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Jahangirian H, Saleh B, Kalantari K, Rafiee-Moghaddam R, Nikpey B, Jahangirian S, Webster TJ. Enzymatic Synthesis of Ricinoleyl Hydroxamic Acid Based on Commercial Castor Oil, Cytotoxicity Properties and Application as a New Anticancer Agent. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2935-2945. [PMID: 32425525 PMCID: PMC7196198 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s223796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND New anticancer agents that rely on natural/healthy, not synthetic/toxic, components are very much needed. METHODS Ricinoleyl hydroxamic acid (RHA) was synthesized from castor oil and hydroxylamine using Lipozyme TL IM as a catalyst. To optimize the conversion, the effects of the following parameters were investigated: type of organic solvent, period of reaction, amount of enzyme, the molar ratio of reactants and temperature. The highest conversion was obtained when the reaction was carried out under the following conditions: hexane as a solvent; reaction period of 48 hours; 120 mg of Lipozyme TL IM/3 mmol oil; HA-oil ratio of 19 mmol HA/3 mmol oil; and temperature of 40°C. The cytotoxicity of the synthesized RHA was assessed using human dermal fibroblasts (HDF), and its application towards fighting cancer was assessed using melanoma and glioblastoma cancer cells over a duration of 24 and 48 hours. RESULTS RHA was successfully synthesized and it demonstrated strong anticancer activity against glioblastoma and melanoma cells at as low as a 1 µg/mL concentration while it did not demonstrate any toxicity against HDF cells. CONCLUSION This is the first report on the synthesis of RHA with great potential to be used as a new anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Bahram Saleh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Katayoon Kalantari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Roshanak Rafiee-Moghaddam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
| | - Bahareh Nikpey
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Engineering and Agriculture, Science and Research Branch, IA University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA02115, USA
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Ruan LT, Zheng RC, Zheng YG. A novel amidase from Brevibacterium epidermidis ZJB-07021: gene cloning, refolding and application in butyrylhydroxamic acid synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 43:1071-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-016-1786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel amidase gene (bami) was cloned from Brevibacterium epidermidis ZJB-07021 by combination of degenerate PCR and high-efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR (hiTAIL-PCR). The deduced amino acid sequence showed low identity (≤55 %) with other reported amidases. The bami gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and the resultant inclusion bodies were refolded and purified to homogeneity with a recovery of 22.6 %. Bami exhibited a broad substrate spectrum towards aliphatic, aromatic and heterocyclic amides, and showed the highest acyl transfer activity towards butyramide with specific activity of 1331.0 ± 24.0 U mg−1. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that purified Bami exhibited high catalytic efficiency (414.9 mM−1 s−1) for acyl transfer of butyramide, with turnover number (K cat) of 3569.0 s−1. Key parameters including pH, substrate/co-substrate concentration, reaction temperature and catalyst loading were investigated and the Bami showed maximum acyl transfer activity at 50 °C, pH 7.5. Enzymatic catalysis of 200 mM butyramide with 15 μg mL−1 purified Bami was completed in 15 min with a BHA yield of 88.1 % under optimized conditions. The results demonstrated the great potential of Bami for the production of a variety of hydroxamic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tao Ruan
- grid.469325.f 000000041761325X Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
- grid.469325.f 000000041761325X Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Ren-Chao Zheng
- grid.469325.f 000000041761325X Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
- grid.469325.f 000000041761325X Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- grid.469325.f 000000041761325X Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
- grid.469325.f 000000041761325X Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education Zhejiang University of Technology 310014 Hangzhou People’s Republic of China
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Bernardo M, Pacheco R, Serralheiro MLM, Karmali A. Production of hydroxamic acids by immobilized Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells: Kinetic analysis in reverse micelles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Phenyl fatty hydroxamic acids (PFHAs) were synthesized from canola or palm oils and phenyl hydroxylamine (FHA) catalyzed by Lipozyme TL IM or RM IM. The reaction was carried out by shaking the reaction mixture at 120 rpm. The optimization was carried out by changing the reaction parameters, namely; temperature, organic solvent, amount and kind of enzyme, period of reaction and the mol ratio of reactants. The highest conversion was obtained when the reaction was carried out under the following conditions: temperature, 39°C; solvent, petroleum ether; kind and amount of lipase, 80 mg Lipozyme TL IM/mmol oil; reaction period, 72 h and FHA-oil ratio, 7.3 mmol FHA/ mmol oil. The highest conversion percentage of phenyl hydroxylaminolysis of the Ladan and Kristal brands commercial canola oils, palm stearin and palm kernel oils were 55.6, 52.2, 51.4 and 49.7 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Jahangirian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Sharma M, Sharma NN, Bhalla TC. Biotransformation of Acetamide to Acetohydroxamic Acid at Bench Scale Using Acyl Transferase Activity of Amidase of Geobacillus pallidus BTP-5x MTCC 9225. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 52:76-82. [PMID: 23449317 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0211-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioprocess employing acyl transferase activity of intracellular amidase of Geobacillus pallidus BTP-5x MTCC 9225 was harnessed for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important acetohydroxamic acid. G. pallidus BTP-5x exhibited highest acyl transferase activity with acetamide: hydroxylamine in ratio of 1:5 in 0.1 M NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 7.5) at 65°C. In one liter fed-batch reaction containing 1:5 ratio of two substrates total of eight feedings of 0.05 M/20 min of acetamide were made and it was found that maximum acetohydroxamic production was achieved at 3:5 ratios of substrate and cosubstrate. In 1 l bench scale batch reaction containing 0.3 M acetamide, 0.5 M hydroxylamine in 0.1 M NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 buffer (pH 7.5, 50°C, 400 rpm) and 0.5 mg/ml (dry cell weight) of whole cells of G. pallidus BTP-5x (as biocatalyst) resulted in an yield of 0.28 M of acetohydroxamic acid after 20 min reaction time at 50°C. The acetamide bioconversion rate was 90-95% (mol mol(-1)) and 51 g powder containing 40% (w/w) acetohydroxamic acid was recovered after lyophilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, 171005 Shimla, Himachal Pradesh India ; Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi, 110042 India
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Pandey D, Singh R, Chand D. An improved bioprocess for synthesis of acetohydroxamic acid using DTT (dithiothreitol) treated resting cells of Bacillus sp. APB-6. Bioresour Technol 2011; 102:6579-6586. [PMID: 21489785 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Acyltransferase activity of amidase from Bacillus sp. APB-6 was enhanced (24 U) by multiple feedings of N-methylacetamide (70 mM) into the production medium. Hyperinduced whole resting cells of Bacillus sp. APB-6 corresponding to 4 g/L (dry cell weight), when treated with 10mM DTT (dithiothreitol) resulted in 93% molar conversion of acetamide (300 mM) to acetohydroxamic acid in presence of hydroxylamine-HCl (800 mM) after 30 min at 45°C in a 1L reaction mixture. After lyophilization, a 62 g powder containing 34% (wtwt(-1)) acetohydroxamic acid was recovered. This is the first report where DTT has been used to enhance acyltransfer reaction and such high molar conversion (%) of amide to hydroxamates was recorded at 1L scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, India
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Borges P, Pacheco R, Karmali A. Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase: Aggregation in recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:888-97. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Andrade J, Karmali A, Carrondo MA, Frazão C. Structure of Amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Showing a Trapped Acyl Transfer Reaction Intermediate State. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:19598-605. [PMID: 17442671 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m701039200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial amidases belong to the thiol nitrilases family and have potential biotechnological applications in chemical and pharmaceutical industries as well as in bioremediation. The amidase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isa6 x 38-kDa enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a small range of short aliphatic amides. The hereby reported high resolution crystallographic structure shows that each amidase monomer is formed by a globular four-layer alphabetabetaalpha sandwich domain with an additional 81-residue long C-terminal segment. This wraps arm-in-arm with a homologous C-terminal chain of another monomer, producing a strongly packed dimer. In the crystal, the biological active homo-hexameric amidase is built grouping three such dimers around a crystallographic 3-fold axis. The structure also elucidates the structural basis for the enzyme activity, with the nitrilases catalytic triad at the bottom of a 13-A deep, funnel-shaped pocket, accessible from the solvent through a narrow neck with 3-A diameter. An acyl transfer intermediate, resulting from the purification protocol, was found bound to the amidase nucleophilic agent, Cys(166). These results suggest that some pocket defining residues should undergo conformational shifts to allow substrates and products to access and leave the catalytic pocket, for turnover to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andrade
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
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Andrade J, Karmali A, Carrondo MA, Frazão C. Crystallization, diffraction data collection and preliminary crystallographic analysis of hexagonal crystals of Pseudomonas aeruginosa amidase. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:214-6. [PMID: 17329817 PMCID: PMC2330192 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107005830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aliphatic amidase (acylamide amidohydrolase; EC 3.5.1.4) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a hexameric enzyme composed of six identical subunits with a molecular weight of approximately 38 kDa. Since microbial amidases are very important enzymes in industrial biocatalysis, the structural characterization of this enzyme will help in the design of novel catalytic activities of commercial interest. The present study reports the successful crystallization of the wild-type amidase from P. aeruginosa. Native crystals were obtained and a complete data set was collected at 1.4 A resolution, although the crystals showed diffraction to 1.25 A resolution. The crystals were found to belong to space group P6(3)22, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 102.60, c = 151.71 A, and contain one molecule in the asymmetric unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Andrade
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Amin Karmali
- Centro de Investigação de Engenharia Química e Biotecnologia, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Rua Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1949-014 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria A. Carrondo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Carlos Frazão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Apartado 127, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Mayhew CN, Sumpter R, Inayat M, Cibull M, Phillips JD, Elford HL, Gallicchio VS. Combination of inhibitors of lymphocyte activation (hydroxyurea, trimidox, and didox) and reverse transcriptase (didanosine) suppresses development of murine retrovirus-induced lymphoproliferative disease. Antiviral Res 2005; 65:13-22. [PMID: 15652967 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor hydroxyurea (HU) has demonstrated some benefit as a component of drug cocktails for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. However, HU is notoriously myelosuppressive and often administered only as salvage therapy to patients with late-stage disease, potentially exacerbating the bone marrow toxicity of HU. In this report we have compared the antiviral effects of HU and two novel RR inhibitors trimidox (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamidoxime) and didox (3,4-dihydroxybenzohydroxamic acid) in combination with didanosine (2,3-didoxyinosine; ddI) in the LPBM5 MuLV retrovirus model (murine AIDS). We also evaluated the effects of these drug combinations on the hematopoietic tissues of LPBM5 MuLV-infected animals. The combination of RR inhibitors and ddI was extremely effective (DX>TX>HU) in inhibiting development of retrovirus-induced disease (splenomegaly, hypergammaglobulinemia, activated B-splenocytes and loss of splenic architecture). In addition, relative levels of proviral DNA were significantly lower in combination drug-treated animals compared to infected controls. Evaluation of femur cellularity, numbers of marrow-derived myeloid progenitor cells (CFU-GM and BFU-E) and peripheral blood indices revealed that TX and DX in combination with ddI were well-tolerated. However, treatment with HU and ddI induced moderate myelosuppression. These data demonstrate that RR inhibitors in combination with ddI provide significant protection against retroviral disease in murine AIDS. Moreover, the novel RR inhibitors TX and DX appear to be more effective and less myelosuppressive than HU when administered with ddI in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Mayhew
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky Medical Center, Lexington, KY, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fournand
- GER de Chimie Biologique, Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, Thiverval-Grignon, France
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Abstract
Nucleoside analogs (zidovudine, didanosine, zalcitabine, stavudine, abacavir, lamivudine) have been administered as antiretroviral agents for more than a decade. They undergo anabolic phosphorylation by intracellular kinases to form triphosphates, which inhibit human immunodeficiency virus replication by competitively inhibiting viral reverse transcriptase. Numerous methods are used to elucidate the intracellular metabolic pathways of these agents. Intracellular and extracellular factors affect intracellular phosphorylation. Lack of standardization and complexity of methods used to study phosphorylation in patients limit interpretation of study results and comparability of findings across studies. However, in vitro and in vivo studies give important insights into mechanisms of action, metabolic feedback mechanisms, antiviral effects, and mechanisms of toxicity, and have influenced dosing regimens of nucleoside analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Stein
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Glaxo Wellcome Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA
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Balzarini J. Effect of antimetabolite drugs of nucleotide metabolism on the anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2000; 87:175-87. [PMID: 11007999 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(00)00050-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of attempts are currently underway to combine antimetabolite drugs of nucleotide metabolism with a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) targeting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to improve the antiviral efficacy of the NRTIs and to better control HIV drug resistance. Hydroxyurea, a ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, is currently combined with the NRTI didanosine (2',3'-dideoxyinosine) in clinical trials. However, other cellular target enzymes, including thymidylate synthase, inosinate dehydrogenase, cytidine-5'-triphosphate synthetase, and other enzymes from the de novo nucleotide biosynthesis pathway, can also be considered to potentiate the antiviral action of NRTIs. The underlying reasons for the potentiation of the antiviral activity of the NRTIs by antimetabolite drugs of nucleotide metabolism can be multiple. Decreased endogenous 2'-deoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphate (dNTP) pools result in a better competition of the NRTI (as its triphosphate derivative), with the dNTPs for the virus-encoded reverse transcriptase to be recognized as a substrate for the DNA polymerization reaction and subsequently to be incorporated into the growing viral DNA chain. Also, an increased metabolism (phosphorylation) of the NRTI by stimulatory enzyme feedback mechanisms may result in the production of higher levels of NRTI triphosphate. Thus, higher intracellular ratios of NRTI-triphosphate/dNTP created by well-defined combinations of NRTIs and antimetabolite drugs enable a more profound inhibitory effect of the NRTI against the reverse transcriptase (and thus, against the virus) and a better suppression of resistant (mutant) virus strains. A profound evaluation of this relatively new concept in the clinical setting will reveal whether this approach will establish a place in future treatment modalities of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Balzarini
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, B-3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydroxyurea is believed to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in HIV disease by decreasing the amount of intracellular deoxynucleotides needed for viral replication. A plasma concentration of 400 micromol L-1 is tolerated in oncological diseases. The present study focused on the possible interference of hydroxyurea with antigen-dependent T-cell activation as an alternative explanation for inhibiting HIV replication in vivo. METHODS The effect of hydroxyurea on common antigen-induced cell proliferation was studied in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro. RESULTS Hydroxyurea inhibited Candida albicans-induced cell proliferation at a low concentration (1 micromol L-1), while at least 10 micromol L-1 was required to block HIV-1 replication in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMC. CONCLUSION Hydroxyurea inhibits antigen-induced lymphoproliferation in vitro at a concentration at which it does not inhibit PHA-induced HIV replication. Hydroxyurea may inhibit HIV-1 in CD4+ T cells in vivo not only by decreasing the amount of intracellular deoxynucleotides, but more specifically by interfering with antigen-dependent T-cell activation, thereby causing a reduction in the number of HIV target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Orendi
- University Medical Center, Utrecht; Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Gao WY, Johns DG, Mitsuya H. Potentiation of the anti-HIV activity of zalcitabine and lamivudine by a CTP synthase inhibitor, 3-deazauridine. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2000; 19:371-7. [PMID: 10772721 DOI: 10.1080/15257770008033015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of the CTP synthase inhibitor 3-deazauridine (3-DU) strongly potentiated the anti-HIV-1 activity of the 5'-triphosphates of the cytidine-based analogues [-]2'-deoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC; lamivudine) and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC). The potentiation was associated with a 3-DU-induced decrease in dCTP pool size; no changes were seen in cellular pool sizes of dATP, dGTP or dTTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Y Gao
- Experimental Retrovirology Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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Mayhew CN, Phillips JD, Greenberg RN, Birch NJ, Elford HL, Gallicchio VS. In vivo and in vitro comparison of the short-term hematopoietic toxicity between hydroxyurea and trimidox or didox, novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors with potential anti-HIV-1 activity. Stem Cells 1999; 17:345-56. [PMID: 10606163 DOI: 10.1002/stem.170345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the cellular enzyme ribonucleotide reductase (hydroxyurea, [HU]) have been proposed as a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HIV type-1 (HIV-1) infection. However, HU use may be limited by the frequent development of hematopoietic toxicity. We report here short-term hematopoietic toxicity in mice receiving HU when compared to either of two more potent enzyme inhibitors, didox (DX) and trimidox (TX). High dose HU, DX, and TX monotherapy (500, 460, and 220 mg/kg/day respectively) was administered by daily i.p. injection (Monday-Friday) to C57BL/6 mice for 10 weeks. Effects on hematopoiesis were established by quantitating peripheral blood indices (hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, RBC, and WBC) and numbers of colony-forming units-granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and BFU-E from bone marrow and spleen. HU produced rapid induction of a macrocytic hypochromic anemia and altered white blood cell kinetics associated with myelosuppression defined as reduced marrow organ cellularity and induction of splenic extramedullary hematopoiesis. Compared to HU, TX and DX induced fewer changes in peripheral blood indices and CFU-GM and BFU-E per hematopoietic organ. In vitro human and murine marrow CFU-GM and BFU-E colony formations were assayed in the presence of dose escalation HU, DX, or TX (0, 1, 10, 50, 100, and 200 microM). HU inhibited colony formation more than either DX or TX. These in vivo and in vitro studies suggest that novel ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors TX and DX may provide an effective alternative to HU in HIV-1 therapy because they demonstrate reduced hematopoietic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Mayhew
- School of Health Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, United Kingdom
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Neyts J, De Clercq E. Hydroxyurea potentiates the antiherpesvirus activities of purine and pyrimidine nucleoside and nucleoside phosphonate analogs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2885-92. [PMID: 10582877 PMCID: PMC89582 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.12.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroxyurea has been shown to potentiate the anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities of 2',3'-dideoxynucleoside analogs such as didanosine. We have now evaluated in vitro the effect of hydroxyurea on the antiherpesvirus activities of several nucleoside analogs (acyclovir [ACV], ganciclovir [GCV], penciclovir [PCV], lobucavir [LBV], (R)-9-[4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)butyl]guanine [H2G], and brivudin and nucleoside phosphonate analogs (cidofovir [CDV] and adefovir [ADV]). When evaluated in cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assays, hydroxyurea by itself had little effect on CPE progression and potentiated in a subsynergistic (herpes simplex virus type 1 [HSV-1]) to synergistic (HSV-2) fashion the antiviral activities of ACV, GCV, PCV, LBV, H2G, ADV, and CDV. Hydroxyurea also caused marked increases in the activities of ACV, GCV, PCV, LBV, and H2G (compounds that depend for their activation on a virus-encoded thymidine kinase [TK]) against TK-deficient (TK(-)) HSV-1. In fact, in combination with hydroxyurea the 50% effective concentrations of these compounds for inhibition of TK(-) HSV-1-induced CPE decreased from values of 20 to > or = 100 microg/ml (in the absence of hydroxyurea) to values of 1 to 5 microg/ml (in the presence of hydroxyurea at 25 to 100 microg/ml). When evaluated in a single-cycle virus yield reduction assay, hydroxyurea at a concentration of 100 microg/ml inhibited progeny virus production by 60 to 90% but had little effect on virus yield at a concentration of 25 microg/ml. Under these assay conditions hydroxyurea still elicited a marked potentiating effect on the antiherpesvirus activities of GCV and CDV, but this effect was less pronounced than that in the CPE reduction assay. It is conceivable that the potentiating effect of hydroxyurea stems from a depletion of the intracellular deoxynucleoside triphosphate pools, thus favoring the triphosphates of the nucleoside analogues (or the diphosphates of the nucleoside phosphonate analogues) in their competition with the natural nucleotides at the viral DNA polymerase level. The possible clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, K. U. Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Palmer S, Shafer RW, Merigan TC. Hydroxyurea enhances the activities of didanosine, 9-[2-(phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]adenine, and 9-[2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]adenine against drug-susceptible and drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1999; 43:2046-50. [PMID: 10428934 PMCID: PMC89412 DOI: 10.1128/aac.43.8.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of hydroxyurea (HU) at a concentration of 50 microM on the in vitro activities of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddI), 9-[2-(phosphonylmethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA), and 9-[2-(phosphonylmethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) against a wild-type human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) laboratory isolate and a panel of five well-characterized drug-resistant HIV isolates. Fifty micromolar HU significantly increased the activities of ddI, PMEA, and PMPA against both the wild-type and the drug-resistant HIV-1 isolates. In fixed combinations, both ddI and PMEA were synergistic with HU against wild-type and drug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palmer
- Center for AIDS Research at Stanford, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California 94305-5107, USA.
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Fournand D, Bigey F, Arnaud A. Acyl transfer activity of an amidase from Rhodococcus sp. strain R312: formation of a wide range of hydroxamic acids. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:2844-52. [PMID: 9687439 PMCID: PMC106781 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.8.2844-2852.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The enantioselective amidase from Rhodococcus sp. strain R312 was produced in Escherichia coli and was purified in one chromatographic step. This enzyme was shown to catalyze the acyl transfer reaction to hydroxylamine from a wide range of amides. The optimum working pH values were 7 with neutral amides and 8 with alpha-aminoamides. The reaction occurred according to a Ping Pong Bi Bi mechanism. The kinetic constants demonstrated that the presence of a hydrophobic moiety in the carbon side chain considerably decreased the Km(amide) values (e.g., Km(amide) = 0.1 mM for butyramide, isobutyramide, valeramide, pivalamide, hexanoamide, and benzamide). Moreover, very high turnover numbers (kcat) were obtained with linear aliphatic amides (e.g., kcat = 333 s-1 with hexanoamide), whereas branched-side-chain-, aromatic cycle- or heterocycle-containing amides were sterically hindered. Carboxylic acids, alpha-amino acids, and methyl esters were not acyl donors or were very bad acyl donors. Only amides and hydroxamic acids, both of which contained amide bonds, were determined to be efficient acyl donors. On the other hand, the highest affinities of the acyl-enzyme complexes for hydroxylamine were obtained with short, polar or unsaturated amides as acyl donors (e.g., KmNH2OH = 20, 25, and 5 mM for acetyl-, alanyl-, and acryloyl-enzyme complexes, respectively). No acyl acceptors except water and hydroxylamine were found. Finally, the purified amidase was shown to be L-enantioselective towards alpha-hydroxy- and alpha-aminoamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fournand
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Montpellier-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UFR de Microbiologie Industrielle et Génétique des Microorganismes, 34060 Montpellier cedex 01, France
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Abstract
Ribonucleotide reductase is the rate-limiting enzyme of DNA synthesis, and it has been shown to be linked with malignant transformation and tumor cell proliferation. It was therefore considered as an excellent target for cancer chemotherapy. This article reviews the in vitro and in vivo effects of hydroxyurea the first inhibitor of the enzyme, which is currently used in general clinical practice. In addition, we summarize the results obtained with other inhibitors of the enzyme; for instance, polyhydroxy-substituted benzohydroxamic acid derivatives, a promising group of inhibitors of ribonucleotide reductase that was synthesized by Bart van'T Riet and investigated by our group. In vitro as well as animal data and pharmacokinetic results are reviewed and possible implications for an improvement in the management of various patient groups are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Szekeres
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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Fournand D, Arnaud A, Galzy P. Study of the acyl transfer activity of a recombinant amidase overproduced in an Escherichia coli strain. Application for short-chain hydroxamic acid and acid hydrazide synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(97)00024-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fournand D, Bigey F, Ratomahenina R, Arnaud A, Galzy P. Biocatalyst improvement for the production of short-chain hydroxamic acids. Enzyme Microb Technol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(96)00170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Manfredini S, Baraldi PG, Bazzanini R, Simoni D, Balzarini J, De Clercq E. Synthesis and antiproliferative activity of 2′-O-allyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil, -cytosine and -adenine. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(97)00044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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