, ~2,000 succumb to their disease, and survivors often suffer from lifelong disability secondary to toxic effects of current treatments. Countless multimodality treatment regimens are being explored to make advances against this deadly disease. One targeted treatment approach is oncolytic virotherapy. Conditionally replicating viruses can infect tumor cells while leaving normal cells unharmed. Four viruses have been advanced to pediatric clinical trials, including herpes simplex virus-1, Seneca Valley virus, reovirus, and vaccinia virus. In this review, we discuss the mechanism of action of each virus, pediatric preclinical studies conducted to date, past and ongoing pediatric clinical trials, and potential future direction for these novel viral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M Waters
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Eric K Ring
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Josupeit R, Bender S, Kern S, Leuchs B, Hielscher T, Herold-Mende C, Schlehofer JR, Dinsart C, Witt O, Rommelaere J, Lacroix J. Pediatric and Adult High-Grade Glioma Stem Cell Culture Models Are Permissive to Lytic Infection with Parvovirus H-1. Viruses 2016; 8:E138. [PMID: 27213425 DOI: 10.3390/v8050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Combining virus-induced cytotoxic and immunotherapeutic effects, oncolytic virotherapy represents a promising therapeutic approach for high-grade glioma (HGG). A clinical trial has recently provided evidence for the clinical safety of the oncolytic parvovirus H-1 (H-1PV) in adult glioblastoma relapse patients. The present study assesses the efficacy of H-1PV in eliminating HGG initiating cells. H-1PV was able to enter and to transduce all HGG neurosphere culture models (n = 6), including cultures derived from adult glioblastoma, pediatric glioblastoma, and diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Cytotoxic effects induced by the virus have been observed in all HGG neurospheres at half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) doses of input virus between 1 and 10 plaque forming units per cell. H-1PV infection at this dose range was able to prevent tumorigenicity of NCH421k glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) “stem-like” cells in NOD/SCID mice. Interestingly NCH421R, an isogenic subclone with equal capacity of xenograft formation, but resistant to H-1PV infection could be isolated from the parental NCH421k culture. To reveal changes in gene expression associated with H-1PV resistance we performed a comparative gene expression analysis in these subclones. Several dysregulated genes encoding receptor proteins, endocytosis factors or regulators innate antiviral responses were identified and represent intriguing candidates for to further study molecular mechanisms of H-1PV resistance.
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Xu Z, Zeng X, Xu J, Xu D, Li J, Jin H, Jiang G, Han X, Huang C. Isorhapontigenin suppresses growth of patient-derived glioblastoma spheres through regulating miR-145/SOX2/cyclin D1 axis. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:830-9. [PMID: 26681767 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor, and glioma stem cells (GSCs) are considered a major source of treatment resistance for glioblastoma. Identifying new compounds that inhibit the growth of GSCs and understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms are therefore important for developing novel therapy for GBM. METHODS We investigated the potential inhibitory effect of isorhapontigenin (ISO), an anticancer compound identified in our recent investigations, on anchorage-independent growth of patient-derived glioblastoma spheres (PDGS) and its mechanism of action. RESULTS ISO treatment resulted in significant anchorage-independent growth inhibition, accompanied with cell cycle G0-G1 arrest and cyclin D1 protein downregulation in PDGS. Further studies established that cyclin D1 was downregulated by ISO at transcription levels in a SOX2-dependent manner. In addition, ISO attenuated SOX2 expression by specific induction of miR-145, which in turn suppressed 3'UTR activity of SOX2 mRNA without affecting its mRNA stability. Moreover, ectopic expression of exogenous SOX2 rendered D456 cells resistant to induction of cell cycle G0-G1 arrest and anchorage-independent growth inhibition upon ISO treatment, whereas inhibition of miR-145 resulted in D456 cells resistant to ISO inhibition of SOX2 and cyclin D1 expression. In addition, overexpression of miR-145 mimicked ISO treatment in D456 cells. CONCLUSIONS ISO induces miR-145 expression, which binds to the SOX2 mRNA 3'UTR region and inhibits SOX2 protein translation. Inhibition of SOX2 leads to cyclin D1 downregulation and PDGS anchorage-independent growth inhibition. The elucidation of the miR-145/SOX2/cyclin D1 axis in PDGS provides a significant insight into understanding the anti-GBM effect of ISO compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Xu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Xingruo Zeng
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Jiawei Xu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Derek Xu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Jingxia Li
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Honglei Jin
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Guosong Jiang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
| | - Chuanshu Huang
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York (Z.X., X.Z., J.X., D.X., J.L., H.J., G.J., C.H.); Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China (Z.X.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.)
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37
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Wang PY, Swain HM, Kunkler AL, Chen CY, Hutzen BJ, Arnold MA, Streby KA, Collins MH, Dipasquale B, Stanek JR, Conner J, van Kuppevelt TH, Glorioso JC, Grandi P, Cripe TP. Neuroblastomas vary widely in their sensitivities to herpes simplex virotherapy unrelated to virus receptors and susceptibility. Gene Ther 2016; 23:135-43. [PMID: 26583803 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although most high-risk neuroblastomas are responsive to chemotherapy, relapse is common and long-term survival is less than 40%, underscoring the need for more effective treatments. We evaluated the responsiveness of 12 neuroblastoma cell lines to the Δγ134.5 attenuated oncolytic HSV, Seprehvir (HSV1716), which is currently used in pediatric phase I trials. We found that entry of Seprehvir in neuroblastoma cells is independent of the expression of nectin-1 and the sum of all four known major HSV entry receptors. We observed varying levels of sensitivity and permissivity to Seprehvir, suggesting that the cellular anti-viral response, not virus entry, is the key determinant of efficacy with this virus. In vivo, we found significant anti-tumor efficacy following Seprehvir treatment, which ranged from 6/10 complete responses in the CHP-134 model to a mild prolonged median survival in the SK-N-AS model. Taken together, these data suggest that anti-tumor efficacy cannot be solely predicted based on in vitro response. Whether or not this discordance holds true for other viruses or tumor types is unknown. Our results also suggest that profiling the expression of known viral entry receptors on neuroblastoma cells may not be entirely predictive of their susceptibility to Seprehvir therapy.
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Friedman GK, Beierle EA, Gillespie GY, Markert JM, Waters AM, Chen CY, Denton NL, Haworth KB, Hutzen B, Leddon JL, Streby KA, Wang PY, Cripe TP. Pediatric cancer gone viral. Part II: potential clinical application of oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in children. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2015; 2:S2372-7705(16)30018-3. [PMID: 26436134 PMCID: PMC4589754 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic engineered herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) possess many biologic and functional attributes that support their use in clinical trials in children with solid tumors. Tumor cells, in an effort to escape regulatory mechanisms that would impair their growth and progression, have removed many mechanisms that would have protected them from virus infection and eventual virus-mediated destruction. Viruses engineered to exploit this weakness, like mutant HSV, can be safely employed as tumor cell killers, since normal cells retain these antiviral strategies. Many preclinical studies and early phase trials in adults demonstrated that oncolytic HSV can be safely used and are highly effective in killing tumor cells that comprise pediatric malignancies, without generating the toxic side effects of nondiscriminatory chemotherapy or radiation therapy. A variety of engineered viruses have been developed and tested in numerous preclinical models of pediatric cancers and initial trials in patients are underway. In Part II of this review series, we examine the preclinical evidence to support the further advancement of oncolytic HSV in the pediatric population. We discuss clinical advances made to date in this emerging era of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - James M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alicia M Waters
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas L Denton
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kellie B Haworth
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brian Hutzen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer L Leddon
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Keri A Streby
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pin-Yi Wang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA ; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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39
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Cripe TP, Chen CY, Denton NL, Haworth KB, Hutzen B, Leddon JL, Streby KA, Wang PY, Markert JM, Waters AM, Gillespie GY, Beierle EA, Friedman GK. Pediatric cancer gone viral. Part I: strategies for utilizing oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 in children. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2015; 2:15015. [PMID: 26436135 DOI: 10.1038/mto.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Progress for improving outcomes in pediatric patients with solid tumors remains slow. In addition, currently available therapies are fraught with numerous side effects, often causing significant life-long morbidity for long-term survivors. The use of viruses to kill tumor cells based on their increased vulnerability to infection is gaining traction, with several viruses moving through early and advanced phase clinical testing. The prospect of increased efficacy and decreased toxicity with these agents is thus attractive for pediatric cancer. In part I of this two-part review, we focus on strategies for utilizing oncolytic engineered herpes simplex virus (HSV) to target pediatric malignancies. We discuss mechanisms of action, routes of delivery, and the role of preexisting immunity on antitumor efficacy. Challenges to maximizing oncolytic HSV in children are examined, and we highlight how these may be overcome through various arming strategies. We review the preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrating safety of a variety of oncolytic HSVs. In Part II, we focus on the antitumor efficacy of oncolytic HSV in pediatric tumor types, pediatric clinical advances made to date, and future prospects for utilizing HSV in pediatric patients with solid tumors.
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Friedman GK, Moore BP, Nan L, Kelly VM, Etminan T, Langford CP, Xu H, Han X, Markert JM, Beierle EA, Gillespie GY. Pediatric medulloblastoma xenografts including molecular subgroup 3 and CD133+ and CD15+ cells are sensitive to killing by oncolytic herpes simplex viruses. Neuro Oncol 2015; 18:227-35. [PMID: 26188016 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood medulloblastoma is associated with significant morbidity and mortality that is compounded by neurotoxicity for the developing brain caused by current therapies, including surgery, craniospinal radiation, and chemotherapy. Innate therapeutic resistance of some aggressive pediatric medulloblastoma has been attributed to a subpopulation of cells, termed cancer-initiating cells or cancer stemlike cells (CSCs), marked by the surface protein CD133 or CD15. Brain tumors characteristically contain areas of pathophysiologic hypoxia, which has been shown to drive the CSC phenotype leading to heightened invasiveness, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Novel therapies that target medulloblastoma CSCs are needed to improve outcomes and decrease toxicity. We hypothesized that oncolytic engineered herpes simplex virus (oHSV) therapy could effectively infect and kill pediatric medulloblastoma cells, including CSCs marked by CD133 or CD15. METHODS Using 4 human pediatric medulloblastoma xenografts, including 3 molecular subgroup 3 tumors, which portend worse patient outcomes, we determined the expression of CD133, CD15, and the primary HSV-1 entry molecule nectin-1 (CD111) by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis. Infectability and cytotoxicity of clinically relevant oHSVs (G207 and M002) were determined in vitro and in vivo by FACS, immunofluorescent staining, cytotoxicity assays, and murine survival studies. RESULTS We demonstrate that hypoxia increased the CD133+ cell fraction, while having the opposite effect on CD15 expression. We established that all 4 xenografts, including the CSCs, expressed CD111 and were highly sensitive to killing by G207 or M002. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric medulloblastoma, including Group 3 tumors, may be an excellent target for oHSV virotherapy, and a clinical trial in medulloblastoma is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory K Friedman
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Blake P Moore
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Li Nan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Virginia M Kelly
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Tina Etminan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Catherine P Langford
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Hui Xu
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - James M Markert
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - Elizabeth A Beierle
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, Alabama (G.K.F., B.P.M., L.N., V.M.K.); Science and Technology Honors Program, Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (T.E.); Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (C.P.L., J.M.M., G.Y.G.); Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (H.X.); Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (X.H.); Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama (E.A.B.)
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Tilson SG, Haley EM, Triantafillu UL, Dozier DA, Langford CP, Gillespie GY, Kim Y. ROCK Inhibition Facilitates In Vitro Expansion of Glioblastoma Stem-Like Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132823. [PMID: 26167936 PMCID: PMC4500389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their stem-like characteristics and their resistance to existing chemo- and radiation therapies, there is a growing appreciation that cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the root cause behind cancer metastasis and recurrence. However, these cells represent a small subpopulation of cancer cells and are difficult to propagate in vitro. Glioblastoma is an extremely deadly form of brain cancer that is hypothesized to have a subpopulation of CSCs called glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs; also called brain tumor initiating cells, BTICs). We propose the use of selective Rho-kinase (ROCK) inhibitors, Y-27632 and fasudil, to promote GSC/BTIC-like cell survival and propagation in vitro. ROCK inhibitors have been implicated in suppressing apoptosis, and it was hypothesized that they would increase the number of GSC/BTIC-like cells grown in vitro and improve cloning efficiencies. Indeed, our data demonstrate that transient and continuous supplementation of non-toxic concentrations of Y-27632 and fasudil inhibited apoptosis, enhanced the cells’ ability to form spheres, and increased stem cell marker expressing GSC/BTIC-like cell subpopulation. Our data indicated that pharmacological and genetic (siRNA) inhibitions of the ROCK pathway facilitates in vitro expansion of GSC/BTIC-like cells. Thus, ROCK pathway inhibition shows promise for future optimization of CSC culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha G. Tilson
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth M. Haley
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ursula L. Triantafillu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - David A. Dozier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Catherine P. Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia V Cockle
- Leeds Institute of Cancer Studies & Pathology, St James's Hospital, Leeds University, LS9 7TF, UK
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43
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Friedman GK, Nan L, Haas MC, Kelly VM, Moore BP, Langford CP, Xu H, Han X, Beierle EA, Markert JM, Cassady KA, Gillespie GY. γ₁34.5-deleted HSV-1-expressing human cytomegalovirus IRS1 gene kills human glioblastoma cells as efficiently as wild-type HSV-1 in normoxia or hypoxia. Gene Ther 2014; 22:348-55. [PMID: 25427614 PMCID: PMC4383690 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological hypoxia, which fosters the glioma stem-like cell (GSC) phenotype, is present in high-grade gliomas and has been linked to tumor development, invasiveness, and resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Oncolytic virotherapy with engineered herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is a promising therapy for glioblastoma; however efficacy of γ134.5-deleted HSVs, which have been used in clinical trials, was diminished in hypoxia. We investigated the ability of a chimeric HCMV/HSV-1 virus, which expresses the human CMV PKR evasion gene IRS1 and is in preparation for clinical trials, to infect and kill adult and pediatric patient-derived glioblastoma xenografts in hypoxia and normoxia. Infectivity, cytotoxicity and viral recovery were significantly greater with the chimeric virus compared to the γ134.5-deleted virus, regardless of oxygen tension. The chimeric virus infected and killed CD133+ GSCs similarly to wild-type HSV-1. Increased activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38 and its substrate heat shock protein 27 (Hsp27) was seen after viral infection in normoxia compared to hypoxia. Hsp27 knockdown or p38 inhibition reduced virus recovery indicating that the p38 pathway plays a role in the reduced efficacy of the γ134.5-deleted virus in hypoxia. Together these findings demonstrate chimeric HCMV/HSV-1 efficiently targets both CD133+ GSCs and glioma cells in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Friedman
- Brain Tumor Research Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - L Nan
- Brain Tumor Research Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - M C Haas
- Brain Tumor Research Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - V M Kelly
- Brain Tumor Research Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - B P Moore
- Brain Tumor Research Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C P Langford
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - H Xu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - X Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - E A Beierle
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J M Markert
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - K A Cassady
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - G Y Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Jackson JD, McMorris AM, Roth JC, Coleman JM, Whitley RJ, Gillespie GY, Carroll SL, Markert JM, Cassady KA. Assessment of oncolytic HSV efficacy following increased entry-receptor expression in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell lines. Gene Ther 2014; 21:984-90. [PMID: 25119379 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Limited expression and distribution of nectin-1, the major herpes simplex virus (HSV) type-1 entry-receptor, within tumors has been proposed as an impediment to oncolytic HSV (oHSV) therapy. To determine whether resistance to oHSVs in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) was explained by this hypothesis, nectin-1 expression and oHSV viral yields were assessed in a panel of MPNST cell lines using γ134.5-attenuated (Δγ134.5) oHSVs and a γ134.5 wild-type (wt) virus for comparison. Although there was a correlation between nectin-1 levels and viral yields with the wt virus (R=0.75, P =0.03), there was no correlation for Δγ134.5 viruses (G207, R7020 or C101) and a modest trend for the second-generation oHSV C134 (R=0.62, P=0.10). Nectin-1 overexpression in resistant MPNST cell lines did not improve Δγ134.5 oHSV output. While multistep replication assays showed that nectin-1 overexpression improved Δγ134.5 oHSV cell-to-cell spread, it did not confer a sensitive phenotype to resistant cells. Finally, oHSV yields were not improved with increased nectin-1 in vivo. We conclude that nectin-1 expression is not the primary obstacle of productive infection for Δγ134.5 oHSVs in MPNST cell lines. In contrast, viruses that are competent in their ability to counter the antiviral response may derive benefit with higher nectin-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - A M McMorris
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - J C Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - J M Coleman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - R J Whitley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - G Y Gillespie
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA [2] Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - S L Carroll
- 1] Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J M Markert
- 1] Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA [3] Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - K A Cassady
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA [2] Department of Cell, Developmental and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Ning J, Wakimoto H. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus-based strategies: toward a breakthrough in glioblastoma therapy. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:303. [PMID: 24999342 PMCID: PMC4064532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OV) are a class of antitumor agents that selectively kill tumor cells while sparing normal cells. Oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) has been investigated in clinical trials for patients with the malignant brain tumor glioblastoma for more than a decade. These clinical studies have shown the safety of oHSV administration to the human brain, however, therapeutic efficacy of oHSV as a single treatment remains unsatisfactory. Factors that could hamper the anti-glioblastoma efficacy of oHSV include: attenuated potency of oHSV due to deletion or mutation of viral genes involved in virulence, restricting viral replication and spread within the tumor; suboptimal oHSV delivery associated with intratumoral injection; virus infection-induced inflammatory and cellular immune responses which could inhibit oHSV replication and promote its clearance; lack of effective incorporation of oHSV into standard-of-care, and poor knowledge about the ability of oHSV to target glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). In an attempt to address these issues, recent research efforts have been directed at: (1) design of new engineered viruses to enhance potency, (2) better understanding of the role of the cellular immunity elicited by oHSV infection of tumors, (3) combinatorial strategies with different antitumor agents with a mechanistic rationale, (4) “armed” viruses expressing therapeutic transgenes, (5) use of GSC-derived models in oHSV evaluation, and (6) combinations of these. In this review, we will describe the current status of oHSV clinical trials for glioblastoma, and discuss recent research advances and future directions toward successful oHSV-based therapy of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfang Ning
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroaki Wakimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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Han X, Zhang W, Yang X, Wheeler CG, Langford CP, Wu L, Filippova N, Friedman GK, Ding Q, Fathallah-Shaykh HM, Gillespie GY, Nabors LB. The role of Src family kinases in growth and migration of glioma stem cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:302-10. [PMID: 24819299 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Src family kinases (SFKs) are highly expressed and active in clinical glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) specimens. SFKs inhibitors have been demonstrated to inhibit proliferation and migration of glioma cells. However, the role of SFKs in glioma stem cells (GSCs), which are important for treatment resistance and recurrence, has not been reported. Here, we examined the expression pattern of individual members of SFKs and their functional role in CD133+ GSCs in comparison to primary glioma cells. We found that Fyn, c-Src and Yes were robustly expressed in GSCs while Lck was absent. Knockdown of c-Src, Yes or treatment with the SFK inhibitor dasatinib inhibited the migration of GSCs, but had no impact on their growth or self-renewal. These results suggest that SFKs represent an effective target for GSC migration but not for their growth.
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Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as rare populations of tumor-initiating cancer cells that are capable of both self-renewal and differentiation. Extensive research is currently underway to develop therapeutics that target CSCs for cancer therapy, due to their critical role in tumorigenesis, as well as their resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. To this end, oncolytic viruses targeting unique CSC markers, signaling pathways, or the pro-tumor CSC niche offer promising potential as CSCs-destroying agents/therapeutics. We provide a summary of existing knowledge on the biology of CSCs, including their markers and their niche thought to comprise the tumor microenvironment, and then we provide a critical analysis of the potential for targeting CSCs with oncolytic viruses, including herpes simplex virus-1, adenovirus, measles virus, reovirus, and vaccinia virus. Specifically, we review current literature regarding first-generation oncolytic viruses with their innate ability to replicate in CSCs, as well as second-generation viruses engineered to enhance the oncolytic effect and CSC-targeting through transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyrel T Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Justin C Roth
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Gregory K Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - G Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Megison ML, Gillory LA, Stewart JE, Nabers HC, Mroczek-Musulman E, Waters AM, Coleman JM, Kelly V, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Friedman GK, Beierle EA. Preclinical evaluation of engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus for the treatment of pediatric solid tumors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86843. [PMID: 24497984 PMCID: PMC3907427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, investigators showed that mice with syngeneic murine gliomas that were treated with a neuroattenuated oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV), M002, had a significant increase in survival. M002 has deletions in both copies of the γ134.5 gene, enabling replication in tumor cells but precluding infection of normal cells. Previous studies have shown antitumor effects of other oHSV against a number of adult tumors including hepatocellular carcinoma and renal cell carcinoma. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the oncolytic potential of M002 against difficult to treat pediatric liver and kidney tumors. We showed that the oHSV, M002, infected, replicated, and decreased cell survival in hepatoblastoma, malignant rhabdoid kidney tumor, and renal sarcoma cell lines. In addition, we showed that in murine xenografts, treatment with M002 significantly increased survival and decreased tumor growth. Finally, these studies showed that the primary entry protein for oHSV, CD111 (nectin-1) was present in human hepatoblastoma and malignant rhabdoid kidney tumor specimens. We concluded that M002 effectively targeted these rare aggressive tumor types and that M002 may have potential for use in children with unresponsive or relapsed pediatric solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Megison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Lauren A. Gillory
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jerry E. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Hugh C. Nabers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Alicia M. Waters
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Virginia Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Gillory LA, Megison ML, Stewart JE, Mroczek-Musulman E, Nabers HC, Waters AM, Kelly V, Coleman JM, Markert JM, Gillespie GY, Friedman GK, Beierle EA. Preclinical evaluation of engineered oncolytic herpes simplex virus for the treatment of neuroblastoma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77753. [PMID: 24130898 PMCID: PMC3795073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research efforts and therapeutic advances over the last few decades, the pediatric neural crest tumor, neuroblastoma, continues to be responsible for over 15% of pediatric cancer deaths. Novel therapeutic options are needed for this tumor. Recently, investigators have shown that mice with syngeneic murine gliomas treated with an engineered, neuroattenuated oncolytic herpes simplex virus-1 (oHSV), M002, had a significant increase in survival. M002 has deletions in both copies of the γ134.5 gene, enabling replication in tumor cells but precluding infection of normal neural cells. We hypothesized that M002 would also be effective in the neural crest tumor, neuroblastoma. We showed that M002 infected, replicated, and decreased survival in neuroblastoma cell lines. In addition, we showed that in murine xenografts, treatment with M002 significantly decreased tumor growth, and that this effect was augmented with the addition of ionizing radiation. Importantly, survival could be increased by subsequent doses of radiation without re-dosing of the virus. Finally, these studies showed that the primary entry protein for oHSV, CD111 was expressed by numerous neuroblastoma cell lines and was also present in human neuroblastoma specimens. We concluded that M002 effectively targeted neuroblastoma and that this oHSV may have potential for use in children with unresponsive or relapsed neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Gillory
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Megison
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jerry E. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | | | - Hugh C. Nabers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Waters
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Virginia Kelly
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Coleman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - James M. Markert
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - G. Yancey Gillespie
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Beierle
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Yurtsever A, Haydaroglu A, Biray Avci C, Gunduz C, Oktar N, Dalbasti T, Caglar HO, Attar R, Kitapcioglu G. Assessment of genetic markers and glioblastoma stem-like cells in activation of dendritic cells. Hum Cell 2013; 26:105-13. [PMID: 23737374 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-013-0065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive intraparenchymal primary brain tumor in adults. The principal reasons for the poor outcomes of GBM are the high rates of recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine the role of tailored cellular therapy for GBM with a poor prognosis and compare the activity of dendritic cells (DCs) that have encountered GBM cells. Detecting the correlations between methylation and expression of MGMT and PTEN genes and GBM cancer stem cells (CSCs) markers after co-cultures with a mononuclear cell cocktail are also aims for this study. Allogenic umbilical cord blood (UCB)-derived DCs were labeled with the CD11a and CD123 for immature DCs, and CD80 and CD11c for mature DCs. CD34, CD45, and CD56 cells were isolated from allogenic UCB for using in DCs maturation. GBM CSCs were detected with CD133/1 and CD111 antibodies after co-culture studies. DC activation was carried out via GBM cells including CD133 and CD111 cells and a mononuclear cells cocktail including CD34, CD45, and CD56 natural killer cells. Real-time PCR was performed to detect the expression and promoter methylation status of PTEN and MGMT genes. The expression of CSCs markers was found in all GBM cases, and a statistically significant correlation was found among them after co-culture studies. The most pronounced affinity of DCs to GBM cells was observed at dilutions between 1/4 and 1/256 in co-cultures. There was a statistically significant correlation between cellularity and granularity ratios for CD123 and CD11c. PTEN and MGMT gene expression and methylation values were evaluated with respect to CSCs expression and no statistical significance was found. Activation of DCs might associate with CSCs and the mononuclear cells cocktail including CD34, CD45, and CD56 cells which were obtained from allogenic UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysel Yurtsever
- Cancer Research Center, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, Izmir, Turkey
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