1
|
Gao F, Zhang W, Cao M, Liu X, Han T, He W, Shi B, Gu Z. Maternal supplementation with konjac glucomannan improves maternal microbiota for healthier offspring during lactation. J Sci Food Agric 2024; 104:3736-3748. [PMID: 38234014 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal diet during gestation and lactation affects the health of the offspring. Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a significantly functional polysaccharide in food research, possessing both antioxidant and prebiotic properties. However, the mechanisms of how KGM regulates maternal nutrition remain insufficient and limited. This study aimed to investigate maternal supplementation with KGM during late gestation and lactation to benefit both maternal and offspring generations. RESULTS Our findings indicate that KGM improves serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, the KGM group displayed a significant increase in the feed intake-related hormones neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), Ghrelin, and adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) levels. KGM modified the relative abundance of Clostridium, Candidatus Saccharimonas, unclassified Firmicutes, and unclassified Christensenellaceae in sow feces. Acetate, valerate, and isobutyrate were also improved in the feces of sows in the KGM group. These are potential target bacterial genera that may modulate the host's health. Furthermore, Spearman's correlation analysis unveiled significant correlations between the altered bacteria genus and feed intake-related hormones. More importantly, KGM reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in milk, further improved IL-10 levels, and reduced zonulin levels in the serum of offspring. CONCLUSION In conclusion, maternal dietary supplementation with KGM during late gestation and lactation improves maternal nutritional status by modifying maternal microbial and increasing lactation feed intake, which benefits the anti-inflammatory capacity of the offspring serum. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingming Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Tingting Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wei He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoming Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhigang Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Revheim I, Ballance S, Standal AF, Rieder A, Dierkes J, Buyken AE, Gilja OH, Hausken T, Rosendahl-Riise H. The acute effect of a β-glucan-enriched oat bread on gastric emptying, GLP-1 response, and postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia: a randomised crossover trial in healthy adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2024; 21:13. [PMID: 38500209 PMCID: PMC10949669 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cereal fibre β-glucan reduces postprandial glycaemia, however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of a β-glucan-enriched oat bread on gastric emptying half-time (T1/2), gastric emptying lag phase (Tlag), and gastric emptying rate (GER), and the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) as potential means to influence postprandial glycaemia. METHODS A randomised crossover trial was conducted in 22 healthy adults (age 24.6 ± 3.1 years, BMI 23.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2) receiving 25 g available carbohydrates from a β-glucan-enriched oat bread or a control whole-wheat bread at two non-consecutive days. T1/2, Tlag, and GER were determined based on ultrasound measures of the cross-sectional gastric antrum area in the fasting state and 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min postprandially. Capillary glucose, serum insulin, and plasma GLP-1 concentrations were measured at the same time points. RESULTS A biphasic pattern of gastric emptying with a distinct Tlag before the commencement of emptying was observed in most subjects for both bread types. While no differences in GER were evident (p = 0.562), consumption of the oat bread significantly increased T1/2 by 18 min and Tlag by 14 min compared with the whole-wheat bread (p = 0.005 and p = 0.010, respectively). In addition, the oat bread significantly reduced iAUC2h for glucose and insulin responses compared with the whole-wheat bread (p = 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). There were no significant differences in GLP-1 response between the two breads (p = 0.892). CONCLUSION The increased T1/2 and Tlag could offer a potential mechanism for the observed attenuation of postprandial glycaemia and insulinemia after consumption of the β-glucan-enriched oat bread compared with the whole-wheat bread. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered at clinicaltrails.gov (NCT04571866).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Revheim
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Simon Ballance
- Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Adelheid Fretland Standal
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anne Rieder
- Norwegian Institute for Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anette E Buyken
- Institute of Nutrition, Consumption and Health, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Odd Helge Gilja
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Trygve Hausken
- National Centre for Ultrasound in Gastroenterology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Hanne Rosendahl-Riise
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niaz T, Mackie A. Effect of beta glucan coating on controlled release, bioaccessibility, and absorption of β-carotene from loaded liposomes. Food Funct 2024; 15:1627-1642. [PMID: 38247312 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Recently, the use of biopolymers as coating material to stabilise phospholipid-based nanocarriers has increased. One such class of biopolymers is the dietary fibre beta-glucan (βG). In this study, we developed and characterized beta-carotene (βC) loaded βG coated nanoliposomes (GNLs) to investigate the effect of βG coating on the stability, controlled release, bioaccessibility, diffusion and subsequent absorption of the lipophilic active agent. The size, charge (Z-potential), and FTIR spectra were measured to determine the physicochemical stability of GNLs. βG coating reduced the bioaccessibility, provided prolonged release and improved the antioxidant activity of the nanoliposomes. Multiple particle tracking (MPT) data suggested that βC-GNLs were less diffusive in porcine intestinal mucus (PIM). Additionally, the microviscosity of the PIM treated with GNLs was observed to be higher (0.04744 ± 0.00865 Pa s) than the PIM incubated with uncoated NLs (0.015 ± 0.0004 Pa s). An Ex vivo experiment was performed on mouse jejunum to measure the absorption of beta-carotene from coated (βC-GNLs) and uncoated nanoliposomes (βC-NLs). Data showed that after 2 hours, 27.7 ± 1.3 ng mL-1 of βC encapsulated in GNLs and 61.54 ± 3 ng mL-1 of the βC encapsulated in uncoated NLs was absorbed by mouse intestinal mucosa. These results highlight that coating with βG stabilise NLs during gastrointestinal digestion and provides more sustained release of βC from nanoliposomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taskeen Niaz
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Alan Mackie
- Food Colloids and Bioprocessing Group, School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang CM, Fernez MT, Woolston BM, Carrier RL. Native gastrointestinal mucus: Critical features and techniques for studying interactions with drugs, drug carriers, and bacteria. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:114966. [PMID: 37329985 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal mucus plays essential roles in modulating interactions between intestinal lumen contents, including orally delivered drug carriers and the gut microbiome, and underlying epithelial and immune tissues and cells. This review is focused on the properties of and methods for studying native gastrointestinal mucus and its interactions with intestinal lumen contents, including drug delivery systems, drugs, and bacteria. The properties of gastrointestinal mucus important to consider in its analysis are first presented, followed by a discussion of different experimental setups used to study gastrointestinal mucus. Applications of native intestinal mucus are then described, including experimental methods used to study mucus as a barrier to drug delivery and interactions with intestinal lumen contents that impact barrier properties. Given the significance of the microbiota in health and disease, its impact on drug delivery and drug metabolism, and the use of probiotics and microbe-based delivery systems, analysis of interactions of bacteria with native intestinal mucus is then reviewed. Specifically, bacteria adhesion to, motility within, and degradation of mucus is discussed. Literature noted is focused largely on applications of native intestinal mucus models as opposed to isolated mucins or reconstituted mucin gels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ming Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew T Fernez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Benjamin M Woolston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca L Carrier
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang M, Zuo Z, Zhang X, Wang L. Food biopolymer behaviors in the digestive tract: implications for nutrient delivery. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37216487 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2202778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are prevalent in both natural and processed foods, serving as thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers. Although specific biopolymers are known to affect digestion, the mechanisms behind their influence on the nutrient absorption and bioavailability in processed foods are not yet fully understood. The aim of this review is to elucidate the complex interplay between biopolymers and their behavior in vivo, and to provide insights into the possible physiological consequences of their consumption. The colloidization process of biopolymer in various phases of digestion was analyzed and its impact on nutrition absorption and gastrointestinal tract was summarized. Furthermore, the review discusses the methodologies used to assess colloidization and emphasizes the need for more realistic models to overcome challenges in practical applications. By controlling macronutrient bioavailability using biopolymers, it is possible to enhance health benefits, such as improving gut health, aiding in weight management, and regulating blood sugar levels. The physiological effect of extracted biopolymers utilized in modern food structuring technology cannot be predicted solely based on their inherent functionality. It is essential to account for factors such as their initial consuming state and interactions with other food components to better understand the potential health benefits of biopolymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhongyu Zuo
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xinxia Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Comas-Serra F, Martínez-García JJ, Pérez-Alba A, Sáenz-Esqueda MLÁ, Candelas-Cadillo MG, Femenia A, Minjares-Fuentes R. A New Functional Food Ingredient Obtained from Aloe ferox by Spray Drying. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36832926 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aloe mucilages of Aloe ferox (A. ferox) and Aloe vera (A. vera) were spray-dried (SD) at 150, 160 and 170 °C. Polysaccharide composition, total phenolic compounds (TPC), antioxidant capacity and functional properties (FP) were determined. A. ferox polysaccharides were comprised mainly of mannose, accounting for >70% of SD aloe mucilages; similar results were observed for A. vera. Further, an acetylated mannan with a degree of acetylation >90% was detected in A. ferox by 1H NMR and FTIR. SD increased the TPC as well as the antioxidant capacity of A. ferox measured by both ABTS and DPPH methods, in particular by ~30%, ~28% and ~35%, respectively, whereas in A. vera, the antioxidant capacity measured by ABTS was reduced (>20%) as a consequence of SD. Further, FP, such as swelling, increased around 25% when A. ferox was spray-dried at 160 °C, while water retention and fat adsorption capacities exhibited lower values when the drying temperature increased. The occurrence of an acetylated mannan with a high degree of acetylation, together with the enhanced antioxidant capacity, suggests that SD A. ferox could be a valuable alternative raw material for the development of new functional food ingredients based on Aloe plants.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hendrixson DT, Naskidashvili N, Stephenson KB, Laury ML, Koroma AS, Manary MJ. An Alternative Oat-Containing, Ready-To-Use, Therapeutic Food Does Not Alter Intestinal Permeability or the 16S Ribosomal RNA Fecal Microbiome Configuration Among Children With Severe Malnutrition in Sierra Leone: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nutr 2023; 152:2744-2753. [PMID: 36055798 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previously, a novel oat ready-to-use therapeutic food (o-RUTF) resulted in improved recovery from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) when compared to a standard RUTF (s-RUTF). The o-RUTF contained 18% oat, while the s-RUTF has no cereal ingredients. OBJECTIVES We determined the effects of o-RUTF on intestinal permeability, as measured by lactulose permeability, and the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) fecal microbiome configuration of children with SAM. METHODS This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Sierra Leonean children aged 6-59 mo with SAM, defined by a midupper arm circumference < 11.5 cm, were randomized to receive o-RUTF or s-RUTF. All children received 7 d of amoxicillin per guidelines. Lactulose permeability testing and fecal 16S rRNA sequencing were performed at baseline and after 4 wk of therapy. The change in lactulose permeability was the primary outcome, while the fecal 16S rRNA configuration at 4 wk was a secondary outcome. RESULTS Of the 129 children enrolled, lactulose permeability testing was completed by 100 at baseline and 82 at week 4. After 4 wk of therapeutic feeding, there were no differences in lactulose permeability between the o-RUTF and s-RUTF groups (P = 0.84), and over half of children had increased lactulose permeability (50% s-RUTF compared with 58% o-RUTF, mean difference = -7.5%; 95% CI: -29.2, 15.2; P = 0.50). After 4 wk of feeding, there were no differences in the 16S rRNA configurations between the o-RUTF and s-RUTF groups (Permanova, 999 permutations; P = 0.648; pseudo-F = 0.581), nor were there differences in α or β diversity. CONCLUSIONS Despite remarkably different compositions of o-RUTF and s-RUTF, no differences were identified in lactulose permeability or the fecal 16S rRNA configuration among children with SAM receiving these foods. These results suggest that the o-RUTF exerts its beneficial effects through mechanisms other than reducing intestinal permeability or altering the fecal 16S configuration. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04334538.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kevin B Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Marie L Laury
- Genome Technology Access Center, Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Aminata Shamit Koroma
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, The Republic of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mark J Manary
- Project Peanut Butter, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.,USDA Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ballance S, Mæhre HK, Rieder A, Arslan Lied G, Hindar Tvedt EK, Dierkes J. The solution properties of galactomannan after simulated digestion of guar fortified bread predict the extent of postprandial insulin reduction in healthy adult overweight subjects. Food Funct 2022; 13:9810-9821. [PMID: 36134506 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01762h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Coil overlap occurs when random coil polysaccharides such as cereal beta-glucan or galactomannan in solution are abundant enough and large enough to entangle with one another to form networks. It was recently shown that this concept applied to in vitro digested cereal-based foods could predict the efficacy of the food to reduce postprandial glycaemia. In the current study we further investigate the role of coil overlap for prediction of glycaemic and insulinaemic responses using four guar fortified breads (10-15% wheat flour replacement level) with galactomannans of different weight-average molecular weight (Mw). The breads, including a wheat flour control, were tested in a randomised crossover study in 12 overweight adults. Addition of guar reduced postprandial serum insulin, but not glucose responses. The extent of postprandial insulin reduction correlated with the solution properties of galactomannan after in vitro digestion. A significantly greater reduction in insulin response was observed for two of the breads where the galactomannan Mw and concentration in solution after in vitro digestion was above coil overlap, in contrast to two other breads, which resulted in digests containing galactomannan below coil overlap and a significantly lower reduction of postprandial insulin. Further in vitro digestion experiments focusing on amylolysis of starch with kinetic modelling showed a greater proportion of slowly digested starch in breads with galactomannan above coil overlap than below. A combination of the molecular weight of dietary fibre in a food and its soluble concentration are key parameters explaining its physiological efficiency in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ballance
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, Osloveien 1, N-1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Hanne K Mæhre
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, Osloveien 1, N-1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Anne Rieder
- Nofima AS - Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, PB 210, Osloveien 1, N-1433 Ås, Norway.
| | - Gülen Arslan Lied
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Gastroenterology, Clinic of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Espen K Hindar Tvedt
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jutta Dierkes
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Mohn Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Subramanian DA, Langer R, Traverso G. Mucus interaction to improve gastrointestinal retention and pharmacokinetics of orally administered nano-drug delivery systems. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:362. [PMID: 35933341 PMCID: PMC9356434 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01539-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral delivery of therapeutics is the preferred route of administration due to ease of administration which is associated with greater patient medication adherence. One major barrier to oral delivery and intestinal absorption is rapid clearance of the drug and the drug delivery system from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. To address this issue, researchers have investigated using GI mucus to help maximize the pharmacokinetics of the therapeutic; while mucus can act as a barrier to effective oral delivery, it can also be used as an anchoring mechanism to improve intestinal residence. Nano-drug delivery systems that use materials which can interact with the mucus layers in the GI tract can enable longer residence time, improving the efficacy of oral drug delivery. This review examines the properties and function of mucus in the GI tract, as well as diseases that alter mucus. Three broad classes of mucus-interacting systems are discussed: mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, and mucolytic drug delivery systems. For each class of system, the basis for mucus interaction is presented, and examples of materials that inform the development of these systems are discussed and reviewed. Finally, a list of FDA-approved mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, and mucolytic drug delivery systems is reviewed. In summary, this review highlights the progress made in developing mucus-interacting systems, both at a research-scale and commercial-scale level, and describes the theoretical basis for each type of system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak A Subramanian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Giovanni Traverso
- Department of Chemical Engineering and David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ballance S, Lu Y, Zobel H, Rieder A, Knutsen SH, Dinu VT, Christensen BE, Ulset AS, Schmid M, Maina N, Potthast A, Schiehser S, Ellis PR, Harding SE. Inter-laboratory analysis of cereal beta-glucan extracts of nutritional importance: An evaluation of different methods for determining weight-average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
11
|
Telle-Hansen VH, Gaundal L, Høgvard B, Ulven SM, Holven KB, Byfuglien MG, Måge I, Knutsen SH, Ballance S, Rieder A, Rud I, Myhrstad MCW. A Three-Day Intervention With Granola Containing Cereal Beta-Glucan Improves Glycemic Response and Changes the Gut Microbiota in Healthy Individuals: A Crossover Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:796362. [PMID: 35578615 PMCID: PMC9106798 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.796362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Intake of soluble fibers including beta-glucan, is known to improve post-prandial glycemic response. The mechanisms have been attributed to the viscous gel forming in the stomach and small intestine, giving a longer absorption time. However, recent evidence suggests a link between intake of beta-glucan and improved glycemic regulation at subsequent meals through the gut microbiota. We investigated the short-term effect of granola with different amounts of cereal beta-glucan on glycemic response and gut microbiota. After a two-week run-in period (baseline), fourteen healthy, normal weight adults completed a dose-response dietary crossover study. Different amounts of cereal beta-glucan (low: 0.8 g, medium: 3.2 g and high: 6.6 g) were provided in granola and eaten with 200 ml low-fat milk as an evening meal for three consecutive days. Blood glucose and insulin were measured fasted and after an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) the following day, in addition to peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide (GLP-2), fasting short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in blood, breath H2, and gut microbiota in feces. Only the intervention with medium amounts of beta-glucan decreased blood glucose and insulin during OGTT compared to baseline. Fasting PYY increased with both medium and high beta-glucan meal compared to the low beta-glucan meal. The microbiota and SCFAs changed after all three interventions compared to baseline, where acetate and butyrate increased, while propionate was unchanged. Highest positive effect size after intake of beta-glucan was found with Haemophilus, followed by Veillonella and Sutterella. Furthermore, we found several correlations between different bacterial taxa and markers of glycemic response. In summary, intake of granola containing 3.2 g cereal beta-glucan as an evening meal for three consecutive days reduced the glycemic response after an OGTT 0-180 min and changed gut microbiota composition. Since we cannot rule out that other fiber types have contributed to the effect, more studies are needed to further explore the effect of cereal beta-glucan on glycemic regulation. Clinical Trial Registration [www.clinicaltrials.gov], identifier [NCT03293693].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke H. Telle-Hansen
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Line Gaundal
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Benedicte Høgvard
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M. Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B. Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ingrid Måge
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Halvor Knutsen
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Simon Ballance
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Anne Rieder
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Ida Rud
- Nofima AS (Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research), Ås, Norway
| | - Mari C. W. Myhrstad
- Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kocot AM, Jarocka-Cyrta E, Drabińska N. Overview of the Importance of Biotics in Gut Barrier Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052896. [PMID: 35270039 PMCID: PMC8911280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased gut permeability is suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of a growing number of disorders. The altered intestinal barrier and the subsequent translocation of bacteria or bacterial products into the internal milieu of the human body induce the inflammatory state. Gut microbiota maintains intestinal epithelium integrity. Since dysbiosis contributes to increased gut permeability, the interventions that change the gut microbiota and correct dysbiosis are suggested to also restore intestinal barrier function. In this review, the current knowledge on the role of biotics (probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and postbiotics) in maintaining the intestinal barrier function is summarized. The potential outcome of the results from in vitro and animal studies is presented, and the need for further well-designed randomized clinical trials is highlighted. Moreover, we indicate the need to understand the mechanisms by which biotics regulate the function of the intestinal barrier. This review is concluded with the future direction and requirement of studies involving biotics and gut barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Maria Kocot
- Department of Immunology and Food Microbiology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Elżbieta Jarocka-Cyrta
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Regional Specialized Children’s Hospital, Żołnierska St. 18A, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland;
| | - Natalia Drabińska
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Zhang S, Waterhouse GIN, Xu F, He Z, Du Y, Lian Y, Wu P, Sun-Waterhouse D. Recent advances in utilization of pectins in biomedical applications: a review focusing on molecular structure-directing health-promoting properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-34. [PMID: 34637646 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1988897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The numerous health benefits of pectins justify their inclusion in human diets and biomedical products. This review provides an overview of pectin extraction and modification methods, their physico-chemical characteristics, health-promoting properties, and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. Pectins, as readily available and versatile biomolecules, can be tailored to possess specific functionalities for food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, through judicious selection of appropriate extraction and modification technologies/processes based on green chemistry principles. Pectin's structural and physicochemical characteristics dictate their effects on digestion and bioavailability of nutrients, as well as health-promoting properties including anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, intestinal microflora-regulating, immune barrier-strengthening, hypercholesterolemia-/arteriosclerosis-preventing, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antitussive, analgesic, anticoagulant, and wound healing effects. HG, RG-I, RG-II, molecular weight, side chain pattern, and degrees of methylation, acetylation, amidation and branching are critical structural elements responsible for optimizing these health benefits. The physicochemical characteristics, health functionalities, biocompatibility and biodegradability of pectins enable the construction of pectin-based composites with distinct properties for targeted applications in bioactive/drug delivery, edible films/coatings, nano-/micro-encapsulation, wound dressings and biological tissue engineering. Achieving beneficial synergies among the green extraction and modification processes during pectin production, and between pectin and other composite components in biomedical products, should be key foci for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | | | - Fangzhou Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ziyang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yuyi Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yujing Lian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chassé É, Guay F, Bach Knudsen KE, Zijlstra RT, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Toward Precise Nutrient Value of Feed in Growing Pigs: Effect of Meal Size, Frequency and Dietary Fibre on Nutrient Utilisation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092598. [PMID: 34573564 PMCID: PMC8471499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed costs are the most important in swine production. Precise determination of nutritional values of pig diets can help reducing feed costs by reducing security margins for nutrients and therefore provide a more sustainable swine production. In commercial farms, pigs have free access to feed and eat with no limitation according to their natural behaviour. In contrast, during digestibility trials, pigs are restricted in their daily intake of feed, which is distributed in a limited number of meals. The number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily can affect the digestibility of the nutrients, the transit time and the metabolism. To reduce feed costs, by-products are frequently added to diets. Most by-products are rich in dietary fibre, which are known to have negative effects on digestibility. Enzymes can be supplemented in the diet to counteract the negative aspects of dietary fibre, but their efficiency can vary depending on the number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily. Abstract Nutritional values of ingredients have been and still are the subject of many studies to reduce security margins of nutrients when formulating diets to reduce feed cost. In most studies, pigs are fed a limited amount of feed in a limited number of meals that do not represent how pigs are fed in commercial farm conditions. With free access to feed, pigs follow their intrinsic feeding behaviour. Feed intake is regulated by satiety and satiation signals. Reducing the feed intake level or feeding frequency can affect digestibility and transit time and induce metabolic changes. To reduce feed costs, alternative ingredients that are frequently rich in dietary fibre are added to diets. Fibre acts on the digestion process and transit time by decreasing energy density and causing viscosity. Various analyses of fibre can be realised, and the measured fibre fraction can vary. Exogenous enzymes can be added to counteract the effect of fibre, but digestive tract conditions, influenced by meal size and frequency, can affect the efficiency of supplemented enzymes. In conclusion, the frequency and size of the meals can affect the digestibility of nutrients by modulating gastrointestinal tract conditions (pH and transit time), metabolites (glucose and short-chain fatty acids) and hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Chassé
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
| | | | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beukema M, Jermendi É, Koster T, Kitaguchi K, de Haan BJ, van den Berg MA, Faas MM, Schols HA, de Vos P. Attenuation of Doxorubicin-Induced Small Intestinal Mucositis by Pectins is Dependent on Pectin's Methyl-Ester Number and Distribution. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100222. [PMID: 34268870 PMCID: PMC8519125 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Intestinal mucositis is a common side effect of the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin, which is characterized by severe Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2-mediated inflammation. The dietary fiber pectin is shown to prevent this intestinal inflammation through direct inhibition of TLR2 in a microbiota-independent manner. Recent in vitro studies show that inhibition of TLR2 is determined by the number and distribution of methyl-esters of pectins. Therefore, it is hypothesized that the degree of methyl-esterification (DM) and the degree of blockiness (DB) of pectins determine attenuating efficacy on doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis. METHODS AND RESULTS Four structurally different pectins that differed in DM and DB are tested on inhibitory effects on murine TLR2 in vitro, and on doxorubicin-induced intestinal mucositis in mice. These data demonstrate that low DM pectins or intermediate DM pectins with high DB have the strongest inhibitory impact on murine TLR2-1 and the strongest attenuating effect on TLR2-induced apoptosis and peritonitis. Intermediate DM pectin with a low DB is, however, also effective in preventing the induction of doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage. CONCLUSION These pectin structures with stronger TLR2-inhibiting properties may prevent the development of doxorubicin-induced intestinal damage in patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment with doxorubicin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beukema
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Éva Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, WageningenWG6708The Netherlands
| | - Taco Koster
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Kohji Kitaguchi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Faculty of Applied Biological SciencesGifu University1‐1 YanagidoGifu City501‐1193Japan
| | - Bart J. de Haan
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | | | - Marijke M. Faas
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen UniversityBornse Weilanden 9, WageningenWG6708The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology, Medical Biology and Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1, 9713 GZGroningenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Dulko D, Staroń R, Krupa L, Rigby NM, Mackie AR, Gutkowski K, Wasik A, Macierzanka A. The bile salt content of human bile impacts on simulated intestinal proteolysis of β-lactoglobulin. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110413. [PMID: 34112416 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal hydrolysis of food proteins has been portrayed in scientific literature to predominantly depend on the activity and specificity of proteolytic enzymes. Human bile has not been considered to facilitate proteolysis in the small intestine, but rather to assist in intestinal lipolysis. However, human bile can potentially influence proteins that are largely resistant to gastric digestion, and which are mainly hydrolysed after they have been transferred to the small intestine. We used purified and food-grade bovine milk β-lactoglobulin (βLg) to assess the impact of bile salts (BS) on the in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of this protein. Quantitative analysis showed that the proteolysis rate increased significantly with increasing BS concentration. The effect was consistent regardless of whether individual BS or real human bile samples, varying in BS concentrations, were used. The total BS content of bile was more important than its BS composition in facilitating the proteolysis of βlg. We also show that the impact of human bile observed during the digestion of purified βLg and βLg-rich whey protein isolate can be closely replicated by the use of individual BS mixed with phosphatidylcholine. This could validate simple BS/phosphatidylcholine mixtures as human-relevant substitutes of difficult-to-obtain human bile for in vitro proteolysis studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dulko
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lukasz Krupa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Neil M Rigby
- University of Leeds, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alan R Mackie
- University of Leeds, School of Food Science and Nutrition, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Teaching Hospital No 1, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wasik
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Macierzanka
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Science, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lacerda JF, Lagos AC, Carolino E, Silva-Herdade AS, Silva M, Sousa Guerreiro C. Functional Food Components, Intestinal Permeability and Inflammatory Markers in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:642. [PMID: 33669400 PMCID: PMC7920414 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are characterized by a chronic inflammatory process that affects the intestinal barrier structure. Recent evidence suggests that some food components can influence the integrity of the intestinal barrier and thus its permeability. We aimed at assessing the effect of food components on the intestinal permeability (IP) and on inflammatory markers in individuals with IBD by a single-blind randomized clinical study. Of the 53 individuals included, 47% (n = 25) had been diagnosed with IBD. The participants were divided into 4 groups. IBD patients were allocated to intervention group (n = 14) vs. no intervention group (n = 11), and the same happened with 28 control participants without disease (n = 14 in intervention group vs. n = 14 without intervention). Symptomatology, nutritional status, biochemical parameters (specifically serum zonulin (ZO) to measure IP) were evaluated on all individuals on an eight week period following a diet plan with/without potentially beneficial foods for the IP. At the beginning of the study, there were no significant differences in ZO values between individuals with and without IBD (p > 0.05). The effect of specific food components was inconclusive; however, a trend in the reduction of inflammatory parameters and on the prevalence of gastrointestinal symptomatology was observed. More controlled intervention studies with diet plans, including food components potentially beneficial for the integrity of the intestinal barrier, are of the utmost importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Franco Lacerda
- Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-045 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Hospital of Armed Forces Lisbon Pole, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Ana Catarina Lagos
- Hospital of Armed Forces Lisbon Pole, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Elisabete Carolino
- H&TRC—Health & Technology Research Center, Polytechnic Institute of Lisbon, School of Health Technology, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ana Santos Silva-Herdade
- Faculty of Medicine University of Lisbon, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-045 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Manuel Silva
- Hospital of Armed Forces Lisbon Pole, 1649-020 Lisbon, Portugal; (A.C.L.); (M.S.)
| | - Catarina Sousa Guerreiro
- Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-045 Lisbon, Portugal;
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Environmental Health, University of Lisbon, 1649-026 Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sánchez-Velázquez OA, Cuevas-Rodríguez EO, Mondor M, Ribéreau S, Arcand Y, Mackie A, Hernández-Álvarez AJ. Impact of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on peptide profile and bioactivity of cooked and non-cooked oat protein concentrates. Curr Res Food Sci 2021; 4:93-104. [PMID: 33748776 PMCID: PMC7957154 DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oat (Avena sativa) is one of the most cultivated and consumed cereals worldwide. Recognized among cereals for its high protein content (12%-24%), it makes it an excellent source of bioactive peptides, which could be modified during processes such as heating and gastrointestinal digestion (GID). This work aims to evaluate the impact of heat treatment on the proteolysis of oat proteins and on the evolution of antioxidant peptide released during in vitro static GID, in terms of comparative analysis between cooked oat protein concentrate (COPC) and non-heated oat protein concentrate (OPC) samples. The protein extraction method and cooking procedure used showed no detrimental effects on protein quality. After GID, the proportion of free amino acids/dipeptides (<0.2 kDa) reached >40% for both samples (OPC and COPC), thus producing peptides with low molecular weight and enhanced bioactivity. Furthermore, during GID, the amino acid profile showed an increase in essential, positively-charged, hydrophobic and aromatic amino acids. At the end of GID, the reducing power of OPC and COPC increased >0.3 and 8-fold, respectively, in comparison to the non-digested samples; while ABTS•+ and DPPH• showed a >20-fold increase. Fe2+ chelating capacity of OPC and COPC was enhanced >4 times; similarly, Cu2+ chelation showed a >19-fold enhancement for OPC and >10 for COPC. β-carotene bleaching activity was improved 0.8 times in OPC and >9 times in COPC; the oxygen radical antioxidant capacity assay increased 2 times in OPC and >4.7 times in COPC, respectively. This study suggests that OPC after cooking and GID positively influenced the nutritional and bioactive properties of oat peptides. Thus, COPC could be used as a functional food ingredient with health-promoting effects, as hydrothermal treatment is frequently used for this type of cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Abel Sánchez-Velázquez
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. Universitarios s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universitarios, P. C. 80030, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Edith Oliva Cuevas-Rodríguez
- Programa Regional de Posgrado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Av. Universitarios s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universitarios, P. C. 80030, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, Mexico
- Posgrado en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa. Av. Universitarios s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Col. Universitarios, P. C. 80030, Culiacán Rosales, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Martin Mondor
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant West Boulevard, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 8E3
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sabine Ribéreau
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant West Boulevard, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 8E3
| | - Yves Arcand
- St-Hyacinthe Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 3600, Casavant West Boulevard, Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada, J2S 8E3
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Naumann S, Schweiggert-weisz U, Martin A, Schuster M, Eisner P. Effects of extrusion processing on the physiochemical and functional properties of lupin kernel fibre. Food Hydrocoll 2021; 111:106222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
22
|
Musa-Veloso K, Noori D, Venditti C, Poon T, Johnson J, Harkness LS, O'Shea M, Chu Y. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials on the Effects of Oats and Oat Processing on Postprandial Blood Glucose and Insulin Responses. J Nutr 2021; 151:341-351. [PMID: 33296453 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oats are a whole grain cereal with potentially favorable effects on the postprandial glycemic response; however, the effects of oat processing on these glycemic benefits are not well understood. OBJECTIVES The study objective was to determine the effects of differently processed oats on the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses relative to refined grains. METHODS Eleven electronic databases were systematically searched to identify studies published up to and including May 2019. Randomized controlled trials comparing the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses to oats compared with any refined grain were included, so long as the available carbohydrate content of the test meals was similar. Pooled effect sizes were computed using the difference in incremental area under the curves for blood glucose and insulin following the consumption of oats compared with the refined grain control. RESULTS Ten publications were included, with intact oat kernels studied in 3 comparisons, thick oat flakes (>0.6 mm) in 7 comparisons, and thin/quick/instant oat flakes (≤0.6 mm) in 6 comparisons. Compared with the consumption of the refined grain control, the consumption of intact oat kernels was associated with significant reductions in postprandial blood glucose (-45.5 mmol x min/L; 95% CI: -80.1, -10.9 mmol x min/L; P = 0.010) and insulin (-4.5 nmol x min/L; 95% CI: -7.1, -1.8 nmol x min/L; P = 0.001) responses; the consumption of thick oat flakes was associated with significant reductions in postprandial blood glucose (-30.6 mmol x min/L; 95% CI: -40.4, -20.9 mmol x min/L; P < 0.001) and insulin (-3.9 nmol x min/L; 95% CI: -5.3, -2.5 nmol x min/L; P < 0.001) responses; but, the consumption of thin/quick/instant oat flakes was not associated with any effects on the postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses. CONCLUSIONS A disruption in the structural integrity of the oat kernel is likely associated with a loss in the glycemic benefits of oats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Noori
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Theresa Poon
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodee Johnson
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Laura S Harkness
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - Marianne O'Shea
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| | - YiFang Chu
- Quaker Oats Center of Excellence, PepsiCo R&D Nutrition Sciences, Barrington, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated the benefits of dietary fibre on gastrointestinal health through consumption of unrefined whole foods, such as wholegrains, legumes, vegetables and fruits. Mechanistic studies and clinical trials on isolated and extracted fibres have demonstrated promising regulatory effects on the gut (for example, digestion and absorption, transit time, stool formation) and microbial effects (changes in gut microbiota composition and fermentation metabolites) that have important implications for gastrointestinal disorders. In this Review, we detail the major physicochemical properties and functional characteristics of dietary fibres, the importance of dietary fibres and current evidence for their use in the management of gastrointestinal disorders. It is now well-established that the physicochemical properties of different dietary fibres (such as solubility, viscosity and fermentability) vary greatly depending on their origin and processing and are important determinants of their functional characteristics and clinical utility. Although progress in understanding these relationships has uncovered potential therapeutic opportunities for dietary fibres, many clinical questions remain unanswered such as clarity on the optimal dose, type and source of fibre required in both the management of clinical symptoms and the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. The use of novel fibres and/or the co-administration of fibres is an additional therapeutic approach yet to be extensively investigated.
Collapse
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mahtab Shoukat
- Department of Agricultural Sciences University of Naples ‘Federico II’ Via Università 100 Portici Italy
| | - Angela Sorrentino
- Centre for Food Innovation and Development in the Food Industry University of Naples Federico II Via Università 133, Parco Gussone Portici80055Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhang B, Wang S, Wichienchot S, Huang Q, Dhital S. Dietary Fibers: Structural Aspects and Nutritional Implications. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0320-4_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
26
|
Macierzanka A, Ménard O, Dupont D, Gutkowski K, Staroń R, Krupa L. Colloidal transport of lipid digesta in human and porcine small intestinal mucus. Food Res Int 2020; 138:109752. [PMID: 33292935 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Small intestinal mucus transport of food-derived particulates has not been extensively studied, despite mucus being a barrier nutrients need to cross before absorption. We used complex dispersions of digesta obtained from simulated, dynamic gastrointestinal digestion of yogurt to examine the penetrability of human and porcine mucus to the particles formed of lipolysis products. Quantitative, time-lapse confocal microscopy revealed a sieve-like behaviour of the pig jejunal and ileal mucus. The digesta diffusivity decreased significantly over the first 30 min of mucus penetration, and then remained constant at ca. 5 × 10-12 m2 s-1 (approx. 70% decrease from initial values). A non-significantly different penetrability was recorded for the ileal mucus of adult humans. The digesta diffusion rates in neonatal, jejunal mucus of 2 week old piglets were 5-8 times higher than in the three different types of adult mucus. This is the first report that validates the mucus of fully-grown pigs as a human-relevant substitute for mucus permeation studies of nutrients/bio-actives and/or complex colloidal dispersions (e.g., post-digestion food particulates, orally-administrated delivery systems).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Macierzanka
- Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Colloid and Lipid Sciences, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-322 Gdańsk, Poland; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
| | - Olivia Ménard
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 Rue de St. Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Didier Dupont
- STLO, INRAE, Institut Agro, 65 Rue de St. Brieuc, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Krzysztof Gutkowski
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Robert Staroń
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Lukasz Krupa
- Teaching Hospital No 1, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology with Internal Disease Unit, Chopina 2, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hendrixson DT, Godbout C, Los A, Callaghan-Gillespie M, Mui M, Wegner D, Bryant T, Koroma A, Manary MJ. Treatment of severe acute malnutrition with oat or standard ready-to-use therapeutic food: a triple-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Gut 2020; 69:2143-2149. [PMID: 32179568 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesised that an alternative RUTF (ready-to-use therapeutic food) made with oats (oat-RUTF) would be non-inferior to standard RUTF (s-RUTF). DESIGN This was a randomised, triple-blind, controlled, clinical non-inferiority trial comparing oat-RUTF to s-RUTF in rural Sierra Leone. Children aged 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) were randomised to oat-RUTF or s-RUTF. s-RUTF was composed of milk powder, sugar, peanut paste and vegetable oil, with a hydrogenated vegetable oil additive. Oat-RUTF contained oats and no hydrogenated vegetable oil additives. The primary outcome was graduation, an increase in anthropometric measurements such that the child was not acutely malnourished. Secondary outcomes were rates of growth, time to graduation and presence of adverse events. Intention to treat analyses was used. RESULTS Of the 1406 children were enrolled, graduation was attained in 404/721 (56%) children receiving oat-RUTF and 311/685 (45%) receiving s-RUTF (difference 10.6%, 95% CI 5.4% to 15.8%). Death, hospitalisation or remaining with SAM was seen in 87/721 (12%) receiving oat-RUTF and in 125/685 (18%) receiving s-RUTF (difference 6.2%, 95% CI 2.3 to 10.0, p=0.001). Time to graduation was less for children receiving oat RUTF; 3.9±1.8 versus 4.5±1.8 visits, respectively (p<0.001). Rates of weight in the oat-RUTF group were greater than in the s-RUTF group; 3.4±2.7 versus 2.5±2.3 g/kg/d, p<0.001. CONCLUSION Oat-RUTF is superior to s-RUTF in the treatment of SAM in Sierra Leone. We speculate that might be because of beneficial bioactive components or the absence of hydrogenated vegetable oil in oat-RUTF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03407326.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Godbout
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alyssa Los
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Melody Mui
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Donna Wegner
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Aminata Koroma
- Directorate of Nutrition, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mark J Manary
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Naumann S, Haller D, Eisner P, Schweiggert-Weisz U. Mechanisms of Interactions between Bile Acids and Plant Compounds-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6495. [PMID: 32899482 PMCID: PMC7555273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant compounds are described to interact with bile acids during small intestinal digestion. This review will summarise mechanisms of interaction between bile acids and plant compounds, challenges in in vivo and in vitro analyses, and possible consequences on health. The main mechanisms of interaction assume that increased viscosity during digestion results in reduced micellar mobility of bile acids, or that bile acids and plant compounds are associated or complexed at the molecular level. Increasing viscosity during digestion due to specific dietary fibres is considered a central reason for bile acid retention. Furthermore, hydrophobic interactions are proposed to contribute to bile acid retention in the small intestine. Although frequently hypothesised, no mechanism of permanent binding of bile acids by dietary fibres or indigestible protein fractions has yet been demonstrated. Otherwise, various polyphenolic structures were recently associated with reduced micellar solubility and modification of steroid and bile acid excretion but underlying molecular mechanisms of interaction are not yet fully understood. Therefore, future research activities need to consider the complex composition and cell-wall structures as influenced by processing when investigating bile acid interactions. Furthermore, influences of bile acid interactions on gut microbiota need to be addressed to clarify their role in bile acid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Naumann
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.H.); (P.E.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Dirk Haller
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.H.); (P.E.)
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Peter Eisner
- ZIEL-Institute for Food & Health, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany; (D.H.); (P.E.)
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), 85354 Freising, Germany;
- Steinbeis-Hochschule, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, George-Bähr-Straße 20, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Schweiggert-Weisz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), 85354 Freising, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Beukema M, Faas MM, de Vos P. The effects of different dietary fiber pectin structures on the gastrointestinal immune barrier: impact via gut microbiota and direct effects on immune cells. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:1364-1376. [PMID: 32908213 PMCID: PMC8080816 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectins are dietary fibers with different structural characteristics. Specific pectin structures can influence the gastrointestinal immune barrier by directly interacting with immune cells or by impacting the intestinal microbiota. The impact of pectin strongly depends on the specific structural characteristics of pectin; for example, the degree of methyl-esterification, acetylation and rhamnogalacturonan I or rhamnogalacturonan II neutral side chains. Here, we review the interactions of specific pectin structures with the gastrointestinal immune barrier. The effects of pectin include strengthening the mucus layer, enhancing epithelial integrity, and activating or inhibiting dendritic cell and macrophage responses. The direct interaction of pectins with the gastrointestinal immune barrier may be governed through pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 or Galectin-3. In addition, specific pectins can stimulate the diversity and abundance of beneficial microbial communities. Furthermore, the gastrointestinal immune barrier may be enhanced by short-chain fatty acids. Moreover, pectins can enhance the intestinal immune barrier by favoring the adhesion of commensal bacteria and inhibiting the adhesion of pathogens to epithelial cells. Current data illustrate that pectin may be a powerful dietary fiber to manage and prevent several inflammatory conditions, but additional human studies with pectin molecules with well-defined structures are urgently needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beukema
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marijke M Faas
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Division of Medical Biology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Rosa-Sibakov N, Mäkelä N, Aura AM, Sontag-Strohm T, Nordlund E. In vitro study for investigating the impact of decreasing the molecular weight of oat bran dietary fibre components on the behaviour in small and large intestine. Food Funct 2020; 11:6680-6691. [DOI: 10.1039/d0fo00367k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of β-glucan molecular weight (Mw) and the presence of other carbohydrates on the physiological functionality of oat bran via an in vitro digestion study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Noora Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Nutrition
- University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Macierzanka A, Torcello-Gómez A, Jungnickel C, Maldonado-Valderrama J. Bile salts in digestion and transport of lipids. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 274:102045. [PMID: 31689682 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2019.102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of their unusual chemical structure, bile salts (BS) play a fundamental role in intestinal lipid digestion and transport. BS have a planar arrangement of hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties, which enables the BS molecules to form peculiar self-assembled structures in aqueous solutions. This molecular arrangement also has an influence on specific interactions of BS with lipid molecules and other compounds of ingested food and digestive media. Those comprise the complex scenario in which lipolysis occurs. In this review, we discuss the BS synthesis, composition, bulk interactions and mode of action during lipid digestion and transport. We look specifically into surfactant-related functions of BS that affect lipolysis, such as interactions with dietary fibre and emulsifiers, the interfacial activity in facilitating lipase and colipase anchoring to the lipid substrate interface, and finally the role of BS in the intestinal transport of lipids. Unravelling the roles of BS in the processing of lipids in the gastrointestinal tract requires a detailed analysis of their interactions with different compounds. We provide an update on the most recent findings concerning two areas of BS involvement: lipolysis and intestinal transport. We first explore the interactions of BS with various dietary fibres and food emulsifiers in bulk and at interfaces, as these appear to be key aspects for understanding interactions with digestive media. Next, we explore the interactions of BS with components of the intestinal digestion environment, and the role of BS in displacing material from the oil-water interface and facilitating adsorption of lipase. We look into the process of desorption, solubilisation of lipolysis, products and formation of mixed micelles. Finally, the BS-driven interactions of colloidal particles with the small intestinal mucus layer are considered, providing new findings for the overall assessment of the role of BS in lipid digestion and intestinal transport. This review offers a unique compilation of well-established and most recent studies dealing with the interactions of BS with food emulsifiers, nanoparticles and dietary fibre, as well as with the luminal compounds of the gut, such as lipase-colipase, triglycerides and intestinal mucus. The combined analysis of these complex interactions may provide crucial information on the pattern and extent of lipid digestion. Such knowledge is important for controlling the uptake of dietary lipids or lipophilic pharmaceuticals in the gastrointestinal tract through the engineering of novel food structures or colloidal drug-delivery systems.
Collapse
|
32
|
Bai Y, Huang F, Zhang R, Dong L, Jia X, Liu L, Yi Y, Zhang M. Longan pulp polysaccharides relieve intestinal injury in vivo and in vitro by promoting tight junction expression. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 229:115475. [PMID: 31826430 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity of the intestinal mucosal barrier is important for the health of the host. In this study, longan pulp polysaccharides (LP) prevented the intestinal mucosal injury by increasing the expression of mucin 2, tight junction proteins zonulae occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-1, claudin-4, and adherens junction E-cadherin in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. To further identify the principle bioactive component of LP, four acidic polysaccharides (LPIa, LPIIa, LPIIIa, and LPIVa) were purified, and their intestinal protection activity in vitro was compared. LPIa, LPIIa, and LPIIIa displayed an ability to increase mRNA expression of ZO-1, claudin-1, occludin, and E-cadherin in differentiated Caco-2 cells, especially LPIa. LPIa has specific structure characteristics: porous surface structure, a high molecular weight (1.47 × 105 Da), and two specific glycosidic linkages of α-Araf-(1→ and →5)-α-Araf-(1→. These structure characteristics might primarily contribute to greater intestinal barrier protective effect of LPIa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Bai
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Ruifen Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Lihong Dong
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Xuchao Jia
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China
| | - Yang Yi
- College of Food Science & Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Mingwei Zhang
- Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Alvarado-Morales G, Minjares-Fuentes R, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Montañez J, Meza-Velázquez JA, Femenia A. Application of thermosonication for Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis Miller) juice processing: Impact on the functional properties and the main bioactive polysaccharides. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 56:125-133. [PMID: 31101246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The impact of thermosonication on the functional properties and the main polysaccharides from Aloe vera was investigated. Thermal processing was used for comparison purposes. Acemannan was the predominant polysaccharide in Aloe vera juice followed by pectins. Interestingly, thermosonication promoted a minor degradation of the acetylated mannose from acemannan than thermal processing. On the other hand, the degree of methylesterification of pectins was slightly reduced as a consequence of thermosonication. Further, swelling and fat adsorption capacities were improved by thermosonication. Thus, the highest values for swelling (>150 mL/g AIR) and for fat adsorption capacity (∼120 g oil/g AIR) were observed when thermosonication was performed at 50 °C for 6 min. Moreover, high inactivation of L. plantarum (∼75%) was observed when thermosonication was carried out at 50 °C for 9 min. Interestingly, thermosonication promoted a similar color change (ΔE = 7.7) to the modification observed during pasteurization carried out at 75 °C for 15 min (ΔE = 8.2 ± 0.9). Overall, these results suggested that thermosonication could be a good alternative to thermal procedures of Aloe vera juice, since not only caused minor degradation of bioactive polysaccharides but was also able to improve functional properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe Alvarado-Morales
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza and José Cárdenas s/n República Oriente, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Rafael Minjares-Fuentes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Articulo 123 s/n Fracc. Filadelfia, 35010 Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico.
| | - Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza and José Cárdenas s/n República Oriente, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Julio Montañez
- Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza and José Cárdenas s/n República Oriente, Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Jorge Armando Meza-Velázquez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Av. Articulo 123 s/n Fracc. Filadelfia, 35010 Gómez Palacio, Durango, Mexico
| | - Antoni Femenia
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, Ctra Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rieder A, Knutsen SH, Sainz Fernandez A, Ballance S. At a high dose even partially degraded beta-glucan with decreased solubility significantly reduced the glycaemic response to bread. Food Funct 2019; 10:1529-1539. [PMID: 30785128 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo02098a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cereal beta-glucan can reduce post-prandial glycaemic responses, which makes it an interesting ingredient to improve the health impact of bread, a staple food with a high glycaemic index (GI). Here we compare the ability of different wheat-based breads prepared with oat bran concentrate and barley flour and a Norwegian type of soft wrap (lompe) for their ability to reduce glycaemic responses in healthy adults. Both breads with the highest beta-glucan content (3.8 g per serving) significantly reduced peak blood glucose rise (PBGR), incremental area under the blood glucose curve (iAUC) and GI compared to wheat control regardless of beta-glucan Mw and solubility. At a medium dose of 1.7 g per serving breads with beta-glucan of high MW and solubility significantly lowered iAUC, but not GI or PBGR compared to white bread. In contrast to previous studies, no significant correlation between viscosity after in vitro digestion and any of the glycaemia variables was found. However, the amount of soluble beta-glucan per serving was inversely correlated with GI. Lompe had a similar medium GI (63) than the high dose beta-glucan breads (56 and 64). However, while "lompe" had significantly lower amounts of rapidly digestible starch, no differences in in vitro starch digestion were found between the different breads. Instead, increased local viscosity at the intestinal border (e.g. soluble beta-glucan interacting with the mucus layer), dilution of nutrients (higher water content and serving size) and/or reduced gastric emptying are proposed as potential explanations for the lower glycaemic responses to high dose beta-glucan breads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Rieder
- Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Ås, Norway.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Naumann S, Schweiggert-Weisz U, Eglmeier J, Haller D, Eisner P. In Vitro Interactions of Dietary Fibre Enriched Food Ingredients with Primary and Secondary Bile Acids. Nutrients 2019; 11:E1424. [PMID: 31242595 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibres are reported to interact with bile acids, preventing their reabsorption and promoting their excretion into the colon. We used a method based on in vitro digestion, dialysis, and kinetic analysis to investigate how dietary fibre enriched food ingredients affect the release of primary and secondary bile acids as related to viscosity and adsorption. As the main bile acids abundant in humans interactions with glyco- and tauroconjugated cholic acid, chenodesoxycholic acid and desoxycholic acid were analysed. Viscous interactions were detected for apple, barley, citrus, lupin, pea, and potato derived ingredients, which slowed the bile acid release rate by up to 80%. Adsorptive interactions of up to 4.7 μmol/100 mg DM were significant in barley, oat, lupin, and maize preparations. As adsorption directly correlated to the hydrophobicity of the bile acids the hypothesis of a hydrophobic linkage between bile acids and dietary fibre is supported. Delayed diffusion in viscous fibre matrices was further associated with the micellar properties of the bile acids. As our results indicate changes in the bile acid pool size and composition due to interactions with dietary fibre rich ingredients, the presented method and results could add to recent fields of bile acid research.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bai J, Ren Y, Li Y, Fan M, Qian H, Wang L, Wu G, Zhang H, Qi X, Xu M, Rao Z. Physiological functionalities and mechanisms of β-glucans. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
37
|
Keski-Rahkonen P, Kolehmainen M, Lappi J, Micard V, Jokkala J, Rosa-Sibakov N, Pihlajamäki J, Kirjavainen PV, Mykkänen H, Poutanen K, Gunter MJ, Scalbert A, Hanhineva K. Decreased plasma serotonin and other metabolite changes in healthy adults after consumption of wholegrain rye: an untargeted metabolomics study. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1630-1639. [PMID: 31136658 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wholegrain consumption has been associated with beneficial health effects including reduction of diabetes and cancer risk; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of wholegrain rye intake on circulating metabolites in a human intervention study using untargeted metabolomics. METHODS The intervention consisted of 2 successive 4-wk periods in a randomized crossover design, where 15 adults consumed wholegrain rye bread (WGR) or white wheat bread enriched with fermented rye bran (WW+RB), following a 4-wk rye-free period with white wheat bread (WW). Fasting plasma samples were collected at the end of each period and analyzed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Metabolic profiles were compared to identify compounds discriminating WGR from the WW+RB and WW periods. Because peripheral serotonin is produced mainly in the gut, a hypothesis of its altered biosynthesis as a response to increased cereal fiber intake was tested by measuring intestinal serotonin of mice fed for 9 wk on a high-fat diet supplemented with different sources of fiber (rye bran flour, ground wheat aleurone, or powdered cellulose). RESULTS Five endogenous metabolites and 15 rye phytochemicals associated with WGR intake were identified. Plasma concentrations of serotonin, taurine, and glycerophosphocholine were significantly lower after the WGR than WW period (Q < 0.05). Concentrations of 2 phosphatidylethanolamine plasmalogens, PE(18:2/P-18:0) and PE(18:2/P-16:0), were lower after the WGR period than the WW+RB period (Q < 0.05). The concentration of serotonin was significantly lower in the colonic tissue of mice that consumed rye bran or wheat aleurone compared with cellulose (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Wholegrain rye intake decreases plasma serotonin in healthy adults when compared with refined wheat. Intake of rye bran and wheat aleurone decreases colonic serotonin in mice. These results suggest that peripheral serotonin could be a potential link between wholegrain consumption and its associated health effects.Data used in the study were derived from a trial registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03550365.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jenni Lappi
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Valerie Micard
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Montpellier SupAgro-INRA-University of Montpellier-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jenna Jokkala
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Natalia Rosa-Sibakov
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Montpellier SupAgro-INRA-University of Montpellier-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition and Obesity Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pirkka V Kirjavainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Environmental Health Unit, The National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hannu Mykkänen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kaisa Poutanen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland
| | - Marc J Gunter
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Kati Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bordoni A, Boesch C, Malpuech-Brugère C, Orfila C, Tomás-Cobos L. The role of bioactives in energy metabolism and metabolic syndrome. Proc Nutr Soc 2019; 78:340-50. [PMID: 30967168 DOI: 10.1017/S0029665119000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Some food bioactives potentially exert anti-obesity effects. Anthocyanins (ACN), catechins, β-glucan (BG) and n-3 long chain PUFA (LCPUFA) are among the most promising candidates and have been considered as a strategy for the development of functional foods counteracting body weight gain. At present, clinical trials, reviews and meta-analyses addressing anti-obesity effects of various bioactives or bioactive-rich foods show contradictory results. Abdominal obesity is an important criterion for metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosis along with glucose intolerance, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. Food bioactives are supposed to exert beneficial effects on these parameters, therefore representing alternative therapy approaches for the treatment of MetS. This review summarises outcomes on MetS biomarkers in recent clinical trials supplementing ACN, catechins, BG and n-3 LCPUFA, focusing mainly on anti-obesity effects. Overall, it is clear that the level of evidence for the effectiveness varies not only among the different bioactives but also among the different putative health benefits suggested for the same bioactive. Limited evidence may be due to the low number of controlled intervention trials or to inconsistencies in trial design, i.e. duration, dose and/or the method of bioactive supplementation (extracts, supplements, rich or enriched food). At present, the question 'Are bioactives effective in weight management and prevention of metabolic syndrome?' remains inconclusive. Thus, a common effort to harmonise the study design of intervention trials focusing on the most promising bioactive molecules is urgently needed to strengthen the evidence of their potential in the treatment of obesity, MetS and related diseases.
Collapse
|
39
|
Mackie A, Gourcy S, Rigby N, Moffat J, Capron I, Bajka B. The fate of cellulose nanocrystal stabilised emulsions after simulated gastrointestinal digestion and exposure to intestinal mucosa. Nanoscale 2019; 11:2991-2998. [PMID: 30698181 PMCID: PMC6371889 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05860a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognised that the average UK diet does not contain sufficient fibre. However, the introduction of fibre is often at the detriment of the organoleptic properties of a food. In this study on the gastrointestinal fate of nanoparticles, we have used cellulose nano-crystals (CNCs) as Pickering stabilising agents in oil in water emulsions. These emulsions were found to be highly stable against coalescence. The CNC and control emulsions were then exposed to simulated upper gastrointestinal tract digestion and the results compared to those obtained from a conventional protein stabilised emulsion. Finally the digested emulsions were exposed to murine intestinal mucosa and lipid and bile absorption was monitored. Importantly, the results show that the CNCs were entrapped in the intestinal mucus layer and failed to reach the underlying epithelium. This entrapment may also have led to the reduced absorption of saturated lipids from the CNC stabilised emulsion versus the control emulsion. The results show the potential of CNCs as a safe and effective emulsifier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science and Nutrition
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, LS2 9JT
, UK
.
| | - Simon Gourcy
- Univ Angers
, Inst Univ Technol
,
F-49016 Angers
, France
| | - Neil Rigby
- School of Food Science and Nutrition
, University of Leeds
,
Leeds
, LS2 9JT
, UK
.
- Institute of Food Research
, Norwich Research Park
,
Norwich
, NR47UA
, UK
| | - Jonathan Moffat
- Asylum Research
, an Oxford Instruments Company
,
High Wycombe
, HP12 3SE
, UK
| | - Isabel Capron
- INRA
, Biopolymeres Interact Assemblages UR1268
,
F-44316 Nantes
, France
| | - Balazs Bajka
- Institute of Food Research
, Norwich Research Park
,
Norwich
, NR47UA
, UK
- Department of Nutritional Sciences
, King's College London
,
London
, SE1 9NH
, UK
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kock LB, Brummer Y, Exley T, Rhymer C, Storsley J, Xie K, Chu Y, Ou B, Ames NP, Tosh SM, Bordenave N. In vitro assessment of oat β-glucans nutritional properties: An inter-laboratory methodology evaluation. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:271-277. [PMID: 30177167 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this inter-laboratory study was to test the repeatability and reproducibility of an in vitro method aimed at analyzing the physicochemical properties under physiological conditions of β-glucans from foods. After evaluating β-glucans molar mass and quantification methods using five β-glucan controls, four laboratories ran six oat-based products through in vitro digestion, measured β-glucans solubility and viscosity and molar mass of solubilized β-glucans. The determination of the molar mass of β-glucan controls, their viscosity in solution and β-glucans content in food samples exhibited relative standard reproducibility of 20.9-40.9%, 10.2-40.9% and 2.3-14.8%, respectively. After in vitro digestion, relative standard reproducibility ranged 12.1-60.0%, 12.2-64.3% and 9.7-36.3% for molar mass of extracted β-glucans, their viscosity and their solubility, respectively. Although the characterization methods were satisfactory within the limits of current technology, the in vitro extraction contributed significantly to the uncertainty of final characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Kock
- PepsiCo, Inc. Global R&D, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, IL 60010, United States
| | - Yolanda Brummer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Guelph Food Research Center, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Tracy Exley
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Cereal Research Center, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Camille Rhymer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Cereal Research Center, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Joanne Storsley
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Cereal Research Center, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kenny Xie
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main Street, Suite 311, Milford, MA, 01757, United States
| | - YiFang Chu
- PepsiCo, Inc. Global R&D, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, IL 60010, United States
| | - Boxin Ou
- International Chemistry Testing 258 Main Street, Suite 311, Milford, MA, 01757, United States
| | - Nancy P Ames
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Cereal Research Center, 196 Innovation Drive, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Susan M Tosh
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Guelph Food Research Center, 93 Stone Road West, Guelph, ON, N1G 5C9, Canada; School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa 25, University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Nicolas Bordenave
- PepsiCo, Inc. Global R&D, 617 W Main Street, Barrington, IL 60010, United States; School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa 25, University Private, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lazaro H, Puente L, Zúñiga MC, Muñoz LA. Assessment of rheological and microstructural changes of soluble fiber from chia seeds during an in vitro micro-digestion. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018; 95:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
42
|
|
43
|
Hu ED, Chen DZ, Wu JL, Lu FB, Chen L, Zheng MH, Li H, Huang Y, Li J, Jin XY, Gong YW, Lin Z, Wang XD, Xu LM, Chen YP. High fiber dietary and sodium butyrate attenuate experimental autoimmune hepatitis through regulation of immune regulatory cells and intestinal barrier. Cell Immunol 2018; 328:24-32. [PMID: 29627063 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is chronic autoimmune liver disease accompanied with the imbalance of Treg/Th17 and increased intestinal permeability. We investigated the effects of a high fiber diet and sodium butyrate on the Treg/Th17 and intestinal barrier function in an experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Intraperitoneal injection of hepatic antigen (S100) was used to induce experimental autoimmune hepatitis mice model and mice were divided into normal control, S100 model control, S100 plus high fiber diet and S100 plus sodium butyrate. Serum aminotransferases and liver histology were examined. Short chain fatty acids in feces were determined by HPLC. The ratio of CD4 + C25 + Foxp3+ Treg and CD4 + IL-17 + Th17 were evaluated by flow cytometry. Tight junction proteins Zonula ocluden, Occludin and Claudin-1 were used to assess intestinal barrier function, so does Escherichia coli protein in the liver. Mice fed with either high fiber diet or sodium butyrate showed significantly lower levers of serum aminotransferases and minor liver injury compared to that of model control. Moreover, the ratio of Treg/Th17 was significantly higher in high fiber diet and sodium butyrate fed mice than that in model control. Furthermore, high fiber diet and sodium butyrate significantly increased intestinal tight junction proteins and decreased Escherichia Coli protein in the liver. In conclusion, high fiber diet and sodium butyrate can attenuate development of autoimmune hepatitis through regulation of immune regulatory cells and intestinal barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- En-De Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Da-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Medicine School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003,China
| | - Jin-Lu Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng-Bin Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ming-Hua Zheng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue-Wen Gong
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lan-Man Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yong-Ping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Grundy MML, Fardet A, Tosh SM, Rich GT, Wilde PJ. Processing of oat: the impact on oat's cholesterol lowering effect. Food Funct 2018; 9:1328-1343. [PMID: 29431835 PMCID: PMC5885279 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo02006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and interventional studies have clearly demonstrated the beneficial impact of consuming oat and oat-based products on serum cholesterol and other markers of cardiovascular disease. The cholesterol-lowering effect of oat is thought to be associated with the β-glucan it contains. However, not all food products containing β-glucan seem to lead to the same health outcome. Overall, highly processed β-glucan sources (where the oat tissue is highly disrupted) appear to be less effective at reducing serum cholesterol, but the reasons are not well understood. Therefore, the mechanisms involved still need further clarification. The purpose of this paper is to review current evidence of the cholesterol-lowering effect of oat in the context of the structure and complexity of the oat matrix. The possibility of a synergistic action and interaction between the oat constituents promoting hypocholesterolaemia is also discussed. A review of the literature suggested that for a similar dose of β-glucan, (1) liquid oat-based foods seem to give more consistent, but moderate reductions in cholesterol than semi-solid or solid foods where the results are more variable; (2) the quantity of β-glucan and the molecular weight at expected consumption levels (∼3 g day-1) play a role in cholesterol reduction; and (3) unrefined β-glucan-rich oat-based foods (where some of the plant tissue remains intact) often appear more efficient at lowering cholesterol than purified β-glucan added as an ingredient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myriam M-L Grundy
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Anthony Fardet
- INRA, JRU 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand & Université de Clermont, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Susan M Tosh
- University of Ottawa, Université, Salle 118, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5 Canada.
| | - Gillian T Rich
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UA, UK.
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Food and Health Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UA, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Meldrum OW, Yakubov GE, Gartaula G, McGuckin MA, Gidley MJ. Mucoadhesive functionality of cell wall structures from fruits and grains: Electrostatic and polymer network interactions mediated by soluble dietary polysaccharides. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15794. [PMID: 29150632 PMCID: PMC5694006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16090-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the enhancement of intestinal mucin (Muc2) binding to plant cell wall structures from fruit (parenchymal apple tissue) and grain (wheat endosperm) mediated by soluble dietary fibers embedded within cellulose networks. Mucin binding occurs through two distinct mechanisms; for pectin polysaccharides characteristic of fruits and vegetables, it is governed by molecular mucoadhesive interactions, while for neutral polysaccharides, arabinoxylan and β-glucan characteristic of cereal grains, the interaction stems from the properties of their polymer network. Based on microrheological and microscopic measurements, we show that neutral dietary fiber polysaccharides do not adhere to intestinal mucin, but are capable of disrupting the mucin network, which facilitates interpenetration of mucin molecules into the polysaccharide mesh. This effect becomes significant in the context of ‘whole foods’, where soluble fibers are incorporated within the gel-like matrix of cellulose-reinforced plant cell wall structures. The result of mucoadhesion assay and analysis of microscopy images points to the critical role of entanglements between mucin and polysaccharides as a lock-in mechanism preventing larger mucin from escaping out of plant cell wall structures. These results provide the first indication that non-pectin soluble dietary fiber may influence mucosal interactions, mucus barrier properties, and transmucosal transport of nutrients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Meldrum
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Gleb E Yakubov
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia. .,School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia.
| | - Ghanendra Gartaula
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Chronic Disease Biology and Care Program, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Qld, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia.,Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, Qld, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Gu JF, Su SL, Guo JM, Zhu Y, Zhao M, Duan JA. The aerial parts of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bge. strengthen intestinal barrier and modulate gut microbiota imbalance in streptozocin-induced diabetic mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
|
47
|
Mackie AR, Bajka BH, Rigby NM, Wilde PJ, Alves-Pereira F, Mosleth EF, Rieder A, Kirkhus B, Salt LJ. Oatmeal particle size alters glycemic index but not as a function of gastric emptying rate. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 313:G239-G246. [PMID: 28572083 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00005.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the extent to which oat particle size in a porridge could alter glucose absorption, gastric emptying, gastrointestinal hormone response, and subjective feelings of appetite and satiety. Porridge was prepared from either oat flakes or oat flour with the same protein, fat, carbohydrate, and mass. These were fed to eight volunteers on separate days in a crossover study, and subjective appetite ratings, gastric contents, and plasma glucose, insulin, and gastrointestinal hormones were determined over a period of 3 h. The flake porridge gave a lower glucose response than the flour porridge, and there were apparent differences in gastric emptying in both the early and late postprandial phases. The appetite ratings showed similar differences between early- and late-phase behavior. The structure of the oat flakes remained sufficiently intact to delay their gastric emptying, leading to a lower glycemic response, even though initial gastric emptying rates were similar for the flake and flour porridge. This highlights the need to take food structure into account when considering relatively simple physiological measures and offering nutritional guidance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The impact of food structure on glycemic response even in simple foods such as porridge is dependent on both timing of gastric emptying and the composition of what is emptied as well as duodenal starch digestion. Thus structure should be accounted for when considering relatively simple physiological measures and offering nutritional guidance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Mackie
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom; .,School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Balazs H Bajka
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Neil M Rigby
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Wilde
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Fatima Alves-Pereira
- Radiology Department, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, United Kingdom; and
| | | | | | | | - Louise J Salt
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Minjares-fuentes R, Rodríguez-gonzález VM, González-laredo RF, Eim V, González-centeno MR, Femenia A. Effect of different drying procedures on the bioactive polysaccharide acemannan from Aloe vera ( Aloe barbadensis Miller). Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:327-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
49
|
Repin N, Kay BA, Cui SW, Wright AJ, Duncan AM, Douglas Goff H. Investigation of mechanisms involved in postprandial glycemia and insulinemia attenuation with dietary fibre consumption. Food Funct 2017; 8:2142-2154. [PMID: 28581555 DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00331e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work examines the mechanisms involved in the attenuation of postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses associated with soluble dietary fibre (SDF) consumption. The effect of SDF, including yellow mustard mucilage, soluble flaxseed gum and fenugreek gum on in vitro amylolysis and maltose transport was studied. Furthermore, a human clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effect of SDF consumption on postprandial glycemic and insulinemic responses and gastric emptying, as estimated based on the absorption of paracetamol. Participants (n = 15) at risk for type II diabetes consumed maltose syrup- and starch-based pudding treatments supplemented with each SDF, each at a concentration to match three times the apparent viscosity (18.54 mPa s at 60 s-1) equivalent to the European Food Safety Authority (2011) glycemia control health claim for cereal β-glucan, measured under simulated small intestinal conditions. The presence of each SDF delayed in vitro amylolysis to a similar extent, but had no effect on maltose transport. Generally, all SDF-containing treatments attenuated blood glucose and plasma insulin peak concentrations and plasma paracetamol 1 h incremental area under the curve values to a similar extent, relative to the controls, despite differences in the amounts at which each SDF was used (from 5.9 to 15.5 g). The postprandial attenuations were related to the ability of each SDF to modify digesta viscosity, perhaps through the delay of gastric emptying, as a delay of amylolysis and sugar transport under simulated upper intestinal conditions did not seem to have a substantial effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Repin
- University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1. and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre, 93 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Brittney A Kay
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Steve W Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Research and Development Centre, 93 Stone Rd. W., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 5C9
| | - Amanda J Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1
| | - H Douglas Goff
- University of Guelph, Department of Food Science, Guelph, ON, CanadaN1G 2W1.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gunness P, Michiels J, Vanhaecke L, De Smet S, Kravchuk O, Van de Meene A, Gidley MJ. Reduction in circulating bile acid and restricted diffusion across the intestinal epithelium are associated with a decrease in blood cholesterol in the presence of oat β-glucan. FASEB J 2016; 30:4227-4238. [PMID: 27630168 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600465r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although oat (1,3:1,4)-β-glucan (BG) has been shown to decrease blood cholesterol in intervention trials, the detailed mechanism is not yet defined, but restricted reabsorption of bile acids (BAs) has been hypothesized. Using pigs as a model for humans we demonstrated that, compared to the control, BG added to the diet for 26 d caused decreases of 24% in blood total BAs (TBAs), 34% in total cholesterol (TC), and 57% in LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) (P < 0.01); decreases of 20% TBA in the midjejunum and terminal ileum (P < 0.01); increases of 80% in cecal total neutral sterols (TNSs) including cholesterol (P < 0.01); a 50% reduction in BA active transport across ex vivo ileum after 40 min (P < 0.001); and 32% decrease in jejunal microvillus heights with apparent increased goblet cell activity. The results suggest that BG not only physically hinders the active reabsorption of BAs and uptake of cholesterol, but also changes the BAs profile with lower circulating levels without excess excretion in the feces, thus resulting in reduced blood TC and LDL-C. Fermentation of sterols reaching the colon enhanced production of therapeutic ursodeoxycholic acid, suppressed toxic lithocholic acid, and decreased the possibility of cholesterol absorption by transforming the latter into coprostanol, a nonabsorbable NS.-Gunness, P., Michiels, J., Vanhaecke, L., De Smet, S., Kravchuk, O., Van de Meene, A., Gidley, M. J. Reduction in circulating bile acid and restricted diffusion across the intestinal epithelium are associated with a decrease in blood cholesterol in the presence of oat β-glucan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Purnima Gunness
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia;
| | - Joris Michiels
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Melle, Belgium
| | - Stefaan De Smet
- Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Olena Kravchuk
- Biometry Hub, School of Agriculture, Food, and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia, Australia; and
| | - Allison Van de Meene
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Biosciences (Botany), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J Gidley
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|