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Romig T, Wassermann M. Echinococcus species in wildlife. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2024; 23:100913. [PMID: 38405672 PMCID: PMC10884515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2024.100913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Transmission of Echinococcus spp. in life cycles that involve mainly wildlife is well recognized for those species with small mammals as intermediate hosts (e. g. E. multilocularis), as well as for E. felidis and the 'northern' genotypes of E. canadensis (G8 and G10). In contrast, the remaining taxa of E. granulosus sensu lato are best known for their domestic life cycles, and the numerous wild mammal species (mainly ungulates) that have been recorded with cystic echinococcosis in the past were mainly considered a result of spill-over from the dog-livestock transmission system. This view was challenged with the advent of molecular characterization, allowing discrimination of the metacestodes, although the contribution of wild mammals to various Echinococcus life cycles has remained uncertain for scarcity of wildlife studies. Numerous records of cysts in wild ungulates date back to the 20th century, but cannot with certainty be allocated to the Echinococcus species and genotypes that are recognized today. This means that our current knowledge is largely restricted to studies of the past two decades that kept adding gradually to our concepts of transmission in various geographic regions. In particular, new insights were gathered in the past years on E. granulosus s.l. in wildlife of sub-Saharan Africa, but also on transmission patterns of E. multilocularis in previously neglected regions, e. g. North America. Here, an update is provided on the current state of knowledge on wild mammals as hosts for all Echinococcus species, listing >150 species of wild hosts with references, as well as estimates on their epidemiological impact and our current gaps of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marion Wassermann
- University of Hohenheim, Parasitology Unit, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
- University of Hohenheim, Center for Biodiversity and Integrative Taxonomy, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Gonçalves Baptista L, Laurimäe T, Muchaamba G, Cathomas L, Barros Olende AL, Mata dos Santos I, Lobo de Pina Â, Deplazes P. First isolation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype 7 in the archipelago of Cape Verde. Parasitology 2023; 150:734-743. [PMID: 37194602 PMCID: PMC10410394 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202300046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There are no scientific data available on the occurrence of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster in definitive hosts (domestic dogs), intermediate hosts (domestic livestock) nor humans in Cape Verde. In this pilot study, environmental dog fecal samples (n = 369) were collected around food markets, official slaughterhouses, as well as home and small business slaughter spots in 8 of the 9 inhabited islands from the Cape Verde archipelago, between June 2021 and March 2022. Additionally, during the same period, 40 cysts and tissue lesions were opportunistically collected from 5 islands, from locally slaughtered cattle (n = 7), goats (n = 2), sheep (n = 1) and pigs (n = 26). Genetic characterization by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 12S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of E. granulosus s.l. in fecal and tissue material. In total, 17 cyst samples from Santiago (n = 9), Sal (n = 7) and São Vicente (n = 1) and 8 G6/G7-positive dog fecal samples from Santiago (n = 4) and Sal (n = 4) were identified as E. granulosus s.l. G7 by sequence analysis (nad2, nad5 and nad1 genes). This study discloses the transmission of E. granulosus s.l. G7, in pig, cattle and dog in Cape Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gonçalves Baptista
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bons Amigos Association, Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cathomas
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Lina Barros Olende
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Iolanda Mata dos Santos
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Ângela Lobo de Pina
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Elshahawy IS, El-Seify MA, Ahamed ZK, Fawaz MM. Occurrence and Phylogenetic Description of Cystic Echinococcosis Isolate from Egyptian Camel (Camelus Dromedarius). Helminthologia 2022; 59:253-64. [PMID: 36694828 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most significant cyclo-zoonotic diseases of major economic and public health significance worldwide. The current study was carried out to determine the epidemiological profile of cystic echinococcosis as well as to investigate its molecular and phylogenic status from one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the southern region of Egypt. In the present work, 110 camels freshly slaughtered at Daraw abattoirs, Aswan governorate were inspected for the presence of Hydatid cysts (HCs) visually and manually by palpation and incision, over a period of one year (June, 2018 - May, 2019). Furthermore, fourteen fertile hydatid cyst samples were collected from lungs of slaughtered camels. DNA extraction from two fertile samples was successfully achieved followed by phylogenetic analysis on two mitochondrial genes (cox1and nad1). Out of 110 camels slaughtered 11 (10 %) were found harboring hydatid cysts. The infection was found to prevail throughout the year, with the highest peak encountered in winter (45.5 %). The lungs were the most frequently infected organs (72.7 %) with liver cysts occurring at a significantly lower rate (27.3 %). The mean value of total protein, glucose, urea, cholesterol, magnesium, potassium, copper and creatinine was higher in cystic fluid from camels as compared to cattle. Blast and phylogenetic analysis on sequenced genes showed the presence of Echinococcus intermedius, originally the pig genotype (G7) in camels for the first time in Egypt. To the best of our knowledge, the current research provides a description of the current epidemiological and molecular situation of camel hydatidosis in the southern region of Egypt. Furthermore, the current results may have significant implications for hydatid disease control in the studied region.
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Hodžić A, Alić A, Spahić A, Harl J, Beck R. Genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from animals and humans in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:457. [PMID: 36482478 PMCID: PMC9733143 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05598-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is recognized as one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina. However, no systemic investigation of the genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato circulating among animals and humans in the country has been performed to date. METHODS In this preliminary study, we analysed one cyst each from 36 sheep, 27 cattle, 27 pigs, 11 wild boars and 16 human patients for amplification and partial sequencing of the adenosine triphosphate 6 (atp6) and cytochrome c oxidase 1 (cox1) genes. The host species, fertility rate and organ cyst location were recorded for each subject involved in the study. RESULTS Overall, the atp6 gene was successfully amplified and sequenced from 110 samples, while 96 of the PCRs for cox1 were positive. Three zoonotic genotypes of E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1 and G3) and Echinococcus canadensis (G7) were identified in our isolates based on analyses of the atp6 gene. These genotypes were represented by 11 different genetic variants (haplotypes), six of which were identified for the first time in the present study. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates, for the first time, that CE in Bosnia and Herzegovina is predominantly caused by E. granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis clusters, which exhibited a lower genetic diversity compared to isolates from other European countries. Further molecular studies employing other mitochondrial and nuclear genes are required to better understand the transmission cycles of E. granulosus sensu stricto among intermediate and definitive hosts in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Hodžić
- grid.10420.370000 0001 2286 1424Division of Microbial Ecology (DoME), Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science (CMESS), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria ,grid.11869.370000000121848551Department of Parasitology and Invasive Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amer Alić
- grid.11869.370000000121848551Department of Clinical Sciences of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amir Spahić
- Department of Pathology, Cantonal Hospital, 72270 Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Josef Harl
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Relja Beck
- grid.417625.30000 0004 0367 0309Laboratory for Parasitology, Department for Bacteriology and Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Başer S, Maçin S, Maçin G, Örsten S. An overview of the genetic diversity of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Turkey. J Contemp Med 2022; 12:1025-1029. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1134747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is a parasite that lives as a host in animals and humans, causes great economic damage and poses a serious threat to health. Morphological differences and intermediate host preference are used to distinguish the species of this parasite. Ten genotypes and lion strains of Echinococcus granulosus have been identified in molecular studies to date. It contributes to the fact that the effects of cystic echinococcosis detected in humans and the disease process caused by different genotypes can be handled differently. In genetic diversity analysis, species were classified as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto, Echinococcus equinus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus felidis genotypes. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto is the most common cause of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide and in Turkey. In this review, the distribution and epidemiology of Echinococcus granulosus genotypes detected in humans and animals in Turkey are discussed.
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Selcuk MA, Celik F, Kesik HK, Gunyakti Kilinc S, Ahmed H, Jiang N, Simsek S, Cao J. In Silico Evaluation of the Haplotype Diversity, Phylogenetic Variation and Population Structure of Human E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1 Genotype) Sequences. Pathogens 2022; 11:1346. [DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which is a neglected zoonotic disease with an important role in human morbidity. In this study, we aimed to investigate the haplotype diversity, genetic variation, population structure and phylogeny of human E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (G1 genotype) isolates submitted to GenBank from different parts of the world by sequencing the mitochondrial CO1 and ND1 genes. The sequences of the mt-CO1 (401 bp; n = 133) and mt-ND1 (407 bp; n = 140) genes were used to analyze the haplotype, polymorphism and phylogenetic of 273 E. granulosus s.s. (G1 genotype) isolates. Mutations were observed at 31 different points in the mt-CO1 gene sequences and at 100 different points in the mt-ND1 gene sequences. Furthermore, 34 haplotypes of the mt-CO1 sequences and 37 haplotypes of the mt-ND1 sequences were identified. Tajima’s D, Fu’s Fs, and Fu’s LD values showed high negative values in both mt-CO1 and mt-ND1 gene fragments. The haplotype diversities in the sequences retrieved from GenBank in this study indicate that the genetic variation in human isolates of E. granulosus s.s. in western countries is higher than in eastern countries. This may be due to demographic expansions due to animal trades and natural selections.
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Kırış MT, Ergün S, Akıncı O, Ergin S, Velidedeoğlu M, Kocazeybek BS, Göksoy E. Evaluation of <em>Echinococcus</em> DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in cystic <em>Echinococcosis</em> of the liver. Turk J Surg 2022; 38:196-201. [PMID: 36483165 PMCID: PMC9714648 DOI: 10.47717/turkjsurg.2022.5427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine the DNA and genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in liver cyst hydatids isolated in humans. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted prospectively at the Department of General Surgery of the Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, University of İstanbul-Cerrahpaşa, between January 2015 and June 2016 in 30 patients who were operated on for cystic Echinococcosis. E. granulosus DNA was analyzed using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method in the cyst samples (protoscolex and/or germinative membrane) obtained during the operation, and genotype was determined in the PCR positive samples by sequence analysis. At the same time, indirect hemagglutination (IHA) was used to test for the presence of antibodies in the patients' blood. RESULTS E. granulosus DNA was found in 29 out of 30 cystic Echinococcosis of the liver samples. All of the 29 cystic Echinococcosis samples were found to be G1 (sheep) species. Also, IHA was positive in 22 patients and negative in eight patients. CONCLUSION In the present study, G1 species was the most commonly seen liver cystic Echinococcosis species. We suggest that a vaccine, which could be developed against prevalent regional genotypes, would be efficacious in the prevention of the disease with a cause of mortality and morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Tolga Kırış
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sefa Ergün
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozan Akıncı
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Sevgi Ergin
- Department of Medical Microbiology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Velidedeoğlu
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Bekir Sami Kocazeybek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ertuğrul Göksoy
- Department of General Surgery, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
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Muhaidi MJ. Molecular Study Of Hydatid Disease In Iraqi Goats By using The Mitochondrial Cytochrome C Oxidase Subunit 1 Gene. J Pure Appl Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.16.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify and recognize the genotype for cystic Echinococcosis that infects goats (n=19) in Iraq. The hydatid cyst was collected from different parts of the body, i.e. lungs, liver, heart, spleen and peritoneal cavity. The current study was conducted in five different regions of Iraq (Anbar, Baghdad, Saladdin, Karkuk, Babylon during October 2018 to July 2019. The mitochondria DNA was extracted and screened for the presence of (CO1) cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 gene using polymer chain reactions (PCR). Amplification size was around 450bp. The amplicon was isolated and purified. The isolated CO1 amplicon was sequenced. The CO1 putative sequence was BLAST with available sequence from NCBI. The genetic tree was deduced. The genotype G1 is the most frequently spread strains and considered as a key source for infection in goats of Iraq.
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Casulli A, Massolo A, Saarma U, Umhang G, Santolamazza F, Santoro A. Species and genotypes belonging to Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex causing human cystic echinococcosis in Europe (2000-2021): a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:109. [PMID: 35346335 PMCID: PMC8962544 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to fill a gap of knowledge by providing a quantitative measure of molecularly identified species and genotypes belonging to Echinococcus granulosussensu lato (s.l.) causing human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Europe during the period 2000–2021. As these species and genotypes are characterized by genetic, animal host and geographical differences, studying the E. granulosuss.l. complex is epidemiologically relevant. Methods A systematic review (SR) was conducted on the basis of both scientific and grey literature considering primary studies between 2000 and 2021 in four databases. From a total of 1643 scientific papers, 51 records were included in the SR. The main inclusion criterion for this study was the molecular confirmation of E. granulosuss.l. at the genotype/species level as a causative agent of human CE cases in selected European countries. Results Relevant data were obtained from 29 out of 39 eligible European countries. This SR identified 599 human molecularly confirmed echinococcal cysts: 460 (76.8%) identified as E. granulosussensu stricto (s.s.), 130 (21.7%) as E. canadensis cluster (G6/7 and G10), 7 (1.2%) as E. ortleppi (G5), and 2 as E. vogeli (0.3%). Three geographical hotspots of human CE caused by different species of the E. granulosuss.l. complex were identified: (1) E. granulosuss.s. in Southern and South-eastern Europe (European-Mediterranean and Balkan countries); (2) E. canadensis (G6/7) in Central and Eastern Europe; (3) E. ortleppi in Central and Western Europe. This SR also identified data gaps that prevented a better definition of the geographical distribution of the Echinococcus granulosuss.l. species complex in Europe: western Balkan countries, part of Central Europe, and Baltic countries. Conclusions These results mandate longitudinal, multi-centre, intersectoral and transdisciplinary studies which consider both molecular and clinical epidemiology in animals and humans. Such studies would be valuable for a better understanding of the transmission of the E. granulosuss.l. species complex and their potential clinical impact on humans. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05197-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy. .,European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Massolo
- Department of Biology, Ethology Unit, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,UMR CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besancon, France
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gérald Umhang
- Anses LRFSN, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus Spp, Malzéville, France
| | - Federica Santolamazza
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Azzurra Santoro
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Aziz HM, Hama AA, Salih MAH, Ditta A. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus Sensu Lato Eggs among Stray Dogs in Sulaimani Province-Kurdistan, Iraq. Vet Sci 2022; 9:151. [PMID: 35448649 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9040151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus among stray dogs, as well as its potential impact on the environmental contamination in the Kurdistan-Iraq using microscopic examination and the Copro-PCR method. The presence of taeniid eggs was recorded in 400 dog faeces collected from the four different regions in the Sulaimani Governorate. The parasite eggs were recovered from fresh and aged faecal samples of the dogs using two isolation techniques, a flotation method (Sheather’s solution, modified; specific gravity: d = 1.27) and a sedimentation method (formal-ether) in which the sediments from dog faeces were collected. Both methods were used for Copro-PCR to detect the presence of Echinococcus species egg through DNA using common primers designed to amplify a partial gene of cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COX1). The results of the microscopic examination showed a higher prevalence rate, i.e., 97 (24.25%) of E. granulosus among stray dogs generally in Sulaimani Governorate. The prevalence of E. granulosus among stray dogs according to the district area was 40, 24, 23, and 20.8% in Rzgari, Kalar, Sulaimani, and Halabja, respectively. The positive samples (n = 50) were selected for molecular confirmation, the DNA was extracted from the sediment of the positive samples and 40 (80%) samples were successfully amplified by polymerase chain reaction. The sequences show that all samples belong to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (G1–G3), with slight genetic variation. It was concluded that the sediment of dog faeces can be used for DNA extraction, which is a new method that increases the sensitivity of the test, and the amount of DNA yield would be higher than the routine method, which directly uses faeces of the dogs. In addition, the molecular diagnosis was more sensitive than the microscope examination for the presence of E. granulosus eggs. The prevalence of E. granulosus in both the final hosts and the intermediate hosts must be regularly monitored.
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Manterola C, Totomoch-Serra A, Rojas C, Riffo-Campos ÁL, García-Méndez N. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Genotypes in Different Hosts Worldwide: A Systematic Review. Acta Parasitol 2022; 67:161-185. [PMID: 34264444 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to develop a synthesis of the evidence available regarding verified E. granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) genotypes in different species worldwide. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic review was performed including studies concerning genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. without language or genotyped method restriction, published between 1990 and 2020. A systematic search was carried out in Trip Database, BIREME, SciELO, LILACS, IBECS, PAHO-WHO, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and WoS. Variables of interest were year of publication, country, number of samples, and hosts; genotypes, molecular marker, haplotypes and molecular biology techniques used. Descriptive statistics were applied. RESULTS 2411 articles were analyzed, however 135 met the selection criteria, representing 8643 liver and lung samples. Of the samples selected 24% were human, the remaining samples pertained to non-human animal hosts; cattle and sheep prevailed with 28.6% and 26.6% of the studied samples, respectively. The reported evidence is mainly from Iran, Turkey, Argentina, China and Chile; with 50, 11, 6, 6 and 5 studies, respectively, published between 1992 and 2020 [most frequently during 2015-2020 (76/135 studies; 56.3%)]. The mitochondrial gene cox1 was generally sequenced and informative (91.8%). Genotypes most frequently identified were E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) (83.2%). CONCLUSIONS Based on this overall evidence, it can be concluded that publications related to genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. are heterogeneous. E. granulosus ss accounts for the vast majority of the global burden of E. granulosus s.l. worldwide. Further studies including larger number of cases and adequate internal validity are required to specify the distribution of genotypes in various host species. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42018099827.
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Hajimohammadi B, Dalimi A, Eslami G, Ahmadian S, Zandi S, Baghbani A, Hosseini SS, Askari V, Sheykhzadegan M, Ardekani MN, Boozhmehrani MJ, Ranjbar MJ, Ghoshouni H, Vakili M. Occurrence and genetic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from domestic animals in Central Iran. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:22. [PMID: 34996460 PMCID: PMC8740344 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-03131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The species complex of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) causes cystic echinococcosis distributed worldwide. There is no genotype information from hydatid cysts in the intermediate hosts in Central Iran. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the hydatid cysts in livestock slaughtered in an abattoir in this region. Six hundred fifty-seven hydatid cysts were isolated from 97 animals, including sheep, cattle, camels, and goats slaughtered in Yazd abattoir from September 2018 to January 2020. The demographic data was collected as well as cyst location, fertility, and viability. Out of 657 samples, 164 samples were genotyped. Then, phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGAX. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS version 16.0 by chi-square with a significant difference of less than 0.05. Results Out of 164 samples, the G1-G3 complex genotype had the most frequency in samples, with 135 cases recognized. The G6/G7 was observed in 19 isolates and G5 was reported in nine samples. One sample was detected as Taenia hydatigena. Conclusions This study showed that G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes were presented in all animals, but G5 was reported only in cattle, goats, and camels. It is the first molecular identification of cystic echinococcosis in Central Iran. Hence, reporting G5 in livestock in this area should be considered due to transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahador Hajimohammadi
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Dalimi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gilda Eslami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Salman Ahmadian
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Sajad Zandi
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Ahmad Baghbani
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Sadat Hosseini
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Vahideh Askari
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maryam Sheykhzadegan
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Javad Boozhmehrani
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Ranjbar
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Hamed Ghoshouni
- Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mahmood Vakili
- Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Health Monitoring Research Center, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Kesik HK, Celik F, Simsek S, Kilinc SG, Ahmed H, Gul A. Molecular Characterization and Haplotype Analyses of Lung Hydatid Cyst Isolates of Cattle and First Report of Echinococcus canadensis (G6/G7) in Cattle Isolates in Turkey. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:1538-1547. [PMID: 34121135 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-021-00432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease, caused by parasite known as Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex, leading to substantial economic losses in rural areas with public health problems. This study was carried out to understand the haplotypic profiles of the partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (mt-CO1) gene of cattle lung hydatid cyst samples which were obtained from two provinces in Turkey. METHODS In this study, forty (n = 40) hydatid cyst samples from the lungs of slaughtered cattle were obtained. The germinal layers were taken separately for each individual cyst then stored in 70% ethanol. From each individual cyst sample, total genomic DNA was extracted. Amplification of the partial mt-CO1 gene (875 bp) was performed using a specific primer set by PCR, and then, the amplicons were sequenced. All sequences were analyzed individually, followed by alignment, and haplotype and phylogenetic analyses were then performed. RESULTS By the sequence alignment process, 39 out of the 40 sequences were characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto. However, one of them was matched with E. canadensis (G6/G7). The haplotype analyses of the E. granulosus s.s. isolates were arranged in a star-like orientation with a main haplotype, which was separated from other haplotypes by 1-10 mutation steps, and 26 haplotypes were identified. In the mt-CO1 sequences, 29 polymorphic sites were determined, and 34.5% (10/29) of them were parsimony informative. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide the first report of E. canadensis (G6/G7 genotype) among cattle in Turkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Figen Celik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Haroon Ahmed
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdurrahman Gul
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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14
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Mateus TL, Gargaté MJ, Vilares A, Ferreira I, Rodrigues M, Coelho C, Vieira-Pinto M. First Report of Echinococcus ortleppi in Free-Living Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) from Portugal. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1256. [PMID: 34207738 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis that is prevalent worldwide. It is considered endemic in Portugal but few studies have been performed on Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and their hosts. In this study, CE cysts are reported for the first time in a free-living wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Portugal. The presence of the metacestodes in the liver of the wild boar was identified by morphological features, microscopic examination and molecular analysis. The sequencing of part of the DNA nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS-1) region revealed a G5 genotype that presently corresponds to Echinococcus ortleppi. This is the first report of E. ortleppi in Portugal and to the best of the authors’ knowledge, in Europe. These results suggest that wild boar may be a host of CE, namely, crossing the livestock–wildlife interface, which has important public health implications. Wildlife reservoirs must be taken into account as CE hosts and surveillance of game as well as health education for hunters should be implemented using a One Health approach, with implementation of feasible and tailor-made control strategies, namely, proper elimination of byproducts in the field.
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15
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Mardani P, Ezabadi AT, Sedaghat B, Sadjjadi SM. Pulmonary hydatidosis genotypes isolates from human clinical surgery based on sequencing of mitochondrial genes in Fars, Iran. J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 16:167. [PMID: 34099002 PMCID: PMC8186107 DOI: 10.1186/s13019-021-01547-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatidosis is an important neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. The present study was designed to identify the pulmonary CE species/genotypes in isolated human underwent to surgery in our center in Southern Iran. METHODS The study population of this study were all patients in Fars province who were admitted to Namazi Hospitals for pulmonary hydatid cyst surgery. Thoracic surgery was performed in the thoracic ward and the cyst/s was removed by open surgery via posterolateral or lateral thoracotomy. DNA was extracted from the germinal layer or the protoscoleces. PCR technique was performed using the cytochrome C oxidase subunit1 (cox1) gene, and the products were sequenced. RESULTS A total of 32 pulmonary hydatid cyst samples were collected from 9 (28%) female and 23 (72%) male aged from 4 to 74 years old. A total of 18(56%) cyst/s were in the left lobe and 14 (44%) cysts in the right lobe. Sequence analysis of the cysts showed that 24 samples (75%) were E. granulosus s.s (G1-G3) genotype and 8 (25%) were E. canadensis (G6/G7) genotype. CONCLUSION E.granulosus s.s genotype was the most prevalent genotype followed by E. canadensis (G6/G7) genotype. There was no significant statistical correlation between cysts' size, location, genotype strain, and patients' age and gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parviz Mardani
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ali Talebi Ezabadi
- Department of Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Sedaghat
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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16
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Khan SN, Ali R, Khan S, Norin S, Rooman M, Akbar NU, Khan TA, Haleem S, Khan MA, Ali I. Cystic echinococcosis: an emerging zoonosis in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:139. [PMID: 33794898 PMCID: PMC8015088 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the principal causes of economic loss to the livestock industry because of its morbidity and mortality of food-producing animals and condemnation of important visceral organs. Pakistan being an agricultural country having an extensive livestock sector, is mostly practiced by poor people, which has a fundamental role in the economy. The present study was aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey and PCR based confirmation of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep, goats, cows, and buffaloes from southern regions (three districts: Lakki Marwat, Bannu, and Karak) of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. During the study, a total of 2833 animals were examined randomly including; sheep (n = 529), goats (n = 428), cows (n = 1693), and buffaloes (n = 183). Hydatid cysts were collected and examined for the presence of protoscoleces using microscopy. Detection of DNA was performed by using PCR and two mitochondrial genetic markers namely; NAD-1 and COX-1 were amplified. Results The overall prevalence of CE was found to be (9%) among the examined animals. The hydatid cyst infection was highly prevalent in buffaloes (12%), followed by sheep (10%), cows (9%), and goats (5.1%). Cystic echinococcosis was more prevalent (10%; 96/992) in district Lakki Marwat followed by district Bannu (9%; 112/1246) and Karak (7%; 39/595). Female animals were more likely to be infected with CE (11.6%) than male animals (5.3%) (p = 0.001). Similarly, the infection was higher in the older group of animals as compared to younger (p = 0.001). Mostly (52.2%; n = 129) of hydatid cysts were found in the liver, while (64.4%; n = 159) cysts of the infected animals were infertile. PCR based identification confirmed the presence of E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s) in the study area. Conclusion Cystic echinococcosis was found to be highly prevalent in southern regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and could be a potential threat to human health. Moreover, molecular sequencing and phylogenetic analyses should be carried out in future to identify the prevailing genotype (s) of E. granulosus s.s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Rehman Ali
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Sanaullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Norin
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rooman
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Noor Ul Akbar
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Institute of Pathology and Diagnostic Medicine, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Haleem
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology Kohat-26000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Murad Ali Khan
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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Altintas N, Karamil SA, Turkum O, Akil M, Sakarya A, Bozkaya H, Šoltys J, Altintas N. A Pilot Comparative Study Between Serological and Genetic Investigations in Relationship to Clinical Outcomes on Patients with Cystic Echinococcosis. Helminthologia 2020; 57:91-9. [PMID: 32518485 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) and Western Blotting (WB) methods could contribute to the assessment of clinical outcomes in genotype-defined cystic echinococcosis (CE) patients. Twenty-nine human isolates and blood samples have been taken from patients who underwent surgery or percutaneous aspiration (PAIR) for therapeutic purposes at Ege University and Manisa Celal Bayar University Hospitals. All sera of patients were screened for the presence of E. granulosus IgG antibodies using in-house approved ELISA and WB methods. According to the ELISA results, five patients had high, thirteen patients had medium and eight patients had low specific antibody level response which ranged 1/640 -1/5000. Despite confirmed WB positivity three patients were found to be negative by ELISA. Immunoblot analysis of EgAg showed many protein bands with size of 8, 12, 20, 22, 24, 36, 75 and 90 kDa. Among of them, 8 - 12 kDa bands (90 %), 20 - 22 kDa and 36 kDa bands presented strong reactivity against human serum specimens. No serum samples from healthy control reacted with EgAg. Phylogenetic analysis of resulting COX1 and NAD1sequences has revealed that all patients in our study were infected with the E. granulosus G1-G3 genotype. There was no consistent correlation between results of ELISA and WB, the number or size of cysts and genotype. Our study brings a unique contribution in terms of relationship between serological investigation, disease genotypes and clinical outcomes.
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18
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Pavia G, De Gori F, Ciambrone L, De Gori N, Musarella R, Casalinuovo F. Dispersal and molecular characterisation of the Echinococcus granulosus (Batsch, 1786) complex isolated from various intermediate hosts in the Calabria region, southern Italy. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2020; 67. [PMID: 32458816 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2020.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic disease caused by the tapeworms of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato complex, which have worldwide distribution. No data on the circulation of genotypes of the E. granulosus complex in intermediate hosts in endemic areas in Calabria are available. The aims of our study were to evaluate the dispersal of genotypes of the E. granulosus complex in Calabria and to characterise parasite isolates by Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. We collected 71 animal samples from pigs, wild boars, sheep, cattle and goats. The first PCR screening analysis targeted three partial genomic regions: the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), calreticulin protein (cal) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1); this identified 28 parasitic cysts. Bidirectional sequencing of cox1 amplicons and phylogenetic analysis allowed us to characterise all isolates. Molecular analyses of 28 newly generated cox1 sequences revealed that most wild boars (n = 16) and three pigs were parasitised by the larval stage of Taenia hydatidena Pallas, 1766, called cysticercus tenuicollis. Two isolates from wild boars were identified as Echinococcus canadensis Webster and Cameron, 1961 (G7), while five sheep and two goats were infected with E. granulosus G1 (sheep strain) and G1 microvariant (previously reported as G2 genotype or Tasmanian sheep strain), respectively. These molecular findings should prompt further and more extensive studies, to elucidate regional transmission patterns and to guide control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Pavia
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Section of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica De Gori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Section of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucia Ciambrone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Section of Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Rosanna Musarella
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Section of Catanzaro, Italy
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Sgroi G, Varcasia A, Dessi G, D'Alessio N, Tamponi C, Saarma U, Laurimäe T, Kinkar L, Santoro M, Caputo V, Sarnelli P, Fusco G, Varuzza P, Fioretti A, Scala A, Veneziano V. Cystic echinococcosis in wild boars ( Sus scrofa) from southern Italy: Epidemiological survey and molecular characterization. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2019; 9:305-311. [PMID: 31338291 PMCID: PMC6626981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is one of the most important parasitic zoonotic diseases in the world and it represents an important public health and socio-economic concern. In the Mediterranean basin, CE is widespread and it is endemic in Italy, with major prevalence in southern areas. Several studies have investigated CE in domestic pigs, however, such data in wild boars are scant. In the last decades the wild boar population in Italy has increased and this ungulate could play an important role in the spreading of CE in the wild. Here we report on the prevalence and fertility rate of hydatid cysts in wild boars that were shot during two hunting seasons (2016-2017) in the Campania region of southern Italy. For each animal, a detailed inspection of the carcass and organs (lungs, liver and spleen) was performed and when cysts were found, their number, morphology and fertility were determined by visual and microscopic examination. Cysts were classified morphologically as fertile, sterile, caseous and calcified. Protoscoleces and germinal layers were collected from individual cysts and DNA was extracted to identify different strains/genotypes of E. granulosus s.l. Out of a total of 2108 wild boars 93 (4.4%) were found positive for CE. Infected animals were 45 males and 48 females, aged between 1 and 8 years. The average number of cysts per wild boar was 1.3 (min 1 - max 13). The total number of cysts collected was 123, of which 118 (95.9%) in the liver, 4 (3.3%) in the lungs and 1 (0.8%) in the spleen. Of all analyzed cysts, 70 (56.9%) were fertile and 53 (43.1%) sterile/acephalous. The presence of fertile cysts in 19.4% of CE-positive animals is noteworthy. Overall, molecular diagnosis showed 19 wild boars infected with the pig strain (G7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research in Parasitology, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alessio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Kinkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Santoro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Caputo
- Regional Reference Center of Urban Veterinary Hygiene (CRIUV),Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Sarnelli
- UOD Prevenzione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria Regione Campania, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Fusco
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Italy
| | - Paolo Varuzza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Inter-University Centre for Research in Parasitology, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Kesik HK, Kilinc SG, Simsek S, Gul A. Occurrence of Liver Hydatid Cysts in a Donkey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus equinus. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/19-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harun Kaya Kesik
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Seyma Gunyakti Kilinc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Sami Simsek
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Firat, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahman Gul
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
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21
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Moudgil A, Moudgil P, Asrani R, Agnihotri R. Hydatidosis in slaughtered sheep and goats in India: prevalence, genotypic characterization and pathological studies. J Helminthol 2020; 94. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x18001219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The present study determined the prevalence of hydatid cysts in different organs of slaughtered hilly ‘Gaddi’ breed small ruminants—sheep (n = 230) and goats (n = 197)—in Kangra Valley of the north-western Himalayas, India. Hydatid cysts were found in 12.2% (n = 28) of sheep and 10.7% (n = 21) of goats. Pulmonary echinococcosis was more prevalent in slaughtered sheep and goats (sheep 56.36%; goats 62.90%) than hepatic echinococcosis (sheep 43.64%; goats 37.10%). Fertility rates were higher in hepatic (81.25%) and pulmonary cysts of sheep (83.87%) compared to goats. Molecular identification and genotypic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus isolates were based on mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene (mtCO1). The genotypic characterization identified the isolated strain to be closely related to the G7 genotype. Histopathological examination revealed a thick coat of granulation tissue, causing fibrosis and inflammatory reaction composed of fibroblasts and mononuclear cells around the cysts. In the liver, hepato-cellular degeneration was prominent at the periphery of the cysts. The present study highlights the molecular confirmation and phylogenetic analysis of E. granulosus isolates with the prevalence of hydatidosis in a naïve host species and in an unexplored region. The findings are of significant medical and veterinary importance regarding development of control measures to check dissemination of hydatidosis.
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22
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Paoletti B, Della Salda L, Di Cesare A, Iorio R, Vergara A, Fava C, Olivastri A, Dessì G, Scala A, Varcasia A. Epidemiological survey on cystic echinococcosis in wild boar from Central Italy. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:43-46. [PMID: 30315356 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wide distribution of wild boar populations in Italy and the increase of its diffusion in urbanized areas, only one case report has described the occurrence of Echinococcus granulosus s.l. in a wild boar from Marche (Central Italy). The present study investigated the presence of E. granulosus sensu lato with an epidemiological survey on wild boars from central Italy that had been killed during hunting season. Seven hundred sixty-five (765) adult wild boars were examined during the 2016-2017 hunting season. Of these animals, 1.0% (8/765) were positive to E. granulosus s.l. with a fertility of 0.3% (2/765), and 2.9% animals (22/765) were positive for the metacestode stage of Taenia hydatigena (Cysticercus tenuicollis), while 0.5% (4/765) showed mixed infection (E. granulosus s.l. + T. hydatigena). Sixteen hydatids were found, of which 12.5% were fertile, 37.5% were sterile, 31.3% were caseous, and 18.8% were calcified. Eight hydatids (two fertile and six sterile cysts) were molecularly characterized by analysis of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (ND1). Hydatids found in wild boars were characterized as E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1 genotype). The present survey represents the first epidemiological study on cystic echinococcosis in wild boar in Italy which highlights the need for more extensive epidemiological investigations to determine the causal factors, economic impact, and public health importance of the disease in this livestock-wildlife setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Paoletti
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy.
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Località Piano D'Accio snc, 64100, Teramo, Italy.
| | | | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Iorio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Alberto Vergara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Camilla Fava
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Dessì
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Yan B, Liu X, Wu J, Zhao S, Yuan W, Wang B, Wureli H, Tu C, Chen C, wang Y. Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Genotype G1 in Xinjiang, Northwest of China. Korean J Parasitol 2018; 56:391-396. [PMID: 30196674 PMCID: PMC6137305 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by E. granulosus is a serious helminthic zoonosis in humans, livestock and wildlife. Xinjiang is one of high endemic province for CE in China. A total of 55 sheep and cattle livers containing echinococcal cysts were collected from slaughterhouses in Changji and Yining City, northern region of Xinjiang. PCR was employed for cloning 2 gene fragments, 12S rRNA and CO1 for analysis of phylogenetic diversity of E. granulosus. The results showed that all the samples collected were identified as G1 genotype of E. granulosus. Interestingly, YL5 and CJ75 strains were the older branches compared to those strains from France, Argentina, Australia. CO1 gene fragment showed 20 new genotype haploids and 5 new genotype haplogroups (H1-H5) by the analysis of Network 5.0 software, and the YLY17 strain was identified as the most ancestral haplotype. The major haplotypes, such as CJ75 and YL5 strains, showed identical to the isolates from Middle East. The international and domestic trade of livestock might contribute to the dispersal of different haplotypes for E. granulosus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiafei Liu
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyuan Wu
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar City, Xinjiang 843300, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wumei Yuan
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoju Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hazi Wureli
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changchun Tu
- Institue of Veterinary Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Jilin, Changchun, 1300062, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuangfu Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuanzhi wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 832002, People’s Republic of China
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Sałamatin R, Kowal J, Nosal P, Kornaś S, Cielecka D, Jańczak D, Patkowski W, Gawor J, Kornyushin V, Golab E, Šnábel V. Cystic echinococcosis in Poland: genetic variability and the first record of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1 genotype) in the country. Parasitol Res 2017; 116:3077-3085. [PMID: 28975403 PMCID: PMC5660138 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is one of the most important zoonotic diseases affecting humans and livestock worldwide, and is endemic in Poland. A set of six isolates on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato tapeworms collected from three humans, two pigs and one sheep from Polish foci of CE was examined by DNA sequencing of two mitochondrial genes (cox1, rrnS). The results demonstrated the presence of E. canadensis and E. granulosus sensu stricto in the investigated hydatid cysts. The former species was found in all five isolates from pigs and humans derived from central Poland. In a sheep hydatid cyst originating from Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland, E. granulosus s. s. (G1 genotype) was identified. This is the first report of an unambiguously autochthonous infection with E. granulosus s. s. in Poland. The global distribution and host affiliations of the commonly occurring G1 microvariant with nucleotide change 56C/T in cox1, detected here in Polish sheep, are discussed. The finding that sheep harboured E. granulosus s. s. may have important consequences for developing effective hydatid control programmes in Poland due to its longer maturation rate in dogs compared with E. canadensis G7. This may lead to greater expenditures for purchasing anthelmintics to provide an appropriate dosing regime in sheep-raising areas of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kowal
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paweł Nosal
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Kornaś
- Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Danuta Cielecka
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chałubińskiego 5, 02-004, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Jańczak
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Waldemar Patkowski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1a, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Gawor
- W. Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Twarda 51/55, 00-818, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vadim Kornyushin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Khmelnytskoho 15, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Elzbieta Golab
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Chocimska 24, 00-791, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Viliam Šnábel
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001, Košice, Slovakia
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Di Paolo A, Piseddu T, Sebastianelli M, Manuali E, Corneli S, Paniccià M, Papa P, Viali S, Mazzone P. Detection of Echinococcus granulosus G3 in a Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa ) in Central Italy using PCR and Sequencing. J Wildl Dis 2017; 53:399-401. [PMID: 28118555 DOI: 10.7589/2015-12-344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report cystic echinococcosis in a free-living wild boar ( Sus scrofa ) in Europe. Parasites were identified by histopathology and molecular techniques, revealing Echinococcus granulosus of the G3 genotype.
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Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. Adv Parasitol 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Romig T, Deplazes P, Jenkins D, Giraudoux P, Massolo A, Craig PS, Wassermann M, Takahashi K, de la Rue M. Ecology and Life Cycle Patterns of Echinococcus Species. Adv Parasitol 2017; 95:213-314. [PMID: 28131364 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The genus Echinococcus is composed of eight generally recognized species and one genotypic cluster (Echinococcus canadensis cluster) that may in future be resolved into one to three species. For each species, we review existing information on transmission routes and life cycles in different geographical contexts and - where available - include basic biological information of parasites and hosts (e.g., susceptibility of host species). While some Echinococcus spp. are transmitted in life cycles that involve predominantly domestic animals (e.g., dog - livestock cycles), others are wildlife parasites that do or do not interact with domestic transmission. In many cases, life cycle patterns of the same parasite species differ according to geography. Simple life cycles contrast with transmission patterns that are highly complex, involving multihost systems that may include both domestic and wild mammals. Wildlife transmission may be primary or secondary, i.e., resulting from spillovers from domestic animals. For most of the species and regions, existing information does not yet permit a conclusive description of transmission systems. Such data, however, would be highly relevant, e.g., for anticipation of geographical changes of the presence and frequency of these parasites in a warming world, or for initiating evidence-based control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Jenkins
- Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
| | - P Giraudoux
- University of Franche-Comté and Institut Universitaire de France, Besancon, France
| | - A Massolo
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - P S Craig
- University of Salford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - M de la Rue
- University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria RS, Brazil
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Kinkar L, Laurimäe T, Simsek S, Balkaya I, Casulli A, Manfredi MT, Ponce-Gordo F, Varcasia A, Lavikainen A, González LM, Rehbein S, VAN DER Giessen J, Sprong H, Saarma U. High-resolution phylogeography of zoonotic tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto genotype G1 with an emphasis on its distribution in Turkey, Italy and Spain. Parasitology 2016; 143:1790-801. [PMID: 27572265 DOI: 10.1017/S0031182016001530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis. The disease is a significant global public health concern and human infections are most commonly associated with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s. s.) genotype G1. The objectives of this study were to: (i) analyse the genetic variation and phylogeography of E. granulosus s. s. G1 in part of its main distribution range in Europe using 8274 bp of mtDNA; (ii) compare the results with those derived from previously used shorter mtDNA sequences and highlight the major differences. We sequenced a total of 91 E. granulosus s. s. G1 isolates from six different intermediate host species, including humans. The isolates originated from seven countries representing primarily Turkey, Italy and Spain. Few samples were also from Albania, Greece, Romania and from a patient originating from Algeria, but diagnosed in Finland. The analysed 91 sequences were divided into 83 haplotypes, revealing complex phylogeography and high genetic variation of E. granulosus s. s. G1 in Europe, particularly in the high-diversity domestication centre of western Asia. Comparisons with shorter mtDNA datasets revealed that 8274 bp sequences provided significantly higher phylogenetic resolution and thus more power to reveal the genetic relations between different haplotypes.
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Chaligiannis I, Maillard S, Boubaker G, Spiliotis M, Saratsis A, Gottstein B, Sotiraki S. Echinococcus granulosus infection dynamics in livestock of Greece. Acta Trop 2015; 150:64-70. [PMID: 26123192 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
An epidemiological and molecular survey on the occurrence of Echinococcus hydatid cysts in livestock was conducted in Greece. In total 898 sheep, 483 goats, 38 buffaloes, 273 wild boars and 15 deer were examined and 30.2% (6.45% cyst fertility), 7.86% (3.2% cyst fertility), 42% (7.9% cyst fertility), 1.1% (0% cyst fertility), 0% of them were found infected, respectively. Infection rate in different geographical regions varied between 26.1 and 53.8% (cyst fertility 2.04 and 34.6%) in sheep, 7.33 and 13.3% (cyst fertility 0 and 3.2%) in goats. Genotyping, based on cox1 and nad1 analyses, demonstrated the predominance of E. granulosus s.s. (G1 genotype). The presence of one single genotype-complex within a relatively large spectrum of intermediate host species in Greece indicates the presence of a dominant transmission dog-sheep cycle involving additional host species which may act as disease reservoir for human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chaligiannis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Maillard
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - M Spiliotis
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Saratsis
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - B Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Sotiraki
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-Demeter, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Abstract
Diagnosis and detection of Echinococcus granulosus (sensu lato) infection in animals is a prerequisite for epidemiological studies and surveillance of echinococcosis in endemic, re-emergent or emergent transmission zones. Advances in diagnostic approaches for definitive hosts and livestock, however, have not progressed equally over the last 20 years. Development of laboratory based diagnostics for canids using coproantigen ELISA and also coproPCR, have had a huge impact on epidemiological studies and more recently on surveillance during hydatid control programmes. In contrast, diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis (CE) in livestock still relies largely on conventional post-mortem inspection, despite a relatively low diagnostic sensitivity especially in early infections, as current serodiagnostics do not provide a sufficiently specific and sensitive practical pre-mortem alternative. As a result, testing of dog faecal samples by coproantigen ELISA, often combined with mass ultrasound screening programmes for human CE, has been the preferred approach for monitoring and surveillance in resource-poor endemic areas and during control schemes. In this article we review the current options and approaches for diagnosis of E. granulosus infection in definitive and animal intermediate hosts (including applications in non-domesticated species) and make conclusions and recommendations for further improvements in diagnosis for use in epidemiological studies and surveillance schemes.
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Boufana B, Lett WS, Lahmar S, Buishi I, Bodell AJ, Varcasia A, Casulli A, Beeching NJ, Campbell F, Terlizzo M, McManus DP, Craig PS. Echinococcus equinus and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from the United Kingdom: genetic diversity and haplotypic variation. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:161-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lymbery AJ, Jenkins EJ, Schurer JM, Thompson RA. Echinococcus canadensis, E. borealis, and E. intermedius. What's in a name? Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:23-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wassermann M, Aschenborn O, Aschenborn J, Mackenstedt U, Romig T. A sylvatic lifecycle of Echinococcus equinus in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2014; 4:97-103. [PMID: 25830103 PMCID: PMC4356735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A wildlife cycle of Echinococcus equinus exists in the Etosha National Park. Lions, jackals and plain zebras are host of E. equinus. Haplotype identity and diversity was similar to samples from Europe.
Various species of Echinococcus have been described in the past from wild mammals of sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is only recently, that a few isolates have become available for molecular identification; therefore, the involvement of wildlife in the lifecycles of the various cryptic species within Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is still only partially known. A preliminary survey was undertaken in Etosha National Park, Namibia, from August to October 2012. Faecal samples were obtained from 34 individual wild carnivores, and metacestodes were collected from carcasses of 18 culled herbivores. Single eggs and metacestode tissue were lysed and identified from sequences of the mitochondrial nad1 gene. In case of metacestodes, the cox1 gene was additionally sequenced and haplotype networks were constructed. Echinococcus equinus was found in lions (4 of 6), black-backed jackals (2 of 7) and Burchell's zebras (11 of 12). The frequency of this parasite in the absence of domestic dogs, horses and donkeys strongly indicates its transmission in a wildlife cycle. Further, a variety of sequences were obtained from eggs and cysticerci from lions, cheetahs, caracals, spotted hyenas and oryx, which most closely clustered with species of Taenia. Only 3 of them, 2 of lion and 1 of hyena origin, could be allocated to Hydatigera (=Taenia) taeniaeformis (lion), Taenia regis (lions and oryx) and Taenia cf. crocutae (spotted hyena and oryx).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Wassermann
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +49 711 459 23072; fax: +49 711 459 22274.
| | | | - Julia Aschenborn
- University of Veterinary Medicine, Bünteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ute Mackenstedt
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Romig
- Parasitology Unit, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 34, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Zhang T, Yang D, Zeng Z, Zhao W, Liu A, Piao D, Jiang T, Cao J, Shen Y, Liu H, Zhang W. Genetic characterization of human-derived hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in Heilongjiang Province and the first report of G7 genotype of E. canadensis in humans in China. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109059. [PMID: 25329820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases worldwide and 10 genotypes (G1–G10) have been reported. In China, almost all the epidemiological and genotyping studies of E. granulosus s.l. are from the west and northwest pasturing areas. However, in Heilongjiang Province of northeastern China, no molecular information is available on E. granulosus s.l. To understand and to speculate on possible transmission patterns of E. granulosus s.l., we molecularly identified and genotyped 10 hydatid cysts from hepatic CE patients in Heilongjiang Province based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox1), cytochrome b (cytb) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Two genotypes were identified, G1 genotype (n = 6) and G7 genotype (n = 4). All the six G1 genotype isolates were identical to each other at the cox1 locus; three and two different sequences were obtained at the cytb and nad1 loci, respectively, with two cytb gene sequences not being described previously. G7 genotype isolates were identical to each other at the cox1, cytb and nad1 loci; however, the cytb gene sequence was not described previously. This is the first report of G7 genotype in humans in China. Three new cytb gene sequences from G1 and G7 genotypes might reflect endemic genetic characterizations. Pigs might be the main intermediate hosts of G7 genotype in our investigated area by homology analysis. The results will aid in making more effective control strategies for the prevention of transmission of E. granulosus s.l.
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Mahami Oskouei M, Ghabouli Mehrabani N, Miahipour A, Fallah E. Molecular characterization and sequence analysis of Echinococcus granulosus from sheep isolates in East Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. J Parasit Dis 2016; 40:785-90. [PMID: 27605785 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus as an etiologic agent of hydatid cyst is one of the most important zoonotic helminthes in the world that causing enormous economic and health losses. The aim of this study was to evaluate genotype of E. granulosus isolated from sheep using mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and sequencing method in East Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Nineteen sheep hydatid cyst samples were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted from protoscoleces using commercial DNA extraction kit. Mitochondrial cox1 region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and all isolates were sequenced. Afterward, sequences were analyzed for determination of genotypes by related software. G1 (94.73 %) and G3 (5.27 %) genotypes were identified from the isolates which out of 19 hydatid cysts, 17 samples were G1B, 1 sample G1D and the other one had G3 genotype. Results of this study indicate that common sheep strain (G1); especially G1B is the dominant subtype of E. granulosus in East Azerbaijan province.
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Boufana B, Lahmar S, Rebaï W, Ben Safta Z, Jebabli L, Ammar A, Kachti M, Aouadi S, Craig PS. Genetic variability and haplotypes of Echinococcus isolates from Tunisia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2014; 108:706-14. [DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/tru138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lahmar S, Boufana B, Jebabli L, Craig PS, Ayari H, Basti T, Dhibi M, Torgerson PR. Modelling the transmission dynamics of cystic echinococcosis in donkeys of different ages from Tunisia. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Umhang G, Richomme C, Hormaz V, Boucher JM, Boué F. Pigs and wild boar in Corsica harbor Echinococcus canadensis G6/7 at levels of concern for public health and local economy. Acta Trop 2014; 133:64-8. [PMID: 24556138 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis widespread in the Mediterranean area. The parasite is commonly maintained in a domestic cycle involving dogs and livestock species. As no new data have been made available for the last 15 years concerning the French Mediterranean island of Corsica, a cross-sectional survey at the slaughterhouse was conducted in 2009-2010 to describe the current presence of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in intermediate hosts. Only pig infections with the G6/7 genotype of Echinococcus canadensis were observed. No infection was detected in other breeding species but this should be interpreted with caution because 75% of the cows inspected during the survey were calves, and all sheep and goats were younger than two months old. In parallel four wild boars harvested during the 2010-2011 hunting season were also infected by the same genotype. These data constitute the first report of E. canadensis in France and the first molecular characterization of E. granulosus sensu lato in a wild species in France. The current prevalence observed in pigs (5.9%, n=2527) highlights the fact that CE is still of economic concern on Corsica, an island where certain regional products are produced using pig's liver ("Figatelli"). This prevalence, and the similar one observed in wild boars (4.0%, n=101), is a consequence of certain breeding practices and hunting practices which enable circulation of the parasite in the environment in close contact with humans.
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Alvarez Rojas CA, Romig T, Lightowlers MW. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes infecting humans--review of current knowledge. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:9-18. [PMID: 24269720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variability in the species group Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato is well recognised as affecting intermediate host susceptibility and other biological features of the parasites. Molecular methods have allowed discrimination of different genotypes (G1-10 and the 'lion strain'), some of which are now considered separate species. An accumulation of genotypic analyses undertaken on parasite isolates from human cases of cystic echinococcosis provides the basis upon which an assessment is made here of the relative contribution of the different genotypes to human disease. The allocation of samples to G-numbers becomes increasingly difficult, because much more variability than previously recognised exists in the genotypic clusters G1-3 (=E. granulosus sensu stricto) and G6-10 (Echinococcus canadensis). To accommodate the heterogeneous criteria used for genotyping in the literature, we restrict ourselves to differentiate between E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-3), Echinococcus equinus (G4), Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and E. canadensis (G6-7, G8, G10). The genotype G1 is responsible for the great majority of human cystic echinococcosis worldwide (88.44%), has the most cosmopolitan distribution and is often associated with transmission via sheep as intermediate hosts. The closely related genotypes G6 and G7 cause a significant number of human infections (11.07%). The genotype G6 was found to be responsible for 7.34% of infections worldwide. This strain is known from Africa and Asia, where it is transmitted mainly by camels (and goats), and South America, where it appears to be mainly transmitted by goats. The G7 genotype has been responsible for 3.73% of human cases of cystic echinococcosis in eastern European countries, where the parasite is transmitted by pigs. Some of the samples (11) could not be identified with a single specific genotype belonging to E. canadensis (G6/10). Rare cases of human cystic echinococcosis have been identified as having been caused by the G5, G8 and G10 genotypes. No cases of human infection with G4 have been described. Biological differences between the species and genotypes have potential to affect the transmission dynamics of the parasite, requiring modification of methods used in disease control initiatives. Recent investigations have revealed that the protective vaccine antigen (EG95), developed for the G1 genotype, is immunologically different in the G6 genotype. Further research will be required to determine whether the current EG95 vaccine would be effective against the G6 or G7 genotypes, or whether it will be necessary, and possible, to develop genotype-specific vaccines.
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Nakao M, Lavikainen A, Yanagida T, Ito A. Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Echinococcus (Cestoda: Taeniidae). Int J Parasitol 2013; 43:1017-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Youssefi MR, Tabaripour R, Omrani VF, Spotin A, Esfandiari B. Genotypic characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in Iranian goats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 2013; 3:362-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Dybicz M, Gierczak A, Dąbrowska J, Rdzanek Ł, Michałowicz B. Molecular diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in humans from central Poland. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:364-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Onac D, Győrke A, Oltean M, Gavrea R, Cozma V. First detection of Echinococcus granulosus G1 and G7 in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Romania using PCR and PCR-RFLP techniques. Vet Parasitol 2013; 193:289-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cardona GA, Carmena D. A review of the global prevalence, molecular epidemiology and economics of cystic echinococcosis in production animals. Vet Parasitol 2013; 192:10-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Umhang G, Richomme C, Boucher JM, Hormaz V, Boué F. Prevalence survey and first molecular characterization of Echinococcus granulosus in France. Parasitol Res 2012; 112:1809-12. [PMID: 23271567 PMCID: PMC3597331 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (hydatid disease) caused by the Echinococcus granulosus tapeworm continues to be a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in many parts of the world. France is still considered as endemic area, but the current infestation by E. granulosus of intermediate hosts in France remains currently unknown due to the absence of official data reporting for the last 20 years. A 1-year prevalence survey was conducted in the 24 slaughterhouses of ten departments of the South of France. We demonstrate that the E. granulosus parasite is still currently present at low prevalence at slaughterhouses in the study area (4 cases for 100,000 sheep and 3 cases for 100,000 cattle). In addition, we assess the presence of genotype G1 in infected animals and identify for the first time in France genotypes G2 and G3 of E. granulosus sensu stricto.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Umhang
- National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus sp., Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), BP 40009, 54220, Malzéville, France.
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Guerra D, Armua-Fernandez MT, Silva M, Bravo I, Santos N, Deplazes P, Carvalho LMMD. Taeniid species of the Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus) in Portugal with special focus on Echinococcus spp. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2012; 2:50-3. [PMID: 24533315 PMCID: PMC3862541 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2012.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Taeniid species represent relevant pathogens in human and animals, circulating between carnivorous definitive hosts and a variety of mammalian intermediate hosts. In Portugal, however, little is known about their occurrence and life cycles, especially in wild hosts. An epidemiological survey was conducted to clarify the role of the Iberian wolf as a definitive host for taeniid species, including Echinococcus spp. Wolf fecal samples (n = 68) were collected from two regions in Northern Portugal. Taeniid eggs were isolated through a sieving-flotation technique, and species identification was performed using multiplex-PCR followed by sequencing of the amplicons. Taenia hydatigena (in 11.8% of the samples), Taenia serialis (5.9%), Taenia pisiformis (2.9%), Taenia polyacantha (1.5%) and Echinococcus intermedius (Echinococcus granulosus ‘pig strain’, G7) (1.5%) were detected. This is the first study to characterize the taeniid species infecting the Portuguese Iberian wolf, with the first records of T. polyacantha and E. intermedius in this species in the Iberian Peninsula. Iberian wolves can be regarded as relevant hosts for the maintenance of the wild and synanthropic cycles of taeniids in Portugal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Guerra
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marta Silva
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Bravo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno Santos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +41 044 635 85 01; fax: +41 044 635 89 07.
| | - Luís Manuel Madeira de Carvalho
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Technical University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisbon, Portugal
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Balbinotti H, Santos GB, Badaraco J, Arend AC, Graichen DÂS, Haag KL, Zaha A. Echinococcus ortleppi (G5) and Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (G1) loads in cattle from Southern Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:255-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rajabloo M, Hosseini SH, Jalousian F. Morphological and molecular characterisation of Echinococcus granulosus from goat isolates in Iran. Acta Trop 2012; 123:67-71. [PMID: 22484229 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidosis is considered to be an important economic and human public health problem in Iran, where a variety of animals act as intermediate hosts. There is limited information about the genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus in goats. In this study, 20 isolates of E. granulosus obtained from goats were characterised by mitochondrial DNA sequencing and morphology of the metacestode. The mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences were evaluated, and the sequence analysis indicated two genotypes within the isolates. 17 samples were identified as G1 strain, and 3 isolates were identified as G6 strain. The results of the morphological studies support the findings of the molecular studies. Two types of rostellar hooks were observed in the goat isolates, in agreement with the strain identification. Type 1 hooks were morphologically similar to those of the common sheep strains, whereas the dimensions of the hooks in type 2 were similar to those normally found in the camel strain. The morphological results suggest that Echinococcus of goat origin is phenotypically similar to either the sheep (G1) or the camel (G6) strains. Further, these results suggest that the transmission of the G1 genotype between sheep and goats seems to be the predominant mode of transmission, but further work is required to verify this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rajabloo
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Azadi Aveue, Tehran, Iran
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Taha HA. Genetic variations among Echinococcus granulosus isolates in Egypt using RAPD-PCR. Parasitol Res 2012; 111:1993-2000. [PMID: 22825285 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by hydatid cysts, is a widespread and hazardous disease in humans and animals worldwide. The aim of the current study was to investigate the genetic variations among Echinococcus granulosus cyst strains isolated from sheep, camel, pig, and donkey using RAPD-PCR analysis. Seven primers of arbitrary sequences were used in the PCR reactions. The screened primers gave total patterns ranging from 27 to 39 reproducible bands for each isolate. Each population isolate gave its specific pattern. Although distinct polymorphic patterns were obtained among the four isolates, there were several shared bands among them in each primer used. A comparison of the different RAPD-PCR patterns showed that primers P1, P3, and OPH 04 yielded band patterns that revealed a high degree of divergence among the four isolates of E. granulosus that allowed easy distinction between them. The remaining primers (P2, P4, P5, and OPH14) amplified DNA fragments that were common to two or more isolates but diversified in the other two or three isolates. The study revealed that the most closely related isolates were of donkey and camel where the similarity coefficent between them ranging from 53 % to 78 %, followed by isolates of pig and sheep (sc = 40 % to 68 %), while the similarity coefficent between isolates of camel and sheep was 33-45 %, between camel and pig was 36 to 57 %, between donkey and pig was 37 to 52 %, and between donkey and sheep was 35 to 54 % which means that they more or distant from each other. In conclusion, hydatid cysts isolated from camel may have the genotypic characters of donkey strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda A Taha
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, KSA, P.O. Box 344, Medina, Saudi Arabia.
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