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Cornejo-Daza PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas J, Rodiles-Guerrero L, Páez-Maldonado JA, Ara I, León-Prados JA, Alegre LM, Pareja-Blanco F, Alcazar J. Vastus Lateralis Muscle Size Is Differently Associated With the Different Regions of the Squat Force-Velocity and Load-Velocity Relationships, Rate of Force Development, and Physical Performance Young Men. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:450-458. [PMID: 38231131 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Cornejo-Daza, PJ, Sánchez-Valdepeñas, J, Rodiles-Guerrero, L, Páez-Maldonado, JA, Ara, I, León-Prados, JA, Alegre, LM, Pareja-Blanco, F, and Alcazar, J. Vastus lateralis muscle size is differently associated with the different regions of the squat force-velocity and load-velocity relationships, rate of force development, and physical performance young men. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 450-458, 2024-The influence that regional muscle size and muscle volume may have on different portions of the force-velocity (F-V) and load-velocity (L-V) relationships, explosive force, and muscle function of the lower limbs is poorly understood. This study assessed the association of muscle size with the F-V and L-V relationships, rate of force development (RFD) and maximal isometric force in the squat exercise, and vertical jump performance via countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Forty-nine resistance-trained young men (22.7 ± 3.3 years old) participated in the study. Anatomical cross-sectional area (ACSA) of the vastus lateralis (VLA) muscle was measured using the extended field of view mode in an ultrasound device at 3 different femur lengths (40% [distal], 57.5% [medial], and 75% [proximal]), and muscle volume was estimated considering the VLA muscle insertion points previously published and validated in this study. There were significant associations between all muscle size measures (except distal ACSA) and (a) forces and loads yielded at velocities ranging from 0 to 1.5 m·s -1 ( r = 0.36-0.74, p < 0.05), (b) velocities exerted at forces and loads ranging between 750-2,000 N and 75-200 kg, respectively ( r = 0.31-0.69, p < 0.05), and (c) RFD at 200 and 400 milliseconds ( r = 0.35-0.64, p < 0.05). Proximal and distal ACSA and muscle volume were significantly associated with CMJ height ( r = 0.32-0.51, p < 0.05). Vastus lateralis muscle size exhibited a greater influence on performance at higher forces or loads and lower velocities and late phases of explosive muscle actions. Additionally, proximal ACSA and muscle volume showed the highest correlation with the muscle function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Juan Sánchez-Valdepeñas
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis Rodiles-Guerrero
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Education, Department of Human Movement and Sport Performance, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Páez-Maldonado
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Seville, Osuna, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A León-Prados
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Spain
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
- CIBER on Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Baltasar-Fernandez I, Alcazar J, Martín-Braojos S, Ara I, Alegre LM, García-García FJ, Alfaro-Acha A, Losa-Reyna J. Power-oriented resistance training combined with high-intensity interval training in pre-frail and frail older people: comparison between traditional and cluster training set configurations on the force-velocity relationship, physical function and frailty. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:623-632. [PMID: 37688638 PMCID: PMC10858062 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyse the force-velocity relationship changes in response to two different training programmes differing in the set configuration (cluster vs. traditional), and their impact on physical function and frailty in pre-frail and frail older adults. METHODS 43 pre-frail and frail (Frailty Phenotype ≥ 1 criteria) older adults (81.4 ± 5.1 years) participated in this study. Participants were assigned to cluster (CT; n = 10; 10-s intra-set rest), traditional (TT; n = 13; no intra-set rest) or control (CON; n = 20) groups. Force-velocity relationship (F0, V0 and Pmax), physical function (Short Physical Performance Battery, SPPB) and frailty (Frailty Phenotype, FP) were assessed at baseline and after the training programme. RESULTS Both CT and TT groups showed similar improvements in Pmax after training (CT = + 36.7 ± 34.2 W; TT = + 33.8 ± 44.6 W; both p < 0.01). V0 was improved by both CT (+ 0.08 ± 0.06 m s-1; p < 0.01), and TT (+ 0.07 ± 0.15 m s-1, p > 0.05). F0 remained unchanged in CT (+ 68.6 ± 224.2 N, p > 0.05) but increased in TT (+ 125.4 ± 226.8 N, p < 0.05). Finally, SPPB improved in both training conditions (CT = + 2.3 ± 1.3 points; TT = + 3.0 ± 1.2 points; both p < 0.05) and in the CON group (+ 0.9 ± 1.4 points, p < 0.05). CT and TT reduced their FP (CT = - 1.1 criteria; TT = - 1.6 criteria; both p < 0.01), while no changes were observed in the CON group (- 0.2 criteria, p = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS Both training methods were equally effective for improving Pmax, physical function and reducing frailty in pre-frail and frail older people. TT may be effective for improving both force and velocity parameters, while CT may be effective for improving velocity parameters alone, although further research is required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Talavera de la Reina, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Martín-Braojos
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José García-García
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Alfaro-Acha
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
- Grupo de Investigación Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Universidad S/N, 42004, Soria, Spain.
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Fraga-Germade E, Carballeira E, Iglesias-Soler E. Effect of Resistance Training Programs With Equated Power on Older Adults' Functionality and Strength: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:153-163. [PMID: 38085625 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fraga-Germade, E, Carballeira, E, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Effect of resistance training programs with equated power on older adults' functionality and strength: a randomized controlled trial. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 153-163, 2024-This study aimed to compare the effect of 2 training programs of equated power but differing in load intensity on older adults' functionality, strength, performance, and body composition. Forty-four active (23 female) older adults (66.3 ± 4.5 years) were randomly assigned to low-load high-velocity (LL-HV), high-load low-velocity (HL-LV), and control (CON) groups. Low-load high-velocity and HL-LV performed, twice weekly for 5 weeks, a resistance training program at 95% of their individual peak power (PP) but with different load intensities for 3 exercises: chest press (CHP), leg press (LP), and seated row (SR). Before and after the intervention, body composition, functional performance, maximal voluntary isokinetic force (MVF), PP, and a relative load-power profile (L-PP) were evaluated for every exercise. PP similarly improved in the experimental groups for SR and LP (p < 0.05). Both groups increased their MVF for the 3 exercises (p < 0.05). Positive effects on L-PP were observed in LL-HV for SR (p = 0.009) and HL-LV for LP (p < 0.001). CON decreased its global power performance in SR (p = 0.009) and CHP (p = 0.031) compared with the baseline. Both experimental groups improved Timed Up and Go performance (p < 0.05), but only HL-LV increased 6-minute walking performance (pre: 514.3 ± 89.0 m, post: 552.6 ± 65.4 m; p < 0.05). In conclusion, adding short-term power training (i.e., 10 sessions throughout 5 weeks) with loads slightly above the optimal load to nonsupervised multicomponent training might improve active older adults' functional performance and cardiovascular endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Fraga-Germade
- University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, A Coruña, Spain; and
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, A Coruña, Spain; and
- University of A Coruna, Gerontology & Geriatrics Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), University Hospital Complex of A Coruña (CHUAC), Galician Health Service (SERGAS), Department of Physical Education and Sport. Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, A Coruña, Spain; and
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Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Ara I, Alegre LM. Comment on: Exploring the Low Force-High Velocity Domain of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Acyclic Lower-Limb Extensions. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:110. [PMID: 38010439 PMCID: PMC10682299 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.
- CIBER On Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Sports Research Center, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Department of Sports and Computer Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER On Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- CIBER On Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha (JCCM), Castilla-La Mancha, Spain
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Jiménez-Daza P, Teba del Pino L, Calleja-Gonzalez J, Sáez de Villarreal E. Maturity Offset, Anthropometric Characteristics and Vertical Force-Velocity Profile in Youth Basketball Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:160. [PMID: 37987496 PMCID: PMC10660756 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8040160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to analyze the relationships between maturity offset, anthropometric variables and the vertical force-velocity profile in youth (12-18 years old) male basketball players. The vertical force-velocity profile was measured in 49 basketball players, grouped in competitive-age categories, i.e., under 14, 16 and 18 years of age (U-14, U-16 and U-18, respectively). A bivariate correlational analysis was carried out between maturity offset, anthropometric variables (height, body mass, % fat, muscle mass, bone mass and body mass index (BMI)) and vertical force-velocity profile (theoretical maximal force [F0], theoretical maximal velocity [V0], theoretical maximal power [Pmax], force-velocity imbalance [Fvimb] and force-velocity profile orientation). The results showed significant correlations (p < 0.05) between Fvimb and maturity offset at early ages of training (12-15 years). The anthropometric profile was correlated (p < 0.05) with F0 in U-14, V0 in U-16, and Pmax in U-18 basketball players. The current findings suggest a relationship between the vertical force-velocity imbalance and maturity offset and the main vertical force-velocity profile variables. The vertical force-velocity profile is hypothesized as a useful index to correct vertical force-velocity deficits according to the maturity offset of male basketball players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jiménez-Daza
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo Olavide Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (P.J.-D.); (L.T.d.P.)
| | - Luis Teba del Pino
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo Olavide Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (P.J.-D.); (L.T.d.P.)
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Sáez de Villarreal
- Physical Performance Sports Research Center (PPSRC), Universidad Pablo Olavide Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (P.J.-D.); (L.T.d.P.)
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Daumas L, Zory R, Garcia A, Jaafar A, Ientile L, Michel E, Sacco G, Chorin F. Effects of individualized lower limb isokinetic strengthening in clinical rehabilitation of older post-stroke patients: A retrospective study. J Rehabil Med 2023; 55:jrm7803. [PMID: 37548388 PMCID: PMC10424099 DOI: 10.2340/jrm.v55.7803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Muscle weakness in the lower limbs is a motor consequence of stroke that causes functional impairment. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an individualized isokinetic strengthening programme, using the moment-velocity profile, on functional recovery during post-stroke rehabilitation of older patients. A further objective was to describe the effects of the individualized isokinetic strengthening on muscular parameters. DESIGN Retrospective study. PATIENTS Older post-stroke patients. METHODS Using the Barthel Index, functional abilities in basic daily tasks were assessed and retrospectively analysed for 88 patients in a post-stroke rehabilitation unit. Of these, 44 patients received conventional rehabilitation (conventional group) and 44 received individualized isokinetic strengthening in addition to conventional rehabilitation (isokinetic group). A 2-Group (isokinetic, conventional) × 2-Time (before, after intervention) repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted. For muscular parameters, Student t-tests and Wilcoxon tests were performed. RESULTS The Barthel Index score increased more in the isokinetic group (61.59 ± 26.34 to 88.18 ± 12.16) than in the conventional group (61.70 ± 26.5 to 76.93 ± 18.12). A significant Time × Group interaction was found (F(1,86) = 5.95, p = 0.02). In the isokinetic group all muscular parameters improved. CONCLUSION This retrospective clinical study suggests that lower limb isokinetic strengthening, individualized using the moment-velocity profile, is clinically efficient for functional recovery during post-stroke rehabilitation of older patients. Intragroup effects of isokinetic strengthening also suggest benefits for muscular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyne Daumas
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Côte d'Azur, Cognition Behaviour Technology, France.
| | - Raphaël Zory
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Institute of France
| | - Axelle Garcia
- University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| | - Amyn Jaafar
- University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| | - Luisa Ientile
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, France
| | - Emeline Michel
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
| | - Guillaume Sacco
- University Côte d'Azur, Cognition Behaviour Technology, France; University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice; UPRES EA 4638, University of Angers, France
| | - Frédéric Chorin
- University Côte d'Azur, Laboratory Human Motricity Expertise Sport and Health, France; University Côte d'Azur, University Hospital Center of Nice, France, Nice
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Quinlan JI, Dhaliwal A, Williams FR, Allen SL, Choudhary S, Rowlands A, Breen L, Lavery GG, Lord JM, Elsharkawy AM, Armstrong MJ, Greig CA. Impaired lower limb muscle mass, quality and function in end stage liver disease: A cross-sectional study. Exp Physiol 2023; 108:1066-1079. [PMID: 37166422 PMCID: PMC10988432 DOI: 10.1113/ep091157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? To what extent does musculoskeletal impairment occur (i.e., muscle mass, quality and function) in patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD) by comparison to a healthy age/sex-matched control group? What is the main finding and its importance? Muscle mass, quality and function are impaired in patients with ESLD (compared to age/sex matched controls). Importantly, greater impairments were seen in lower limb compared to arm and trunk muscle groups. These findings may suggest that there should be greater consideration of muscle health in functionally relevant lower limb muscle groups. ABSTRACT Sarcopenia is associated with reduced quality of life and increased mortality in patients with end stage liver disease (ESLD). Historically, sarcopenia identification in ESLD utilised L3 skeletal muscle index (SMI). There are few data on muscle quality and function within lower limb muscle groups with high functional relevance. The aim of this prospective case-control study was to evaluate the quadriceps muscle in patients with ESLD. Muscle mass and quality were evaluated using MRI (quadriceps anatomical cross sectional area (ACSA), quadriceps volume index, L3 SMI, quadriceps intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT)), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and ultrasonography (vastus lateralis (VL) thickness and quadriceps ACSA). Muscle strength/function was assessed by handgrip strength, peak quadriceps isokinetic torque and chair rise time. Thirty-nine patients with ESLD (55 years, 61% male, 48% alcoholic related liver disease (ArLD), 71% Child-Pugh B/C) and 18 age/sex-matched healthy control participants (HC) were studied. Quadriceps mass was significantly reduced in ESLD versus HC (-17%), but L3 SMI and MAMC were unchanged. Quadriceps IMAT percentage was increased in ESLD (+103%). Handgrip strength (-15%), peak isokinetic torque (-29%), and chair rise time (+56%) were impaired in ESLD. Ultrasound measures of VL thickness (r = 0.56, r = 0.57, r = 0.42) and quadriceps ACSA (r = 0.98, r = 0.86, r = 0.67) correlated to MRI quadriceps ACSA, quadriceps volume and L3 SMI, respectively. Quadriceps muscle mass, quality, and function were impaired in patients with ESLD, whereas conventional assessments of muscle (L3 SMI and MAMC) highlighted no differences between ESLD and HC. Full evaluation of lower limb muscle health is essential in ESLD in order to accurately assess sarcopenia and target future interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I. Quinlan
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Amritpal Dhaliwal
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Felicity R. Williams
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Therapies DepartmentUniversity Hospitals BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Sophie L. Allen
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Alex Rowlands
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research CentreLeicesterUK
- Diabetes Research CentreUniversity of Leicester, Leicester General HospitalLeicesterUK
| | - Leigh Breen
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Gareth G. Lavery
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Department of BiosciencesNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamUK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Institute of Inflammation and AgeingUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Ahmed M. Elsharkawy
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Liver UnitQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Matthew J. Armstrong
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- Liver UnitQueen Elizabeth Hospital BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | - Carolyn A. Greig
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation SciencesUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
- MRC‐Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing ResearchUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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Rivière JR, Morin JB, Bowen M, Cross MR, Messonnier LA, Samozino P. Exploring the Low Force-High Velocity Domain of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Acyclic Lower-Limb Extensions. Sports Med Open 2023; 9:55. [PMID: 37439876 PMCID: PMC10344854 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare linear and curvilinear models describing the force-velocity relationship obtained in lower-limb acyclic extensions, considering experimental data on an unprecedented range of velocity conditions. METHODS Nine athletes performed lower-limb extensions on a leg-press ergometer, designed to provide a very broad range of force and velocity conditions. Previously inaccessible low inertial and resistive conditions were achieved by performing extensions horizontally and with assistance. Force and velocity were continuously measured over the push-off in six resistive conditions to assess individual force-velocity relationships. Goodness of fit of linear and curvilinear models (second-order polynomial function, Fenn and Marsh's, and Hill's equations) on force and velocity data were compared via the Akaike Information Criterion. RESULTS Expressed relative to the theoretical maximal force and velocity obtained from the linear model, force and velocity data ranged from 26.6 ± 6.6 to 96.0 ± 3.6% (16-99%) and from 8.3 ± 1.9 to 76.6 ± 7.0% (5-86%), respectively. Curvilinear and linear models showed very high fit (adjusted r2 = 0.951-0.999; SEE = 17-159N). Despite curvilinear models better fitting the data, there was a ~ 99-100% chance the linear model best described the data. CONCLUSION A combination between goodness of fit, degrees of freedom and common sense (e.g., rational physiologically values) indicated linear modelling is preferable for describing the force-velocity relationship during acyclic lower-limb extensions, compared to curvilinear models. Notably, linearity appears maintained in conditions approaching theoretical maximal velocity. Using horizontal and assisted lower-limb extension to more broadly explore resistive/assistive conditions could improve reliability and accuracy of the force-velocity relationship and associated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Romain Rivière
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France.
| | - Jean-Benoît Morin
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, 42023, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maximilien Bowen
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Matt R Cross
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laurent A Messonnier
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Univ Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000, Chambéry, France
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9
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Morrison RT, Taylor S, Buckley J, Twist C, Kite C. High-velocity power training has similar effects to traditional resistance training for functional performance in older adults: a systematic review. J Physiother 2023; 69:148-159. [PMID: 37328359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphys.2023.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
QUESTIONS What is the effect of high-velocity power training (HVPT) compared with traditional resistance training (TRT) on functional performance in older adults? What is the quality of intervention reporting for the relevant literature? DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. PARTICIPANTS Older adults (aged > 60 years), regardless of health status, baseline functional capacity or residential status. INTERVENTIONS High-velocity power training with the intent to perform the concentric phase as quickly as possible compared with traditional moderate-velocity resistance training performed with a concentric phase of ≥ 2 seconds. OUTCOME MEASURES Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), five times sit-to-stand test (5-STS), 30-second sit-to-stand test (30-STS), gait speed tests, static or dynamic balance tests, stair climb tests and walking tests for distance. The quality of intervention reporting was assessed with the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template (CERT) score. RESULTS Nineteen trials with 1,055 participants were included in the meta-analysis. Compared with TRT, HVPT had a weak-to-moderate effect on change from baseline scores for the SPPB (SMD 0.27, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.53; low-quality evidence) and TUG (SMD 0.35, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.63; low-quality evidence). The effect of HVPT relative to TRT for other outcomes remained very uncertain. The average CERT score across all trials was 53%, with two trials rated high quality and four rated moderate quality. CONCLUSION HVPT had similar effects to TRT for functional performance in older adults, but there is considerable uncertainty in most estimates. HVPT had better effects on the SPPB and TUG, but it is unclear whether the benefit is large enough to be clinically worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Morrison
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, University Centre Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - Sue Taylor
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, University Centre Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, UK
| | - John Buckley
- The School of Allied Health Professions, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Craig Twist
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Chris Kite
- Chester Medical School, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Society, University of Chester, University Centre Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, UK; School of Public Health Studies, Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, UK; Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK; Centre for Sport, Exercise & Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
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10
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Alcazar J, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Delecluse C, Thomis M, Van Roie E. Ten-year longitudinal changes in muscle power, force, and velocity in young, middle-aged, and older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:1019-1032. [PMID: 36788413 PMCID: PMC10067493 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maximum muscle power (Pmax ) is a biomarker of physical performance in all ages. No longitudinal studies have assessed the effects of aging on Pmax obtained from the torque-velocity (T-V) relationship, which should be considered the 'gold standard'. This study evaluated the longitudinal changes in the T-V relationship and Pmax of the knee-extensor muscles in young, middle-aged, and older adults after 10 years of follow-up. METHODS Four hundred eighty-nine subjects (311 men and 178 women; aged 19-68 years) were tested at baseline and after a 10-year follow-up. Anthropometric data, daily protein intake, physical activity level (PAL), and knee-extension muscle function (isometric, isokinetic, and isotonic) were evaluated. A novel hybrid equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic (Hill-type) region was used to obtain the T-V relationship and Pmax of the participants, who were grouped by sex and age (young: 20-40 years; middle-aged: 40-60 years; and old: ≥60 years). Linear mixed-effect models were used to assess effects of time, sex, and age on T-V parameters, Pmax , and body mass index (BMI). Additional analyses were performed to adjust for changes in daily protein intake and PAL. RESULTS Pmax decreased in young men (-0.6% per year; P < 0.001), middle-aged men and women (-1.1% to -1.4% per year; P < 0.001), and older men and women (-2.2% to -2.4% per year; P ≤ 0.053). These changes were mainly related to decrements in torque at Pmax at early age and to decrements in both torque and velocity at Pmax at older age. BMI increased among young and middle-aged adults (0.2% to 0.5% per year; P < 0.001), which led to greater declines in relative Pmax in those groups. S/T0 , that is, the linear slope of the T-V relationship relative to maximal torque, exhibited a significant decline over time (-0.10%T0 ·rad·s-1 per year; P < 0.001), which was significant among middle-aged men and old men and women (all P < 0.05). Annual changes in PAL index were significantly associated to annual changes in Pmax (P = 0.017), so the overall decline in Pmax was slightly attenuated in the adjusted model (-5.26 vs. -5.05 W per year; both P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Pmax decreased in young, middle-aged, and older adults after a 10-year follow-up. The early declines in Pmax seemed to coincide with declines in force, whereas the progressive decline at later age was associated with declines in both force and velocity. A progressively blunted ability to produce force, especially at moderate to high movement velocities, should be considered a specific hallmark of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Sanchez-Trigo H, Zange J, Sies W, Böcker J, Sañudo B, Rittweger J. Effects of Aging and Fitness on Hopping Biomechanics. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:13696. [PMID: 36294273 PMCID: PMC9603534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise promotes healthy aging and is associated with greater functionality and quality of life. Muscle strength and power are established factors in the ability to perform daily tasks and live independently. Stiffness, for mechanical reasons, is another important constituent of running performance and locomotion. This study aims to analyze the impact of age and training status on one-legged hopping biomechanics and to evaluate whether age-related power decline can be reduced with regular physical exercise. Forty-three male subjects were recruited according to their suitability for one of four groups (young athletes, senior athletes, young controls and senior controls) according to their age (young between 21 and 35, vs. older between 59 and 75) and training status (competing athletes vs. non-physically active). The impact of age and training status on one-legged hopping biomechanics were evaluated using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Significant differences among groups were found for hopping height (p < 0.05), ground contact time (p < 0.05), peak ground reaction force (p < 0.05) and peak power (p < 0.01). No differences among groups were found in ground-phase vertical displacement and vertical stiffness (p > 0.05). Young athletes and older non-physically active people achieved the best and worst performance, respectively. Interestingly, there were not any differences found between young non-physically active people and senior athletes, suggesting that chronic training can contribute to partly offset effects that are normally associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Sanchez-Trigo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jochen Zange
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Böcker
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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12
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González-Martos R, Aparicio-Ugarriza R, Alcazar J, Ramirez-Castillejo C, Reihmane D, Menéndez-Rey A, González-Gross M, Guadalupe-Grau A. Circulating Sestrins and Force Velocity Profiling in Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35876123 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2106158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in old age affects the musculoskeletal system causing loss of muscle mass, strength, and physical function. Stress-inducible proteins named sestrins are potential novel biomarkers of muscle function due to their ability to suppress oxidative stress and prevent muscle degeneration. Our aim was to determine the association between different force-velocity (F-V) profiles with body composition, physical performance, and glucose control in older adults with T2DM. We also intended to determine the potential utility of sestrin 1 (Sesn1) and 2 (Sesn2) as biomarkers of physical functionality. Fifty-nine participants (69-79 years) were classified in 3 groups according to their F-V profile based on the leg press exercise: nondeficit (NDEF = 40.7%), force deficit (FDEF = 28.8%), and velocity deficit (VDEF = 30.5%). Both VDEF and FDEF groups showed lower muscle power than NDEF (Cohen's d 0.87 and 0.75 for effect size, respectively). Serum Sesn2 levels, maximal dynamic strength, arms and legs fat-free mass were reduced in FDEF compared to the NDEF group (p < 0.05), whereas glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting glucose levels were similar among groups. ROC analysis revealed the distinction between the NDEF and FDEF group based on Sesn2 concentrations (<0.72 ng/mL), suggesting their potential use as functional biomarkers for early intervention through exercise. Older adults with T2DM show different F-V profiles, related to low levels of Sesn2, impaired body composition and physical performance, and may be taken into consideration to target exercise training in this specific population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel González-Martos
- ImFINE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28040, Spain.,Cancer Stem Cell Research Group. Department of Biotechnology-Vegetal Biology. Centro de Tecnología Biomédica. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28223, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, 45071, Spain
| | - Raquel Aparicio-Ugarriza
- ImFINE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28040, Spain.,CIBER of Biomedical Research Networking Center on Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). Madrid, 28222, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, 45071, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII. Madrid, 28222, Spain
| | - Carmen Ramirez-Castillejo
- Cancer Stem Cell Research Group. Department of Biotechnology-Vegetal Biology. Centro de Tecnología Biomédica. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Dace Reihmane
- Department of Human Physiology and Biochemistry, Riga Stradiņš University. Riga, LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Adrian Menéndez-Rey
- Cancer Stem Cell Research Group. Department of Biotechnology-Vegetal Biology. Centro de Tecnología Biomédica. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28223, Spain
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFINE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28040, Spain.,CIBER of Biomedical Research Networking Center on Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII). Madrid, 28222, Spain
| | - Amelia Guadalupe-Grau
- ImFINE Research Group. Department of Health and Human Performance. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Madrid, 28040, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, 45071, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII. Madrid, 28222, Spain
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13
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Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Gutierrez-Reguero H, Sanchez-Valdepeñas J, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Ara I, Alegre LM. A novel equation that incorporates the linear and hyperbolic nature of the force-velocity relationship in lower and upper limb exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:2305-2313. [PMID: 35864344 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide a force-velocity (F-V) equation that combines a linear and a hyperbolic region, and to compare its derived results to those obtained from linear equations. A total of 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained young men were assessed in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. F-V data were recorded using a force plate and a linear encoder. Estimated maximum isometric force (F0), maximum muscle power (Pmax), and maximum unloaded velocity (V0) were calculated using a hybrid (linear and hyperbolic) equation and three different linear equations: one derived from the hybrid equation (linearhyb), one applied to data from 0 to 100% of F0 (linear0-100), and one applied to data from 45 to 100% of F0 (linear45-100). The hybrid equation presented the best fit to the recorded data (R2 = 0.996 and 0.998). Compared to the results derived from the hybrid equation in the LP, significant differences were observed in F0 derived from linear0-100; V0 derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100; and Pmax derived from linearhyb and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). For the BP, compared to the hybrid equation, significant differences were found in F0 derived from linear0-100; and V0 and Pmax derived from linearhyb, linear0-100 and linear45-100 (all p < 0.05). An F-V equation combining a linear and a hyperbolic region showed to fit adequately recorded F-V data from ~ 20 to 100% of F0, and overcame the limitations shown by linear equations while providing relevant results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector Gutierrez-Reguero
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchez-Valdepeñas
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance and Athletic Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III, S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain. .,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Lindberg K, Lohne-Seiler H, Fosstveit SH, Sibayan EE, Fjeller JS, Løvold S, Kolnes T, Vårvik FT, Berntsen S, Paulsen G, Seynnes O, Bjørnsen T. Effectiveness of individualized training based on force-velocity profiling on physical function in older men. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1013-1025. [PMID: 35305276 PMCID: PMC9313882 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of an individualized power training program based on force–velocity (FV) profiling on physical function, muscle morphology, and neuromuscular adaptations in older men. Forty‐nine healthy men (68 ± 5 years) completed a 10‐week training period to enhance muscular power. They were randomized to either a generic power training group (GPT) or an individualized power training group (IPT). Unlike generic training, individualized training was based on low‐ or high‐resistance exercises, from an initial force–velocity profile. Lower‐limb FV profile was measured in a pneumatic leg‐press, and physical function was assessed as timed up‐and‐go time (TUG), sit‐to‐stand power, grip strength, and stair‐climbing time (loaded [20kg] and unloaded). Vastus lateralis morphology was measured with ultrasonography. Rate of force development (RFD) and rate of myoelectric activity (RMA) were measured during an isometric knee extension. The GPT group improved loaded stair‐climbing time (6.3 ± 3.8 vs. 2.3% ± 7.3%, p = 0.04) more than IPT. Both groups improved stair‐climbing time, sit to stand, and leg press power, grip strength, muscle thickness, pennation angle, fascicle length, and RMA from baseline (p < 0.05). Only GPT increased loaded stair‐climbing time and RFD (p < 0.05). An individualized power training program based on FV profiling did not improve physical function to a greater degree than generic power training. A generic power training approach combining both heavy and low loads might be advantageous through eliciting both force‐ and velocity‐related neuromuscular adaptions with a concomitant increase in muscular power and physical function in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolbjørn Lindberg
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Erlend E Sibayan
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Joachim S Fjeller
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sondre Løvold
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Tommy Kolnes
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Fredrik T Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Gøran Paulsen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Olivier Seynnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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15
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Vargas-Molina S, García-Sillero M, Romance R, Petro JL, Jiménez-García JD, Bonilla DA, Kreider RB, Benítez-Porres J. Traditional and Undulating Periodization on Body Composition, Strength Levels and Physical Fitness in Older Adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:4522. [PMID: 35457392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Undulating training has been investigated in sedentary and trained adults, but less is known about the influence of undulating training in older adults. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate body composition, strength levels, and physical fitness in response to traditional or undulating training in older adults. Methods: A controlled, double-arm trial was conducted in eighteen older adults (10 males, 8 females; 64 ± 2.1 years; 165.12 ± 7.5 cm; 72.5 ± 11.4 kg; 26.5 ± 3.2 k·gm−2) who were randomly assigned to traditional (n = 9, TT) or undulating training (n = 9, UT) for eight weeks. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure fat-free mass (FFM), fat mass (FM), and bone mineral density (BMD). Strength levels were evaluated by the handgrip strength and the one-repetition maximum in vertical chest press, rowing machine, squat, monopodal horizontal leg press, and leg extension. In addition, functional capacity was assessed using the Senior Fitness Test (SFT). Statistical analysis included mean/median comparisons to establish the difference after the intervention (paired Student’s t-test or Wilcoxon test), and effect size calculations based on estimates. Results: After correction for fat-free adipose tissue, a significant increase in FFM was observed in both groups, while no significant changes were found in FM and BMD. Upper- and lower-limbs strength showed significant increases in both groups, although clinical significance varied among exercises. Favorable results were seen on the cardiorespiratory fitness and strength components of the SFT in both groups. Conclusions: The 8-week UT and TT protocols are valid options for improving FFM and increasing strength and functional capacity in women and men over 60 years of age.
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16
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Schaun GZ, Bamman MM, Andrade LS, David GB, Krüger VL, Marins EF, Nunes GN, Häfele MS, Mendes GF, Gomes MLB, Campelo PC, Pinto SS, Alberton CL. High-velocity resistance training mitigates physiological and functional impairments in middle-aged and older adults with and without mobility-limitation. GeroScience 2022. [PMID: 35084687 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to compare the neuromuscular, morphological, and functional responses to a high-velocity resistance training (HVRT) program between three cohorts: middle-aged adults (40–55 years, n = 18), healthy older adults (> 60 years, n = 18), and mobility-limited older adults (n = 8). Participants were tested before and after a 4-week control period and then assigned to a 12-week HVRT intervention. Investigated outcomes included ultrasound-derived muscle thickness and quality, maximal dynamic strength (1RM), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and muscle activation (sEMG), as well as muscle power and functional performance. After the intervention, quadriceps muscle thickness, 1RM, and sEMG improved in all three groups (all p < 0.05), whereas muscle quality improved only in middle-aged and older participants (p ≤ 0.001), and MVIC only in middle-aged and mobility-limited older adults (p < 0.05). With a few exceptions, peak power improved in all groups from 30–90% 1RM (p < 0.05) both when tested relative to pre-training or post-training 1RM workloads (all p < 0.05). Both mobility-limited older adults and older adults improved their short physical performance battery score (p < 0.05). Chair stand, stair climb, maximal gait speed, and timed up-and-go performance, on the other hand, improved in all three groups (p < 0.05), but no change was observed for habitual gait speed and 6-min walk test performance. Overall, our results demonstrate that a HVRT intervention can build a stronger foundation in middle-aged individuals so that they can better deal with age-related impairments at the same time that it can mitigate already present physiological and functional impairments in older adults with and without mobility-limitation.
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17
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Alcazar J, Alegre LM, Suetta C, Júdice PB, VAN Roie E, González-Gross M, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Casajús JA, MAGALHãES JOP, Nielsen BR, García-García FJ, Delecluse C, Sardinha LB, Ara I. Threshold of Relative Muscle Power Required to Rise from a Chair and Mobility Limitations and Disability in Older Adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2217-2224. [PMID: 34107507 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Being able to rise from a chair is paramount for independent living and is strongly influenced by the ability of the lower limbs to exert mechanical power. This study assessed minimal thresholds of lower-limb relative muscle power required to perform the sit-to-stand (STS) task in older adults and its association with mobility limitations and disability. METHODS A total of 11,583 older adults (age, 60-103 yr) participated in this investigation. The 5-rep and 30-s versions of the STS test were used to assess chair rising ability. Relative power was calculated by the STS muscle power test. The minimum thresholds of power required to perform the STS tests were derived from the minimum values (i.e., "floor" effect) reported in the power tests through regression analyses. Mobility limitations and disability in activities of daily living (ADL) were recorded. RESULTS For the average older man and woman, the thresholds to complete five STS repetitions were 1.1 and 1.0 W·kg-1, respectively, whereas the thresholds to complete one STS repetition were 0.3 W·kg-1 in both sexes. These thresholds increased linearly with height (5- and 1-rep, respectively: +0.13 and +0.03 W·kg-1 per 10-cm increase; both P < 0.001) and did not differ by sex or testing condition (both P ≥ 0.259). All participants with relative power below the 5-rep threshold presented mobility limitations, and 51%-56% of women and 36%-49% of men also showed disability in ADL (all χ2 ≥ 290.4; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION A minimum level of relative muscle power is required to rise from a chair independently, which depends on the individual height and is associated with increased mobility limitations and disability. This information will help interpret data yielded by the STS muscle power test and may contribute to the prevention and treatment of mobility limitations in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Evelien VAN Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
| | | | | | | | - JOãO P MAGALHãES
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Motricity, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
| | - Barbara R Nielsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Division, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Glostrup, Copenhagen, DENMARK
| | | | - Christophe Delecluse
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Motricity, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, PORTUGAL
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18
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Schaun GZ, Bamman MM, Alberton CL. High-velocity resistance training as a tool to improve functional performance and muscle power in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2021; 156:111593. [PMID: 34656749 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aging process results in several physiological impairments that, in turn, may predispose older individuals to a series of restrictions on their functional capacity. These impairments are important to understand so that suitable conditions for healthier aging can be pursued. In this review, we first summarize the effects of aging on the neuromuscular system, as well as on the relation between the main age-associated physiological impairments and functional performance with an emphasis on muscle power output. We then proceed to discuss the effects of resistance training, specifically high-velocity resistance training (HVRT), on the aforementioned neuromuscular impairments, and on functional performance in healthy and mobility-limited older adults. Collectively, available evidence suggests that HVRT seems to be a safe and effective intervention for improving muscle power, functional performance, and mobility of older individuals. It also seems that mobility-limited older adults may improve power and functional performance to a greater extent than their healthy counterparts after HVRT, which is in line with the principle of diminishing returns. Considering that only a very limited number of investigations directly compared the effects of HVRT in more than one of the aforementioned groups, studies comparing the adaptations to HVRT of middle-aged adults and older adults with distinct functional capacities would be valuable to determine whether there are differences in neuromuscular adaptations, functional performance, and functional reserve among these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Z Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America.
| | - Marcas M Bamman
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States of America; Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, United States of America
| | - Cristine L Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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19
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Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Sanchez-Martin C, Baltasar-Fernandez I, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Neuromuscular adaptations after 12 weeks of light- vs. heavy-load power-oriented resistance training in older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 32:324-337. [PMID: 34618979 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the specific adaptations provoked by power-oriented resistance training using light (LL-PT, 40% 1-RM) vs. heavy (HL-PT, 80% 1-RM) loads in older adults. Using a randomized within-subject study design, 45 older adults (>65 years) completed an 8-week control period (CTR) followed by 12 weeks of unilateral LL-PT vs. HL-PT on a leg press. The 1-RM, theoretical force at zero velocity (F0 ), maximal unloaded velocity (V0 ), and maximal muscle power (Pmax ) were determined through a force-velocity relationship test. Isometrically, the rate of force development (RFD) and the corresponding muscle excitation of the knee extensor muscles were assessed. In addition, muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and architecture of two quadriceps muscles were determined. Changes after CTR, LL-PT and HL-PT were compared using linear mixed models. HL-PT provoked greater improvements in 1-RM and F0 (effect size (ES) = 0.55-0.68; p < 0.001) than those observed after LL-PT (ES = 0.27-0.47; p ≤ 0.001) (post hoc treatment effect, p ≤ 0.057). By contrast, ES of changes in V0 was greater in LL-PT compared to HL-PT (ES = 0.71, p < 0.001 vs. ES = 0.39, p < 0.001), but this difference was not statistically significant. Both power training interventions elicited a moderate increase in Pmax (ES = 0.65-0.69, p < 0.001). Only LL-PT improved early RFD (ie, ≤100 ms) and muscle excitation (ES = 0.36-0.60, p < 0.05). Increased CSA were noted after both power training programs (ES = 0.13-0.35, p < 0.035), whereas pennation angle increased only after HL-PT (ES = 0.37, p = 0.004). In conclusion, HL-PT seems to be more effective in improving the capability to generate large forces, whereas LL-PT appears to trigger greater gains in movement velocity in older adults. However, both interventions promoted similar increases in muscle power as well as muscle hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Sanchez-Martin
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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20
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Rodriguez-Lopez C, Beckwée D, Luyten FP, Van Assche D, Van Roie E. Reduced knee extensor torque production at low to moderate velocities in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2021; 31:2144-2155. [PMID: 34409660 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine deficits in knee extensor muscle function through the torque-time and torque-velocity relationships and whether these deficits are associated with reduced functional performance in postmenopausal women with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). A clinical sample of postmenopausal women with established KOA (n = 18, ≥55 years) was compared to an age-matched healthy control sample (CON) (n = 26). The deficits in different parameters of the knee extensor torque-time (maximal isometric torque and rate of torque development) and torque-velocity relationship (maximum muscle power, maximal velocity and torque at 0-500°·s-1 ) were assessed through a protocol consisting of isometric, isotonic and isokinetic tests. Functional performance was evaluated with sit-to-stand and stair-climbing tasks using a sensor-based technology (ie, time- and power-based outcomes). Postmenopausal women with KOA showed reduced maximal isometric torque (Hedge's g effect size (g) = 1.05, p = 0.001) and rate of torque development (g = 0.77-1.17, all p ≤ 0.02), combined with impaired torque production at slow to moderate velocities (g = 0.92-1.70, p ≤ 0.004), but not at high or maximal velocities (g = 0.16, p > 0.05). KOA were slower (g = 0.81-0.92, p ≤ 0.011) and less powerful (g = 1.11-1.29, p ≤ 0.001) during functional tasks. Additionally, knee extensor deficits were moderately associated with power deficits in stair climbing (r = 0.492-0.659). To conclude, knee extensor muscle weakness was presented in postmenopausal women with KOA, not only as limited maximal and rapid torque development during isometric contractions, but also dynamically at low to moderate velocities. These deficits were related to impaired functional performance. The assessment of knee extensor muscle weakness through the torque-time and torque-velocity relationships might enable individual targets for tailored exercise interventions in KOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Beckwée
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Faculty of Physical Education & Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Frailty in Ageing Research Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Research Group MOVANT, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy (REVAKI), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Department of Development & Regeneration, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dieter Van Assche
- Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Losa-Reyna J, Alcazar J, Carnicero J, Alfaro-Acha A, Castillo-Gallego C, Rosado-Artalejo C, Rodríguez-Mañas L, Ara I, García-García FJ. Impact of relative muscle power on hospitalization and all-cause mortality in older adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:781-789. [PMID: 34407184 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of lower-limb muscle power with mortality and hospitalization. METHODS A total of 1928 subjects from the Toledo Study for Healthy Aging were included. Muscle power was assessed with the 5-repetition STS test and subjects were classified into different groups of relative power (i.e. normalized to body mass) according to sex-specific tertiles and their inability to perform the test. Mean follow-up periods for hospitalization and all-cause mortality were 3.3 and 6.3 years, respectively. RESULTS Compared to the high relative muscle power group, men with low (HR [95%CI]= 2.1 [1.2-3.6]) and women with very low and low (HR [95%CI]= 4.7 [3.0-7.4] and 1.8 [1.2-2.7]) relative power had an increased age-adjusted risk of hospitalization. After adjusting for several covariates (age, physical activity, BMI education, depression, comorbidities, disability and handgrip strength) these effects were attenuated (men and women with very low relative power: HR [95%CI]= 1.6 [0.9-2.9] and 2.8 [1.6-4.9]). The very low relative muscle power group had also an increased all-cause mortality risk (age-adjusted) in both men and women (HR [95%CI]= 2.3 [1.4-3.9] and 2.9 [1.6-5.3]). After adjusting for all the covariates, a significantly increased mortality risk was observed only in men (HR [95% CI]= 2.1 [1.1-3.8], (women HR [95% CI]= 1.6 [0.8-3.2]), with very low levels of relative power. CONCLUSION Relative muscle power was independently and negatively associated with mortality and hospitalization in older adults. An augmented all-cause mortality risk was noted in the lowest group of relative muscle power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Losa-Reyna
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Carnicero
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Department. Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - Ana Alfaro-Acha
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castillo-Gallego
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Rosado-Artalejo
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Department. Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Getafe, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain.,GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco José García-García
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo. Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES). Madrid, Spain
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22
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Alcazar J, Alegre LM, Van Roie E, Magalhães JP, Nielsen BR, González-Gross M, Júdice PB, Casajús JA, Delecluse C, Sardinha LB, Suetta C, Ara I. Relative sit-to-stand power: aging trajectories, functionally relevant cut-off points, and normative data in a large European cohort. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:921-932. [PMID: 34216098 PMCID: PMC8350203 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A validated, standardized, and feasible test to assess muscle power in older adults has recently been reported: the sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power test. This investigation aimed to assess the relationship between relative STS power and age and to provide normative data, cut-off points, and minimal clinically important differences (MCID) for STS power measures in older women and men. METHODS A total of 9320 older adults (6161 women and 3159 men) aged 60-103 years and 586 young and middle-aged adults (318 women and 268 men) aged 20-60 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Relative (normalized to body mass), allometric (normalized to height squared), and specific (normalized to legs muscle mass) muscle power values were assessed by the 30 s STS power test. Body composition was evaluated by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis, and legs skeletal muscle index (SMI; normalized to height squared) was calculated. Habitual and maximal gait speed, timed up-and-go test, and 6 min walking distance were collected as physical performance measures, and participants were classified into two groups: well-functioning and mobility-limited older adults. RESULTS Relative STS power was found to decrease between 30-50 years (-0.05 W·kg-1 ·year-1 ; P > 0.05), 50-80 years (-0.10 to -0.13 W·kg-1 ·year-1 ; P < 0.001), and above 80 years (-0.07 to -0.08 W·kg-1 ·year-1 ; P < 0.001). A total of 1129 older women (18%) and 510 older men (16%) presented mobility limitations. Mobility-limited older adults were older and exhibited lower relative, allometric, and specific power; higher body mass index (BMI) and legs SMI (both only in women); and lower legs SMI (only in men) than their well-functioning counterparts (all P < 0.05). Normative data and cut-off points for relative, allometric, and specific STS power and for BMI and legs SMI were reported. Low relative STS power occurred below 2.1 W·kg-1 in women (area under the curve, AUC, [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.85 [0.84-0.87]) and below 2.6 W·kg-1 in men (AUC [95% CI] = 0.89 [0.87-0.91]). The age-adjusted odds ratios [95% CI] for mobility limitations in older women and men with low relative STS power were 10.6 [9.0-12.6] and 14.1 [10.9-18.2], respectively. MCID values for relative STS power were 0.33 W·kg-1 in women and 0.42 W·kg-1 in men. CONCLUSIONS Relative STS power decreased significantly after the age of 50 years and was negatively and strongly associated with mobility limitations. Our study provides normative data, functionally relevant cut-off points, and MCID values for STS power for their use in daily clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - João P Magalhães
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Facultade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Barbara R Nielsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Division, Amager and Hvidovre Hospital, Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- ImFine Research Group, Departamento de Salud y Rendimiento Humano, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro B Júdice
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Facultade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jose A Casajús
- CIBER of Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.,Growth, Exercise, Nutrition, and Development Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Department of Movement Sciences, Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luis B Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Facultade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Righospitalet-Glostrup, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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23
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Alcazar J, Aagaard P, Haddock B, Kamper RS, Hansen SK, Prescott E, Ara I, Alegre LM, Frandsen U, Suetta C. Assessment of functional sit-to-stand muscle power: Cross-sectional trajectories across the lifespan. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111448. [PMID: 34118352 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 30-s sit-to-stand (STS) muscle power test is a valid test to assess muscle power in older people; however, whether it may be used to assess trajectories of lower-limb muscle power through the adult lifespan is not known. This study evaluated the pattern and time course of variations in relative, allometric and specific STS muscle power throughout the lifespan. METHODS Subjects participating in the Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study (729 women and 576 men; aged 20 to 93 years) were included. Lower-limb muscle power was assessed with the 30-s version of the STS muscle power test. Allometric, relative and specific STS power were calculated as absolute STS power normalized to height squared, body mass and leg lean mass as assessed by DXA, respectively. RESULTS Relative STS muscle power tended to increase in women (0.08 ± 0.05 W·kg-1·yr-1; p = 0.082) and increased in men (0.14 ± 0.07 W·kg-1·yr-1; p = 0.046) between 20 and 30 years, followed by a slow decline (-0.05 ± 0.05 W·kg-1·yr-1 and -0.06 ± 0.08 W·kg-1·yr-1, respectively; both p > 0.05) between 30 and 50 years. Then, relative STS power declined at an accelerated rate up to oldest age in men (-0.09 ± 0.02 W·kg-1·yr-1) and in women until the age of 75 (-0.09 ± 0.01 W·kg-1·yr-1) (both p < 0.001). A lower rate of decline was observed in women aged 75 and older (-0.04 ± 0.02 W·kg-1·yr-1; p = 0.039). Similar age-related patterns were noted for allometric and specific STS power. CONCLUSIONS The STS muscle power test appears to provide a feasible and inexpensive tool to monitor cross-sectional trajectories of muscle power throughout the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain; Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bryan Haddock
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke S Kamper
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie K Hansen
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Prescott
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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24
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Ramsey KA, Rojer AGM, D'Andrea L, Otten RHJ, Heymans MW, Trappenburg MC, Verlaan S, Whittaker AC, Meskers CGM, Maier AB. The association of objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior with skeletal muscle strength and muscle power in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101266. [PMID: 33607291 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engaging in physical activity (PA) and avoiding sedentary behavior (SB) are important for healthy ageing with benefits including the mitigation of disability and mortality. Whether benefits extend to key determinants of disability and mortality, namely muscle strength and muscle power, is unclear. AIMS This systematic review aimed to describe the association of objective measures of PA and SB with measures of skeletal muscle strength and muscle power in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Six databases were searched from their inception to June 21st, 2020 for articles reporting associations between objectively measured PA and SB and upper body or lower body muscle strength or muscle power in community dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. An overview of associations was visualized by effect direction heat maps, standardized effect sizes were estimated with albatross plots and summarized in box plots. Articles reporting adjusted standardized regression coefficients (β) were included in meta-analyses. RESULTS A total of 112 articles were included representing 43,796 individuals (range: 21 to 3726 per article) with a mean or median age from 61.0 to 88.0 years (mean 56.4 % female). Higher PA measures and lower SB were associated with better upper body muscle strength (hand grip strength), upper body muscle power (arm curl), lower body muscle strength, and lower body muscle power (chair stand test). Median standardized effect sizes were consistently larger for measures of PA and SB with lower compared to upper body muscle strength and muscle power. The meta-analyses of adjusted β coefficients confirmed the associations between total PA (TPA), moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and light PA (LPA) with hand grip strength (β = 0.041, β = 0.057, and β = 0.070, respectively, all p ≤ 0.001), and TPA and MVPA with chair stand test (β = 0.199 and β = 0.211, respectively, all p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher PA and lower SB are associated with greater skeletal muscle strength and muscle power, particularly with the chair stand test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan A Ramsey
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna G M Rojer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luke D'Andrea
- Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - René H J Otten
- Medical Library, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martijn W Heymans
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marijke C Trappenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Amstelland Hospital, Amstelveen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors Verlaan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna C Whittaker
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, England, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Carel G M Meskers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea B Maier
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, @AgeAmsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Medicine and Aged Care, @AgeMelbourne, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Centre for Healthy Longevity, National University Health System, Singapore.
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Brazo-Sayavera J, López-Torres O, Martos-Bermúdez Á, Rodriguez-Garcia L, González-Gross M, Guadalupe-Grau A. Effects of Power Training on Physical Activity, Sitting Time, Disability, and Quality of Life in Older Patients With Type 2 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Confinement. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:660-8. [PMID: 33883291 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effectiveness of a multicomponent supervised and unsupervised training program focused on muscle power to counteract the potential changes in sedentary behavior, disability, physical activity (PA), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) caused by the COVID-19 pandemic domiciliary confinement in prefrail older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Thirty-five older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus were assigned to 2 groups according to their frailty status: exercise training group (prefrail or frail; n = 21; 74.7 [4.5] y; 33.3% male) and control group (robust; n = 14; 73.1 [3.9] y; 42.9% male). The exercise training group followed a multicomponent training program focusing on muscle power: supervised (5 wk) and unsupervised (6 wk). The primary outcomes, including PA and sitting time, perceived disability, and HRQoL, were assessed at the baseline and after 11 weeks. RESULTS At the end of confinement, there were significant decreases in PA in both groups (P < .05). Thus, sitting time increased more in the control group than in the exercise training group (P < .05). The HRQoL measures remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS Muscle power training before and during mandatory COVID-19 self-isolation in type 2 diabetes mellitus older adults (1) attenuates the COVID-19 domiciliary confinement-related increase in sitting time and (2) slightly decreases the self-reported levels of disability and maintains HRQoL.
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26
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Alcazar J, Navarrete-Villanueva D, Mañas A, Gómez-Cabello A, Pedrero-Chamizo R, Alegre LM, Villa G, Gusi N, González-Gross M, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodriguez G, Ara I. 'Fat but powerful' paradox: association of muscle power and adiposity markers with all-cause mortality in older adults from the EXERNET multicentre study. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1204-1211. [PMID: 33727213 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the influence of muscle power and adiposity on all-cause mortality risk and to evaluate the 'fat but powerful' (F+P) (or 'fat but fit') paradox in older adults. METHODS A total of 2563 older adults (65‒91 years old) from the EXERNET multicentre study were included. Adiposity (body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fat percentage (BF%) and fat index), allometric and relative power (sit-to-stand muscle power test) and various covariates (age, sex, hypertension, smoking status and walking and sitting times per day) were registered at baseline. All-cause mortality was recorded during a median follow-up of 8.9 years. Participants were classified into four groups: lean and powerful (L+P), F+P, lean but weak and fat and weak (F+W). Cox proportional hazard regression models and adjusted HRs were calculated. RESULTS According to BMI and waist circumference, all-cause mortality risk was reduced in the F+P (HR=0.55 and 0.63, p=0.044 and 0.049, respectively) and L+P (HR=0.57 and 0.58, p=0.043 and 0.025, respectively) groups. According to BF%, all-cause mortality decreased in the L+P group (HR=0.53; p=0.021), and a trend for a reduction was reported in the F+P group (HR=0.57; p=0.060). According to fat index, a survival benefit was only noted in the L+P group (HR=0.50; p=0.049). Higher levels of relative power reduced all-cause mortality risk among older people (HR=0.63 and 0.53, p=0.006 and 0.011, respectively). CONCLUSION Powerful older people exhibited a reduced 9-year all-cause mortality regardless of BMI, waist circumference and BF%. Obesity according to fat index blunted the survival benefits of being powerful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Navarrete-Villanueva
- GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Asier Mañas
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Pedrero-Chamizo
- ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerardo Villa
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, León, Spain
| | - Narcís Gusi
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,International Institute for Aging, Cáceres, Spain.,Physical Activity and Quality of Life Research Group (AFYCAV), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Marcela González-Gross
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.,ImFine Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Casajús
- GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - German Vicente-Rodriguez
- GENUD Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain .,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Losa-Reyna J, Martin-Espinosa NM, Baltasar-Fernandez I, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Effects of Power-Oriented Resistance Training With Heavy vs. Light Loads on Muscle-Tendon Function in Older Adults: A Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2021; 12:635094. [PMID: 33679447 PMCID: PMC7935559 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.635094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Power-oriented resistance training (PRT) is one of the most effective exercise programs to counteract neuromuscular and physical function age-related declines. However, the optimal load that maximizes these outcomes or the load-specific adaptations induced on muscle power determinants remain to be better understood. Furthermore, to investigate whether these adaptations are potentially transferred to an untrained limb (i.e., cross-education phenomenon) could be especially relevant during limb-immobilization frequently observed in older people (e.g., after hip fracture). Methods At least 30 well-functioning older participants (>65 years) will participate in a within-person randomized controlled trial. After an 8-week control period, the effects of two 12-week PRT programs using light vs. heavy loads will be compared using an unilateral exercise model through three study arms (light-load PRT vs. non-exercise; heavy-load PRT vs. non-exercise; and light- vs. heavy- load PRT). Muscle-tendon function, muscle excitation and morphology and physical function will be evaluated to analyze the load-specific effects of PRT in older people. Additionally, the effects of PRT will be examined on a non-exercised contralateral limb. Discussion Tailored exercise programs are largely demanded given their potentially greater efficiency preventing age-related negative consequences, especially during limb-immobilization. This trial will provide evidence supporting the use of light- or heavy-load PRT on older adults depending on individual needs, improving decision making and exercise program efficacy. Clinical Trial Registration NCT03724461 registration data: October 30, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Ivan Baltasar-Fernandez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, ISAG, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Alcazar J, Aagaard P, Haddock B, Kamper RS, Hansen SK, Prescott E, Alegre LM, Frandsen U, Suetta C. Age- and Sex-Specific Changes in Lower-Limb Muscle Power Throughout the Lifespan. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1369-1378. [PMID: 31943003 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our main goal was to evaluate the pattern and time course of changes in relative muscle power and its constituting components throughout the life span. METHODS A total of 1,305 subjects (729 women and 576 men; aged 20-93 years) participating in the Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study took part. Body mass index (BMI), leg lean mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and leg extension muscle power (LEP) assessed by the Nottingham power rig were recorded. Relative muscle power (normalized to body mass) and specific muscle power (normalized to leg lean mass) were calculated. Segmented regression analyses were used to identify the onset and pattern of age-related changes in the recorded variables. RESULTS Relative muscle power began to decline above the age of 40 in both women and men, with women showing an attenuation of the decline above 75 years. Relative muscle power decreased with age due to (i) the loss of absolute LEP after the fourth decade of life and (ii) the increase in BMI up to the age of 75 years in women and 65 years in men. The decline in absolute LEP was caused by a decline in specific LEP up to the age of 75 in women and 65 in men, above which the loss in relative leg lean mass also contributed. CONCLUSIONS Relative power decreased (i) above 40 years by the loss in absolute power (specific power only) and the increase in body mass, and (ii) above ~70 years by the loss in absolute power (both specific power and leg lean mass).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark. Odense
| | - Bryan Haddock
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke S Kamper
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie K Hansen
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Prescott
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark. Odense
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Geriatric Department, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Muollo V, Rossi AP, Zignoli A, Teso M, Milanese C, Cavedon V, Zamboni M, Schena F, Capelli C, Pogliaghi S. Full characterisation of knee extensors' function in ageing: effect of sex and obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2021; 45:895-905. [PMID: 33526852 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Muscle function is a marker of current and prospective health/independence throughout life. The effects of sex and obesity (OB) on the loss of muscle function in ageing remain unresolved, with important implications for the diagnosis/monitoring of sarcopenia. To characterise in vivo knee extensors' function, we compared muscles torque and power with isometric and isokinetic tests in older men (M) and women (W), with normal range (NW) of body mass index (BMI) and OB. SUBJECTS/METHODS In 70 sedentary older M and W (69 ± 5 years), NW and OB (i.e. BMI < 30 kg m-2 and ≥30 kg m-2, respectively) we tested the right knee's extensor: (i) isometric torque at 30°, 60°, 75° and 90° knee angles, and (ii) isokinetic concentric torque at 60, 90, 150, 180 and 210° s-1 angular speeds. Maximal isometric T-angle, maximal isokinetic knee-extensor torque-velocity, theoretical maximal shortening velocity, maximal power, optimal torque and velocity were determined in absolute units, normalised by body mass (BM) and right leg lean mass (LLMR) and compared over sex, BMI categories and angle or angular speeds by three-way ANOVA. RESULTS In absolute units, relative to BM and LLMR, sex differences were found in favour of M for all parameters of muscle function (main effect for sex, p < 0.05). OB did not affect either absolute or relative to LLMR isometric and isokinetic muscle function (main effect for BMI, p > 0.05); however, muscle function indices, when adjusted for BM, were lower in both M and W with OB compared to NW counterparts (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We confirmed sex differences in absolute, relative to BM and LLMR muscle function in favour of men. While overall muscle function and muscle contractile quality is conserved in individuals with class I OB, muscle function normalised for BM, which defines the ability to perform independently and safely the activities of daily living, is impaired in comparison with physiological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea P Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andrea Zignoli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Massimo Teso
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Valentina Cavedon
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Zamboni
- Department of Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Healthy Aging Center Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Sport Mountain and Health Research Center (CeRiSM), University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Carlo Capelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Silvia Pogliaghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Đurić S, Grbić V, Živković M, Majstorović N, Sember V. Are the Parameters of Novel Two-Point Force-Velocity Model Generalizable in Leg Muscles? Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18031032. [PMID: 33503856 PMCID: PMC7908528 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The two-point force-velocity model allows the assessment of the muscle mechanical capacities in fast, almost fatigue-free conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the concurrent validity of the two-point parameters with directly measured force and power and to examine the generalization of the two-point parameters across the different functional movement tests of leg muscles. Twelve physically active participants were tested performing three functional lower limb maximal tests under two different magnitudes of loads: countermovement jumps, maximal cycling sprint, and maximal force under isokinetic conditions of the knee extensors. The results showed that all values from the two-point model were higher than the values from the standard tests (p < 0.05). We also found strong correlations between the same variables from different tests (r ≥ 0.84; p < 0.01), except for force in maximal cycling sprint, where it was low and negligible (r = −0.24). The results regarding our second aim showed that the correlation coefficients between the same two-point parameters of different lower limb tests ranged from moderate to strong (r −0.47 to 0.72). In particular, the relationships were stronger between power variables than between force variables and somewhat stronger between standard tests and two-point parameters. We can conclude that mechanical capacities of the leg muscles can be partially generalized between different functional tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saša Đurić
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Vladimir Grbić
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Milena Živković
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Nikola Majstorović
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (V.G.); (M.Ž.); (N.M.)
| | - Vedrana Sember
- Faculty of Sports, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +386-51268263
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31
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Rodríguez-Gómez I, Mañas A, Losa-Reyna J, Alegre LM, Rodríguez-Mañas L, García-García FJ, Ara I. Relationship between Physical Performance and Frailty Syndrome in Older Adults: The Mediating Role of Physical Activity, Sedentary Time and Body Composition. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 18:ijerph18010203. [PMID: 33383967 PMCID: PMC7794741 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objectives were to clarify whether the relationship between physical performance and frailty was independently and jointly mediated by movement behaviors and body composition. We analyzed 871 older adults (476 women) from The Toledo Study for Healthy Aging. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) and fat index (FI) were determined using bone densitometry. Sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were assessed using accelerometry. The Frailty Trait Scale and The Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) were used to evaluate frailty and physical performance, respectively. Simple and multiple mediation analyses were carried out to determine the role of movement behaviors and body composition, adjusted for potential confounders. ST and MVPA acted independently as mediators in the relationship between SPPB and frailty (0.06% for ST and 16.89% for MVPA). FI also acted as an independent mediator in the same relationship (36.47%), while the mediation role of SMI was not significant. MVPA and FI both acted jointly as mediators in this previous relationship explaining 58.15% of the model. Our data support the fact that interventions should simultaneously encourage the promotion of MVPA and strategies to decrease the FI in order to prevent or treat frailty through physical performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Rodríguez-Gómez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.R.-G.); (A.M.); (J.L.-R.); (L.M.A.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
| | - Asier Mañas
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.R.-G.); (A.M.); (J.L.-R.); (L.M.A.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
| | - José Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.R.-G.); (A.M.); (J.L.-R.); (L.M.A.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Virgen del Valle, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.R.-G.); (A.M.); (J.L.-R.); (L.M.A.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
| | - Leocadio Rodríguez-Mañas
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, 28905 Getafe, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García-García
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Virgen del Valle, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (I.R.-G.); (A.M.); (J.L.-R.); (L.M.A.)
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), 28029 Madrid, Spain; (L.R.-M.); (F.J.G.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-268-800 (ext. 5543)
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Losa-reyna J, Alcazar J, Rodríguez-gómez I, Alfaro-acha A, Alegre LM, Rodríguez-mañas L, Ara I, García-garcía FJ. Low relative mechanical power in older adults: An operational definition and algorithm for its application in the clinical setting. Exp Gerontol 2020; 142:111141. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Alcazar J, Kamper RS, Aagaard P, Haddock B, Prescott E, Ara I, Suetta C. Relation between leg extension power and 30-s sit-to-stand muscle power in older adults: validation and translation to functional performance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16337. [PMID: 33004970 PMCID: PMC7529789 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73395-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the validity and functional relevance of a standardized procedure to assess lower limb muscle power by means of the 30-s sit-to-stand (STS) test when compared to leg extension power (LEP), traditional STS performance and handgrip strength. A total of 628 community-dwelling older subjects (60-93 years) from the Copenhagen Sarcopenia Study were included. Physical performance was assessed by the 30-s STS and 10-m maximal gait speed tests. Handgrip strength and LEP were recorded by a hand-held dynamometer and the Nottingham power rig, respectively. STS muscle power was calculated using the subjects' body mass and height, chair height and the number of repetitions completed in the 30-s STS test. We found a small albeit significant difference between LEP and unilateral STS power in older men (245.5 ± 88.8 vs. 223.4 ± 81.4 W; ES = 0.26; p < 0.05), but not in older women (135.9 ± 51.9 vs. 138.5 ± 49.6 W; ES = 0.05; p > 0.05). Notably, a large positive correlation was observed between both measures (r = 0.75; p < 0.001). Relative STS power was more strongly related with maximal gait speed than handgrip strength, repetition-based STS performance and relative LEP after adjusting for age (r = 0.53 vs 0.35-0.45; p < 0.05). In conclusion, STS power obtained from the 30-s STS test appeared to provide a valid measure of bilateral lower limb power and was more strongly related with physical performance than maximal handgrip strength, repetition-based STS performance and LEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke S Kamper
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bryan Haddock
- Department Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Prescott
- Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine & PET, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Geriatric Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,CopenAge - Copenhagen Center for Clinical Age Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alcazar J, Sánchez-Martín C, Ara I, Csapo R, Alegre LM. Mechanical Characteristics of Heavy vs. Light Load Ballistic Resistance Training in Older Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2094-2101. [PMID: 32947572 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rodriguez-Lopez, C, Alcazar, J, Sánchez-Martín, C, Ara, I, Csapo, R, and Alegre, LM. Mechanical characteristics in heavy vs. light load ballistic resistance training in older adults. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Although power-oriented resistance training (RT) is strongly recommended to counter age-related neuromuscular function declines, there is still controversy about which intensities of load should be used to elicit optimal training adaptations. Knowledge of the mechanical characteristics of power-oriented RT performed at different intensities might help to better understand the training stimulus that triggers load-dependent adaptations in older adults. Using a cross-over design, 15 well-functioning older volunteers (9 men and 6 women; 73.6 ± 3.8 years) completed 2 volume × load-matched ballistic RT sessions with heavy (HL: 6 × 6 × 80% 1-repetition maximum [1RM]) and light-load (LL: 6 × 12 × 40% 1RM) on a horizontal leg press exercise. Electromyographic (EMG) and mechanical variables (work, force, velocity, and power) as well as intraset neuromuscular fatigue (i.e., relative losses in force, velocity, and power) were analyzed. More concentric mechanical work was performed in the LL training session, compared with HL (36.2 ± 11.2%; p < 0.001). Despite the higher mean EMG activity of the quadriceps femoris muscle (13.2 ± 21.1%; p = 0.038) and greater concentric force (35.2 ± 7.6%; p < 0.001) during HL, higher concentric velocity (41.0 ± 12.7%, p < 0.001) and a trend toward higher concentric power (7.2 ± 18.9%, p = 0.075) were found for LL. Relative velocity losses were similar in both sessions (≈10%); however, relative force losses were only found in LL (7.4 ± 6.5%, p = 0.003). Considering the greater mechanical work performed and concentric power generated, ballistic RT using LL may, therefore, represent a stronger stimulus driving training adaptations as compared with volume × load-matched heavy-load training. Relative losses in force and power should be monitored in addition to velocity losses during ballistic RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Coral Sánchez-Martín
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, ISAG, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Carneiro MAS, de Oliveira Júnior GN, de Sousa JFR, Santagnello SB, Souza MVC, Orsatti FL. Effects of cluster training sets on muscle power and force–velocity relationship in postmenopausal women. Sport Sci Health 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Sherwood JJ, Inouye C, Webb SL, O J. Reliability and Validity of the Sit-to-Stand as a Muscular Power Measure in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 28:455-466. [PMID: 31810060 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aims were to analyze the reliability and validity of the GymAware™ linear position transducer's velocity and power measures during the sit-to-stand, compared with the Dartfish 2D videography analysis, and to assess the relationship of age and handgrip strength with velocity and power in 48 older men and women (77.6 ± 11.1 years). The results showed excellent agreement between GymAware- and Dartfish-derived sit-to-stand velocity (intraclass correlation coefficient2-1 = .94 and power intraclass correlation coefficient2-1 = .98) measures. A moderate and negative relationship was found between age and velocity (r = -.62; p < .001) and age and power (r = -.63; p < .001). A moderate and positive relationship was found between handgrip strength and velocity (r = .43; p = .002) and handgrip strength and power (r = .54; p < .001). The results show the GymAware velocity and power measures during the sit-to-stand in older adults to be reliable and valid.
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Santagnello SB, Martins FM, de Oliveira Junior GN, de Freitas Rodrigues de Sousa J, Nomelini RS, Murta EFC, Orsatti FL. Improvements in muscle strength, power, and size and self-reported fatigue as mediators of the effect of resistance exercise on physical performance breast cancer survivor women: a randomized controlled trial. Support Care Cancer 2020; 28:6075-6084. [PMID: 32306100 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-020-05429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To gain more knowledge about the mechanism (i.e., mediators) of resistance exercise (RE)-induced improvements in physical performance (PP), we seek to investigate whether improvements in muscle strength (MS), muscle power (MP), and lean body mass (LBM) and (or) self-reported fatigue (SRF) are mediators of the effect of RE on PP in breast cancer survivor women (BCSW). METHODS The volunteers were randomly divided into two groups: control group (CT; n = 9) and resistance exercise (RE; n = 11). The RE protocol consisted of three sets in each exercise (leg extension, leg curl, 45° leg press, and calf raise), between 8 and 12 repetitions per set, with an estimated load of 80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM), and three times a week on non-consecutive days for 12 weeks. The CT group performed only stretching exercises twice a week. SRF, maximal muscle power (Pmax), MP, LBM, and PP were assessed using the Brief Fatigue Inventory Questionnaire; 1RM test; isoinertial dynamometer; DXA; and walking speed, sit-to-stand (STS), and timed up and go (TUG) test, respectively. RESULTS Following 12 weeks, the RE group reduced SRF and increased MP, Pmax, LBM, and performance in all tests (walking speed, STS, and TUG) when compared with the CT group. There were significant associations of the changes in LBM, MS, Pmax, and SRF with changes in physical performance tests only in the RE group. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that improvements in LBM, MS, MP, and self-reported fatigue mediate the effect of resistance exercise on physical performance in BCSW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarita Beraldo Santagnello
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Maria Martins
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rosekeila Simões Nomelini
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON) and Gynecology and Obstetrics course, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eddie Fernando Candido Murta
- Research Institute of Oncology (IPON) and Gynecology and Obstetrics course, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fábio Lera Orsatti
- Exercise Biology Research Group (BioEx), Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Alcazar J, Pareja-Blanco F, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Navarro-Cruz R, Cornejo-Daza PJ, Ara I, Alegre LM. Comparison of linear, hyperbolic and double-hyperbolic models to assess the force-velocity relationship in multi-joint exercises. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:359-369. [PMID: 32255757 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1753816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study assessed the validity of linear, hyperbolic and double-hyperbolic models to fit measured force-velocity (F-V) data in multi-joint exercises and the influence of muscle excitation on the F-V relationship. The force-joint angle and F-V relationships were assessed in 10 cross-training athletes and 14 recreationally resistance-trained subjects in the unilateral leg press (LP) and bilateral bench press (BP) exercises, respectively. A force plate and a linear encoder were installed to register external force and velocity, respectively. Muscle excitation was assessed by surface EMG recording of the quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris and gluteus maximus muscles during the unilateral LP. Linear, Hill's (hyperbolic) and Edman's (double-hyperbolic) equations were fitted to the measured F-V data and compared. Measured F-V data were best fitted by double-hyperbolic models in both exercises (p < 0.05). F-V data deviated from the rectangular hyperbola above a breakpoint located at 90% of measured isometric force (F0) and from the linearity at ≤45% of F0 (both p < 0.05). Hyperbolic equations overestimated F0 values by 13 ± 11% and 6 ± 6% in the LP and BP, respectively (p < 0.05). No differences were found between muscle excitation levels below and above the breakpoint (p > 0.05). Large associations between variables obtained from linear and double-hyperbolic models were noted for F0, maximum muscle power, and velocity between 25% and 100% of F0 (r = 0.70-0.99; all p < 0.05). The F-V relationship in multi-joint exercises was double-hyperbolic, which was unrelated with lower muscle excitation levels. However, linear models may be valid to assess F0, maximal muscle power and velocity between 25% and 100% of F0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Navarro-Cruz
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J Cornejo-Daza
- Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Begue J, Peyrot N, Dalleau G, Caderby T. Age-related changes in the control of whole-body angular momentum during stepping. Exp Gerontol 2019; 127:110714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Langer HT, Mossakowski AA, Baar K, Alcazar J, Martin-Rincon M, Alegre LM, Ara I, Calbet JAL, Hinkley JM, Coen PM, Irving BA, Allerton TD, Nair S, Lima RM, Rey-López JP, Scott D, Daly RM, Ebeling PR, Hayes A, Tessier AJ, Chevalier S, Yates BA, Brown LR, Storer TW, Westcott WL, Nifli AP, Musci RV, Konopka AR, Hamilton KL, Hepple RT. Commentaries on Viewpoint: Rejuvenation of the term sarcopenia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:257-262. [PMID: 30694711 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00816.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Henning T Langer
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis
| | - Agata A Mossakowski
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis,Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davi
| | - Julian Alcazar
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha and CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES; CB16/10/00477), Spain
| | - Marcos Martin-Rincon
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences (IUIBS), Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha and CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES; CB16/10/00477), Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha and CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES; CB16/10/00477), Spain
| | | | - J Mathew Hinkley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, Florida
| | - Brian A Irving
- Department of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | | | | - Ricardo M Lima
- Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário, Darcy Ribeiro Faculdade de Educação Física, Brasília – Distrito Federal – Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo Rey-López
- Prevention Research Collaboration. School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Scott
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robin M Daly
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Bone and Muscle Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan Hayes
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, The University of Melbourne, St. Albans, Victoria, Australia,Institute of Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anne-Julie Tessier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC, Canada,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Chevalier
- School of Human Nutrition, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, QC, Canada,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Brandon A Yates
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts,Cardiovascular Performance Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - LeAndra R Brown
- Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Thomas W Storer
- Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Artemissia-Phoebe Nifli
- Biotechnology, Technological Research Center of Thessaly and Larissa Association of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders, Larissa, Greece
| | - Robert V Musci
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Adam R Konopka
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Karyn L Hamilton
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Russell T Hepple
- Department of Physical Therapy, Myology Institute, and Institute of Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville
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Stavridis I, Smilios I, Tsopanidou A, Economou T, Paradisis G. Differences in the Force Velocity Mechanical Profile and the Effectiveness of Force Application During Sprint-Acceleration Between Sprinters and Hurdlers. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:26. [PMID: 33344950 PMCID: PMC7739693 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to compare the horizontal and vertical force-velocity profile between female sprinters and hurdlers. Twelve high-level athletes (6 sprinters and 6 hurdlers) participated in this investigation. The testing procedures consisted of two maximal 40-m sprints and five to six vertical jumps with additional loads. For the sprint-acceleration performance, the velocity-time data, recorded by a high-speed camera, was used to calculate the variables of the horizontal F-V profile (theoretical maximal values of force [HZT-F0], velocity [HZT-V0], power [HZT-Pmax], the proportion of the theoretical maximal effectiveness of force application in the antero-posterior direction [RFmax], and the rate of decrease in the ratio of horizontal force [DRF]). The best trial of each vertical jumping condition, obtained by an optical measurement system, was used to determine the components of the vertical F-V profile (theoretical maximal values of force [VTC-F0], velocity [VTC-V0], and power [VTC-Pmax]). The female sprinters showed higher statistical differences for HZT-Pmax (2.46 ± 0.67, d = 2.1, p = 0.004), HZT-V0 (0.45 ± 0.18, d = 1.4, p = 0.03), and RFmax% (2.9 ± 0.9%, d = 1.8, p = 0.01) than female hurdlers. No statistical differences were observed for HZT-F0 (0.69 ± 0.3, d = 1.15, p = 0.07), DRF% (−0.24 ± 0.4%, d = 0.3, p = 0.62), VTC-F0 (−2.1 ± 3.8, d = 0.3, p = 0.59), VTC-V0 (0.25 ± 0.31, d = 0.5, p = 0.45), and VTC-Pmax (1.75 ± 2.5, d = 0.4, p = 0.5). Female sprinters are able to apply higher horizontally-oriented forces onto the ground during the acceleration phase than female hurdlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Stavridis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Angela Tsopanidou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodosia Economou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Paradisis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Marcos-Pardo PJ, González-Hernández JM, García-Ramos A, López-Vivancos A, Jiménez-Reyes P. Movement velocity can be used to estimate the relative load during the bench press and leg press exercises in older women. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7533. [PMID: 31497399 PMCID: PMC6707344 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Movement velocity has been proposed as an effective tool to prescribe the load during resistance training in young healthy adults. This study aimed to elucidate whether movement velocity could also be used to estimate the relative load (i.e., % of the one-repetition maximum (1RM)) in older women. Methods A total of 22 older women (age = 68.2 ± 3.6 years, bench press 1RM = 22.3 ± 4.7 kg, leg press 1RM = 114.6 ± 15.9 kg) performed an incremental loading test during the free-weight bench press and the leg press exercises on two separate sessions. The mean velocity (MV) was collected with a linear position transducer. Results A strong linear relationship between MV and the relative load was observed for the bench press (%1RM = −130.4 MV + 119.3; r2 = 0.827, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 6.10%1RM, p < 0.001) and leg press exercises (%1RM = −158.3 MV + 131.4; r2 = 0.913, SEE = 5.63%1RM, p < 0.001). No significant differences were observed between the bench press and leg press exercises for the MV attained against light-medium relative loads (≤70%1RM), while the MV associated with heavy loads (≥80%1RM) was significantly higher for the leg press. Conclusions These results suggest that the monitoring of MV could be useful to prescribe the loads during resistance training in older women. However, it should be noted that the MV associated with a given %1RM is significantly lower in older women compared to young healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Miguel González-Hernández
- Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Faculty of Health Science, European University of Canarias, Tenerife, Islas Canarias, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, CIEDE, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Pedro Jiménez-Reyes
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Alcazar J, Csapo R, Ara I, Alegre LM. On the Shape of the Force-Velocity Relationship in Skeletal Muscles: The Linear, the Hyperbolic, and the Double-Hyperbolic. Front Physiol 2019; 10:769. [PMID: 31275173 PMCID: PMC6593051 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the force-velocity (F-V) relationship has important implications for different aspects of muscle physiology, such as muscle efficiency and fatigue, the understanding of the pathophysiology of several myopathies or the mechanisms of muscle contraction per se, and may be of relevance for other fields, such as the development of robotics and prosthetic applications featuring natural muscle-like properties. However, different opinions regarding the shape of the F-V relationship and the underlying mechanisms exist in the literature. In this review, we summarize relevant evidence on the shape of the F-V relationship obtained over the last century. Studies performed at multiple scales ranging from the sarcomere to the organism level have described the concentric F-V relationship as linear, hyperbolic or double-hyperbolic. While the F-V relationship has most frequently been described as a rectangular hyperbola, a large number of studies have found deviations from the hyperbolic function at both ends of the F-V relation. Indeed, current evidence suggests that the F-V relation in skeletal muscles follows a double-hyperbolic pattern, with a breakpoint located at very high forces/low velocities, which may be a direct consequence of the kinetic properties of myofilament cross-bridge formation. Deviations at low forces/high velocities, by contrast, may be related to a recently discovered, calcium-independent regulatory mechanism of muscle contraction, which may also explain the low metabolic cost of very fast muscle shortening contractions. Controversial results have also been reported regarding the eccentric F-V relationship, with studies in prepared muscle specimens suggesting that maximum eccentric force is substantially greater than isometric force, whereas in vivo studies in humans show only a modest increase, no change, or even a decrease in force in lengthening contractions. This review discusses possible reasons reported in the literature for these discrepant findings, including the testing procedures (familiarization, pre-load condition, and temperature) and a potential neural inhibition at higher lengthening velocities. Finally, some unresolved questions and recommendations for F-V testing in humans are reported at the end of this document.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, ISAG, University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Navarro-Cruz R, Alcazar J, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Losa-Reyna J, Alfaro-Acha A, Ara I, García-García FJ, Alegre LM. The Effect of the Stretch-Shortening Cycle in the Force-Velocity Relationship and Its Association With Physical Function in Older Adults With COPD. Front Physiol 2019; 10:316. [PMID: 30971950 PMCID: PMC6443992 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) on different portions of the force–velocity (F–V) relationship in older adults with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to assess its association with physical function. The participants were 26 older adults with COPD (79 ± 7 years old; FEV1 = 53 ± 36% of predicted) and 10 physically active non-COPD (77 ± 4 years old) older adults. The F–V relationship was evaluated in the leg press exercise during a purely concentric muscle action and compared with that following an eccentric muscle action at 10% intervals of maximal unloaded shortening velocity (V0). Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle thickness, pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) were assessed by ultrasound. Habitual gait speed was measured over a 4-m distance. COPD subjects exhibited lower physical function and concentric maximal muscle power (Pmax) values compared with the non-COPD group (both p < 0.05). The SSC increased force and power values among COPD participants at 0–100 and 1–100% of V0, respectively, while the same was observed among non-COPD participants only at 40–90 and 30–90% of V0, respectively (all p < 0.05). The SSC induced greater improvements in force, but not power, among COPD compared with non-COPD subjects between 50 and 70% of V0 (all p < 0.05). Thus, between-group differences in muscle power were not statistically significant after the inclusion of the SSC (p > 0.05). The SSC-induced potentiation at 50–100% of V0 was negatively associated with physical function (r = -0.40–0.50), while that observed at 80–100% of V0 was negatively associated with VL muscle thickness and PA (r = -0.43–0.52) (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, older adults with COPD showed a higher SSC-induced potentiation compared with non-COPD subjects, which eliminated between-group differences in muscle power when performing SSC muscle actions. The SSC-induced potentiation was associated with lower physical function, VL muscle thickness, and VL PA values. The SSC-induced potentiation may help as a compensatory mechanism in those older subjects with a decreased ability to produce force/power during purely concentric muscle actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Navarro-Cruz
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julian Alcazar
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Lopez
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Losa-Reyna
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ana Alfaro-Acha
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ara
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J García-García
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Virgen del Valle, Complejo Hospitalario de Toledo, Toledo, Spain
| | - Luis M Alegre
- GENUD Toledo Research Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain.,CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain
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Cuevas-Aburto J, Ulloa-Díaz D, Barboza-González P, Chirosa-Ríos LJ, García-Ramos A. The addition of very light loads into the routine testing of the bench press increases the reliability of the force-velocity relationship. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5835. [PMID: 30425885 PMCID: PMC6230439 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine whether the addition of very light loads for modeling the force–velocity (F–V) relationship during the bench press (BP) exercise can confirm its experimental linearity as well as to increase the reliability and concurrent validity of the F–V relationship parameters (maximum force (F0), maximum velocity (V0), F–V slope, and maximum power (Pmax)). Method The F–V relationship of 19 healthy men were determined using three different methods: (I) 6-loads free method: six loads performed during the traditional free-weight BP exercise (≈ 1–8–29–39–49–59 kg), (II) 4-loads free method: four loads performed during the traditional free-weight BP exercise (≈ 29–39–49–59 kg), and (III) 4-loads Smith method: four loads performed during the ballistic bench press throw exercise in a Smith machine (≈ 29–39–49–59 kg). Results The linearity of the F–V relationship was very high and comparable for the three F–V methods (p = 0.204; median Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) = 0.99). The three methods were ranked from the most to the least reliable as follows: 6-loads free (coefficient of variation (CV) range = 3.6–6.7%) > 4-loads Smith (CV range = 4.6–12.4%) > 4-loads free (CV range = 3.8–14.5%). The higher reliability of the 6-loads free method was especially pronounced for F–V slope (CVratio ≥ 1.85) and V0 (CVratio ≥ 1.49) parameters, while the lowest difference in reliability was observed for F0 (CVratio ≤ 1.27). The 6-loads free and 4-loads free methods showed a very high concurrent validity respect to the 4-loads Smith method for F0 and Pmax (r ≥ 0.89), a moderate validity for the F–V slope (r = 0.66–0.82), and a low validity for V0 (r ≤ 0.37). Discussion The routine testing of the F–V relationship of upper-body muscles through the BP exercise should include trials with very light loading conditions to enhance the reliability of the F–V relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesualdo Cuevas-Aburto
- Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte y Acondicionamiento Físico, CIEDE, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - David Ulloa-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte y Acondicionamiento Físico, CIEDE, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Luis Javier Chirosa-Ríos
- Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias del Deporte y Acondicionamiento Físico, CIEDE, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile.,Departamento de Educación Física y Deportiva, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Granada, España
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Alcazar J, Losa-Reyna J, Rodriguez-Lopez C, Alfaro-Acha A, Rodriguez-Mañas L, Ara I, García-García FJ, Alegre LM. The sit-to-stand muscle power test: An easy, inexpensive and portable procedure to assess muscle power in older people. Exp Gerontol 2018; 112:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Perkin OJ, McGuigan PM, Thompson D, Stokes KA. Habitual physical activity levels do not predict leg strength and power in healthy, active older adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200089. [PMID: 29965998 PMCID: PMC6028110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is considered crucial in attenuating losses in strength and power associated with ageing. However, in well-functioning, active older adults the relationship between habitual physical activity and muscle function is surprisingly unclear. Leg press velocity, force, and power, were compared between 50 older and 30 younger healthy individuals, and associations with habitual physical activity explored. An incremental power test was performed on a pneumatic leg press, with theoretical maximum velocity, force, and power calculated. Vastus lateralis muscle thickness was measured by ultrasound, and participants wore a combined accelerometer and heart rate monitor for 6-days of free-living. Older individuals produced lower absolute maximum velocity, force, and power, than younger individuals. When accounting for smaller muscle size, older individual's maximum force and power remained markedly lower. Both groups were active, however using age specific thresholds for classifying physical activity, the older individuals engaged in twice the amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity in comparison to the younger individuals. There were no associations between any characteristics of muscle function and physical activity. These data support that the ability to generate force and power deteriorates with age, however habitual physical activity levels do not explain inter-individual differences in muscle function in active older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Perkin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Polly M. McGuigan
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
- Arthritis Research UK, Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Bath, United Kingdom
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Ramirez-Campillo R, Alvarez C, Garcìa-Hermoso A, Celis-Morales C, Ramirez-Velez R, Gentil P, Izquierdo M. High-speed resistance training in elderly women: Effects of cluster training sets on functional performance and quality of life. Exp Gerontol 2018; 110:216-222. [PMID: 29909049 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of 12 weeks of high-speed resistance training on functional performance and quality of life in elderly women when using either a traditional-set (TS) or a cluster-set (CS) configuration for inter-set rest. METHODS Three groups of subjects were formed by block-design randomization as follows: (i) control group (CG, n = 17; age, 66.5 ± 5.4 years); (ii) 12-week high-speed resistance training group under a CS configuration (CSG, n = 15; age, 67.6 ± 5.4 years); and (iii) 12-week high-speed resistance training group under a TS configuration (TSG, n = 20; age, 68.0 ± 5.3 years). Training was undertaken three times per week, including high-speed resistance training exercises. The main difference between the training groups was the recovery set structure. In the TSG, women rested for 150 s after each set of eight repetitions, whereas the CSG used an interest rest redistribution, such that after two consecutive repetitions, a 30-s rest was allowed. RESULTS Group × test interactions were observed for a 10-m walking speed test, an 8-foot up-and-go test, a sit-to-stand test, and physical quality of life (p < 0.05; d = 0.12-0.81). The main results suggest that both training methods improve functional performance and quality of life, however, the CS configuration induced significantly greater improvements in functional performance and quality of life than the TS configuration. CONCLUSION These results should be considered when designing appropriate and better resistance training programs for older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Universidad de Los Lagos, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Osorno, Chile
| | - Cristian Alvarez
- Universidad de Los Lagos, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Research Nucleus in Health, Physical Activity and Sport, Laboratory of Measurement and Assessment in Sport, Osorno, Chile
| | - Antonio Garcìa-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Chile
| | - Carlos Celis-Morales
- Human Nutrition Research Center, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Robinson Ramirez-Velez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física "CEMA", Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, D.C. 111221, Colombia
| | - Paulo Gentil
- Faculdade de Educação Física e Dança, Universidade Federal de Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Navarrabiomed, Pamplona, Navarre, Spain.
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