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Qiao Y, Liu H, He C, Ma Y. ApoE Mimic Peptide COG1410 Reduces Aβ Deposition and Improves Cognitive Function by Inducing the Transformation of A1/A2 Reactive Astrocytes and Increasing the BDNF Concentration in Brain of APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 537:116-125. [PMID: 38006963 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
The main clinical manifestation of Alzheimer's disease is progressive cognitive decline, and its pathological features are β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic dysfunction and neuron death. Neuroinflammation is an important reason for the occurrence and development of AD, which is mainly manifested by the accumulation of activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is one of the most important apolipoprotein in the brain, which is related to metabolism, aggregation and toxicity of Aβ. However, the underlying mechanism needs to be further explored. In this study, we studied the effect of ApoE mimetic peptide COG1410 on spatial learning and memory functions, deposition of Aβ in the dentate gyrus (DG) of APP/PS1 transgenic mice, and the different effects of A1 and A2 subtypes of reactive astrocytes. Administration of COG1410 effectively improved performance in spatial learning and memory of APP/PS1 mice, reduced Aβ deposition and significantly reverted the ratio of A1/A2 reactive astrocytes, which could be associated with BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway. On the whole, the present findings suggest new possibility of using apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide to treat AD with potential effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qiao
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chaoying He
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Somadder PD, Hossain MA, Ahsan A, Sultana T, Soikot SH, Rahman MM, Ibrahim SM, Ahmed K, Bui FM. Drug Repurposing and Systems Biology approaches of Enzastaurin can target potential biomarkers and critical pathways in Colorectal Cancer. Comput Biol Med 2023; 155:106630. [PMID: 36774894 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a severe health concern that results from a cocktail of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental abnormalities. Because it is the second most lethal malignancy in the world and the third-most common malignant tumor, but the treatment is unavailable. The goal of the current study was to use bioinformatics and systems biology techniques to determine the pharmacological mechanism underlying putative important genes and linked pathways in early-onset CRC. Computer-aided methods were used to uncover similar biological targets and signaling pathways associated with CRC, along with bioinformatics and network pharmacology techniques to assess the effects of enzastaurin on CRC. The KEGG and gene ontology (GO) pathway analysis revealed several significant pathways including in positive regulation of protein phosphorylation, negative regulation of the apoptotic process, nucleus, nucleoplasm, protein tyrosine kinase activity, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, pathways in cancer, focal adhesion, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and Rap1 signaling pathway. Later, the hub protein module identified from the protein-protein interactions (PPIs) network, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation represented that enzastaurin showed strong binding interaction with two hub proteins including CASP3 (-8.6 kcal/mol), and MCL1 (-8.6 kcal/mol), which were strongly implicated in CRC management than other the five hub proteins. Moreover, the pharmacokinetic features of enzastaurin revealed that it is an effective therapeutic agent with minimal adverse effects. Enzastaurin may inhibit the potential biological targets that are thought to be responsible for the advancement of CRC and this study suggests a potential novel therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratul Dipta Somadder
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Arju Hossain
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Tayeba Sultana
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Sadat Hossain Soikot
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Masuder Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, 1092, Bangladesh.
| | - Sobhy M Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada; Group of Biophotomatiχ, Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh.
| | - Francis M Bui
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada.
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Abstract
The pairing of analytical chemistry with genomic techniques represents a new wave in natural product chemistry. With an increase in the availability of sequencing and assembly of microbial genomes, interrogation into the biosynthetic capability of producers with valuable secondary metabolites is possible. However, without the development of robust, accessible, and medium to high throughput tools, the bottleneck in pairing metabolic potential and compound isolation will continue. Several innovative approaches have proven useful in the nascent stages of microbial genome-informed drug discovery. Here, we consider a number of these approaches which have led to prioritization of strain targets and have mitigated rediscovery rates. Likewise, we discuss integration of principles of comparative evolutionary studies and retrobiosynthetic predictions to better understand biosynthetic mechanistic details and link genome sequence to structure. Lastly, we discuss advances in engineering, chemistry, and molecular networking and other computational approaches that are accelerating progress in the field of omic-informed natural product drug discovery. Together, these strategies enhance the synergy between cutting edge omics, chemical characterization, and computational technologies that pitch the discovery of natural products with pharmaceutical and other potential applications to the crest of the wave where progress is ripe for rapid advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Avalon
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
| | - Alison E Murray
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Bill J Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33620, United States
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Sekido T, Yamamoto K, Yanagita RC, Kawamani Y, Hanaki Y, Irie K. A simplified analog of debromoaplysiatoxin lacking the B-ring of spiroketal moiety retains protein kinase C-binding and antiproliferative activities. Bioorg Med Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Azizi Z, Choopani S, Salimi M, Majlessi N, Naghdi N. Protein Kinase C Involvement in Neuroprotective Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol Against Toxicity Induced by Amyloid-β in Rat Hippocampal Neurons. Basic Clin Neurosci 2022; 13:295-304. [PMID: 36457884 PMCID: PMC9706300 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.2021.666.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We have reported that thymol and carvacrol can improve cognitive abilities in Alzheimer Disease (AD) rat models. However, the mechanism of their action is not yet fully understood. Recently, our in vitro results suggested that PC12 cell death induced by Aβ25-35 can be protected by thymol and carvacrol via Protein Kinase C (PKC) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) pathways. So, we hypothesize that the mechanisms of thymol and carvacrol in improving the learning impairment in the AD rat model may be related to their effects on PKC. So, the activity of PKC and protein expression levels of PKCα were examined in the hippocampal cells of the AD rat model. METHODS To examine the thymol and carvacrol effects, we performed a behavioral test in AD rat models induced by Aβ25-35 neurotoxicity. To access the underlying mechanism of the protective effects, western blotting was performed with antibodies against PKCα. We also measured the PKC activity assay by Elisa. Histopathological studies were carried out in the hippocampus with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining. RESULTS The escape latency increased in Aβ-received rats compared to the control group, and thymol and carvacrol reversed this deficit. Furthermore, these compounds could enhance the PKC activity and increase the PKCα expression ratio. Moreover, H&E staining showed that Aβ caused shrinkage of the CA1 pyramidal neurons. However, thymol and carvacrol treatments could prevent this effect of Aβ peptides. CONCLUSION This study suggests that Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) results in memory decline and histochemical disturbances in the hippocampus. Moreover, these results revealed that thymol and carvacrol could have protective effects on cognition in AD-like models via PKC activation. HIGHLIGHTS Rat's ability to find the invisible platform in the Morris Water Maze (MWM) was impaired by Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) infusion in the hippocampus, while this effect was reversed by thymol or carvacrol administration.Aβ significantly downregulated the Protein Kinase C (PKC) activity in rats' hippocampus.Western blot analysis demonstrated that Aβ significantly reduced PKCα protein expression in AD rat model hippocampal cells.The expression ratio of PKCα was upregulated following the injection of thymol and carvacrol in rats.Injection of Aβ in the hippocampus resulted in histochemical disturbances in CA1 pyramidal neurons.Carvacrol and thymol can prevent several histological changes induced by Aβ. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY Alzheimer's disease is one of the most important brain diseases in which the learning and memory are impaired. One of the main causes of Alzheimer's disease is the presence of amyloid beta plaques in the neurons. Protein kinase C enzyme reduces amyloid production and accumulation in the brain. In the present study, we tested the possible effects of carvacrol and thymol in a rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Memory impairment was induced in adult rats by intra-cerebral infusion of amyloid β. One week later, the memory-impaired animals were treated with carvacrol and thymol. Finally, we tested their memory in a Morris water maze apparatus. Furthermore, their hippocampus was dissected and PKC activity and the neuronal injury was evaluated. Our findings exhibited that thymol and carvacrol improved rats' memory performance. In addition, thymol and carvacrol significantly increased PKC activity and prevented neuronal cell loss in the rat hippocampus. This study shows that thymol and carvacrol have beneficial effects on memory and cognitive function via PKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Azizi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Choopani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Salimi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nahid Majlessi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Naghdi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Maki J, Oshimura A, Tsukano C, Yanagita RC, Saito Y, Sakakibara Y, Irie K. AI and computational chemistry-accelerated development of an alotaketal analogue with conventional PKC selectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6693-6696. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01759h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of ten isozymes and is a potential target for treating cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and HIV infection. Since known natural PKC agonists have little...
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Abstract
Munc13-1 is a presynaptic active zone protein that plays a critical role in priming the synaptic vesicle and releasing neurotransmitters in the brain. Munc13-1 acts as a scaffold and is activated when diacylglycerol (DAG)/phorbol ester binds to its C1 domain in the plasma membrane. Our previous studies showed that bryostatin 1 activated the Munc13-1, but resveratrol inhibited the phorbol ester-induced Munc13-1 activity. To gain structural insights into the binding of the ligand into Munc13-1 C1 in the membrane, we conducted 1.0 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulation on Munc13-1 C1-ligand-lipid ternary system using phorbol 13-acetate, bryostatin 1 and resveratrol as ligands. Munc13-1 C1 shows higher conformational stability and less mobility along membrane with phorbol 13-acetate and bryostatin 1 than with resveratrol. Bryostatin 1 and phorbol ester remained in the protein active site, but resveratrol moved out of Munc13-1 C1 during the MD simulation. While bryostatin 1-bound Munc13-1 C1 showed two different positioning in the membrane, phorbol 13-acetate and resveratrol-bound Munc13-1 C1 only showed one positioning. Phorbol 13-acetate formed hydrogen bond with Ala-574 and Gly-589. Bryostatin 1 had more hydrogen bonds with Trp-588 and Arg-592 than with other residues. Resveratrol formed hydrogen bond with Ile-590. This study suggests that different ligands control Munc13-1 C1's mobility and positioning in the membrane differently. Ligand also has a critical role in the interaction between Munc13-1 C1 and lipid membrane. Our results provide structural basis of the pharmacological activity of the ligands and highlight the importance of membrane in Munc13-1 activity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joydip Das
- To whom to address correspondence at: Joydip Das, Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health 2, 4849 Calhoun Road, Room 3044, Houston TX 77204-5037. ; Tel: 713-743-1708; FAX 713-743-1229
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Zhang S, Xu Y, Zeng L, An X, Su D, Qu Y, Ma J, Tang X, Wang X, Yang J, Mishra C, Chandra SR, Ai J. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Allosterically Activates Protein Kinase C-α and Improves the Cognition of Estrogen Deficiency Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3672-3682. [PMID: 34505505 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play essential roles in biological processes, and activation of PKC is proposed to alleviate the symptoms of a variety of diseases. It would be of great significance to find effective pharmacological modulators of PKC isozymes that can be translated for clinical use. Here, using in vitro activity assay, we demonstrated that green tea extract (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) dose-dependently activated PKCα with a half effective concentration (EC50) of 0.49 μM. We also performed surface plasmon resonance analysis and found that EGCG binds PKCα with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) value of 4.11 × 10-6 mol/L. Further computational flexible docking analysis revealed that EGCG interacted with the catalytic C3-C4 domain of PKCα (PDB: 4RA4) through establishing polar hydrogen bonds with V420, T401, E387, and K368 of PKCα, and the benzene ring group of EGCG hydrophobically interacted with the hydrophobic pocket formed by L345, M470, I479, and V353 of PKCα. Interestingly, the PKCα-selective blocker Ro-32-0432 could compete with EGCG for the same substrate-binding pocket of PKCα. Moreover, we found that EGCG dose-dependently improved the spatial memory, object recognition ability, and hippocampal long-term potentiation of ovariectomized mice, which was offset by Ro-32-0432. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel PKCα agonist and open the way to a new perspective on PKCα pharmacology and the treatment of PKCα-related diseases, including cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Lu Zeng
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Xiaobin An
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Dan Su
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Xin Tang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Xuqiao Wang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Junkai Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Chandan Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Shah Ram Chandra
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
| | - Jing Ai
- Department of Pharmacology (The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China), College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150086, China
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Damato M, Cardon T, Wisztorski M, Fournier I, Pieragostino D, Cicalini I, Salzet M, Vergara D, Maffia M. Protein Kinase C Activation Drives a Differentiation Program in an Oligodendroglial Precursor Model through the Modulation of Specific Biological Networks. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5245. [PMID: 34063504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) activation induces cellular reprogramming and differentiation in various cell models. Although many effectors of PKC physiological actions have been elucidated, the molecular mechanisms regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation after PKC activation are still unclear. Here, we applied a liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approach to provide a comprehensive analysis of the proteome expression changes in the MO3.13 oligodendroglial cell line after PKC activation. Our findings suggest that multiple networks that communicate and coordinate with each other may finally determine the fate of MO3.13 cells, thus identifying a modular and functional biological structure. In this work, we provide a detailed description of these networks and their participating components and interactions. Such assembly allows perturbing each module, thus describing its physiological significance in the differentiation program. We applied this approach by targeting the Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) in PKC-activated cells. Overall, our findings provide a resource for elucidating the PKC-mediated network modules that contribute to a more robust knowledge of the molecular dynamics leading to this cell fate transition.
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Gonda A, Takada K, Yanagita RC, Dan S, Irie K. Effects of side chain length of 10-methyl-aplog-1, a simplified analog of debromoaplysiatoxin, on PKC binding, anti-proliferative, and pro-inflammatory activities. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:168-180. [PMID: 33577665 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
10-Methyl-aplog-1 (1), a simplified analog of debromoaplysiatoxin, exhibits a high binding affinity for protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes and potent antiproliferative activity against several cancer cells with few adverse effects. A recent study has suggested that its phenol group in the side chain is involved in hydrogen bonding and CH/π interactions with the binding cleft-forming loops in the PKCδ-C1B domain. To clarify the effects of the side chain length on these interactions, four analogs of 1 with various lengths of side chains (2-5) were prepared. The maximal PKC binding affinity and antiproliferative activity were observed in 1. Remarkably, the introduction of a bromine atom into the phenol group of 2 increased not only these activities but also proinflammatory activity. These results indicated that 1 has the optimal side chain length as an anticancer seed. This conclusion was supported by docking simulations of 1-5 to the PKCδ-C1B domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Gonda
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koji Takada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo C Yanagita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Dan
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Ly C, Shimizu AJ, Vargas MV, Duim WC, Wender PA, Olson DE. Bryostatin 1 Promotes Synaptogenesis and Reduces Dendritic Spine Density in Cortical Cultures through a PKC-Dependent Mechanism. ACS Chem Neurosci 2020; 11:1545-1554. [PMID: 32437156 PMCID: PMC7332236 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.0c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine natural product bryostatin 1 has demonstrated procognitive and antidepressant effects in animals and has been entered into human clinical trials for treating Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ability of bryostatin 1 to enhance learning and memory has largely been attributed to its effects on the structure and function of hippocampal neurons. However, relatively little is known about how bryostatin 1 influences the morphology of cortical neurons, key cells that also support learning and memory processes and are negatively impacted in AD. Here, we use a combination of carefully designed chemical probes and pharmacological inhibitors to establish that bryostatin 1 increases cortical synaptogenesis while decreasing dendritic spine density in a protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent manner. The effects of bryostatin 1 on cortical neurons are distinct from those induced by neural plasticity-promoting psychoplastogens such as ketamine. Compounds capable of increasing synaptic density with concomitant loss of immature dendritic spines may represent a unique pharmacological strategy for enhancing memory by improving signal-to-noise ratio in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Ly
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Akira J Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Maxemiliano V Vargas
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Ct, Davis, California 95618, United States
| | - Whitney C Duim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Paul A Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, 333 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States.,Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David E Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 2700 Stockton Blvd, Suite 2102, Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Ct, Davis, California 95618, United States
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Abstract
Abstract
Recent investigations suggest that soluble oligomeric amyloid β (Aβ) species may be involved in early onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using systematic proline replacement, solid-state NMR, and ESR, we identified a toxic turn at position 22 and 23 of Aβ42, the most potent neurotoxic Aβ species. Through radicalization, the toxic turn can induce formation of the C-terminal hydrophobic core to obtain putative Aβ42 dimers and trimers. Synthesized dimer and trimer models showed that the C-terminal hydrophobic core plays a critical role in the formation of high molecular weight oligomers with neurotoxicity. Accordingly, an anti-toxic turn antibody (24B3) that selectively recognizes a toxic dimer model of E22P-Aβ42 was developed. Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with 24B3 and 82E1 detected a significantly higher ratio of Aβ42 with a toxic turn to total Aβ42 in cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients compared with controls, suggesting that 24B3 could be useful for early onset of AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Irie
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Acchioni C, Remoli AL, Marsili G, Acchioni M, Nardolillo I, Orsatti R, Farcomeni S, Palermo E, Perrotti E, Barreca ML, Sabatini S, Sandini S, Parolin C, Lin R, Borsetti A, Hiscott J, Sgarbanti M. Alternate NF-κB-Independent Signaling Reactivation of Latent HIV-1 Provirus. J Virol 2019; 93:e00495-19. [PMID: 31243131 DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00495-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current combination antiretroviral therapies (cART) are unable to eradicate HIV-1 from infected individuals because of the establishment of proviral latency in long-lived cellular reservoirs. The shock-and-kill approach aims to reactivate viral replication from the latent state (shock) using latency-reversing agents (LRAs), followed by the elimination of reactivated virus-producing cells (kill) by specific therapeutics. The NF-κB RelA/p50 heterodimer has been characterized as an essential component of reactivation of the latent HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR). Nevertheless, prolonged NF-κB activation contributes to the development of various autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant disorders. In the present study, we established a cellular model of HIV-1 latency in J-Lat CD4+ T cells that stably expressed the NF-κB superrepressor IκB-α 2NΔ4 and demonstrate that conventional treatments with bryostatin-1 and hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) or ionomycin synergistically reactivated HIV-1 from latency, even under conditions where NF-κB activation was repressed. Using specific calcineurin phosphatase, p38, and MEK1/MEK2 kinase inhibitors or specific short hairpin RNAs, c-Jun was identified to be an essential factor binding to the LTR enhancer κB sites and mediating the combined synergistic reactivation effect. Furthermore, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), a potent inhibitor of the NF-κB activator kinase IκB kinase β (IKK-β), did not significantly diminish reactivation in a primary CD4+ T central memory (TCM) cell latency model. The present work demonstrates that the shock phase of the shock-and-kill approach to reverse HIV-1 latency may be achieved in the absence of NF-κB, with the potential to avoid unwanted autoimmune- and or inflammation-related side effects associated with latency-reversing strategies.IMPORTANCE The shock-and-kill approach consists of the reactivation of HIV-1 replication from latency using latency-reversing agents (LRAs), followed by the elimination of reactivated virus-producing cells. The cellular transcription factor NF-κB is considered a master mediator of HIV-1 escape from latency induced by LRAs. Nevertheless, a systemic activation of NF-κB in HIV-1-infected patients resulting from the combined administration of different LRAs could represent a potential risk, especially in the case of a prolonged treatment. We demonstrate here that conventional treatments with bryostatin-1 and hexamethylenebisacetamide (HMBA) or ionomycin synergistically reactivate HIV-1 from latency, even under conditions where NF-κB activation is repressed. Our study provides a molecular proof of concept for the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, like aspirin, capable of inhibiting NF-κB in patients under combination antiretroviral therapy during the shock-and-kill approach, to avoid potential autoimmune and inflammatory disorders that can be elicited by combinations of LRAs.
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Hari Kumar R, Khandare A, Laxmaiah A, Meshram I, Arlappa N, Validandi V, Venkaiah K, Amrutha Rao P, Sunu PV, Bhaskar V, Toteja GS. Prolonged consumption of grass pea (64 g/Cu/day) along with millets and other cereals causes no neurolathyrism. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:459-466. [PMID: 31331244 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1642641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess the safe limit of L. sativus (grass pea) consumption along with cereals and millets.Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken in three districts (Bilaspur, Durg and Raipur) of Chhattisgarh state. A total of 1500 households (HHs) were surveyed. A total of 360 split grass pea (SGP) samples were collected from all three districts for ?-ODAP analysis. Clinical examination was carried out for symptoms of neurolathyrism. Diet survey was done on 5769 HHs by 24hr recall method. Mean intake of different foods and nutrients were calculated. Based on food frequency questionnaire, HHs were separated into daily consumers of SGP along with its quantity consumed and that never consumed SGP.Results: The study revealed that 30 daily consuming and 89 never consuming HHs, in all the three districts. Daily SGP was consumed at an average of 64 g/Cu/day along with millets, cereals and vegetables. Whereas among the never consumers of SGP, mean intake of vegetables was higher than recommended intakes in addition to pulses. The average ?-ODAP content in SGP was 0.630 g%. The nutritional status of children <5 years and the adults was not significantly different between the daily SGP consumers and never consumers. Households in all the three districts, who consumed the SGP recipes, followed the method of washing, boiling, draining the excess water and cooking the pulse.Discussion: There were no adverse effects observed among daily consumers of grass pea (64 g/CU/day) along with millets, cereals and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hari Kumar
- Division of Community studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Arjun Khandare
- Department of Food Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Laxmaiah
- Division of Community studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - I Meshram
- Division of Community studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - N Arlappa
- Division of Community studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vakdevi Validandi
- Department of Food Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Venkaiah
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - P Amrutha Rao
- Clinical Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - P V Sunu
- Division of Community studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - V Bhaskar
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - G S Toteja
- Desert Medicine Research Centre, ICMR, Jodhpur, India
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15
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Abstract
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Bryostatin
1 is a natural macrolide shown to improve neuronal connections and
enhance memory in mice. Its mechanism of action is largely attributed
to the modulation of novel and conventional protein kinase Cs (PKCs)
by binding to their regulatory C1 domains. Munc13-1 is a C1 domain-containing
protein that shares common endogenous and exogenous activators with
novel and conventional PKC subtypes. Given the essential role of Munc13-1
in the priming of synaptic vesicles and neuronal transmission overall,
we explored the potential interaction between bryostatin 1 and Munc13-1.
Our results indicate that in vitro bryostatin 1 binds
to both the isolated C1 domain of Munc13-1 (Ki = 8.07 ± 0.90 nM) and the full-length Munc13-1 protein
(Ki = 0.45 ± 0.04 nM). Furthermore,
confocal microscopy and immunoblot analysis demonstrated that in intact
HT22 cells bryostatin 1 mimics the actions of phorbol esters, a previously
established class of Munc13-1 activators, and induces plasma membrane
translocation of Munc13-1, a hallmark of its activation. Consistently,
bryostatin 1 had no effect on the Munc13-1H567K construct
that is insensitive to phorbol esters. Effects of bryostatin 1 on
the other Munc13 family members, ubMunc13-2 and bMunc13-2, resembled
those of Munc13-1 for translocation. Lastly, we observed an increased
level of expression of Munc13-1 following a 24 h incubation with bryostatin
1 in both HT22 and primary mouse hippocampal cells. This study characterizes
Munc13-1 as a molecular target of bryostatin 1. Considering the crucial
role of Munc13-1 in neuronal function, these findings provide strong
support for the potential role of Munc13s in the actions of bryostatin
1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Blanco
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Agnes Czikora
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Noemi Kedei
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Youngki You
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Gary A Mitchell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Satyabrata Pany
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Anamitra Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
| | - Peter M Blumberg
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute , National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , United States
| | - Joydip Das
- Department of Pharmacological & Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy , University of Houston , Houston , Texas 77204 , United States
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16
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Schaffer TB, Smith JE, Cook EK, Phan T, Margolis SS. PKCε Inhibits Neuronal Dendritic Spine Development through Dual Phosphorylation of Ephexin5. Cell Rep 2018; 25:2470-2483.e8. [PMID: 30485813 PMCID: PMC6371982 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC)-dependent mechanisms promote synaptic function in the mature brain. However, the roles of PKC signaling during synapse development remain largely unknown. Investigating each brain-enriched PKC isoform in early neuronal development, we show that PKCε acutely and specifically reduces the number of dendritic spines, sites of eventual synapse formation on developing dendrites. This PKCε-mediated spine suppression is temporally restricted to immature neurons and mediated through the phosphorylation and activation of Ephexin5, a RhoA guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and inhibitor of hippocampal synapse formation. Our data suggest that PKCε acts as an early developmental inhibitor of dendritic spine formation, in contrast to its emerging pro-synaptic roles in mature brain function. Moreover, we identify a substrate of PKCε, Ephexin5, whose early-elevated expression in developing neurons may in part explain the mechanism by which PKCε plays seemingly opposing roles that depend on neuronal maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Schaffer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Smith
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily K Cook
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thao Phan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Seth S Margolis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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17
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Safaeinejad F, Bahrami S, Redl H, Niknejad H. Inhibition of Inflammation, Suppression of Matrix Metalloproteinases, Induction of Neurogenesis, and Antioxidant Property Make Bryostatin-1 a Therapeutic Choice for Multiple Sclerosis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:625. [PMID: 29971003 PMCID: PMC6018466 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by inflammation and myelin damage. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress, high level of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) activity and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, immune-mediated destruction of myelin and neuron loss are involved in the pathogenesis of MS. The currently approved treatments for MS include injectable drugs (interferon-β and glatiramer acetate), oral drugs (fingolimod), and monoclonal antibodies (natalizumab). The mentioned therapeutic choices are mostly focused on the inhibition of inflammation. Therefore, the search for a multi-target therapeutic choice remains unchallenged. It seems that a drug with anti-inflammatory, oxidative stress inhibitory, reduction of MMPs activity, and neurogenesis stimulatory properties may be effective for treatment of MS. In this regard, Bryostatin-1 as a macrolide and marine natural product has been selected as a therapeutic choice. Studies indicate that Bryostatin-1 has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties and decreases MMPs level and BBB damage. Furthermore, Bryostatin-1 has a neuroprotective effect and promotes neurogenesis and differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor stem cells as a critical step for remyelination/myelogenesis. Based on these properties, we hypothesized here that Bryostatin-1 is an effective treatment in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Safaeinejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Centre, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Khandare AL, Kumar RH, Meshram II, Arlappa N, Laxmaiah A, Venkaiah K, Rao PA, Validandi V, Toteja GS. Current scenario of consumption of Lathyrus sativus and lathyrism in three districts of Chhattisgarh State, India. Toxicon 2018; 150:228-234. [PMID: 29908260 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lathyrism is a disease caused by excessive consumption of grass pea, Lathyrus sativus especially under conditions of severe drought. Grass pea contains 3-N-oxalyl-L-2, 3-diaminopropanoic acid (β-ODAP) a putative neurotoxin which acts through excitatory mechanism causing Neurolathyrism. Due to awareness of the disease, availability of food and levels of consumption of L. sativus there is reduction in lathyrism cases where higher consumption of L. sativus is reported in India. The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the current scenario of consumption of L. sativus, incidence of cases of lathyrism, β-ODAP, protein and amino acids content in L. sativus pulse collected from three districts (Bilaspur, Durg and Raipur) of Chattisgarh state. For this purpose, a total of 17,755 (13,129 rural and 4626 urban) individuals from 151 villages and 60 wards from urban area were covered for clinical examination. Out of total 5769 households (HHs) covered during the survey, 1602 HHs were cultivators, 1791 HHs non-cultivators and 2376 agricultural and other labourers. A one day 24-hour re-call diet survey was carried out in 5758 HHs (4549 rural and 1209 urban). A total of 360 split grass pea (SGP) samples were collected to estimate β-ODAP, protein and amino acids content. Results of the study revealed that an average consumption of SGP was 20.9 gm/CU/day in Bilaspur and no consumption was reported among urban population of Raipur. Only nine old cases of lathyrism were found during the study. The mean β-ODAP content in SGP was 0.63 ± 0.14, 0.65 ± 0.13 and 0.65 ± 0.14 gm/100 gm, whereas the protein content was 27.0 ± 2.39, 27.0 ± 1.99 and 26.7 ± 1.90 gm/100 gm in samples collected from Bilaspur, Durg and Raipur districts respectively. Arginine content was high in SGP and sulphur containing amino acids (cysteine and methionine) were less than other amino acids. In conclusion, the consumption of SGP was lower in these three districts with lower β-ODAP content than earlier reports, thus the lower prevalence of lathyrism in the districts surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun L Khandare
- Department of Food Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
| | - R Hari Kumar
- Division of Community Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - I I Meshram
- Division of Community Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - N Arlappa
- Division of Community Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - A Laxmaiah
- Division of Community Studies, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - K Venkaiah
- Department of Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - P Amrutha Rao
- Clinical Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - Vakdevi Validandi
- Department of Food Toxicology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India
| | - G S Toteja
- Desert Medicine Research Centre, New Palli Road, ICMR, Jodhpur, India
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19
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Zhao Z, Henowitz L, Zweifach A. A Multiplexed Assay That Monitors Effects of Multiple Compound Treatment Times Reveals Candidate Immune-Enhancing Compounds. SLAS Discov 2018; 23:646-655. [PMID: 29884089 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218777731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We previously developed a flow cytometry assay that monitored lytic granule exocytosis in cytotoxic T lymphocytes stimulated by contacting beads coated with activating anti-CD3 antibodies. That assay was multiplexed in that responses of cells that did or did not receive the activating stimulus were distinguished via changes in light scatter accompanying binding of cells to beads, allowing us to discriminate compounds that activate responses on their own from compounds that enhance responses in cells that received the activating stimulus, all within a single sample. Here we add a second dimension of multiplexing by developing means to assess in a single sample the effects of treating cells with test compounds for different times. Bar-coding cells before adding them to test wells lets us determine compound treatment time while also monitoring activation status and response amplitude at the point of interrogation. This multiplexed assay is suitable for screening 96-well plates. We used it to screen compounds from the National Cancer Institute, identifying several compounds that enhance anti-LAMP1 responses. Multiple-treatment-time (MTT) screening enabled by bar-coding and read via high-throughput flow cytometry may be a generally useful method for facilitating the discovery of compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Zhao
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Liza Henowitz
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Adam Zweifach
- 1 Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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20
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Du Y, Zhao Y, Li C, Zheng Q, Tian J, Li Z, Huang TY, Zhang W, Xu H. Inhibition of PKCδ reduces amyloid-β levels and reverses Alzheimer disease phenotypes. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1665-1677. [PMID: 29739836 PMCID: PMC5987914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is generated from sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and the γ-secretase complex. Although activation of some protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms such as PKCα and ε has been shown to regulate nonamyloidogenic pathways and Aβ degradation, it is unclear whether other PKC isoforms are involved in APP processing/AD pathogenesis. In this study, we report that increased PKCδ levels correlate with BACE1 expression in the AD brain. PKCδ knockdown reduces BACE1 expression, BACE1-mediated APP processing, and Aβ production. Conversely, overexpression of PKCδ increases BACE1 expression and Aβ generation. Importantly, inhibition of PKCδ by rottlerin markedly reduces BACE1 expression, Aβ levels, and neuritic plaque formation and rescues cognitive deficits in an APP Swedish mutations K594N/M595L/presenilin-1 with an exon 9 deletion-transgenic AD mouse model. Our study indicates that PKCδ plays an important role in aggravating AD pathogenesis, and PKCδ may be a potential target in AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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21
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Khan TK, Nelson TJ. Protein kinase C activator bryostatin‐1 modulates proteasome function. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:6894-6904. [PMID: 29693282 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tapan K. Khan
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBlanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest Virginia
| | - Thomas J. Nelson
- Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesBlanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia UniversityMorgantownWest Virginia
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22
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Liang Y, Zhou H, Yao Y, Deng A, Wang Z, Gao B, Zhou M, Cui Y, Wang L, Zhou L, Wang B, Wang L, Liu A, Qiu L, Qian K, Lu Y, Deng W, Zheng X, Han Z, Li Y, Sun J. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) increases murine intestinal crypt stem cell survival following radiation injury. Oncotarget 2018; 8:45566-45576. [PMID: 28545017 PMCID: PMC5542208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation enteropathy is a common complication in cancer patients following radiation therapy. Thus, there is a need for agents that can protect the intestinal epithelium against radiation. 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) has been shown to induce differentiation and/or apoptosis in multiple cell lines and primary cells. In the current report, we studied the function of TPA in radiation induced enteropathy in cultured rat intestinal epithelial cell line IEC-6 after ionizing radiation (IR) and in mice after high dose total-body gamma-IR (TBI). In IEC-6 cells, there were reduced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in TPA treated cells after IR. We detected a four-fold increase in crypt cell survival and a two-fold increase in animal survival post TBI in TPA treated mice. The beneficial effects of TPA were accompanied by upregulation of stem cells markers and higher level of proteins that are involved in PKC signaling pathway. In addition, TPA also decreased the TBI-augmented levels of the DNA damage indicators. The effects were only observed when TPA was given before irradiation. These results suggest that TPA has the ability to modulate intestinal crypt stem cells survival and this may represent a promising countermeasure against radiation induced enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojie Liang
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongwei Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yibing Yao
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Deng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Texas, USA
| | - Minhang Zhou
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bianhong Wang
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Hematology, Laoshan Branch, No.401 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Qingdao, China
| | - Anqi Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lanlan Qiu
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Department of Hematology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yejian Lu
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wanping Deng
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengtao Han
- Henan Tumor Research Institute, Zheng Zhou, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Hematology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junzhong Sun
- Department of Geriatric Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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23
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Nelson TJ, Sun MK, Lim C, Sen A, Khan T, Chirila FV, Alkon DL. Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 58:521-535. [PMID: 28482641 PMCID: PMC5438479 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Bryostatin 1, a potent activator of protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ), has been shown to reverse synaptic loss and facilitate synaptic maturation in animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Fragile X, stroke, and other neurological disorders. In a single-dose (25 μg/m2) randomized double-blind Phase IIa clinical trial, bryostatin levels reached a maximum at 1-2 h after the start of infusion. In close parallel with peak blood levels of bryostatin, an increase of PBMC PKCɛ was measured (p = 0.0185) within 1 h from the onset of infusion. Of 9 patients with a clinical diagnosis of AD, of which 6 received drug and 3 received vehicle within a double-blind protocol, bryostatin increased the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score by +1.83±0.70 unit at 3 h versus –1.00±1.53 unit for placebo. Bryostatin was well tolerated in these AD patients and no drug-related adverse events were reported. The 25 μg/m2 administered dose was based on prior clinical experience with three Expanded Access advanced AD patients treated with bryostatin, in which return of major functions such as swallowing, vocalization, and word recognition were noted. In one Expanded Access patient trial, elevated PKCɛ levels closely tracked cognitive benefits in the first 24 weeks as measured by MMSE and ADCS-ADL psychometrics. Pre-clinical mouse studies showed effective activation of PKCɛ and increased levels of BDNF and PSD-95. Together, these Phase IIa, Expanded Access, and pre-clinical results provide initial encouragement for bryostatin 1 as a potential treatment for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Nelson
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Miao-Kun Sun
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Chol Lim
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Abhik Sen
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Tapan Khan
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Florin V Chirila
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Neurodiagnostics, LLC, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA.,Neurotrope Biosciences, LLC, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Pellissier
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS; Centrale Marseille, iSm2 13397 Marseille France
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25
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for sporadic or late onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is decreased by 3 to 4-fold in the brains of AD patients at autopsy. ApoE4 mice also have reduced BDNF levels. However, there have been no reports relating the different ApoE isoforms or AD to differential regulation of BDNF. Here we report that in the hippocampal regions of AD patients both prepro-BDNF and pro-BDNF expression showed a 40 and 60% decrease respectively compared to that expression in the hippocampi of age-matched control patients. We further report that ApoE isoforms differentially regulate maturation and secretion of BDNF from primary human astrocytes. After 24 h, ApoE3 treated astrocytes secreted 1.75- fold higher pro-BDNF than ApoE2-treated astrocytes, and ApoE2-treated astrocytes secreted 3-fold more mature-BDNF (m-BDNF) than ApoE3-treated astrocytes. In contrast, ApoE4-treated cells secreted negligible amounts of m-BDNF or pro-BDNF. ApoE2 increased the level of intracellular pre-pro BDNF by 19.04 ± 6.68%, while ApoE4 reduced the pre-pro BDNF by 21.61 ± 5.9% compared to untreated cells. Similar results were also seen in ApoE2, ApoE3 or ApoE4 treated cells at 4 h. Together, these results indicate that an ApoE2 or ApoE3 mediated positive regulation of BDNF may be protective while ApoE4 related defects in BDNF processing could lead to AD pathophysiology. These interactions of the ApoE isoforms with BDNF may help explain the increased risk of AD associated with the ApoE4 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sen
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, 8 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA.
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, 8 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, 8 Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV, 26505, USA
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26
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Abstract
Orphan, or underutilized, legumes are domesticated legumes with useful properties, but with less importance than major world crops due to use and supply constraints. However, they play a significant role in many developing countries, providing food security and nutrition to consumers, as well as income to resource-poor farmers. They have been largely neglected by both researchers and industry due to their limited economic importance in the global market. Orphan legumes are better adapted than the major legume crops to extreme soil and climatic conditions, with high tolerance to abiotic environmental stresses such as drought. As a stress response they can also produce compounds with pharmaceutical value. Orphan legumes are therefore a likely source of important traits for introduction into major crops to aid in combating the stresses associated with global climate change. Modern large-scale genomics techniques are now being applied to many of these previously understudied crops, with the first successes reported in the genomics area. However, greater investment of resources and manpower are necessary if the potential of orphan legumes is to be unlocked and applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cullis
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Karl J Kunert
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
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27
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Clutton G, Xu Y, Baldoni PL, Mollan KR, Kirchherr J, Newhard W, Cox K, Kuruc JD, Kashuba A, Barnard R, Archin N, Gay CL, Hudgens MG, Margolis DM, Goonetilleke N. The differential short- and long-term effects of HIV-1 latency-reversing agents on T cell function. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30749. [PMID: 27480951 PMCID: PMC4969750 DOI: 10.1038/srep30749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the extraordinary success of HIV-1 antiretroviral therapy in prolonging life, infected individuals face lifelong therapy because of a reservoir of latently-infected cells that harbor replication competent virus. Recently, compounds have been identified that can reverse HIV-1 latency in vivo. These latency- reversing agents (LRAs) could make latently-infected cells vulnerable to clearance by immune cells, including cytolytic CD8+ T cells. We investigated the effects of two leading LRA classes on CD8+ T cell phenotype and function: the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) and protein kinase C modulators (PKCms). We observed that relative to HDACis, the PKCms induced much stronger T cell activation coupled with non-specific cytokine production and T cell proliferation. When examining antigen-specific CD8+ T cell function, all the LRAs except the HDACi Vorinostat reduced, but did not abolish, one or more measurements of CD8+ T cell function. Importantly, the extent and timing of these effects differed between LRAs. Panobinostat had detrimental effects within 10 hours of drug treatment, whereas the effects of the other LRAs were observed between 48 hours and 5 days. These observations suggest that scheduling of LRA and CD8+ T cell immunotherapy regimens may be critical for optimal clearance of the HIV-1 reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Clutton
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Y Xu
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - P L Baldoni
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - K R Mollan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Care Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Kirchherr
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - W Newhard
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kara Cox
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J D Kuruc
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - A Kashuba
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, UNC Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R Barnard
- Merck Research Laboratories, White Horse Junction, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - N Archin
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C L Gay
- Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - M G Hudgens
- Department of Biostatistics, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - D M Margolis
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - N Goonetilleke
- Department of Microbiology &Immunology, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Medicine and UNC HIV Cure Center, UNC Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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28
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Li J, Chang Q, Li X, Li X, Qiao J, Gao T. Enhancement of an outwardly rectifying chloride channel in hippocampal pyramidal neurons after cerebral ischemia. Brain Res 2016; 1644:107-17. [PMID: 27181516 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia induces delayed, selective neuronal death in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, but it is known that apoptosis is involved in this process. Chloride efflux has been implicated in the progression of apoptosis in various cell types. Using both the inside-out and whole-cell configurations of the patch-clamp technique, the present study characterized an outwardly rectifying chloride channel (ORCC) in acutely dissociated pyramid neurons in the hippocampus of adult rats. The channel had a nonlinear current-voltage relationship with a conductance of 42.26±1.2pS in the positive voltage range and 18.23±0.96pS in the negative voltage range, indicating an outward rectification pattern. The channel is Cl(-) selective, and the open probability is voltage-dependent. It can be blocked by the classical Cl(-) channel blockers DIDS, SITS, NPPB and glibenclamide. We examined the different changes in ORCC activity in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons at 6, 24 and 48h after transient forebrain ischemia. In the vulnerable CA1 neurons, ORCC activity was persistently enhanced after ischemic insult, whereas in the invulnerable CA3 neurons, no significant changes occurred. Further analysis of channel kinetics suggested that multiple openings are a major contributor to the increase in channel activity after ischemia. Pharmacological blockade of the ORCC partly attenuated cell death in the hippocampal neurons. We propose that the enhanced activity of ORCC might contribute to selective neuronal damage in the CA1 region after cerebral ischemia, and that ORCC may be a therapeutic target against ischemia-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Quanzhong Chang
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xiawen Li
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jiantian Qiao
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Tianming Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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29
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Sen A, Hongpaisan J, Wang D, Nelson TJ, Alkon DL. Protein Kinase Cϵ (PKCϵ) Promotes Synaptogenesis through Membrane Accumulation of the Postsynaptic Density Protein PSD-95. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16462-76. [PMID: 27330081 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.730440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cϵ (PKCϵ) promotes synaptic maturation and synaptogenesis via activation of synaptic growth factors such as BDNF, NGF, and IGF. However, many of the detailed mechanisms by which PKCϵ induces synaptogenesis are not fully understood. Accumulation of PSD-95 to the postsynaptic density (PSD) is known to lead to synaptic maturation and strengthening of excitatory synapses. Here we investigated the relationship between PKCϵ and PSD-95. We show that the PKCϵ activators dicyclopropanated linoleic acid methyl ester and bryostatin 1 induce phosphorylation of PSD-95 at the serine 295 residue, increase the levels of PSD-95, and enhance its membrane localization. Elimination of the serine 295 residue in PSD-95 abolished PKCϵ-induced membrane accumulation. Knockdown of either PKCϵ or JNK1 prevented PKCϵ activator-mediated membrane accumulation of PSD-95. PKCϵ directly phosphorylated PSD-95 and JNK1 in vitro Inhibiting PKCϵ, JNK, or calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II activity prevented the effects of PKCϵ activators on PSD-95 phosphorylation. Increase in membrane accumulation of PKCϵ and phosphorylated PSD-95 (p-PSD-95(S295)) coincided with an increased number of synapses and increased amplitudes of excitatory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs) in adult rat hippocampal slices. Knockdown of PKCϵ also reduced the synthesis of PSD-95 and the presynaptic protein synaptophysin by 30 and 44%, respectively. Prolonged activation of PKCϵ increased synapse number by 2-fold, increased presynaptic vesicle density, and greatly increased PSD-95 clustering. These results indicate that PKCϵ promotes synaptogenesis by activating PSD-95 phosphorylation directly through JNK1 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II and also by inducing expression of PSD-95 and synaptophysin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sen
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Jarin Hongpaisan
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Desheng Wang
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Thomas J Nelson
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- From the Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505
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30
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Abstract
A concise, eight-step total synthesis of (-)-indolactam V, a nanomolar agonist of protein kinase C, is reported. The synthesis relies upon an efficient copper-catalyzed amino acid arylation to establish the indole C4-nitrogen bond. This cross-coupling method is applicable to a range of hydrophobic amino acids, providing a platform for further diversification of indolactam alkaloid scaffolds and studies on their potent biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Haynes-Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University , San Francisco, California 94132, United States
| | - Italia Diaz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University , San Francisco, California 94132, United States
| | - Kelvin L Billingsley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University , San Francisco, California 94132, United States
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31
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Donyo M, Hollander D, Abramovitch Z, Naftelberg S, Ast G. Phosphatidylserine enhances IKBKAP transcription by activating the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1307-17. [PMID: 26769675 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial dysautonomia (FD) is a genetic disorder manifested due to abnormal development and progressive degeneration of the sensory and autonomic nervous system. FD is caused by a point mutation in the IKBKAP gene encoding the IKAP protein, resulting in decreased protein levels. A promising potential treatment for FD is phosphatidylserine (PS); however, the manner by which PS elevates IKAP levels has yet to be identified. Analysis of ChIP-seq results of the IKBKAP promoter region revealed binding of the transcription factors CREB and ELK1, which are regulated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. We show that PS treatment enhanced ERK phosphorylation in cells derived from FD patients. ERK activation resulted in elevated IKBKAP transcription and IKAP protein levels, whereas pretreatment with the MAPK inhibitor U0126 blocked elevation of the IKAP protein level. Overexpression of either ELK1 or CREB activated the IKBKAP promoter, whereas downregulation of these transcription factors resulted in a decrease of the IKAP protein. Additionally, we show that PS improves cell migration, known to be enhanced by MAPK/ERK activation and abrogated in FD cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PS activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, resulting in activation of transcription factors that bind the promoter region of IKBKAP and thus enhancing its transcription. Therefore, compounds that activate the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway could constitute potential treatments for FD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Donyo
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dror Hollander
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ziv Abramovitch
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Shiran Naftelberg
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gil Ast
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel
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32
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Abstract
This review discusses the biosynthesis of natural products that are generated bytrans-AT polyketide synthases, a family of catalytically versatile enzymes that represents one of the major group of proteins involved in the production of bioactive polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. N. Helfrich
- Institute of Microbiology
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology
- Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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33
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Lucke-Wold BP, Logsdon AF, Smith KE, Turner RC, Alkon DL, Tan Z, Naser ZJ, Knotts CM, Huber JD, Rosen CL. Bryostatin-1 Restores Blood Brain Barrier Integrity following Blast-Induced Traumatic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 52:1119-1134. [PMID: 25301233 PMCID: PMC5000781 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have accounted for an estimated 270,000 blast exposures among military personnel. Blast traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the 'signature injury' of modern warfare. Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption following blast TBI can lead to long-term and diffuse neuroinflammation. In this study, we investigate for the first time the role of bryostatin-1, a specific protein kinase C (PKC) modulator, in ameliorating BBB breakdown. Thirty seven Sprague-Dawley rats were used for this study. We utilized a clinically relevant and validated blast model to expose animals to moderate blast exposure. Groups included: control, single blast exposure, and single blast exposure + bryostatin-1. Bryostatin-1 was administered i.p. 2.5 mg/kg after blast exposure. Evan's blue, immunohistochemistry, and western blot analysis were performed to assess injury. Evan's blue binds to albumin and is a marker for BBB disruption. The single blast exposure caused an increase in permeability compared to control (t = 4.808, p < 0.05), and a reduction back toward control levels when bryostatin-1 was administered (t = 5.113, p < 0.01). Three important PKC isozymes, PKCα, PKCδ, and PKCε, were co-localized primarily with endothelial cells but not astrocytes. Bryostatin-1 administration reduced toxic PKCα levels back toward control levels (t = 4.559, p < 0.01) and increased the neuroprotective isozyme PKCε (t = 6.102, p < 0.01). Bryostatin-1 caused a significant increase in the tight junction proteins VE-cadherin, ZO-1, and occludin through modulation of PKC activity. Bryostatin-1 ultimately decreased BBB breakdown potentially due to modulation of PKC isozymes. Future work will examine the role of bryostatin-1 in preventing chronic neurodegeneration following repetitive neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Aric F Logsdon
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Kelly E Smith
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Ryan C Turner
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Daniel L Alkon
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Zhenjun Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Zachary J Naser
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Office of Professional Studies in Health Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Chelsea M Knotts
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Jason D Huber
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University School of Pharmacy, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA
| | - Charles L Rosen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- The Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, 26506, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, West Virginia University School of Medicine, One Medical Center Drive, Suite 4300, Health Sciences Center, PO Box 9183, Morgantown, WV, 26506-9183, USA.
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34
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Chen HJ, Shen YC, Shiao YJ, Liou KT, Hsu WH, Hsieh PH, Lee CY, Chen YR, Lin YL. Multiplex Brain Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Molecular Therapeutic Effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140823. [PMID: 26492191 PMCID: PMC4619651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death worldwide, and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is the only drug used for a limited group of stroke patients in the acute phase. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has long been used for improving neurological functional recovery in stroke. In this study, we characterized the therapeutic effect of TPA and BHD in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) injury mouse model using multiplex proteomics approach. After the iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis, 1310 proteins were identified from the mouse brain with <1% false discovery rate. Among them, 877 quantitative proteins, 10.26% (90/877), 1.71% (15/877), and 2.62% (23/877) of the proteins was significantly changed in the CIR, BHD treatment, and TPA treatment, respectively. Functional categorization analysis showed that BHD treatment preserved the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) (Alb, Fga, and Trf), suppressed excitotoxicity (Grm5, Gnai, and Gdi), and enhanced energy metabolism (Bdh), thereby revealing its multiple effects on ischemic stroke mice. Moreover, the neurogenesis marker doublecortin was upregulated, and the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and Tau was inhibited, which represented the neuroprotective effects. However, TPA treatment deteriorated BBB breakdown. This study highlights the potential of BHD in clinical applications for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jhang Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Liou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts and Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsieh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (YRC)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (YRC)
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35
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Choi H, Oh DC. Considerations of the chemical biology of microbial natural products provide an effective drug discovery strategy. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:1591-605. [PMID: 26231248 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0639-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Conventional approaches to natural product drug discovery rely mainly on random searches for bioactive compounds using bioassays. These traditional approaches do not incorporate a chemical biology perspective. Searching for bioactive molecules using a chemical and biological rationale constitutes a powerful search paradigm. Here, the authors review recent examples of the discovery of bioactive natural products based on chemical and biological interactions between hosts and symbionts, and propose this method provides a more effective means of exploring natural chemical diversity and eventually of discovering new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, 712-749, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Chan Oh
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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36
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) is a major genetic risk factor for several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Epigenetic dysregulation, including aberrations in histone acetylation, is also associated with AD. We show here for the first time that ApoE4 increases nuclear translocation of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in human neurons, thereby reducing BDNF expression, whereas ApoE3 increases histone 3 acetylation and upregulates BDNF expression. Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers, which have been implicated in AD, caused effects similar to ApoE4. Blocking low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) receptor with receptor-associated protein (RAP) or LRP-1 siRNA abolished the ApoE effects. ApoE3 also induced expression of protein kinase C ε (PKCε) and PKCε retained HDACs in the cytosol. PKCε activation and ApoE3 supplementation prevented ApoE4-mediated BDNF downregulation. PKCε activation also reversed Aβ oligomer- and ApoE4-induced nuclear import of HDACs, preventing the loss in BDNF. ApoE4 induced HDAC6-BDNF promoter IV binding, which reduced BDNF exon IV expression. Nuclear HDAC4 and HDAC6 were more abundant in the hippocampus of ApoE4 transgenic mice than in ApoE3 transgenic mice or wild-type controls. Nuclear translocation of HDA6 was also elevated in the hippocampus of AD patients compared with age-matched controls. These results provide new insight into the cause of synaptic loss that is the most important pathologic correlate of cognitive deficits in AD.
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Abstract
Stress in life is unavoidable, affecting everyone on a daily basis. Psychological stress in mammals triggers a rapidly organized response for survival, but it may also cause a variety of behavioral disorders and damage cognitive function. Stress is associated with biases in cognitive processing; some of the most enduring memories are formed by traumatic events. Our understanding of how cognition is shaped by stress is still relatively primitive; however, evidence is rapidly accumulating that the 'mature' brain has a great capacity for plasticity and that there are numerous ways through which pharmacological therapeutics could rescue cognitive function and regain cognitive balance. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between stress and cognitive processes and potential therapeutic approaches to stress-related behavioral and cognitive disorders.
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38
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Antal CE, Hudson AM, Kang E, Zanca C, Wirth C, Stephenson NL, Trotter EW, Gallegos LL, Miller CJ, Furnari FB, Hunter T, Brognard J, Newton AC. Cancer-associated protein kinase C mutations reveal kinase's role as tumor suppressor. Cell 2015; 160:489-502. [PMID: 25619690 PMCID: PMC4313737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have remained elusive cancer targets despite the unambiguous tumor promoting function of their potent ligands, phorbol esters, and the prevalence of their mutations. We analyzed 8% of PKC mutations identified in human cancers and found that, surprisingly, most were loss of function and none were activating. Loss-of-function mutations occurred in all PKC subgroups and impeded second-messenger binding, phosphorylation, or catalysis. Correction of a loss-of-function PKCβ mutation by CRISPR-mediated genome editing in a patient-derived colon cancer cell line suppressed anchorage-independent growth and reduced tumor growth in a xenograft model. Hemizygous deletion promoted anchorage-independent growth, revealing that PKCβ is haploinsufficient for tumor suppression. Several mutations were dominant negative, suppressing global PKC signaling output, and bioinformatic analysis suggested that PKC mutations cooperate with co-occurring mutations in cancer drivers. These data establish that PKC isozymes generally function as tumor suppressors, indicating that therapies should focus on restoring, not inhibiting, PKC activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina E Antal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew M Hudson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Emily Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ciro Zanca
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christopher Wirth
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Natalie L Stephenson
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Eleanor W Trotter
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Lisa L Gallegos
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Crispin J Miller
- Applied Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - John Brognard
- Signalling Networks in Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK.
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Many organisms team up with symbiotic microbes for defense against predators, parasites, parasitoids, or pathogens. Here we review the known defensive symbioses in animals and the microbial secondary metabolites responsible for providing protection to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V. Flórez
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Peter H. W. Biedermann
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Tobias Engl
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
| | - Martin Kaltenpoth
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology
- Insect Symbiosis Research Group
- 07745 Jena
- Germany
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40
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Wender PA, Donnelly AC, Loy BA, Near KE, Staveness D. Rethinking the Role of Natural Products: Function-Oriented Synthesis, Bryostatin, and Bryologs. Methods and Principles in Medicinal Chemistry 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527676545.ch14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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41
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Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms, which play an essential role in transmembrane signal conduction, can be viewed as a family of "memory kinases." Evidence is emerging that they are critically involved in memory acquisition and maintenance, in addition to their involvement in other functions of cells. Deficits in PKC signal cascades in neurons are one of the earliest abnormalities in the brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease. Their dysfunction is also involved in several other types of memory impairments, including those related to emotion, mental retardation, brain injury, and vascular dementia/ischemic stroke. Inhibition of PKC activity leads to a reduced capacity of many types of learning and memory, but may have therapeutic values in treating substance abuse or aversive memories. PKC activators, on the other hand, have been shown to possess memory-enhancing and antidementia actions. PKC pharmacology may, therefore, represent an attractive area for developing effective cognitive drugs for the treatment of many types of memory disorders and dementias.
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Ongley SE, Bian X, Zhang Y, Chau R, Gerwick WH, Müller R, Neilan BA. High-titer heterologous production in E. coli of lyngbyatoxin, a protein kinase C activator from an uncultured marine cyanobacterium. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:1888-93. [PMID: 23751865 DOI: 10.1021/cb400189j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Many chemically complex cyanobacterial polyketides and nonribosomal peptides are of great pharmaceutical interest, but the levels required for exploitation are difficult to achieve from native sources. Here we develop a framework for the expression of these multifunctional cyanobacterial assembly lines in Escherichia coli using the lyngbyatoxin biosynthetic pathway, derived from a marine microbial assemblage dominated by the cyanobacterium Moorea producens. Heterologous expression of this pathway afforded high titers of both lyngbyatoxin A (25.6 mg L(-1)) and its precursor indolactam-V (150 mg L(-1)). Production, isolation, and identification of all expected chemical intermediates of lyngbyatoxin biosynthesis in E. coli also confirmed the previously proposed biosynthetic route, setting a solid chemical foundation for future pathway engineering. The successful production of the nonribosomal peptide lyngbyatoxin A in E. coli also opens the possibility for future heterologous expression, characterization, and exploitation of other cyanobacterial natural product pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Ongley
- School of Biotechnology and
Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoying Bian
- Department of Microbial Natural
Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland,
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken
66041, Germany
| | - Youming Zhang
- Shandong University-Helmholtz
Joint Institute of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Microbial
Technology, Shandong University, Shanda
Nanlu 27, 250100 Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Rocky Chau
- School of Biotechnology and
Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - William H. Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United
States
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Microbial Natural
Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland,
Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Department of Pharmaceutical
Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken
66041, Germany
| | - Brett A. Neilan
- School of Biotechnology and
Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
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43
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Hanaki Y, Kikumori M, Ueno S, Tokuda H, Suzuki N, Irie K. Structure–activity studies at position 27 of aplog-1, a simplified analog of debromoaplysiatoxin with anti-proliferative activity. Tetrahedron 2013; 69:7636-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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44
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Lonic A, Powell JA, Kong Y, Thomas D, Holien JK, Truong N, Parker MW, Guthridge MA. Phosphorylation of serine 779 in fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 and 2 by protein kinase C(epsilon) regulates Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and neuronal differentiation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:14874-85. [PMID: 23564461 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.421669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The FGF receptors (FGFRs) control a multitude of cellular processes both during development and in the adult through the initiation of signaling cascades that regulate proliferation, survival, and differentiation. Although FGFR tyrosine phosphorylation and the recruitment of Src homology 2 domain proteins have been widely described, we have previously shown that FGFR is also phosphorylated on Ser(779) in response to ligand and binds the 14-3-3 family of phosphoserine/threonine-binding adaptor/scaffold proteins. However, whether this receptor phosphoserine mode of signaling is able to regulate specific signaling pathways and biological responses is unclear. Using PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells as models for growth factor-regulated neuronal differentiation, we show that Ser(779) in the cytoplasmic domains of FGFR1 and FGFR2 is required for the sustained activation of Ras and ERK but not for other FGFR phosphotyrosine pathways. The regulation of Ras and ERK signaling by Ser(779) was critical not only for neuronal differentiation but also for cell survival under limiting growth factor concentrations. PKCε can phosphorylate Ser(779) in vitro, whereas overexpression of PKCε results in constitutive Ser(779) phosphorylation and enhanced PC12 cell differentiation. Furthermore, siRNA knockdown of PKCε reduces both growth factor-induced Ser(779) phosphorylation and neuronal differentiation. Our findings show that in addition to FGFR tyrosine phosphorylation, the phosphorylation of a conserved serine residue, Ser(779), can quantitatively control Ras/MAPK signaling to promote specific cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lonic
- Cell Growth and Differentiation Laboratory, Division of Human Immunology, South Australian Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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Ogawa Y, Painter PP, Tantillo DJ, Wender PA. Mechanistic and computational studies of exocyclic stereocontrol in the synthesis of bryostatin-like cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-alkylidenetetrahydropyrans by Prins cyclization. J Org Chem 2012; 78:104-15. [PMID: 23121542 DOI: 10.1021/jo301953h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Prins cyclization of syn-β-hydroxy allylsilanes and aldehydes gives cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-alkylidenetetrahydropyrans as sole products in excellent yields regardless of the aldehyde (R″) or syn-β-hydroxy allylsilane substituent (R') used. By reversing the R″ and R' groups, complementary exocyclic stereocontrol can be achieved. When the anti-β-hydroxy allylsilanes are used, the Prins cyclization gives predominantly cis-2,6-disubstituted 4-alkylidenetetrahydropyrans, now with the opposite olefin geometry in excellent yield. The proposed reaction mechanism and the observed stereoselectivity for these processes are supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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46
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Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proved highly effective in suppressing HIV-1 replication and disease progression. Nevertheless, ART has failed to eliminate the virus from infected individuals. The main obstacle to HIV-1 eradication is the persistence of cellular viral reservoirs. Therefore, the "shock-and-kill" strategy was proposed consisting of inducing HIV-1 escape from latency, in the presence of ART. This is followed by the elimination of reactivated, virus-producing cells. Immune modulators, including protein kinase C (PKC) activators, anti-leukemic drugs and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) have all demonstrated efficacy in the reactivation of latent virus replication. This review will focus on the potential use of these small molecules in the "shock and kill" strategy, the molecular basis for their action and the potential advantages of their immune-modulating activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisa Remoli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Sen A, Alkon DL, Nelson TJ. Apolipoprotein E3 (ApoE3) but not ApoE4 protects against synaptic loss through increased expression of protein kinase C epsilon. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15947-58. [PMID: 22427674 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.312710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic loss is the earliest pathological change in Alzheimer disease (AD) and is the pathological change most directly correlated with the degree of dementia. ApoE4 is the major genetic risk factor for the age-dependent form of AD, which accounts for 95% of cases. Here we show that in synaptic networks formed from primary hippocampal neurons in culture, apoE3, but not apoE4, prevents the loss of synaptic networks produced by amyloid β oligomers (amylospheroids). Specific activators of PKCε, such as 8-(2-(2-pentyl-cyclopropylmethyl)-cyclopropyl)-octanoic acid methyl ester and bryostatin 1, protected against synaptic loss by amylospheroids, whereas PKCε inhibitors blocked this synaptic protection and also blocked the protection by apoE3. Blocking LRP1, an apoE receptor on the neuronal membrane, also blocked the protection by apoE. ApoE3, but not apoE4, induced the synthesis of PKCε mRNA and expression of the PKCε protein. Amyloid β specifically blocked the expression of PKCε but had no effect on other isoforms. These results suggest that protection against synaptic loss by apoE is mediated by a novel intracellular PKCε pathway. This apoE pathway may account for much of the protective effect of apoE and reduced risk for the age-dependent form of AD. This finding supports the potential efficacy of newly developed therapeutics for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhik Sen
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505, USA
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48
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Apostolatos A, Song S, Acosta S, Peart M, Watson JE, Bickford P, Cooper DR, Patel NA. Insulin promotes neuronal survival via the alternatively spliced protein kinase CδII isoform. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:9299-310. [PMID: 22275369 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.313080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling pathways in the brain regulate food uptake and memory and learning. Insulin and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways are integrated and function closely together. PKC activation in the brain is essential for learning and neuronal repair. Intranasal delivery of insulin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been shown to improve memory, reduce cerebral atrophy, and reverse neurodegeneration. However, the neuronal molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been studied in depth. PKCδ plays a central role in cell survival. Its splice variants, PKCδI and PKCδII, are switches that determine cell survival and fate. PKCδI promotes apoptosis, whereas PKCδII promotes survival. Here, we demonstrate that insulin promotes alternative splicing of PKCδII isoform in HT22 cells. The expression of PKCδI splice variant remains unchanged. Insulin increases PKCδII alternative splicing via the PI3K pathway. We further demonstrate that Akt kinase mediates phosphorylation of the splicing factor SC35 to promote PKCδII alternative splicing. Using overexpression and knockdown assays, we demonstrate that insulin increases expression of Bcl2 and bcl-xL via PKCδII. We demonstrate increased cell proliferation and increased BrdU incorporation in insulin-treated cells as well as in HT22 cells overexpressing PKCδII. Finally, we demonstrate in vivo that intranasal insulin promotes cognitive function in mice with concomitant increases in PKCδII expression in the hippocampus. This is the first report of insulin, generally considered a growth or metabolic hormone, regulating the alternative isoform expression of a key signaling kinase in neuronal cells such that it results in increased neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Apostolatos
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, USA
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49
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50
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Abstract
Memories are much more easily impaired than improved. Dementias, a lasting impairment of memory function, occur in a variety of cognitive disorders and become more clinically dominant as the population ages. Protein kinase C is one of the "cognitive kinases," and plays an essential role in both memory acquisition and maintenance. Deficits in protein kinase C (PKC) signal cascades in neurons represent one of the earliest changes in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other types of memory impairment, including those related to cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke. Inhibition or impairment of PKC activity results in compromised learning and memory, whereas an appropriate activation of certain PKC isozymes leads to an enhancement of learning and memory and/or antidementic effects. In preclinical studies, PKC activators have been shown to increase the expression and activity of PKC isozymes, thereby restoring PKC signaling and downstream activity, including stimulation of neurotrophic activity, synaptic/structural remodeling, and synaptogenesis in the hippocampus and related cortical areas. PKC activators also reduce the accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid and tau protein hyperphosphorylation and support anti-apoptotic processes in the brain. These observations strongly suggest that PKC pharmacology may represent an attractive area for the development of effective cognition-enhancing therapeutics for the treatment of dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Kun Sun
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, Morgantown, WV, USA
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