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Zhang X, Li H, Wang Y, Zhao H, Wang Z, Chan FL. Nuclear receptor NURR1 functions to promote stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer via its targeting of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:234. [PMID: 38531859 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06621-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Dysregulated activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a frequent or common event during advanced progression of multiple cancers. With this signaling activation, it enhances their tumorigenic growth and facilitates metastasis and therapy resistance. Advances show that this signaling pathway can play dual regulatory roles in the control of cellular processes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stemness in cancer progression. Aberrant activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is shown to be common in prostate cancer and also castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the transcriptional regulators of this pathway in prostate cancer are still not well characterized. NURR1 (NR4A2) is an orphan nuclear receptor and plays an important role in the development of dopaminergic neurons. Previously, we have shown that NURR1 exhibits an upregulation in isolated prostate cancer stem-like cells (PCSCs) and a xenograft model of CRPC. In this study, we further confirmed that NURR1 exhibited an upregulation in prostate cancer and also enhanced expression in prostate cancer cell lines. Functional and molecular analyses showed that NURR1 could act to promote both in vitro (cancer stemness and EMT) and also in vivo oncogenic growth of prostate cancer cells (metastasis and castration resistance) via its direct transactivation of CTNNB1 (β-catenin) and activation of β-catenin to mediate the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Moreover, we also demonstrated that NURR1 activity in prostate cancer cells could be modulated by small molecules, implicating that NURR1 could be a potential therapeutic target for advanced prostate cancer management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingxing Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haolong Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, The People's Hospital of Longhua, Shenzhen, 518109, Guangdong, China.
| | - Franky Leung Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Hashida R, Kawabata T. Structural Perspective of NR4A Nuclear Receptor Family and Their Potential Endogenous Ligands. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:580-590. [PMID: 38432913 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b23-00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
There are 48 nuclear receptors in the human genome, and many members of this superfamily have been implicated in human diseases. The NR4A nuclear receptor family consisting of three members, NR4A1, NR4A2, and NR4A3 (formerly annotated as Nur77, Nurr1, and NOR1, respectively), are still orphan receptors but exert pathological effects on immune-related and neurological diseases. We previously reported that prostaglandin A1 (PGA1) and prostaglandin A2 (PGA2) are potent activators of NR4A3, which bind directly to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the receptor. Recently, the co-crystallographic structures of NR4A2-LBD bound to PGA1 and PGA2 were reported, followed by reports of the neuroprotective effects of these possible endogenous ligands in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Based on these structures, we modeled the binding structures of the other two members (NR4A1 and NR4A3) with these potential endogenous ligands using a template-based modeling method, and reviewed the similarity and diversity of ligand-binding mechanisms in the nuclear receptor family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Hashida
- Genox Research Inc
- Department of Microbiology, Matsumoto Dental University
| | - Takeshi Kawabata
- Department of Applied Information Sciences, Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University
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3
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Yang Y, Seok MJ, Kim YE, Choi Y, Song JJ, Sulistio YA, Kim SH, Chang MY, Oh SJ, Nam MH, Kim YK, Kim TG, Im HI, Koh SH, Lee SH. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) 9-mediated gene delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 ameliorates symptoms and pathologies of Alzheimer disease model mice by suppressing neuro-inflammation and glial pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:5359-5374. [PMID: 35902630 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01693-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a compelling need to develop disease-modifying therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common neuro-degenerative disorder. Together with recent progress in vector development for efficiently targeting the central nervous system, gene therapy has been suggested as a potential therapeutic modality to overcome the limited delivery of conventional types of drugs to and within the damaged brain. In addition, given increasing evidence of the strong link between glia and AD pathophysiology, therapeutic targets have been moving toward those addressing glial cell pathology. Nurr1 and Foxa2 are transcription/epigenetic regulators that have been reported to cooperatively regulate inflammatory and neurotrophic response in glial cells. In this study, we tested the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 and Foxa2 gene delivery to treat AD symptoms and pathologies. A series of functional, histologic, and transcriptome analyses revealed that the combined expression of Nurr1 and Foxa2 substantially ameliorated AD-associated amyloid β and Tau proteinopathy, cell senescence, synaptic loss, and neuro-inflammation in multiple in vitro and in vivo AD models. Intra-cranial delivery of Nurr1 and Foxa2 genes using adeno-associated virus (AAV) serotype 9 improved the memory and cognitive function of AD model mice. The therapeutic benefits of gene delivery were attained mainly by correcting pathologic glial function. These findings collectively indicate that AAV9-mediated Nurr1 and Foxa2 gene transfer could be an effective disease-modifying therapy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunseon Yang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jong Seok
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunjung Choi
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yoon Chang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Jin Oh
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Nam
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Kim
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Med, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Gyun Kim
- Innopeutics Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heh-In Im
- Convergence Research Center for Brain Science, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- Division of Bio-Med, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hangyang University College of Medicine, Guri, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Guttuso T, Shepherd R, Frick L, Feltri ML, Frerichs V, Ramanathan M, Zivadinov R, Bergsland N. Lithium's effects on therapeutic targets and MRI biomarkers in Parkinson's disease: A pilot clinical trial. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:429-434. [PMID: 37215748 PMCID: PMC10196787 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lithium has a wide range of neuroprotective actions, has been effective in Parkinson's disease (PD) animal models and may account for the decreased risk of PD in smokers. Methods This open-label pilot clinical trial randomized 16 PD patients to "high-dose" (n = 5, lithium carbonate titrated to achieve serum level of 0.4-0.5 mmol/L), "medium-dose" (n = 6, 45 mg/day lithium aspartate) or "low-dose" (n = 5, 15 mg/day lithium aspartate) lithium therapy for 24-weeks. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) mRNA expression of nuclear receptor-related-1 (Nurr1) and superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) were assessed by qPCR in addition to other PD therapeutic targets. Two patients from each group received multi-shell diffusion MRI scans to assess for free water (FW) changes in the dorsomedial nucleus of the thalamus and nucleus basalis of Meynert, which reflect cognitive decline in PD, and the posterior substantia nigra, which reflects motor decline in PD. Results Two of the six patients receiving medium-dose lithium therapy withdrew due to side effects. Medium-dose lithium therapy was associated with the greatest numerical increases in PBMC Nurr1 and SOD1 expression (679% and 127%, respectively). Also, medium-dose lithium therapy was the only dosage associated with mean numerical decreases in brain FW in all three regions of interest, which is the opposite of the known longitudinal FW changes in PD. Conclusion Medium-dose lithium aspartate therapy was associated with engagement of blood-based therapeutic targets and improvements in MRI disease-progression biomarkers but was poorly tolerated in 33% of patients. Further PD clinical research is merited examining lithium's tolerability, effects on biomarkers and potential disease-modifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guttuso
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Rachel Shepherd
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Luciana Frick
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - M. Laura Feltri
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Valerie Frerichs
- Department of Chemistry, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Niels Bergsland
- Department of Neurology, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
- IRCCS, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
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Gamit N, Dharmarajan A, Sethi G, Warrier S. Want of Wnt in Parkinson's disease: Could sFRP disrupt interplay between Nurr1 and Wnt signaling? Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115566. [PMID: 37088155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is a transcription factor known to regulate the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons. Reports have confirmed that defect or obliteration of Nurr1 results in neurodegeneration and motor function impairment leading to Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies have also indicated that Nurr1 regulates the expression of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and mutations in Nurr1 cause α-SYN overexpression, thereby increasing the risk of PD. Nurr1 is modulated via various pathways including Wnt signaling pathway which is known to play an important role in neurogenesis and deregulation of it contributes to PD pathogenesis. Both Wnt/β-catenin dependent and independent pathways are implicated in the activation of Nurr1 and subsequent downregulation of α-SYN. This review highlights the interaction between Nurr1 and Wnt signaling pathways in mDA neuronal development. We further hypothesize how modulation of Wnt signaling pathway by its antagonist, secreted frizzled related proteins (sFRPs) could be a potential route to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisarg Gamit
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai 600 116, India; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia; School of Human Sciences, Faculty of Life and Physical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117 600, Singapore
| | - Sudha Warrier
- Division of Cancer Stem Cells and Cardiovascular Regeneration, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India; Cuor Stem Cellutions Pvt Ltd, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Bangalore 560 065, India.
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6
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Prakash N. Developmental pathways linked to the vulnerability of adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons to neurodegeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1071731. [PMID: 36618829 PMCID: PMC9815185 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1071731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The degeneration of dopaminergic and other neurons in the aging brain is considered a process starting well beyond the infantile and juvenile period. In contrast to other dopamine-associated neuropsychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and drug addiction, typically diagnosed during adolescence or young adulthood and, thus, thought to be rooted in the developing brain, Parkinson's Disease (PD) is rarely viewed as such. However, evidences have accumulated suggesting that several factors might contribute to an increased vulnerability to death of the dopaminergic neurons at an already very early (developmental) phase in life. Despite the remarkable ability of the brain to compensate such dopamine deficits, the early loss or dysfunction of these neurons might predispose an individual to suffer from PD because the critical threshold of dopamine function will be reached much earlier in life, even if the time-course and strength of naturally occurring and age-dependent dopaminergic cell death is not markedly altered in this individual. Several signaling and transcriptional pathways required for the proper embryonic development of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons, which are the most affected in PD, either continue to be active in the adult mammalian midbrain or are reactivated at the transition to adulthood and under neurotoxic conditions. The persistent activity of these pathways often has neuroprotective functions in adult midbrain dopaminergic neurons, whereas the reactivation of silenced pathways under pathological conditions can promote the survival and even regeneration of these neurons in the lesioned or aging brain. This article summarizes our current knowledge about signaling and transcription factors involved in midbrain dopaminergic neuron development, whose reduced gene dosage or signaling activity are implicated in a lower survival rate of these neurons in the postnatal or aging brain. It also discusses the evidences supporting the neuroprotection of the midbrain dopaminergic system after the external supply or ectopic expression of some of these secreted and nuclear factors in the adult and aging brain. Altogether, the timely monitoring and/or correction of these signaling and transcriptional pathways might be a promising approach to a much earlier diagnosis and/or prevention of PD.
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Hong H, Su J, Huang C, Lu X, Cui Z. Comprehensive insights into the function and molecular and pharmacological regulation of neuron-derived orphan receptor 1, an orphan receptor. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:981490. [PMID: 36110555 PMCID: PMC9468329 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.981490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1), also called nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3 (NR4A3), is a nuclear receptor belonging to the NR4A family. Since no endogenous ligand has been identified to date, NOR1 is also referred to as an orphan receptor. NOR1 is expressed in a variety of cells and tissues, including neurons, vascular smooth muscle cells, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, tumor cells, heart, liver, and pancreas. Because NOR1 was first identified in apoptotic neurons, it is functionally associated with the regulation of cell migration and the growth of neuronal synapses. In-depth studies have shown that NOR1 can be edited by the immediate early gene and functions as a transcription factor. NOR1 has been shown to be rapidly induced by a number of stimulants including growth factors, fatty acids, and neurotransmitters. Elevated NOR1 levels may be involved in a number of pathophysiological processes. These include regulation of cellular apoptosis and regeneration, neuron formation, contextual fearing memory, inflammation, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, insulin secretion, and tumor development, whereby NOR1 mediates the pathogenesis of numerous diseases such as cerebral ischemia, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, cardiac hypertrophy, diabetes, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and cancer. However, to date, comprehensive insights into the function of NOR1 are not available in sources published online. In this review, we provide a brief overview of the function and molecular and pharmacological regulation of NOR1 in various pathological or physiological conditions to advance the development of NOR1 as a novel target for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxiang Hong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhiming Cui
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiming Cui,
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Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is a transcription factor with neuroprotective and antineuroinflammatory properties. Observations from genetic studies and human patients support potential of Nurr1 as a therapeutic target in neurodegeneration, but due to a lack of high-quality chemical tools for pharmacological control of Nurr1, its target validation is pending. Nevertheless, considerable progress has recently been made in elucidating structural and functional characteristics of Nurr1, and several ligand scaffolds have been discovered. Here, we analyze Nurr1's structure and mechanisms compared to other nuclear receptors, summarize the known small molecule Nurr1 ligands, and discuss the available evidence for the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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9
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Al-Nusaif M, Yang Y, Li S, Cheng C, Le W. The role of NURR1 in metabolic abnormalities of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:46. [PMID: 35761385 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A constant metabolism and energy supply are crucial to all organs, particularly the brain. Age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), are associated with alterations in cellular metabolism. These changes have been recognized as a novel hot topic that may provide new insights to help identify risk in the pre-symptomatic phase of the disease, understand disease pathogenesis, track disease progression, and determine critical endpoints. Nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (NURR1), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of PD, and changes in NURR1 expression can have a detrimental effect on cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that suggests a vital role of NURR1 in dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron development and the pathogenesis of PD. The association between NURR1 and cellular metabolic abnormalities and its implications for PD therapy have been further highlighted.
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10
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Abdollahi M, Fahnestock M. Nurr1 Is Not an Essential Regulator of BDNF in Mouse Cortical Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 35743300 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) play major roles in cognition. Nurr1 regulates BDNF in midbrain dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar granule cells. Nurr1 and BDNF are also highly expressed in the cerebral cortex, a brain area important in cognition. Due to Nurr1 and BDNF tissue specificity, the regulatory effect of Nurr1 on BDNF in different brain areas cannot be generalized. The relationship between Nurr1 and BDNF in the cortex has not been investigated previously. Therefore, we examined Nurr1-mediated BDNF regulation in cortical neurons in activity-dependent and activity-independent states. Mouse primary cortical neurons were treated with the Nurr1 agonist, amodiaquine (AQ). Membrane depolarization was induced by KCl or veratridine and reversed by nimodipine. AQ and membrane depolarization significantly increased Nurr1 (p < 0.001) and BDNF (pAQ < 0.001, pKCl < 0.01) as assessed by real-time qRT-PCR. However, Nurr1 knockdown did not affect BDNF gene expression in resting or depolarized neurons. Accordingly, the positive correlation between Nurr1 and BDNF expression in AQ and membrane depolarization experiments does not imply co-regulation because Nurr1 knockdown did not affect BDNF gene expression in resting or depolarized cortical neurons. Therefore, in contrast to midbrain dopaminergic neurons and cerebellar granule cells, Nurr1 does not regulate BDNF in cortical neurons.
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11
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Coelho P, Fão L, Mota S, Rego AC. Mitochondrial function and dynamics in neural stem cells and neurogenesis: Implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101667. [PMID: 35714855 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria have been largely described as the powerhouse of the cell and recent findings demonstrate that this organelle is fundamental for neurogenesis. The mechanisms underlying neural stem cells (NSCs) maintenance and differentiation are highly regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Mitochondrial-mediated switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation, accompanied by mitochondrial remodeling and dynamics are vital to NSCs fate. Deregulation of mitochondrial proteins, mitochondrial DNA, function, fission/fusion and metabolism underly several neurodegenerative diseases; data show that these impairments are already present in early developmental stages and NSC fate decisions. However, little is known about mitochondrial role in neurogenesis. In this Review, we describe the recent evidence covering mitochondrial role in neurogenesis, its impact in selected neurodegenerative diseases, for which aging is the major risk factor, and the recent advances in stem cell-based therapies that may alleviate neurodegenerative disorders-related neuronal deregulation through improvement of mitochondrial function and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Coelho
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Lígia Fão
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Mota
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; III, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - A Cristina Rego
- CNC, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Polo 1, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra Polo 3, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Nazari S, Pourmand SM, Makki SM, Brand S, Vousooghi N. Potential biomarkers of addiction identified by real-time PCR in human peripheral blood lymphocytes: a narrative review. Biomark Med 2022; 16:739-758. [PMID: 35658670 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Addiction-related neurobiological factors could be considered as potential biomarkers. The concentration of peripheral biomarkers in tissues like blood lymphocytes may mirror their brain levels. This review is focused on the mRNA expression of potential addiction biomarkers in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs). PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords 'addiction', 'biomarker', 'peripheral blood lymphocyte', 'gene expression' and 'real-time PCR'. The results showed the alterations in the regulation of genes such as dopamine receptors, opioid receptors, NMDA receptors, cannabinoid receptors, α-synuclein, DYN, MAO-A, FosB and orexin-A as PBLs biomarkers in addiction stages. Such variations could also be found during abstinence and relapse. PBLs biomarkers may help in drug development and have clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Nazari
- Department of Neuroscience & Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Pourmand
- Addiction Department, School of Behavioral Sciences & Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1445613111, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Makki
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1985717443, Iran
| | - Serge Brand
- Center for Affective-, Stress- and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, 4002, Switzerland.,Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714869914, Iran.,Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, 6714869914, Iran.,Department of Sport, Exercise, and Health, Division of Sport Science and Psychosocial Health, University of Basel, Basel, 4052, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417466191, Iran
| | - Nasim Vousooghi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417755469, Iran.,Research Center for Cognitive & Behavioral Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 13337159140, Iran.,Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1336616357, Iran
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13
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Català-Solsona J, Miñano-Molina AJ, Rodríguez-Álvarez J. Nr4a2 Transcription Factor in Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity, Memory and Cognitive Dysfunction: A Perspective Review. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:786226. [PMID: 34880728 PMCID: PMC8645690 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.786226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-lasting changes of synaptic efficacy are largely mediated by activity-induced gene transcription and are essential for neuronal plasticity and memory. In this scenario, transcription factors have emerged as pivotal players underlying synaptic plasticity and the modification of neural networks required for memory formation and consolidation. Hippocampal synaptic dysfunction is widely accepted to underlie the cognitive decline observed in some neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, understanding the molecular pathways regulating gene expression profiles may help to identify new synaptic therapeutic targets. The nuclear receptor 4A subfamily (Nr4a) of transcription factors has been involved in a variety of physiological processes within the hippocampus, ranging from inflammation to neuroprotection. Recent studies have also pointed out a role for the activity-dependent nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, member 2 (Nr4a2/Nurr1) in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions, although the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this review, we highlight the specific effects of Nr4a2 in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory formation and we discuss whether the dysregulation of this transcription factor could contribute to hippocampal synaptic dysfunction, altogether suggesting the possibility that Nr4a2 may emerge as a novel synaptic therapeutic target in brain pathologies associated to cognitive dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Català-Solsona
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo J Miñano-Molina
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Rodríguez-Álvarez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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14
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Ruiz-Sánchez E, López-Ramírez AM, Ruiz-Chow Á, Calvillo M, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Anguiano B, Rojas P. Variability in Behavioral Phenotypes after Forced Swimming-Induced Stress in Rats Is Associated with Expression of the Glucocorticoid Receptor, Nurr1, and IL-1β in the Hippocampus. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12700. [PMID: 34884503 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in coping with stress may determine either a vulnerable or resilient phenotype. Therefore, it is important to better understand the biology underlying the behavioral phenotype. We assessed whether individual behavioral phenotype to acute stress is related with the hippocampal expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), Nurr1, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) or brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Wistar male rats were exposed to forced swimming for 15 min and sacrificed at different times. Behavioral response was analyzed, and it was compared with the gene and protein expression of GR, Nurr1, IL-1β and BDNF in the hippocampus for each time point. Behavioral phenotyping showed a group with high immobility (vulnerable) while another had low immobility (resilient). No significant differences were found in the Nurr1, IL-1β and BDNF mRNA levels between resilient and vulnerable rats at different recovery times except for Nr3c1 (gene for GR). However, exposure to stress caused significantly higher levels of GR, Nurr1 and IL-1β proteins of vulnerable compared to resilient rats. This variability of behavioral phenotypes is associated with a differential molecular response to stress that involves GR, Nurr1, and IL-1β as mediators in coping with stress. This contributes to identifying biomarkers of susceptibility to stress.
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15
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Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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16
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de Souza FRO, Ribeiro FM, Lima PMD. Implications of VIP and PACAP in Parkinson's Disease: What do we Know So Far? Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:1703-1715. [PMID: 32196442 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200320162436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and although its aetiology is not yet fully understood, neuroinflammation has been identified as a key factor in the progression of the disease. Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide are two neuropeptides that exhibit anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, modulating the production of cytokines and chemokines and the behaviour of immune cells. However, the role of chemokines and cytokines modulated by the endogenous receptors of the peptides varies according to the stage of the disease. METHODS We present an overview of the relationship between some cytokines and chemokines with vasoactive intestinal peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide and their endogenous receptors in the context of Parkinson's disease neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, as well as the modulation of microglial cells by the peptides in this context. RESULTS The two peptides exhibit neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties in models of Parkinson's disease, as they ameliorate cognitive functions, decrease the level of neuroinflammation and promote dopaminergic neuronal survival. The peptides have been tested in a variety of in vivo and in vitro models of Parkinson's disease, demonstrating the potential for therapeutic application. CONCLUSION More studies are needed to establish the clinical use of vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide as safe candidates for treating Parkinson's disease, as the use of the peptides in different stages of the disease could produce different results concerning effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Resende Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Sao Joao Del Rei, Praca Dom Helvecio, n. 74, Fabricas, 36301160, Sao Joao Del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Fabiola Mara Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maria d'Almeida Lima
- Laboratory of Immunology and Microbiology, Department of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Sao Joao Del Rei, Praca Dom Helvecio, n. 74, Fabricas, 36301160, Sao Joao Del Rei, MG, Brazil
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17
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Song X, Sun N, Zhang A, Lei L, Li X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yang C, Zhang K. Association Between NR4A2 Gene Polymorphism and Depressive Symptoms and Antidepressant Effect. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:2613-2623. [PMID: 34408421 PMCID: PMC8364372 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s319548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD) is still unclear, studies have shown that the dopaminergic system of depressed patients is defective, and that NR4A2 is an important transcription factor affecting the development and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons. As such, NR4A2 levels affected by NR4A2 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may be associated with MDD. This study examined whether NR4A2 SNPs are associated with depressive symptoms and antidepressant efficacy. METHODS A total of 441 patients with first-episode depression were enrolled in this study. We analysed three SNPs of NR4A2, using the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and its four factors to obtain scores at baseline and at the end of 6 weeks. UNPHASED software was employed for quantitative character analysis, and SPSS software was adopted for antidepressant efficacy analysis. RESULTS Patients with rs12803-A exhibited higher scores of retardation symptoms. Patients with the rs834834-C allele and rs834834-CC genotype had higher retardation symptom scores. Patients with rs3769340 exhibited greater antidepressant efficacy. CONCLUSION NR4A2 gene polymorphisms are associated with retardation symptoms, somatic symptoms (gastro-intestinal), anxiety-based somatic symptoms, insight, and weight loss in patients with MDD. Additionally, rs3769340 may be a predictor of antidepressant efficacy in patients with major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Song
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Aixia Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Li
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifen Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis and Treatment for Mental Disorder, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Mental Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kerang Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People's Republic of China
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18
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Tejchman A, Znój A, Chlebanowska P, Frączek-Szczypta A, Majka M. Carbon Fibers as a New Type of Scaffold for Midbrain Organoid Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5959. [PMID: 32825046 PMCID: PMC7504539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and 3D cell culture creates a unique possibility for the generation of organoids that mimic human organs in in vitro cultures. The use of iPS cells in organoid cultures enables the differentiation of cells into dopaminergic neurons, also found in the human midbrain. However, long-lasting organoid cultures often cause necrosis within organoids. In this work, we present carbon fibers (CFs) for medical use as a new type of scaffold for organoid culture, comparing them to a previously tested copolymer poly-(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) scaffold. We verified the physicochemical properties of CF scaffolds compared to PLGA in improving the efficiency of iPSC differentiation within organoids. The physicochemical properties of carbon scaffolds such as porosity, microstructure, or stability in the cellular environment make them a convenient material for creating in vitro organoid models. Through screening several genes expressed during the differentiation of organoids at crucial brain stages of development, we found that there is a correlation between PITX3, one of the key regulators of terminal differentiation, and the survival of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression. This makes organoids formed on carbon scaffolds an improved model containing mDA neurons convenient for studying midbrain-associated neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tejchman
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Agnieszka Znój
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - Paula Chlebanowska
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
| | - Aneta Frączek-Szczypta
- Department of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland; (A.Z.); (A.F.-S.)
| | - Marcin Majka
- Department of Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Wielicka 265, 30-663 Kraków, Poland; (A.T.); (P.C.)
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19
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Zhi D, Wu W, Xiao B, Qi S, Jiang R, Yang X, Yang J, Xiao W, Liu C, Long H, Calhoun VD, Long L, Sui J. NR4A1 Methylation Associated Multimodal Neuroimaging Patterns Impaired in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:727. [PMID: 32760244 PMCID: PMC7372187 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA hypermethylation has been widely observed in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), in which NR4A1 knockdown has been reported to be able to alleviate seizure severity in mouse model, while the underlying methylation-imaging pathway modulated by aberrant methylation levels of NR4A1 remains to be clarified in patients with TLE. Here, using multi-site canonical correlation analysis with reference, methylation levels of NR4A1 in blood were used as priori to guide fusion of three MRI features: functional connectivity (FC), fractional anisotropy (FA), and gray matter volume (GMV) for 56 TLE patients and 65 healthy controls. Post-hoc correlations were further evaluated between the identified NR4A1-associated brain components and disease onset. Results suggested that higher NR4A1 methylation levels in TLE were related with impaired temporal-cerebellar and occipital-cerebellar FC strength, lower FA in cingulum (hippocampus), and reduced GMV in putamen, temporal pole, and cerebellum. Moreover, findings were also replicated well in both patient subsets with either right TLE or left TLE only. Particularly, right TLE patients showed poorer cognitive abilities and more severe brain impairment than left TLE patients, especially more reduced GMV in thalamus. In summary, this work revealed a potential imaging-methylation pathway modulated by higher NR4A1 methylation in TLE via data mining, which may impact the above-mentioned multimodal brain circuits and was also associated with earlier disease onset and more cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Zhi
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Wu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shile Qi
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University - Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Rongtao Jiang
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbiao Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chaorong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongyu Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University - Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Lili Long
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Sui
- Brainnetome Center and National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia Institute of Technology, Georgia State University - Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States.,CAS Centre for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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20
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Pajares M, I. Rojo A, Manda G, Boscá L, Cuadrado A. Inflammation in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071687. [PMID: 32674367 PMCID: PMC7408280 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder primarily characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons that project from the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although the molecular bases for PD development are still little defined, extensive evidence from human samples and animal models support the involvement of inflammation in onset or progression. However, the exact trigger for this response remains unclear. Here, we provide a systematic review of the cellular mediators, i.e., microglia, astroglia and endothelial cells. We also discuss the genetic and transcriptional control of inflammation in PD and the immunomodulatory role of dopamine and reactive oxygen species. Finally, we summarize the preclinical and clinical approaches targeting neuroinflammation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pajares
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Rojo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gina Manda
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERcv), ISCIII, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” UAM-CSIC, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.); (A.I.R.); (L.B.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, 28031 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Victor Babes National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915854383; Fax: +34-915854401
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Oh M, Kim SY, Gil JE, Byun JS, Cha DW, Ku B, Lee W, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee EW, Bae KH, Lee SC, Han BS. Nurr1 performs its anti-inflammatory function by regulating RasGRP1 expression in neuro-inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10755. [PMID: 32612143 PMCID: PMC7329810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1, a transcription factor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor, has an essential role in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’ disease (PD). In addition, Nurr1 has a non-neuronal function, and it is especially well known that Nurr1 has an anti-inflammatory function in the Parkinson’s disease model. However, the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 have not been elucidated. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of Nurr1 function. To provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 in the inflammatory response, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells and finally identified the RasGRP1 gene as a novel target of Nurr1. Here, we show that Nurr1 directly binds to the RasGRP1 intron to regulate its expression. Moreover, we also identified that RasGRP1 regulates the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade in LPS-induced inflammation signaling. Finally, we conclude that RasGRP1 is a novel regulator of Nurr1’s mediated inflammation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Oh
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Gil
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Byun
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Cha
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Jeon SG, Yoo A, Chun DW, Hong SB, Chung H, Kim JI, Moon M. The Critical Role of Nurr1 as a Mediator and Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease-related Pathogenesis. Aging Dis 2020; 11:705-724. [PMID: 32489714 PMCID: PMC7220289 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2019.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that the transcription factor nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) plays several roles not only in the regulation of gene expression related to dopamine synthesis, but also in alternative splicing, and miRNA targeting. Moreover, it regulates cognitive functions and protects against inflammation-induced neuronal death. In particular, the role of Nurr1 in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been well investigated; for example, it has been shown that it restores behavioral and histological impairments in PD models. Although many studies have evaluated the connection between Nurr1 and PD pathogenesis, the role of Nurr1 in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remain to be studied. There have been several studies describing Nurr1 protein expression in the AD brain. However, only a few studies have examined the role of Nurr1 in the context of AD. Therefore, in this review, we highlight the overall effects of Nurr1 under the neuropathologic conditions related to AD. Furthermore, we suggest the possibility of using Nurr1 as a therapeutic target for AD or other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Gak Jeon
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Anji Yoo
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Chun
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bum Hong
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunju Chung
- 2Department of Core Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Il Kim
- 3Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- 1Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, 35365, Republic of Korea
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Sellnow RC, Steece-Collier K, Altwal F, Sandoval IM, Kordower JH, Collier TJ, Sortwell CE, West AR, Manfredsson FP. Striatal Nurr1 Facilitates the Dyskinetic State and Exacerbates Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3675-91. [PMID: 32238479 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2936-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nurr1 has been identified to be ectopically induced in the striatum of rodents expressing l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the present study, we sought to characterize Nurr1 as a causative factor in LID expression. We used rAAV2/5 to overexpress Nurr1 or GFP in the parkinsonian striatum of LID-resistant Lewis or LID-prone Fischer-344 (F344) male rats. In a second cohort, rats received the Nurr1 agonist amodiaquine (AQ) together with l-DOPA or ropinirole. All rats received a chronic DA agonist and were evaluated for LID severity. Finally, we performed single-unit recordings and dendritic spine analyses on striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in drug-naïve rAAV-injected male parkinsonian rats. rAAV-GFP injected LID-resistant hemi-parkinsonian Lewis rats displayed mild LID and no induction of striatal Nurr1 despite receiving a high dose of l-DOPA. However, Lewis rats overexpressing Nurr1 developed severe LID. Nurr1 agonism with AQ exacerbated LID in F344 rats. We additionally determined that in l-DOPA-naïve rats striatal rAAV-Nurr1 overexpression (1) increased cortically-evoked firing in a subpopulation of identified striatonigral MSNs, and (2) altered spine density and thin-spine morphology on striatal MSNs; both phenomena mimicking changes seen in dyskinetic rats. Finally, we provide postmortem evidence of Nurr1 expression in striatal neurons of l-DOPA-treated PD patients. Our data demonstrate that ectopic induction of striatal Nurr1 is capable of inducing LID behavior and associated neuropathology, even in resistant subjects. These data support a direct role of Nurr1 in aberrant neuronal plasticity and LID induction, providing a potential novel target for therapeutic development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The transcription factor Nurr1 is ectopically induced in striatal neurons of rats exhibiting levodopa-induced dyskinesia [LID; a side-effect to dopamine replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease (PD)]. Here we asked whether Nurr1 is causing LID. Indeed, rAAV-mediated expression of Nurr1 in striatal neurons was sufficient to overcome LID-resistance, and Nurr1 agonism exacerbated LID severity in dyskinetic rats. Moreover, we found that expression of Nurr1 in l-DOPA naïve hemi-parkinsonian rats resulted in the formation of morphologic and electrophysiological signatures of maladaptive neuronal plasticity; a phenomenon associated with LID. Finally, we determined that ectopic Nurr1 expression can be found in the putamen of l-DOPA-treated PD patients. These data suggest that striatal Nurr1 is an important mediator of the formation of LID.
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Torretta S, Rampino A, Basso M, Pergola G, Di Carlo P, Shin JH, Kleinman JE, Hyde TM, Weinberger DR, Masellis R, Blasi G, Pennuto M, Bertolino A. NURR1 and ERR1 Modulate the Expression of Genes of a DRD2 Coexpression Network Enriched for Schizophrenia Risk. J Neurosci 2020; 40:932-941. [PMID: 31811028 PMCID: PMC6975285 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0786-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple schizophrenia (SCZ) risk loci may be involved in gene co-regulation mechanisms, and analysis of coexpressed gene networks may help to clarify SCZ molecular basis. We have previously identified a dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) coexpression module enriched for SCZ risk genes and associated with cognitive and neuroimaging phenotypes of SCZ, as well as with response to treatment with antipsychotics. Here we aimed to identify regulatory factors modulating this coexpression module and their relevance to SCZ. We performed motif enrichment analysis to identify transcription factor (TF) binding sites in human promoters of genes coexpressed with DRD2. Then, we measured transcript levels of a group of these genes in primary mouse cortical neurons in basal conditions and upon overexpression and knockdown of predicted TFs. Finally, we analyzed expression levels of these TFs in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of SCZ patients. Our in silico analysis revealed enrichment for NURR1 and ERR1 binding sites. In neuronal cultures, the expression of genes either relevant to SCZ risk (Drd2, Gatad2a, Slc28a1, Cnr1) or indexing coexpression in our module (Btg4, Chit1, Osr1, Gpld1) was significantly modified by gain and loss of Nurr1 and Err1. Postmortem DLPFC expression data analysis showed decreased expression levels of NURR1 and ERR1 in patients with SCZ. For NURR1 such decreased expression is associated with treatment with antipsychotics. Our results show that NURR1 and ERR1 modulate the transcription of DRD2 coexpression partners and support the hypothesis that NURR1 is involved in the response to SCZ treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In the present study, we provide in silico and experimental evidence for a role of the TFs NURR1 and ERR1 in modulating the expression pattern of genes coexpressed with DRD2 in human DLPFC. Notably, genetic variations in these genes is associated with SCZ risk and behavioral and neuroimaging phenotypes of the disease, as well as with response to treatment. Furthermore, this study presents novel findings on a possible interplay between D2 receptor-mediated dopamine signaling involved in treatment with antipsychotics and the transcriptional regulation mechanisms exerted by NURR1. Our results suggest that coexpression and co-regulation mechanisms may help to explain some of the complex biology of genetic associations with SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Torretta
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonio Rampino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Manuela Basso
- Laboratory of Transcriptional Neurobiology, Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), University of Trento, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Giulio Pergola
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Pasquale Di Carlo
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Joo H Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Joel E Kleinman
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
| | - Thomas M Hyde
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
- Departments of Neurology
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical Campus, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287
- Neuroscience
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205
| | - Rita Masellis
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Blasi
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, 70124, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine (VIMM), Padova 35129, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, 35131 Padova, Italy, and
| | - Alessandro Bertolino
- Group of Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari 70124, Italy,
- Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico, Bari, 70124, Italy
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Estrada SM, Thagard AS, Dehart MJ, Damicis JR, Dornisch EM, Ippolito DL, Burd I, Napolitano PG, Ieronimakis N. The orphan nuclear receptor Nr4a1 mediates perinatal neuroinflammation in a murine model of preterm labor. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:11. [PMID: 31907354 PMCID: PMC6944691 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2196-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prematurity is associated with perinatal neuroinflammation and injury. Screening for genetic modulators in an LPS murine model of preterm birth revealed the upregulation of Nr4a1, an orphan nuclear transcription factor that is normally absent or limited in embryonic brains. Concurrently, Nr4a1 was downregulated with magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and betamethasone (BMTZ) treatments administered to LPS exposed dams. To understand the role of Nr4a1 in perinatal brain injury, we compared the preterm neuroinflammatory response in Nr4a1 knockout (KO) versus wild type (wt) mice. Key inflammatory factors Il1b, Il6 and Tnf, and Iba1+ microglia were significantly lower in Nr4a1 KO versus wt brains exposed to LPS in utero. Treatment with MgSO4/BMTZ mitigated the neuroinflammatory process in wt but not Nr4a1 KO brains. These results correspond with a reduction in cerebral hemorrhage in wt but not mutant embryos from dams given MgSO4/BMTZ. Further analysis with Nr4a1-GFP-Cre × tdTomato loxP reporter mice revealed that the upregulation of Nr4a1 with perinatal neuroinflammation occurs in the cerebral vasculature. Altogether, this study implicates Nr4a1 in the developing vasculature as a potent mediator of neuroinflammatory brain injury that occurs with preterm birth. It is also possible that MgSO4/BMTZ mitigates this process by direct or indirect inhibition of Nr4a1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Estrada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Andrew S Thagard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Mary J Dehart
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Damicis
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | - Elisabeth M Dornisch
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA
| | | | - Irina Burd
- Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter G Napolitano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas Ieronimakis
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, WA, USA.
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Moon H, Jeon SG, Kim JI, Kim HS, Lee S, Kim D, Park S, Moon M, Chung H. Pharmacological Stimulation of Nurr1 Promotes Cell Cycle Progression in Adult Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E4. [PMID: 31861329 PMCID: PMC6982043 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related-1 (Nurr1) protein performs a crucial role in hippocampal neural stem cell (hNSC) development as well as cognitive functions. We previously demonstrated that the pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 by amodiaquine (AQ) promotes spatial memory by enhancing adult hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the role of Nurr1 in the cell cycle regulation of the adult hippocampus has not been investigated. This study aimed to examine changes in the cell cycle-related molecules involved in adult hippocampal neurogenesis induced by Nurr1 pharmacological stimulation. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis showed that AQ improved the progression of cell cycle from G0/G1 to S phase in a dose-dependent manner, and MEK1 or PI3K inhibitors attenuated this progression. In addition, AQ treatment increased the expression of cell proliferation markers MCM5 and PCNA, and transcription factor E2F1. Furthermore, pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 by AQ increased the expression levels of positive cell cycle regulators such as cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 2. In contrast, levels of CDK inhibitors p27KIP1 and p57KIP2 were reduced upon treatment with AQ. Similar to the in vitro results, RT-qPCR analysis of AQ-administered mice brains revealed an increase in the levels of markers of cell cycle progression, PCNA, MCM5, and Cdc25a. Finally, AQ administration resulted in decreased p27KIP1 and increased CDK2 levels in the dentate gyrus of the mouse hippocampus, as quantified immunohistochemically. Our results demonstrate that the pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 in adult hNSCs by AQ promotes the cell cycle by modulating cell cycle-related molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haena Moon
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.G.J.); (H.s.K.)
| | - Jin-il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea;
| | - Hyeon soo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.G.J.); (H.s.K.)
| | - Sangho Lee
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Dongok Kim
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
| | - Seungjoon Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea;
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Korea; (S.G.J.); (H.s.K.)
| | - Hyunju Chung
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 134-727, Korea; (H.M.); (S.L.); (D.K.)
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Dumas S, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Developmental Co-expression of Vglut2 and Nurr1 in a Mes-Di-Encephalic Continuum Preceeds Dopamine and Glutamate Neuron Specification. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:307. [PMID: 31850343 PMCID: PMC6892754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons exist as several subtypes and are found in a heterogeneous environment including GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons as well as various types of co-releasing neurons. Developmental programs underlying this heterogeneity have remained elusive. In this study, combinatorial mRNA analysis was performed at stages when neuronal phenotypes are first specified. Vesicular transporters for dopamine and other monoamines (VMAT2), GABA (VIAAT), and glutamate (VGLUT2) were assessed by systematically applying fluorescent in situ hybridization through the mes-di-encephalon of the mouse embryo at embryonal days (E) 9.5–14.5. The results show that early differentiating dopamine neurons express the gene encoding VGLUT2 before onset of any dopaminergic markers. Prior to its down-regulation in maturing dopamine neurons, Vglut2 mRNA co-localizes extensively with Tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) and Nurr1, commonly used as markers for DA neurons. Further, Vglut2 and Nurr1 mRNAs are shown to overlap substantially in diencephalic neurons that maintain a glutamatergic phenotype. The results suggest that Vglut2/Nurr1-double positive cells give rise both to dopaminergic and glutamatergic neurons within the mes-di-encephalic area. Finally, analysis of markers representing subtypes of dopamine neurons, including the newly described NeuroD6 subtype, shows that certain subtype specifications arise early. Histological findings are outlined in the context of neuroanatomical concepts and the prosomeric model of brain development. The study contributes to the current decoding of the recently discovered heterogeneity among neurons residing along the cephalic flexure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Department of Organismal Biology, Unit of Comparative Physiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Karki K, Li X, Jin UH, Mohankumar K, Zarei M, Michelhaugh SK, Mittal S, Tjalkens R, Safe S. Nuclear receptor 4A2 (NR4A2) is a druggable target for glioblastomas. J Neurooncol 2019; 146:25-39. [PMID: 31754919 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-019-03349-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The orphan nuclear receptor 4A2 (NR4A2) has been extensively characterized in subcellular regions of the brain and is necessary for the function of dopaminergic neurons. The NR4A2 ligand, 1,1-bis (31-indoly1)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)methane (DIM-C-pPhCl) inhibits markers of neuroinflammation and degeneration in mouse models and in this study we investigated expression and function of NR4A2 in glioblastoma (GBM). METHODS Established and patient-derived cell lines were used as models and the expression and functions of NR4A2 were determined by western blots and NR4A2 gene silencing by antisense oligonucleotides respectively. Effects of NR4A2 knockdown and DIM-C-pPhCl on cell growth, induction of apoptosis (Annexin V Staining) and migration/invasion (Boyden chamber and spheroid invasion assay) and transactivation of NR4A2-regulated reporter genes were determined. Tumor growth was investigated in athymic nude mice bearing U87-MG cells as xenografts. RESULTS NR4A2 knockdown and DIM-C-pPhCl inhibited GBM cell and tumor growth, induced apoptosis and inhibited migration and invasion of GBM cells. DIM-C-pPhCl and related analogs also inhibited NR4A2-regulated transactivation (luciferase activity) confirming that DIM-C-pPhCl acts as an NR4A2 antagonist and blocks NR4A2-dependent pro-oncogenic responses in GBM. CONCLUSION We demonstrate for the first time that NR4A2 is pro-oncogenic in GBM and thus a potential druggable target for patients with tumors expressing this receptor. Moreover, our bis-indole-derived NR4A2 antagonists represent a novel class of anti-cancer agents with potential future clinical applications for treating GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Un-Ho Jin
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kumaravel Mohankumar
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mahsa Zarei
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | | | - Sandeep Mittal
- Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech University, Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Ronald Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Physiology & Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843-4466, USA.
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Cirnaru MD, Melis C, Fanutza T, Naphade S, Tshilenge KT, Muntean BS, Martemyanov KA, Plotkin JL, Ellerby LM, Ehrlich ME. Nuclear Receptor Nr4a1 Regulates Striatal Striosome Development and Dopamine D 1 Receptor Signaling. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO. [PMID: 31541002 DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0305-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The GABAergic medium-size spiny neuron (MSN), the striatal output neuron, may be classified into striosome, also known as patch, and matrix, based on neurochemical differences between the two compartments. At this time, little is known regarding the regulation of the development of the two compartments. Nr4a1, primarily described as a nuclear receptor/immediate early gene involved in the homeostasis of the dopaminergic system, is a striosomal marker. Using Nr4a1-overexpressing and Nr4a1-null mice, we sought to determine whether Nr4a1 is necessary and/or sufficient for striosome development. We report that in vivo and in vitro, Nr4a1 and Oprm1 mRNA levels are correlated. In the absence of Nr4a, there is a decrease in the percentage of striatal surface area occupied by striosomes. Alterations in Nr4a1 expression leads to dysregulation of multiple mRNAs of members of the dopamine receptor D1 signal transduction system. Constitutive overexpression of Nr4a1 decreases both the induction of phosphorylation of ERK after a single cocaine exposure and locomotor sensitization following chronic cocaine exposure. Nr4a1 overexpression increases MSN excitability but reduces MSN long-term potentiation. In the resting state, type 5 adenylyl cyclase (AC5) activity is normal, but the ability of AC5 to be activated by Drd1 G-protein-coupled receptor inputs is decreased. Our results support a role for Nr4a1 in determination of striatal patch/matrix structure and in regulation of dopaminoceptive neuronal function.
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Agrawal P, Chung P, Heberlein U, Kent C. Enabling cell-type-specific behavioral epigenetics in Drosophila: a modified high-yield INTACT method reveals the impact of social environment on the epigenetic landscape in dopaminergic neurons. BMC Biol 2019; 17:30. [PMID: 30967153 PMCID: PMC6456965 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0646-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic mechanisms play fundamental roles in brain function and behavior and stressors such as social isolation can alter animal behavior via epigenetic mechanisms. However, due to cellular heterogeneity, identifying cell-type-specific epigenetic changes in the brain is challenging. Here, we report the first use of a modified isolation of nuclei tagged in specific cell type (INTACT) method in behavioral epigenetics of Drosophila melanogaster, a method we call mini-INTACT. RESULTS Using ChIP-seq on mini-INTACT purified dopaminergic nuclei, we identified epigenetic signatures in socially isolated and socially enriched Drosophila males. Social experience altered the epigenetic landscape in clusters of genes involved in transcription and neural function. Some of these alterations could be predicted by expression changes of four transcription factors and the prevalence of their binding sites in several clusters. These transcription factors were previously identified as activity-regulated genes, and their knockdown in dopaminergic neurons reduced the effects of social experience on sleep. CONCLUSIONS Our work enables the use of Drosophila as a model for cell-type-specific behavioral epigenetics and establishes that social environment shifts the epigenetic landscape in dopaminergic neurons. Four activity-related transcription factors are required in dopaminergic neurons for the effects of social environment on sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Agrawal
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
| | - Phuong Chung
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Clement Kent
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA.
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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Moon M, Jung ES, Jeon SG, Cha MY, Jang Y, Kim W, Lopes C, Mook-Jung I, Kim KS. Nurr1 (NR4A2) regulates Alzheimer's disease-related pathogenesis and cognitive function in the 5XFAD mouse model. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12866. [PMID: 30515963 PMCID: PMC6351845 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 (also known as NR4A2) is critical for the development and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, and is associated with Parkinson's disease. However, an association between Nurr1 and Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐related pathology has not previously been reported. Here, we provide evidence that Nurr1 is expressed in a neuron‐specific manner in AD‐related brain regions; specifically, it is selectively expressed in glutamatergic neurons in the subiculum and the cortex of both normal and AD brains. Based on Nurr1’s expression patterns, we investigated potential functional roles of Nurr1 in AD pathology. Nurr1 expression was examined in the hippocampus and cortex of AD mouse model and postmortem human AD subjects. In addition, we performed both gain‐of‐function and loss‐of‐function studies of Nurr1 and its pharmacological activation in 5XFAD mice. We found that knockdown of Nurr1 significantly aggravated AD pathology while its overexpression alleviated it, including effects on Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Importantly, 5XFAD mice treated with amodiaquine, a highly selective synthetic Nurr1 agonist, showed robust reduction in typical AD features including deposition of Aβ plaques, neuronal loss, microgliosis, and impairment of adult hippocampal neurogenesis, leading to significant improvement of cognitive impairment. These in vivo and in vitro findings suggest that Nurr1 critically regulates AD‐related pathophysiology and identify Nurr1 as a novel AD therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; Konyang University; Daejeon Korea
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Eun Sun Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine; Konyang University; Daejeon Korea
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Moon-Yong Cha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yongwoo Jang
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Woori Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Claudia Lopes
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry; McLean Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
- Program in Neuroscience; Harvard Medical School; Belmont Massachusetts
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Jakaria M, Haque ME, Cho DY, Azam S, Kim IS, Choi DK. Molecular Insights into NR4A2(Nurr1): an Emerging Target for Neuroprotective Therapy Against Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5799-5814. [PMID: 30684217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NR4A2 is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, with distinctive physiological features. In the cell nuclei of the central nervous system, it is widely expressed and identified as a crucial regulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal differentiation, survival, and maintenance. Importantly, it has regulated different genes crucial for dopaminergic signals, and its expression has been diminished in both aged and PD post-mortem brains and reduced in PD patients. In microglia and astrocytes, the expression of NR4A2 has been found where it can be capable of inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators; hence, it protected inflammation-mediated DA neuronal death. In addition, NR4A2 plays neuroprotective role via regulating different signals. However, NR4A2 has been mainly focused on Parkinson's research, but, in recent times, it has been studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke. Altered expression of NR4A2 is connected to AD progression, and activation of its may improve cognitive function. It is downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients; nonetheless, its role in MS has not been fully clear. miR-145-5p known as a putative regulator of NR4A2 and in a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model, anti-miR-145-5p administration promoted neurological outcomes in rat. To date, various activators and modulators of NR4A2 have been discovered and investigated as probable therapeutic drugs in neuroinflammatory and neuronal cell death models. The NR4A2 gene and cell-based therapy are described as promising drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, microRNA might have a crucial role in neurodegeneration via affecting NR4A2 expression. Herein, we present the role of NR4A2 in neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death focusing on neurodegenerative conditions and display NR4A2 as a promising therapeutic target for the therapy of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea. .,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
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Bhardwaj SK, Dodat F, Lévesque D, Srivastava LK. Altered regulation of Nur77 nuclear receptor gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic regions of rat brain by amphetamine sensitization. Brain Res 2018; 1694:46-54. [PMID: 29750935 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying psychostimulant drug-induced sensitization include long-term cellular and molecular adaptations in dopaminergic circuits. Nur77, a member of the Nur family of transcription factors, is expressed in brain regions receiving dopamine inputs and plays a role in activity-induced synaptic modification. Here we evaluated changes in Nur77 mRNA levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), dorsal striatum (Str) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) of rats receiving a repeated, sensitizing regimen of amphetamine (AMPH). Results were compared to two groups of controls - animals receiving repeated injections of saline (Rp-SAL) or with no treatment (CON). Two weeks after the last injection, the effect of an acute challenge dose of AMPH on Nur77 expression was evaluated using in-situ hybridization. Repeated AMPH treatment (Rp-AMPH) increased the levels of Nur77 mRNA in the mPFC, NAc core and shell regions. However, the effects of an acute injection of AMPH in each of the three groups of animals was distinct. Whereas an acute AMPH led to a significant increase of Nur77 in all brain regions of the CON animals, it had no significant effect in Rp-SAL animals. Interestingly, in acute AMPH-injected Rp-AMPH animals, Nur77 mRNA levels in the mPFC, Str and NAc regions were significantly lower compared to CON and Rp-SAL animals treated with acute AMPH. There was a positive correlation between AMPH -induced locomotor activity and Nur77 mRNA expression in CON animals; however, this relationship was absent in Rp-SAL and Rp-AMPH animals. The data suggest that Nur77 is a part of neuroadaptive changes caused by either mild stress of repeated injections as well as AMPH-sensitization and may play a role in abnormal behaviors induced by the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fatéma Dodat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lalit K Srivastava
- Douglas Mental Health Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Rouillard C, Baillargeon J, Paquet B, St-Hilaire M, Maheux J, Lévesque C, Darlix N, Majeur S, Lévesque D. Genetic disruption of the nuclear receptor Nur77 (Nr4a1) in rat reduces dopamine cell loss and l-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in experimental Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ahn JH, Lee JS, Cho JH, Park JH, Lee TK, Song M, Kim H, Kang SH, Won MH, Lee CH. Age-dependent decrease of Nurr1 protein expression in the gerbil hippocampus. Biomed Rep 2018; 8:517-522. [PMID: 29904610 PMCID: PMC5996841 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related-1 protein (Nurr1) serves important roles in hippocampal-dependent cognitive process. In the present study, the protein expression of Nurr1 was compared in the hippocampi of young [postnatal month 3 (PM 3)], adult (PM 12) and aged (PM 24) gerbils using western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Results indicated that the protein level of Nurr1 was significantly and gradually decreased in the gerbil hippocampus with increasing age. In addition, strong Nurr1 immunoreactivity was primarily observed in pyramidal neurons and granule cells of the hippocampus in the young group, which was determined to be reduced in the adult group and to a greater extent in the aged group. Collectively the data demonstrated that Nurr1 immunoreactivity was gradually and markedly decreased during normal aging. These results indicate that gradual decrease of Nurr1 expression in the hippocampus may be associated with the normal aging process and a decline in hippocampus-dependent cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seok Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, Kangwon National University Hospital, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Song
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hoon Kang
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam 31116, Republic of Korea
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Hammond SL, Popichak KA, Li X, Hunt LG, Richman EH, Damale PU, Chong EKP, Backos DS, Safe S, Tjalkens RB. The Nurr1 Ligand,1,1-bis(3'-Indolyl)-1-( p-Chlorophenyl)Methane, Modulates Glial Reactivity and Is Neuroprotective in MPTP-Induced Parkinsonism. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:636-651. [PMID: 29626009 PMCID: PMC5941193 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 (also called nuclear receptor-4A2) regulates inflammatory gene expression in glial cells, as well as genes associated with homeostatic and trophic function in dopaminergic neurons. Despite these known functions of Nurr1, an endogenous ligand has not been discovered. We postulated that the activation of Nurr1 would suppress the activation of glia and thereby protect against loss of dopamine (DA) neurons after subacute lesioning with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Our previous studies have shown that a synthetic Nurr1 ligand, 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)methane (C-DIM12), suppresses inflammatory gene expression in primary astrocytes and induces a dopaminergic phenotype in neurons. Pharmacokinetic analysis of C-DIM12 in mice by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry demonstrated that approximately three times more compound concentrated in the brain than in plasma. Mice treated with four doses of MPTP + probenecid over 14 days were monitored for neurobehavioral function, loss of dopaminergic neurons, and glial activation. C-DIM12 protected against the loss of DA neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and DA terminals in the striatum, maintained a ramified phenotype in microglia, and suppressed activation of astrocytes. In vitro reporter assays demonstrated that C-DIM12 was an effective activator of Nurr1 transcription in neuronal cell lines. Computational modeling of C-DIM12 binding to the three-dimensional structure of human Nurr1 identified a high-affinity binding interaction with Nurr1 at the coactivator domain. Taken together, these data suggest that C-DIM12 is an activator of Nurr1 that suppresses glial activation and neuronal loss in vivo after treatment with MPTP, and that this receptor could be an efficacious target for disease modification in individuals with Parkinson's disease and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean L Hammond
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Katriana A Popichak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Lindsay G Hunt
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Evan H Richman
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Pranav U Damale
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Edwin K P Chong
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Donald S Backos
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences (S.L.H., K.A.P., L.G.H., E.H.R., R.B.T.) and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (P.D., E.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas (X.L., S.S.); and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.S.B.)
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. The incidence of PD cases increases with age, accordingly classically PD is considered to be an age-associated neurodegenerative disease. In this review, the hypothesis that PD is actually a neurodevelopmental disorder that is compensated for a long time will be discussed. However, patients who suffer from PD typically do not show symptoms early in their lives. This implies that, if the hypothesis that PD has a significant neurodevelopmental component is correct, the developmental defects are compensated for a long time. Furthermore, these developmental defects might not causally lead to the disease but increase the susceptibility for disease onset after a "second hit." In this logic, deregulated developmental processes might represent the "first hit." Even a minor developmental defect could lead to a reduced compensatory capacity or reduced fault tolerance of the entire system. In such a case of an already imbalanced system one or more additional hits could perturb the entire system sufficiently to bring it out of balance and lead to the pathology and symptoms which we classify as PD. However, if the developmental hypothesis and the "multiple hit" hypothesis are correct, an early diagnosis of these developmental defects might allow the start of a therapy for at-risk individuals before disease pathology becomes severe and before symptoms occur. Modern stem cell technologies, including the generation of personalized brain organoids, might play an important role in these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Schwamborn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, Developmental and Cellular Biology, University of Luxembourg , Belvaux, Luxembourg
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Farzanehfar P. Comparative review of adult midbrain and striatum neurogenesis with classical neurogenesis. Neurosci Res 2018; 134:1-9. [PMID: 29339103 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) motor symptoms are caused by loss of dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the midbrain. Dopamine cell replacement therapy (DA CRT), either by cell transplantation or endogenous repair, has been a potential treatment to replace dead cells and improve PD motor symptoms. Adult midbrain and striatum have been studied for many years to find evidence of neurogenesis. Although the literature is controversial, recent research has revived the possibility of neurogenesis here. This paper aims to review the process of neurogenesis (by focusing on gene expression patterns) in the adult midbrain/striatum and compare it with classical neurogenesis that occurs in developing midbrain, Sub Ventricular Zone (SVZ) and Sub Granular Zone (SGZ) of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Farzanehfar
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience & Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
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Wulansari N, Kim EH, Sulistio YA, Rhee YH, Song JJ, Lee SH. Vitamin C-Induced Epigenetic Modifications in Donor NSCs Establish Midbrain Marker Expressions Critical for Cell-Based Therapy in Parkinson's Disease. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1192-1206. [PMID: 28943252 PMCID: PMC5639382 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cultured neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) are regarded as a potential systematic cell source to treat Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the therapeutic potential of these cultured NSCs is lost during culturing. Here, we show that treatment of vitamin C (VC) enhances generation of authentic midbrain-type dopamine (mDA) neurons with improved survival and functions from ventral midbrain (VM)-derived NSCs. VC acted by upregulating a series of mDA neuron-specific developmental and phenotype genes via removal of DNA methylation and repressive histone code (H3K9m3, H3K27m3) at associated gene promoter regions. Notably, the epigenetic changes induced by transient VC treatment were sustained long after VC withdrawal. Accordingly, transplantation of VC-treated NSCs resulted in improved behavioral restoration, along with enriched DA neuron engraftment, which faithfully expressed midbrain-specific markers in PD model rats. These results indicate that VC treatment to donor NSCs could be a simple, efficient, and safe therapeutic strategy for PD in the future. Vitamin C (VC) potentiates therapeutic capacity of donor NSCs to treat PD Long-lasting epigenetic activation of VM-specific genes underlies the VC effects The VC effects enhanced mDA neuron engraftment
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Affiliation(s)
- Noviana Wulansari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yanuar Alan Sulistio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Rhee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Korea; Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea; Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea.
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Sim Y, Park G, Eo H, Huh E, Gu PS, Hong S, Pak YK, Oh MS. Protective effects of a herbal extract combination of Bupleurum falcatum , Paeonia suffruticosa , and Angelica dahurica against MPTP-induced neurotoxicity via regulation of nuclear receptor-related 1 protein. Neuroscience 2017; 340:166-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Kim JI, Jeon SG, Kim KA, Kim YJ, Song EJ, Choi J, Ahn KJ, Kim CJ, Chung HY, Moon M, Chung H. The pharmacological stimulation of Nurr1 improves cognitive functions via enhancement of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Stem Cell Res 2016; 17:534-543. [PMID: 27788475 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor related-1 (Nurr1) protein plays an important role in both the development of neural precursor cells (NPCs) and cognitive functions. Despite its relevance, the effects of Nurr1 on adult hippocampal neurogenesis have not been thoroughly investigated. Here we used RT-PCR, western blot, and immunocytochemistry to show that adult hippocampal NPCs abundantly express Nurr1. We then examined the effect of Nurr1 activation on adult hippocampal NPCs using amodiaquine (AQ), an anti-malarial drug that was recently discovered to be a Nurr1 agonist. Cell proliferation assay showed that AQ significantly increased cell proliferation. AQ-treated NPCs showed increased levels of phosphorylation of Akt and ERK1/2 whereas AQ-treated Nurr1 siRNA-transfected NPCs showed no changes in those levels. Further immunocytochemical and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed the stimulating effect of Nurr1 agonist on the proliferation and differentiation of adult hippocampal NPCs both in vivo and in vitro. In addition to its effects on proliferation and differentiation of NPCs, AQ-treated mice showed a significant enhancement of both short- and long-term memory in the Y-maze and the novel object recognition test. These data suggest that activation of Nurr1 may enhance cognitive functions by increasing adult hippocampal neurogenesis and also indicate that Nurr1 may be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of memory disorders and cognitive impairment observed in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Il Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, Jeju National University, Jeju-si 63243, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Gak Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Song
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Choi
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Jeung Ahn
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Jin Kim
- Department of Cardiology, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Yeon Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Moon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyunju Chung
- Department of Core Research Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang L, Cen L, Qu S, Wei L, Mo M, Feng J, Sun C, Xiao Y, Luo Q, Li S, Yang X, Xu P. Enhancing Beta-Catenin Activity via GSK3beta Inhibition Protects PC12 Cells against Rotenone Toxicity through Nurr1 Induction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152931. [PMID: 27045591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantial nigra pars compacta. Increasing evidence showed that Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 play crucial roles in the survival and functional maintenance of DA neurons in the midbrain and GSK-3β antagonists LiCl and SB216763 were used to activate Wnt/β-catenin pathway experimentally. However, the detail mechanism underlying the neuroprotection against apoptosis on DA neuron is still unclear and the interaction between Wnt/β-catenin and Nurr1 remains undisclosed. In this study, using cell biological assay we investigated the function of Wnt/β-catenin and its crosstalk with Nurr1 on the course of PC12 cell degeneration in vitro. Our data showed that PC12 cell viability was inhibited by rotenone, but attenuated by GSK-3β antagonists LiCl or SB216763. The activity of Wnt/β-catenin pathway was deregulated on exposure of rotenone in a concentration-dependent manner. After the interference of β-catenin with siRNA, LiCl or SB216763 failed to protect PC12 cells from apoptosis by the rotenone toxicity. Our data confirmed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling activated by LiCl or SB216763 enhanced Nurr1 expression to 2.75 ± 0.55 and 4.06 ± 0.41 folds respectively compared with control detected by real-time PCR and the interaction of β-catenin with Nurr1 was identified by co-immunoprecipitate analysis. In conclusion, the data suggested that Wnt/β-catenin and Nurr1 are crucial factors in the survival of DA neurons, and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway exerts protective effects on DA neurons partly by mean of a co-active pattern with Nurr1. This finding may shed a light on the potential treatment of Parkinson disease.
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Huang HY, Chiu TL, Chang HF, Hsu HR, Pang CY, Liew HK, Wang MJ. Epigenetic regulation contributes to urocortin-enhanced midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation. Stem Cells 2016; 33:1601-17. [PMID: 25641682 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The production of midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neurons requires precise extrinsic inductive signals and intrinsic transcriptional cascade at a specific time point in development. Urocortin (UCN) is a peptide of the corticotropin-releasing hormone family that mediates various responses to stress. UCN was first cloned from adult rat midbrain. However, the contribution of UCN to the development of mDA neurons is poorly understood. Here, we show that UCN is endogenously expressed in the developing ventral midbrain (VM) and its receptors are exhibited in Nurr1(+) postmitotic mDA precursors and TH(+) neurons, suggesting possible roles in regulating their terminal differentiation. UCN treatment increased DA cell numbers in rat VM precursor cultures by promoting the conversion of Nurr1(+) precursors into DA neurons. Furthermore, neutralization of secreted UCN with anti-UCN antibody resulted in a reduction in the number of DA neurons. UCN induced an abundance of acetylated histone H3 and enhanced late DA regulator Nurr1, Foxa2, and Pitx3 expressions. Using pharmacological and RNA interference approaches, we further demonstrated that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition and late transcriptional factors upregulation contribute to UCN-mediated DA neuron differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that UCN promoted histone acetylation of chromatin surrounding the TH promoter by directly inhibiting HDAC and releasing of methyl CpG binding protein 2-CoREST-HDAC1 repressor complex from the promoter, ultimately leading to an increase in Nurr1/coactivators-mediated transcription of TH gene. Moreover, UCN treatment in vivo also resulted in increased DA neuron differentiation. These findings suggest that UCN might contribute to regulate late mDA neuron differentiation during VM development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Zhang LM, Sun CC, Mo MS, Cen L, Wei L, Luo FF, Li Y, Li GF, Zhang SY, Yi L, Huang W, Liu ZL, Le WD, Xu PY. Dopamine Agonists Exert Nurr1-inducing Effect in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2016; 128:1755-60. [PMID: 26112716 PMCID: PMC4733729 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.159349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nurr1 plays an essential role in the development, survival, and function maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons, and it is a potential target for Parkinson's disease (PD). Nurr1 mRNA can be detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), but whether there is any association of altered Nurr1 expression in PBMC with the disease and DA drug treatments remains elusive. This study aimed to measure the Nurr1 mRNA level in PBMC and evaluate the effect of Nurr1 expression by DA agents in vivo and in vitro. Methods: The mRNA levels of Nurr1 in PBMC of four subgroups of 362 PD patients and 193 healthy controls (HCs) using real-time polymerase chain reaction were measured. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test and Kruskal-Wallis test were performed to evaluate the differences between PD and HC, as well as the subgroups of PD. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the independent association of Nurr1 expression with Hoehn and Yahr scale, age, and drug treatments. Besides, the Nurr1 expression in cultured PBMC was measured to determine whether DA agonist pramipexole affects its mRNA level. Results: The relative Nurr1 mRNA levels in DA agonists treated subgroup were significant higher than those in recent-onset cases without any anti-PD treatments (de novo) (P < 0.001) and HC groups (P < 0.010), respectively. Furthermore, the increase in Nurr1 mRNA expression was seen in DA agonist and L-dopa group. Multivariate linear regression showed DA agonists, L-dopa, and DA agonists were independent predictors correlated with Nurr1 mRNA expression level in PBMC. In vitro, in the cultured PBMC treated with 10 μmol/L pramipexole, the Nurr1 mRNA levels were significantly increased by 99.61%, 71.75%, 73.16% in 2, 4, and 8 h, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusions: DA agonists can induce Nurr1 expression in PBMC, and such effect may contribute to DA agonists-mediated neuroprotection on DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ping-Yi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China
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Lim JWC, Donahoo ALS, Bunt J, Edwards TJ, Fenlon LR, Liu Y, Zhou J, Moldrich RX, Piper M, Gobius I, Bailey TL, Wray NR, Kessaris N, Poo MM, Rubenstein JLR, Richards LJ. EMX1 regulates NRP1-mediated wiring of the mouse anterior cingulate cortex. Development 2016; 142:3746-57. [PMID: 26534986 DOI: 10.1242/dev.119909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factors act during cortical development as master regulatory genes that specify cortical arealization and cellular identities. Although numerous transcription factors have been identified as being crucial for cortical development, little is known about their downstream targets and how they mediate the emergence of specific neuronal connections via selective axon guidance. The EMX transcription factors are essential for early patterning of the cerebral cortex, but whether EMX1 mediates interhemispheric connectivity by controlling corpus callosum formation remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that in mice on the C57Bl/6 background EMX1 plays an essential role in the midline crossing of an axonal subpopulation of the corpus callosum derived from the anterior cingulate cortex. In the absence of EMX1, cingulate axons display reduced expression of the axon guidance receptor NRP1 and form aberrant axonal bundles within the rostral corpus callosum. EMX1 also functions as a transcriptional activator of Nrp1 expression in vitro, and overexpression of this protein in Emx1 knockout mice rescues the midline-crossing phenotype. These findings reveal a novel role for the EMX1 transcription factor in establishing cortical connectivity by regulating the interhemispheric wiring of a subpopulation of neurons within the mouse anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W C Lim
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Amber-Lee S Donahoo
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jens Bunt
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J Edwards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Laura R Fenlon
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ying Liu
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Randal X Moldrich
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Michael Piper
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia The University of Queensland, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Ilan Gobius
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy L Bailey
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Naomi R Wray
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Nicoletta Kessaris
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mu-Ming Poo
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Linda J Richards
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Brain Institute, Brisbane 4072, Australia The University of Queensland, The School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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Rodríguez-Traver E, Solís O, Díaz-Guerra E, Ortiz Ó, Vergaño-Vera E, Méndez-Gómez HR, García-Sanz P, Moratalla R, Vicario-Abejón C. Role of Nurr1 in the Generation and Differentiation of Dopaminergic Neurons from Stem Cells. Neurotox Res 2015; 30:14-31. [PMID: 26678495 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9586-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NURR1 is an essential transcription factor for the differentiation, maturation, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons) as it has been demonstrated using knock-out mice. DA neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD) and mutations in the Nurr1 gene have been associated with this human disease. Thus, the study of NURR1 actions in vivo is fundamental to understand the mechanisms of neuron generation and degeneration in the dopaminergic system. Here, we present and discuss findings indicating that NURR1 is a valuable molecular tool for the in vitro generation of DA neurons which could be used for modeling and studying PD in cell culture and in transplantation approaches. Transduction of Nurr1 alone or in combination with other transcription factors such as Foxa2, Ngn2, Ascl1, and Pitx3, induces the generation of DA neurons, which upon transplantation have the capacity to survive and restore motor behavior in animal models of PD. We show that the survival of transplanted neurons is increased when the Nurr1-transduced olfactory bulb stem cells are treated with GDNF. The use of these and other factors with the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based technology or the direct reprogramming of astrocytes or fibroblasts into human DA neurons has produced encouraging results for the study of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in PD and for the search of new treatments for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rodríguez-Traver
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar Solís
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Díaz-Guerra
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Óscar Ortiz
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Vergaño-Vera
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor R Méndez-Gómez
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia García-Sanz
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vicario-Abejón
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Li YS, He X, Ma K, Wu YP, Li BX. The Effect of Exposure to Atrazine on Dopaminergic Development in Pubertal Male SD Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 104:184-9. [PMID: 26331294 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR, 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is used worldwide as a herbicide, and its presence in the environment has resulted in documented human exposure. A lack of strong evidence for genetic heritability of idiopathic Parkinson's disease has focused attention on environmental toxicants in the disease etiology, particularly agrichemicals. Parkinson's disease is associated with advanced age and is characterized by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons, but it is unclear whether specific neuronal damage could result from insults during development. The juvenile period is particularly vulnerable to environmental agent, therefore, we evaluated the effects of a 28-day exposure to ATR on the dopaminergic system in pubertal rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated orally with ATR at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw, daily from postnatal days 27 to 54. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that pubertal exposure to ATR would disrupt the development of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system. The content of DA and levodopa (L-DA) were examined in striatum samples by HPLC-FL, and the mRNA and protein expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, orphan nuclear hormone receptor (Nurr1), Nurr1 interacting protein (NuIP), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors of the Cip̲Kip family (p57kip2) were examined in samples of the nigrostriatum by use of fluorescence Real-Time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Exposure of juvenile rats to the high dose of ATR led to reduced levels of DA and L-DA, genes expression of NuIP, Nurr1, and p57kip2 in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Shu Li
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Xi He
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Yan-Ping Wu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
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48
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Leblanc P, Moon M, Kim W, Jeong I, Kim CH, Kim KS. Production of Nurr-1 Specific Polyclonal Antibodies Free of Cross-reactivity Against Its Close Homologs, Nor1 and Nur77. J Vis Exp 2015:e52963. [PMID: 26325389 DOI: 10.3791/52963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor subfamily 4 (NR4A) is composed of 3 related proteins sharing a DNA binding domain (DBD) and a ligand-binding domain (LBD). The nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1 or NR4A2) plays a key role in the maintenance of the dopaminergic system. Dopamine dysfunctions associated with the Nurr1 gene include Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia and manic depression among others. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that Nurr1 is also expressed in other brain areas such as the hippocampus and plays critical roles for learning and memory. The other members of the family are nerve growth factor IB (Nur77 or NR4A1) and neuron-derived orphan receptor 1 (NOR1 or NR4A3). To help investigate the precise functional roles of Nurr1 in dopaminergic and other brain region-related neuronal dysfunctions antibodies devoid of cross-reactivities against Nur77 and NOR1 were needed. Since the proteins are more divergent in their LBDs than in their DNA binding domains immunization with purified LBDs should yield antibodies specific for Nurr1 with minimal reactivities against Nur77 and/or NOR1. Although anti-Nurr1 antibodies were successfully generated these showed significant immunoreactivity against the other members of the family. Affinity chromatography over immobilized Protein A followed by pre-adsorption against immobilized Nur77 and NOR1 LBDs yielded Nurr1 specific antibodies free of cross-reactivity. Here, we selectively target antibodies against a specific member of a highly conserved family of proteins by immunizing animals with their most divergent regions followed by removing cross reactive antibodies by pre-adsorption. The goal of the protocol is to increase polyclonal antibodies specificity through pre-adsorption against cross-reactive antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Leblanc
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatry, McLean Hospital;
| | - Minho Moon
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatry, McLean Hospital; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Konyang University
| | - Woori Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatry, McLean Hospital
| | - Inhye Jeong
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatry, McLean Hospital
| | - Chun-Hyung Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatry, McLean Hospital
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Psychiatry, McLean Hospital
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49
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron development has been an intense area of research during recent years. This is due in part to a growing interest in regenerative medicine and the hope that treatment for diseases affecting mDA neurons, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), might be facilitated by a better understanding of how these neurons are specified, differentiated and maintained in vivo. This knowledge might help to instruct efforts to generate mDA neurons in vitro, which holds promise not only for cell replacement therapy, but also for disease modeling and drug discovery. In this Primer, we will focus on recent developments in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of mDA neurons in vivo, and how they have been used to generate human mDA neurons in vitro from pluripotent stem cells or from somatic cells via direct reprogramming. Current challenges and future avenues in the development of a regenerative medicine for PD will be identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Mark Denham
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J. Carlos Villaescusa
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Dept. Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center of Developmental Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno 61137, Czech Republic
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50
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Esteves M, Cristóvão AC, Saraiva T, Rocha SM, Baltazar G, Ferreira L, Bernardino L. Retinoic acid-loaded polymeric nanoparticles induce neuroprotection in a mouse model for Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:20. [PMID: 25798108 PMCID: PMC4351630 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) plays an important role in the commitment, maturation and survival of neural cells. Recently, RA was pointed as a therapeutic option for some neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). The administration of RA has been defying, and in this sense we have previously developed novel RA-loaded polymeric nanoparticles (RA-NPs) that ensure the efficient intracellular transport and controlled release of RA. Herein, we show that nanoformulation as an efficient neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced mouse model for PD. The results showed that the RA-NPs administration induced a significant reduction of DA neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN) as well as their neuronal fiber/axonal innervations in the striatum. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the expression levels of the transcription factors Pitx3 and Nurr1 induced by RA-NPs, showing its supportive effect on the development and functional maintenance of DA neurons in PD. This is the first study showing that RA-NPs can be an innovative strategy to halt the progression of PD pathogenesis, suggesting that this nanoformulation could be of particular interest for the development of new approaches for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Esteves
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Ana C Cristóvão
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Saraiva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Sandra M Rocha
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Graça Baltazar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Lino Ferreira
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra Coimbra, Portugal ; Biocant - Center of Innovation in Biotechnology Cantanhede, Portugal
| | - Liliana Bernardino
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior Covilhã, Portugal
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