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Huang YC, Hsu SM, Shie FS, Shiao YJ, Chao LJ, Chen HW, Yao HH, Chien MA, Lin CC, Tsay HJ. Reduced mitochondria membrane potential and lysosomal acidification are associated with decreased oligomeric Aβ degradation induced by hyperglycemia: A study of mixed glia cultures. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260966. [PMID: 35073330 PMCID: PMC8786178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a chronic neurodegenerative disease. We and others have shown prediabetes, including hyperglycemia and obesity induced by high fat and high sucrose diets, is associated with exacerbated amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and cognitive impairment in AD transgenic mice. However, whether hyperglycemia reduce glial clearance of oligomeric amyloid-β (oAβ), the most neurotoxic Aβ aggregate, remains unclear. Mixed glial cultures simulating the coexistence of astrocytes and microglia in the neural microenvironment were established to investigate glial clearance of oAβ under normoglycemia and chronic hyperglycemia. Ramified microglia and low IL-1β release were observed in mixed glia cultures. In contrast, amoeboid-like microglia and higher IL-1β release were observed in primary microglia cultures. APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice are a commonly used AD mouse model. Microglia close to senile plaques in APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mice exposed to normoglycemia or chronic hyperglycemia exhibited an amoeboid-like morphology; other microglia were ramified. Therefore, mixed glia cultures reproduce the in vivo ramified microglial morphology. To investigate the impact of sustained high-glucose conditions on glial oAβ clearance, mixed glia were cultured in media containing 5.5 mM glucose (normal glucose, NG) or 25 mM glucose (high glucose, HG) for 16 days. Compared to NG, HG reduced the steady-state level of oAβ puncta internalized by microglia and astrocytes and decreased oAβ degradation kinetics. Furthermore, the lysosomal acidification and lysosomal hydrolysis activity of microglia and astrocytes were lower in HG with and without oAβ treatment than NG. Moreover, HG reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP levels in mixed glia, which can lead to reduced lysosomal function. Overall, continuous high glucose reduces microglial and astrocytic ATP production and lysosome activity which may lead to decreased glial oAβ degradation. Our study reveals diabetes-induced hyperglycemia hinders glial oAβ clearance and contributes to oAβ accumulation in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng-Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Meng Hsu
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Feng-Shiun Shie
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Jung Chao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Wen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Heng-Hsiang Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Meng An Chien
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chung-Chih Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Biophotonics Interdisciplinary Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CCL); (HJT)
| | - Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail: (CCL); (HJT)
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Tsay HJ, Liu HK, Kuo YH, Chiu CS, Liang CC, Chung CW, Chen CC, Chen YP, Shiao YJ. EK100 and Antrodin C Improve Brain Amyloid Pathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice by Promoting Microglial and Perivascular Clearance Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910413. [PMID: 34638752 PMCID: PMC8508921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the deposition of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ). There are currently no drugs that can successfully treat this disease. This study first explored the anti-inflammatory activity of seven components isolated from Antrodia cinnamonmea in BV2 cells and selected EK100 and antrodin C for in vivo research. APPswe/PS1dE9 mice were treated with EK100 and antrodin C for one month to evaluate the effect of these reagents on AD-like pathology by nesting behavior, immunohistochemistry, and immunoblotting. Ergosterol and ibuprofen were used as control. EK100 and antrodin C improved the nesting behavior of mice, reduced the number and burden of amyloid plaques, reduced the activation of glial cells, and promoted the perivascular deposition of Aβ in the brain of mice. EK100 and antrodin C are significantly different in activating astrocytes, regulating microglia morphology, and promoting plaque-associated microglia to express oxidative enzymes. In contrast, the effects of ibuprofen and ergosterol are relatively small. In addition, EK100 significantly improved hippocampal neurogenesis in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Our data indicate that EK100 and antrodin C reduce the pathology of AD by reducing amyloid deposits and promoting nesting behavior in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice through microglia and perivascular clearance, indicating that EK100 and antrodin C have the potential to be used in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Program in Clinical Drug Development of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Sheng Chiu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Chiang Liang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chen-Wei Chung
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Yen-Po Chen
- Biotech Research Institute, Grape King Bio Ltd., Taoyuan City 320, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (Y.-P.C.)
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Program in Clinical Drug Development of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-28201999 (ext. 4171)
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Hsu WH, Huang NK, Shiao YJ, Lu CK, Chao YM, Huang YJ, Yeh CH, Lin YL. Gastrodiae rhizoma attenuates brain aging via promoting neuritogenesis and neurodifferentiation. Phytomedicine 2021; 87:153576. [PMID: 33985879 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastrodiae Rhizoma (Tianma), the dried tuber of Gastrodia elata Bl. (Orchidaceae), is listed as a top-grade herbal medicine in Shen-nong Ben-ts'ao Jing and has been used for treating headaches, dizziness, vertigo and convulsion. It has a neuroprotective effect and extends the lifespan in mouse models of Huntington's disease and Niemann-Pick type C disease. However, its effect on senescence remains unknown. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the anti-aging effects and the underlying mechanism of Gastrodiae Rhizoma. METHODS D-galactose (D-gal)- and BeSO4-induced cellular senescence and senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity were evaluated in SH-SY5Y and PC12 cells. D-gal-induced aging mice were used as an in vivo model. Animal behaviors including nesting and burrowing and Morris water maze were conducted. Neurogenesis in the hippocampus was assessed by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy, and the aging-related proteins were assessed by Western blot analysis. The potential neuritogenesis activity of the partially purified fraction of Gastrodiae Rhizoma (TM-2) and its major ingredients were investigated in PC12 cells. RESULTS TM-2 could improve D-gal-induced learning and memory impairement by inhibiting oxidative stress, increasing hippocampal neurogenesis and regulating the SH2B1-Akt pathway. Moreover, N6-(4-hydroxybenzyl)adenine riboside (T1-11) and parishins A and B, three constituents of TM-2, had anti-aging activity, as did T1-11 and parishin A induced neuritogenesis. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that TM-2 slowed down D-gal-induced cellular and mouse brain aging. These results indicate that Gastrodiae Rhizoma has a beneficial effect on senescence. It may be used for neuroprotection and promoting neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Kuei Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Chao
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jeng Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Yeh
- Taoyuan District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Taoyuan 32754, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10050, Taiwan.
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Huang HJ, Wang HT, Yeh TY, Lin BW, Shiao YJ, Lo YL, Lin AMY. Neuroprotective effect of selumetinib on acrolein-induced neurotoxicity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12497. [PMID: 34127699 PMCID: PMC8203693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal accumulation of acrolein, an α, β unsaturated aldehyde has been reported as one pathological cause of the CNS neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, the neuroprotective effect of selumetinib (a MEK-ERK inhibitor) on acrolein-induced neurotoxicity was investigated in vitro using primary cultured cortical neurons. Incubation of acrolein consistently increased phosphorylated ERK levels. Co-treatment of selumetinib blocked acrolein-induced ERK phosphorylation. Furthermore, selumetinib reduced acrolein-induced increases in heme oxygenase-1 (a redox-regulated chaperone protein) and its transcriptional factor, Nrf-2 as well as FDP-lysine (acrolein-lysine adducts) and α-synuclein aggregation (a pathological biomarker of neurodegeneration). Morphologically, selumetinib attenuated acrolein-induced damage in neurite outgrowth, including neuritic beading and neurite discontinuation. Moreover, selumetinib prevented acrolein-induced programmed cell death via decreasing active caspase 3 (a hallmark of apoptosis) as well as RIP (receptor-interacting protein) 1 and RIP3 (biomarkers for necroptosis). In conclusion, our study showed that selumetinib inhibited acrolein-activated Nrf-2-HO-1 pathway, acrolein-induced protein conjugation and aggregation as well as damage in neurite outgrowth and cell death, suggesting that selumetinib, a MEK-ERK inhibitor, may be a potential neuroprotective agent against acrolein-induced neurotoxicity in the CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Yeh
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Wei Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Anya Maan-Yuh Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacy, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Chen YJ, Hsu CC, Shiao YJ, Wang HT, Lo YL, Lin AMY. Author Correction: Anti-inflammatory effect of afatinib (an EGFR-TKI) on OGD-induced neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2693. [PMID: 33495507 PMCID: PMC7835214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80901-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - A M Y Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei-Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tseng HJ, Lin MH, Shiao YJ, Yang YC, Chu JC, Chen CY, Chen YY, Lin TE, Su CJ, Pan SL, Chen LC, Wang CY, Hsu KC, Huang WJ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of acridine-based histone deacetylase inhibitors as multitarget agents against Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 192:112193. [PMID: 32151835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multitarget agents simultaneously trigger molecules in functionally complementary pathways, and are therefore considered to have potential in effectively treating Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has a complex pathogenetic mechanism. In this study, the HDAC inhibitor core is incorporated into the acetylcholine esterase (ACE) inhibitor acridine-derived moiety and resulted in compounds that exhibited higher class IIa HDAC (4, 5, 7, and 9)- and class IIb HDAC6-inhibiting activity when compared to the pan-HDAC inhibitor SAHA in clinical practice. One of these compounds, 11b, displayed greater selectivity toward HDAC6 than other isoform enzymes. In contrast, the activity of compound 6a was selective toward class IIa HDAC and HDAC6. These two compounds exhibited strong activity against Aβ-aggregation as well as significantly disrupted Aβ-oligomer. Additionally, 11b and 6a strongly inhibited AChE. These experimental findings demonstrate that compounds 11b and 6a are HDAC-Aβ-aggregation-AChE inhibitors. Notably, they can enhance neurite outgrowth, but with no significant neurotoxicity. Further biological evaluation revealed the various cellular effects of multitarget compounds 11b and 6a, which have the potential to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ju Tseng
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Hsiang Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Animal Science, National Ilan University, Ilan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Chun Chu
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ying Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Eight Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jou Su
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shiow-Lin Pan
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Chieh Chen
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Life and Health Sciences and Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
| | | | - Kai-Cheng Hsu
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Ph.D. Program in Biotechnology Research and Development, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Wu PC, Fann MJ, Tran TT, Chen SC, Devina T, Cheng IHJ, Lien CC, Kao LS, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, Tzeng TT, Huang CY, Shiao YJ, Wong YH. Assessing the therapeutic potential of Graptopetalum paraguayense on Alzheimer's disease using patient iPSC-derived neurons. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19301. [PMID: 31848379 PMCID: PMC6917798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55614-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia and also one of the leading causes of death worldwide. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and currently there is no drug treatment that can prevent or cure AD. Here, we have applied the advantages of using induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived neurons (iNs) from AD patients, which are able to offer human-specific drug responsiveness, in order to evaluate therapeutic candidates for AD. Using approach involving an inducible neurogenin-2 transgene, we have established a robust and reproducible protocol for differentiating human iPSCs into glutamatergic neurons. The AD-iN cultures that result have mature phenotypic and physiological properties, together with AD-like biochemical features that include extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation and Tau protein phosphorylation. By screening using a gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) approach, Graptopetalum paraguayense (GP) has been identified as a potential therapeutic agent for AD from among a range of Chinese herbal medicines. We found that administration of a GP extract caused a significantly reduction in the AD-associated phenotypes of the iNs, including decreased levels of extracellular Aβ40 and Aβ42, as well as reduced Tau protein phosphorylation at positions Ser214 and Ser396. Additionally, the effect of GP was more prominent in AD-iNs compared to non-diseased controls. These findings provide valuable information that suggests moving extracts of GP toward drug development, either for treating AD or as a health supplement to prevent AD. Furthermore, our human iN-based platform promises to be a useful strategy when it is used for AD drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Wu
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Tu Thanh Tran
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Shu-Cian Chen
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Tania Devina
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Irene Han-Juo Cheng
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Cheng-Chang Lien
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).,Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Lung-Sen Kao
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Shuu-Jiun Wang
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).,Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Jong-Ling Fuh
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).,Division of General Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans Hospital, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chi-Ying Huang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC). .,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).
| | - Yu-Hui Wong
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan (ROC).
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Yeh SHH, Shie FS, Liu HK, Yao HH, Kao PC, Lee YH, Chen LM, Hsu SM, Chao LJ, Wu KW, Shiao YJ, Tsay HJ. A high-sucrose diet aggravates Alzheimer's disease pathology, attenuates hypothalamic leptin signaling, and impairs food-anticipatory activity in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 90:60-74. [PMID: 31879131 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-fat and high-sugar diets contribute to the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although the impact of high-fat diets on AD pathogenesis has been established, the effect of high-sucrose diets (HSDs) on AD pathogenesis remains unclear. This study sought to determine the impact of HSDs on AD-related pathologies. Male APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic and wild-type mice were provided with HSD and their cognitive and hypothalamus-related noncognitive parameters, including feeding behaviors and glycemic regulation, were compared. HSD-fed APP/PS1 mice showed increased neuroinflammation, as well as increased cortical and serum levels of amyloid-β. HSD-fed APP/PS1 mice showed aggravated obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and leptin resistance, but there was no induction of hyperphagia or hyperleptinemia. Leptin-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in the dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalamus was reduced in HSD-fed APP/PS1 mice, which might be associated with attenuated food-anticipatory activity, glycemic dysregulation, and AD-related noncognitive symptoms. Our study demonstrates that HSD aggravates metabolic stresses, increases AD-related pathologies, and attenuates hypothalamic leptin signaling in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Feng-Shiun Shie
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Heng-Hsiang Yao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Chen Kao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yi-Heng Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Taiwan International Graduate Program in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Min Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Meng Hsu
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taiwan, Miaoli, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Li-Jung Chao
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Kuan-Wei Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan; Ph.D. Program in Clinical Drug Development of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
| | - Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Life Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C..
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9
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Lin LC, Lee LC, Huang C, Chen CT, Song JS, Shiao YJ, Liu HK. Effects of boschnaloside from Boschniakia rossica on dysglycemia and islet dysfunction in severely diabetic mice through modulating the action of glucagon-like peptide-1. Phytomedicine 2019; 62:152946. [PMID: 31102890 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Boschniakia rossica is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine for tonifying kidney and improving impotence. Boschnaloside is the major iridoid glycoside in this herb but therapeutic benefits for diabetes remained to be evaluated. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The current investigation aims to study the antidiabetic effect and the underlying pharmacological mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Receptor binding, cAMP production, Ins secretion, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretion, and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity assays were performed. Therapeutic benefits of orally administrated boschnaloside (150 and 300 mg/kg/day) were evaluated using severely 12-week old female diabetic db/db mice (Hemoglobin A1c >10%). RESULTS Oral treatment of boschnaloside for 4 weeks improved diabetic symptoms including fasting blood sugar, hemoglobin A1c, glucose intolerance, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Ins Resistance, accompanied by circulating GLP-1active and adiponectin levels. In addition, bochnaloside treatment improved islet/β cell function associated with an alteration of the pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 level. It was shown that boschnaloside interacted with the extracellular domain of GLP-1 receptor and enhanced glucose stimulated Ins secretion. Boschnaloside also augmented the insulinotropic effect of GLP-1. Finally, the presence of boschnaloside caused a reduction of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity while enhanced GLP-1 secretion from STC-1 cells. CONCLUSION It appears that bochnaloside at oral dosage greater than 150 mg/kg/day exerts antidiabetic effects in vivo through modulating the action of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lie-Chwen Lin
- Division of Chinese Medicine Literature and Informatics, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Lin-Chien Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Cheng Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National YangMing University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Earth and Life Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chiung-Tong Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Shin Song
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine,National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Ph.D Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Herbal Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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10
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Chen YJ, Hsu CC, Shiao YJ, Wang HT, Lo YL, Lin AMY. Anti-inflammatory effect of afatinib (an EGFR-TKI) on OGD-induced neuroinflammation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2516. [PMID: 30792526 PMCID: PMC6385176 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been proposed in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory effect of afatinib, an EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKIs) was investigated using CTX-TNA2 cells and primary cultured astrocytes subjected to oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). We found that OGD induced EGFR phosphorylation and activated subsequent signaling pathways, including phosphorylation of AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Afatinib blocked OGD-induced phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT and ERK. At the same time, afatinib attenuated OGD-induced elevations in glial fibrillary acidic protein (a biomarker of activated astrocytes) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression (a cell proliferating biomarker) as well as hypoxia-induced migratory ability. Furthermore, afatinib decreased OGD-induced increases in cyclooxygenase-II and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression of the treated astrocytes as well as NO content in the culture medium. Moreover, afatinib attenuated OGD-induced caspase 1 activation (a biomarker of inflammasome activation) and interleukin-1β levels (a pro-inflammatory cytokine). Collectively, afatinib could block OGD-induced EGFR activation and its downstream signaling pathways in astrocytes. Moreover, afatinib attenuated OGD-induced astrocyte activation, proliferation and inflammasome activation. These data support the involvement of EGFR activation in neuroinflammation. Furthermore, EGFR-TKIs may be promising in inhibiting neuroinflammation in the CNS neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ju Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Tsui Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Li Lo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - A M Y Lin
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Faculty of Pharmacy, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Research, Taipei-Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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11
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Hsu WH, Shen YC, Shiao YJ, Kuo CH, Lu CK, Lin TY, Ku WC, Lin YL. Combined proteomic and metabolomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid from mice with ischemic stroke reveals the effects of a Buyang Huanwu decoction in neurodegenerative disease. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209184. [PMID: 30645580 PMCID: PMC6333407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the most common causes of death worldwide and is a major cause of acquired disability in adults. However, there is still a need for an effective drug for its treatment. Buyang Huanwu decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription, has long been used clinically to aid neurological recovery after stroke. To establish potential clinical indicators of BHD efficacy in stroke treatment and prognosis, we conducted a combined proteomic and metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples in a mouse stroke model. CSF samples were obtained from male mice with acute ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral ischemic/reperfusion (CI/R) injury, some of which were then treated with BHD. Label-free quantitative proteomics was conducted using nano-LC-MS/MS on an LTQ Orbitrap mass and metabolomic analysis was performed using nanoprobe NMR and UHPLC-QTOF-MS. The results showed that several proteins and metabolites were present at significantly different concentrations in the CSF samples from mice with CI/R alone and those treated with BHD. These belonged to pathways related to energy demand, inflammatory signaling, cytoskeletal regulation, Wnt signaling, and neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, our in silico data suggest that BHD treatment is not only protective but can also ameliorate defects in pathways affected by neurological disorders. These data shed light on the mechanism whereby BHD may be effective in the treatment and prevention of stroke-related neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Kuang Lu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Yuan Lin
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Ku
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (WCK)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (WCK)
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12
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Yang CN, Wu MF, Liu CC, Jung WH, Chang YC, Lee WP, Shiao YJ, Wu CL, Liou HH, Lin SK, Chan CC. Differential protective effects of connective tissue growth factor against Aβ neurotoxicity on neurons and glia. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3909-3921. [PMID: 29016849 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired clearance of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) leads to abnormal extracellular accumulation of this neurotoxic protein that drives neurodegeneration in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2) expression is elevated in plaque-surrounding astrocytes in AD patients. However, the role of CTGF in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. Here we characterized the neuroprotective activity of CTGF. We found that CTGF facilitated Aβ uptake and subsequent degradation within primary glia and neuroblastoma cells. CTGF enhanced extracellular Aβ degradation via membrane-bound matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP14) in glia and extracellular MMP13 in neurons. In the brain of a Drosophila AD model, glial-expression of CTGF reduced Aβ deposits, improved locomotor function, and rescued memory deficits. Neuroprotective potential of CTGF against Aβ42-induced photoreceptor degeneration was disrupted through silencing MMPs. Therefore, CTGF may represent a node for potential AD therapeutics as it intervenes in glia-neuron communication via specific MMPs to alleviate Aβ neurotoxicity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ning Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Fang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Chih Liu
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Jung
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chin Chang
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Pao Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Huei Liou
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sze-Kwan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chan
- Graduate Institute of Physiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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13
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Yeh CW, Liu HK, Lin LC, Liou KT, Huang YC, Lin CH, Tzeng TT, Shie FS, Tsay HJ, Shiao YJ. Xuefu Zhuyu decoction ameliorates obesity, hepatic steatosis, neuroinflammation, amyloid deposition and cognition impairment in metabolically stressed APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. J Ethnopharmacol 2017; 209:50-61. [PMID: 28743670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Metabolic syndrome and vascular dysfunction was suggested to be the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XZD) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat metabolic syndrome and cardiac-cerebral vascular disease. The effects of XZD on ameliorating metabolic syndrome, amyloid-related pathologies and cognitive impairment in an animal model of AD with metabolic stress was investigated. MATERIALS AND METHOD The animal model of AD with metabolic stress was created by administrating high-fat diet and a low-dose injection of streptozotocin prior to the appearance of senile plaques in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. The diabesity-associated metabolic changes and AD-related pathological alterations were examined. RESULTS We found that XZD reduced body weight, insulin and leptin level, HOMA-IR, hepatic triglyceride, serum Aβ42 in the metabolic stressed AD animal. XZD also ameliorated oral glucose tolerant, Aβ deposition, astrocyte and microglia activation in the vicinity of plaques, and nesting behavior in the metabolic stressed AD animal. CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that XZD is able to reduce the peripheral metabolic stress-mediated vascular hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation and AD-related pathology in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Yeh
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, school of life science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China; Ph.D Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Lie-Chwen Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Kou-Tong Liou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts and Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Yung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Chien-Hung Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, school of life science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Feng-Shiun Shie
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, Natinal Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, school of life science, National Yang-Ming University, No. 155. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China; Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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14
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Kuo PC, Liao YR, Hung HY, Chuang CW, Hwang TL, Huang SC, Shiao YJ, Kuo DH, Wu TS. Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Constituents from the Peels of Citrus grandis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22060967. [PMID: 28598384 PMCID: PMC6152662 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chromatographic separations performed on the ethanol extracts of the peels of Citrus grandis has led to the characterization of forty compounds, including seventeen coumarins, eight flavonoids, two triterpenoids, four benzenoids, two steroids, one lignan, one amide, and five other compounds, respectively. The chemical structures of the purified constituents were identified on the basis of spectroscopic elucidation, including 1D- and 2D-NMR, UV, IR, and mass spectrometric analysis. Most of the isolated compounds were examined for their inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release by human neutrophils. Among the isolates, isomeranzin (3), 17,18-dihydroxybergamottin (12), epoxybergamottin (13), rhoifolin (19), vitexicarpin (22) and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (29) displayed the most significant inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release with IC50 values ranged from 0.54 to 7.57 μM, and 0.43 to 4.33 μM, respectively. In addition, 7-hydroxy-8-(2′-hydroxy-3′-methylbut-3′-enyl)coumarin (8) and 17,18-dihydroxybergamottin (12) also exhibited the protection of neurons against Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity at 50 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chung Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Ren Liao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Hsin-Yi Hung
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Wei Chuang
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Shiow-Chyn Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
| | - Daih-Huang Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan.
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan.
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15
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Chen PC, Tsai WJ, Ueng YF, Tzeng TT, Chen HL, Zhu PR, Huang CH, Shiao YJ, Li WT. Neuroprotective and Antineuroinflammatory Effects of Hydroxyl-Functionalized Stilbenes and 2-Arylbenzo[b]furans. J Med Chem 2017; 60:4062-4073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chun Chen
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wei-Jern Tsai
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yune-Fang Ueng
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Hsiang-Ling Chen
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Pei-Ru Zhu
- Institute
of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hsiang Huang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Tai Li
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
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16
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Shiao YJ, Su MH, Lin HC, Wu CR. Echinacoside ameliorates the memory impairment and cholinergic deficit induced by amyloid beta peptides via the inhibition of amyloid deposition and toxicology. Food Funct 2017; 8:2283-2294. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo00267j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of the amyloid cascade and central neuronal function on the protective effects of echinacoside in amyloid β peptide 1-42 (Aβ 1-42)-treated SH-SY5Y cells and an Aβ 1-42-infused rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine
- Ministry of Health and Welfare
- Taipei
- Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwan Su
- School of Pharmacy
- National Defense Medical Center
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Sinphar Pharmaceutical Co
| | - Hang-Ching Lin
- School of Pharmacy
- National Defense Medical Center
- Taipei
- Taiwan
- Sinphar Pharmaceutical Co
| | - Chi-Rei Wu
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources
- College of Pharmacy
- China Medical University
- Taichung
- Taiwan
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17
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Chen CC, Tzeng TT, Chen CC, Ni CL, Lee LY, Chen WP, Shiao YJ, Shen CC. Erinacine S, a Rare Sesterterpene from the Mycelia of Hericium erinaceus. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:438-441. [PMID: 26807743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new sesterterpene, erinacine S, and one cyathane diterpene xyloside, erinacine A, were isolated from the ethanol extract of the mycelia of Hericium erinaceus. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and X-ray analysis. A 30-day oral course of erinacines A and S attenuated Aβ plaque burden in the brains of 5-month-old female APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Moreover, erinacines A and S significantly increased the level of insulin-degrading enzyme in cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chin-Chu Chen
- Biotechnology Center, Grape King Bio Ltd. , Chung Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | | | - Li-Ya Lee
- Biotechnology Center, Grape King Bio Ltd. , Chung Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wan-Ping Chen
- Biotechnology Center, Grape King Bio Ltd. , Chung Li, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University , Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chien-Chang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Ministry of Health and Welfare , Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, R.O.C
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18
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Tsay HJ, Huang YC, Chen YJ, Lee YH, Hsu SM, Tsai KC, Yang CN, Huang FL, Shie FS, Lee LC, Shiao YJ. Identifying N-linked glycan moiety and motifs in the cysteine-rich domain critical for N-glycosylation and intracellular trafficking of SR-AI and MARCO. J Biomed Sci 2016; 23:27. [PMID: 26892079 PMCID: PMC4758095 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-016-0244-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The accumulation of soluble oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (oAβ) proceeding the formation of senile plaques contributes to synaptic and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Our previous studies have indentified scavenger receptor A (SR-A), especially SR-A type I (SR-AI), as prominent scavenger receptors on mediating oAβ clearance by microglia while glycan moiety and scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domain may play the critical role. Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO), another member of class A superfamily with a highly conserved SRCR domain, may also play the similar role on oAβ internalization. However, the role of N-glycosylation and SRCR domain of SR-AI and MARCO on oAβ internalization remains unclear. RESULT We found that oAβ internalization was diminished in the cells expressing SR-AI harboring mutations of dual N-glycosylation sites (i.e. N120Q-N143Q and N143Q-N184Q) while they were normally surface targeted. Normal oAβ internalization was observed in 10 SR-AI-SRCR and 4 MARCO-SRCR surface targeted mutants. Alternatively, the SRCR mutants at β-sheet and α-helix and on disulfide bone formation obstructed receptor's N-glycosylation and surface targeting. CONCLUSION Our study reveals that N-glycan moiety is more critical than SRCR domain for SR-A-mediated oAβ internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Yung-Cheng Huang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 112, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Yun-Hao Lee
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Shu-Meng Hsu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Keng-Chang Tsai
- Division of Chinese Materia Medica Development, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Cheng-Ning Yang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Fong-Lee Huang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Feng-Shiun Shie
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 350, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Lin-Chien Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, 11220, Taiwan, R.O.C.
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C. .,Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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19
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Abstract
Eight new clausenamides, including three γ-lactams (1-3), four δ-lactams (4-7), and an amide (8), and seven known lactams, including compounds 9-11, which were purified from natural sources for the first time, were characterized from the leaves of Clausena lansium. Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configurations were determined using electronic circular dichroism and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses with Cu Kα radiation. Compound 2 (50 μM) protected 22.24% of cortical neurons against Aβ25-35-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thi Ngan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Vinh University , Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Shwu-Jen Wu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology , Tainan 71703, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Division of Basic Chinese Medicine, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine , Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | | | - Ping-Chung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University , Yunlin 63201, Taiwan
| | - Daih-Huang Kuo
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University , Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
| | - Tran Dinh Thang
- Department of Chemistry, Vinh University , Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Tian-Shung Wu
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University , Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
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Yeh CW, Yeh SHH, Shie FS, Lai WS, Liu HK, Tzeng TT, Tsay HJ, Shiao YJ. Impaired cognition and cerebral glucose regulation are associated with astrocyte activation in the parenchyma of metabolically stressed APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2984-2994. [PMID: 26264859 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chen HJ, Shen YC, Shiao YJ, Liou KT, Hsu WH, Hsieh PH, Lee CY, Chen YR, Lin YL. Multiplex Brain Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Molecular Therapeutic Effects of Buyang Huanwu Decoction on Cerebral Ischemic Stroke Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140823. [PMID: 26492191 PMCID: PMC4619651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second-leading cause of death worldwide, and tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is the only drug used for a limited group of stroke patients in the acute phase. Buyang Huanwu Decoction (BHD), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription, has long been used for improving neurological functional recovery in stroke. In this study, we characterized the therapeutic effect of TPA and BHD in a cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (CIR) injury mouse model using multiplex proteomics approach. After the iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis, 1310 proteins were identified from the mouse brain with <1% false discovery rate. Among them, 877 quantitative proteins, 10.26% (90/877), 1.71% (15/877), and 2.62% (23/877) of the proteins was significantly changed in the CIR, BHD treatment, and TPA treatment, respectively. Functional categorization analysis showed that BHD treatment preserved the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) (Alb, Fga, and Trf), suppressed excitotoxicity (Grm5, Gnai, and Gdi), and enhanced energy metabolism (Bdh), thereby revealing its multiple effects on ischemic stroke mice. Moreover, the neurogenesis marker doublecortin was upregulated, and the activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3) and Tau was inhibited, which represented the neuroprotective effects. However, TPA treatment deteriorated BBB breakdown. This study highlights the potential of BHD in clinical applications for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Jhang Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Chiang Shen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Tong Liou
- Department of Chinese Martial Arts and Graduate Institute of Sport Coaching Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Hsu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsuan Hsieh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying Lee
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (YRC)
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (YLL); (YRC)
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Lin YL, Tsay HJ, Lai TH, Tzeng TT, Shiao YJ. Lithospermic acid attenuates 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine-induced neurotoxicity by blocking neuronal apoptotic and neuroinflammatory pathways. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:37. [PMID: 26018660 PMCID: PMC4445499 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorders after Alzheimer’s disease. The main cause of the disease is the massive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation are thought to be the key contributors to the neuronal degeneration. Results Both CATH.a cells and ICR mice were treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridin (MPP+) to induce neurotoxicity in vitro and in vivo. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were also used to analyse neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation and aberrant neurogenesis in vivo. The experiment in CATH.a cells showed that the treatment of MPP+ impaired intake of cell membrane and activated caspase system, suggesting that the neurotoxic mechanisms of MPP+ might include both necrosis and apoptosis. Pretreatment of lithospermic acid might prevent these toxicities. Lithospermic acid possesses specific inhibitory effect on caspase 3. In mitochondria, MPP+ caused mitochondrial depolarization and induced endoplasmic reticulum stress via increasing expression of chaperone protein, GRP-78. All the effects mentioned above were reduced by lithospermic acid. In animal model, the immunohistochemistry of mice brain sections revealed that MPP+ decreased the amount of dopaminergic neurons, enhanced microglia activation, promoted astrogliosis in both substantia nigra and hippocampus, and MPP+ provoked the aberrant neurogenesis in hippocampus. Lithospermic acid significantly attenuates all of these effects induced by MPP+. Conclusions Lithospermic acid is a potential candidate drug for the novel therapeutic intervention on Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Huey-Jen Tsay
- Institute of Neuroscience, Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Lai
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Tsai-Teng Tzeng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
| | - Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, 11221, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Ph.D Program for the Clinical Drug Discovery from Botanical Herbs, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 110, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Hsieh JF, Lin WJ, Huang KF, Liao JH, Don MJ, Shen CC, Shiao YJ, Li WT. Antioxidant activity and inhibition of α-glucosidase by hydroxyl-functionalized 2-arylbenzo[b]furans. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 93:443-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Tsay HJ, Huang YC, Huang FL, Chen CP, Tsai YC, Wang YH, Wu MF, Chiang FY, Shiao YJ. Amyloid β peptide-mediated neurotoxicity is attenuated by the proliferating microglia more potently than by the quiescent phenotype. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:78. [PMID: 24152138 PMCID: PMC3870991 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The specific role of microglia on Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity is difficult to assign in vivo due to their complicated environment in the brain. Therefore, most of the current microglia-related studies employed the isolated microglia. However, the previous in vitro studies have suggested either beneficial or destructive function in microglia. Therefore, to investigate the phenotypes of the isolated microglia which exert activity of neuroprotective or destructive is required. Results The present study investigates the phenotypes of isolated microglia on protecting neuron against Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity. Primary microglia were isolated from the mixed glia culture, and were further cultured to distinct phenotypes, designated as proliferating amoeboid microglia (PAM) and differentiated process-bearing microglia (DPM). Their inflammatory phenotypes, response to amyloid β (Aβ), and the beneficial or destructive effects on neurons were investigated. DPM may induce both direct neurotoxicity without exogenous stimulation and indirect neurotoxicity after Aβ activation. On the other hand, PAM attenuates Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity through Aβ phagocytosis and/or Aβ degradation. Conclusions Our results suggest that the proliferating microglia, but not the differentiated microglia, protect neurons against Aβ-mediated neurotoxicity. This discovery may be helpful on the therapeutic investigation of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Ji Shiao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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25
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26
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Wang CJ, Chen CC, Tsay HJ, Chiang FY, Wu MF, Shiao YJ. Cudrania cochinchinensis attenuates amyloid β protein-mediated microglial activation and promotes glia-related clearance of amyloid β protein. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:55. [PMID: 23915297 PMCID: PMC3750318 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microglial inflammation may significantly contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease. To examine the potential of Cudrania cochinchinensis to ameliorate amyloid β protein (Aβ)-induced microglia activation, BV-2 microglial cell line, and the ramified microglia in the primary glial mixed cultured were employed. Results Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), fibrillary Aβ (fAβ), or oligomeric Aβ (oAβ) were used to activate microglia. LPS and IFN-γ, but not Aβs, activated BV-2 cells to produce nitric oxide through an increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression without significant effects on cell viability of microglia. fAβ, but not oAβ, enhanced the IFN-γ-stimulated nitric oxide production and iNOS expression. The ethanol/water extracts of Cudrania cochinchinensis (CC-EW) and the purified isolated components (i.e. CCA to CCF) effectively reduced the nitric oxide production and iNOS expression stimulated by IFN-γ combined with fAβ. On the other hand, oAβ effectively activated the ramified microglia in mixed glial culture by observing the morphological alteration of the microglia from ramified to amoeboid. CC-EW and CCB effectively prohibit the Aβ-mediated morphological change of microglia. Furthermore, CC-EW and CCB effectively decreased Aβ deposition and remained Aβ in the conditioned medium suggesting the effect of CC-EW and CCB on promoting Aβ clearance. Results are expressed as mean ± S.D. and were analyzed by ANOVA with post-hoc multiple comparisons with a Bonferroni test. Conclusions The components of Cudrania cochinchinensis including CC-EW and CCB are potential for novel therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jen Wang
- Division of Geriatrics, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Huang FL, Shiao YJ, Hou SJ, Yang CN, Chen YJ, Lin CH, Shie FS, Tsay HJ. Cysteine-rich domain of scavenger receptor AI modulates the efficacy of surface targeting and mediates oligomeric Aβ internalization. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:54. [PMID: 23915271 PMCID: PMC3750411 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insufficient clearance of soluble oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (oAβ) in the central nervous system leads to the synaptic and memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously we have identified scavenger receptor class A (SR-A) of microglia mediates oligomeric amyloid-β peptide (oAβ) internalization by siRNA approach. SR-A is a member of cysteine-rich domain (SRCR) superfamily which contains proteins actively modulating the innate immunity and host defense, however the functions of the SRCR domain remain unclear. Whether the SRCR domain of SR-AI modulates the receptor surface targeting and ligand internalization was investigated by expressing truncated SR-A variants in COS-7 cells. Surface targeting of SR-A variants was examined by live immunostaining and surface biotinylation assays. Transfected COS-7 cells were incubated with fluorescent oAβ and acetylated LDL (AcLDL) to assess their ligand-internalization capabilities. Result Genetic ablation of SR-A attenuated the internalization of oAβ and AcLDL by microglia. Half of oAβ-containing endocytic vesicles was SR-A positive in both microglia and macrophages. Clathrin and dynamin in SR-AI-mediated oAβ internalization were involved. The SRCR domain of SR-AI is encoded by exons 10 and 11. SR-A variants with truncated exon 11 were intracellularly retained, whereas SR-A variants with further truncations into exon 10 were surface-targeted. The fusion of exon 11 to the surface-targeted SR-A variant lacking the SRCR domain resulted in the intracellular retention and the co-immunoprecipitation of Bip chaperon of the endoplasmic reticulum. Surface-targeted variants were N-glycosylated, whereas intracellularly-retained variants retained in high-mannose states. In addition to the collagenous domain, the SRCR domain is a functional binding domain for oAβ and AcLDL. Our data suggest that inefficient folding of SR-AI variants with truncated SRCR domain was recognized by the endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation which leads to the immature N- glycosylation and intracellular retention. Conclusion The novel functions of the SRCR domain on regulating the efficacy of receptor trafficking and ligand binding may lead to possible approaches on modulating the innate immunity in Alzheimer’s disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong-Lee Huang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei11221, Taiwan
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Huang WC, Yen FC, Shiao YJ, Shie FS, Chan JL, Yang CN, Sung YJ, Huang FL, Tsay HJ. Enlargement of Abeta aggregates through chemokine-dependent microglial clustering. Neurosci Res 2009; 63:280-7. [PMID: 19367788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2009.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of microglia surrounding senile plaques is correlated with the size of plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is unclear whether more microglia are passively recruited toward larger senile plaques or, conversely, microglia recruited to senile plaques directly contribute to the growth of plaques. In this study, BV-2 microglia were used to delineate the role of microglia in the growth of plaques using time-lapse recording. Aggregated beta amyloid peptide (Abeta)-induced BV-2 microglia to form clusters. The recruitment of BV-2 microglia bearing membrane-adhered Abeta enlarged preexisting Abeta aggregates. The receptors involved in the microglial uptake of Abeta, including integrin, formyl peptide like receptor 1, and scavenger receptors, also mediated the microglial clustering. Neutralization antibodies against chemokines significantly attenuated Abeta-induced microglial clustering and the enlargement of Abeta aggregates. Our results reveal a novel role of microglia in directly increasing the size of Abeta aggregates and suggest the targeting of Abeta-mediated microglial chemotactic migration in developing therapeutic interventions for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Tsai WJ, Shiao YJ, Lin SJ, Chiou WF, Lin LC, Yang TH, Teng CM, Wu TS, Yang LM. Selective COX-2 inhibitors. Part 1: synthesis and biological evaluation of phenylazobenzenesulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4440-3. [PMID: 16814546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenylazobenzenesulfonamide derivatives were designed and synthesized for the evaluation as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors in a cellular assay using human whole blood (HWB) and an enzymatic assay using purified ovine enzymes. Extensive structure-activity relationships (SAR) were studied within this series, and several of selective COX-2 inhibitors have been identified. Among them, compound 8, 4-(4-amino-2-methylsulfanyl-phenylazo)benzenesulfonamide, showed a potent inhibitory activity to the cyclooxygenase enzymes (IC(50)'s for COX-1: 23.28 microM; COX-2: 2.04 microM), being active but less COX-2 selective than celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jern Tsai
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen CC, Shiao YJ, Lin RD, Shao YY, Lai MN, Lin CC, Ng LT, Kuo YH. Neuroprotective diterpenes from the fruiting body of Antrodia camphorata. J Nat Prod 2006; 69:689-91. [PMID: 16643055 DOI: 10.1021/np0581263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Three new compounds, 19-hydroxylabda-8(17)-en-16,15-olide (1), 3beta,19-dihydroxylabda-8(17),11E-dien-16,15-olide (2), and 13-epi-3beta,19-dihydroxylabda-8(17),11E-dien-16,15-olide (3), together with four known compounds, 19-hydroxylabda-8(17),13-dien-16,15-olide (4), 14-deoxy-11,12-didehydroandrographolide (5), 14-deoxyandrographolide, and pinusolidic acid, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Antrodia camphorata. The structures of compounds 1-3 were elucidated by the analysis of their spectroscopic data. The in vitro neuroprotective activity of all compounds was evaluated, and compounds 1-5 protected neurons from Abeta damage by 39.2, 35.0, 36.7, 30.6, and 27.0%, respectively, at concentrations between 5 and 20 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 106
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Wang CN, Pan HC, Lin YL, Chi CW, Shiao YJ. Ester Derivatives of Tournefolic Acid B Attenuate N-Methyl-d-aspartate-Mediated Excitotoxicity in Rat Cortical Neurons. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 69:950-9. [PMID: 16365280 DOI: 10.1124/mol.105.018770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of tournefolic acid B (TAB) and two ester derivatives, TAB methyl ester (TABM) and TAB ethyl ester (TABE), on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms were investigated. Treatment with 50 microM NMDA elicited neuronal death by 48.7 +/- 5.1%, coinciding with the appearance of injured morphology. TABM (50 microM) attenuated the NMDA-induced cell death by 60.9 +/- 19.7%, and to a lesser extent by TABE. The NMDA-mediated activation of calpain was not affected by TABM and TABE, as determined by the cleavage of alpha-spectrin. NMDA increased the activity of caspases 2, 3, 6, 8, and 9 and reached the maximum after 8-h treatment. TABM and TABE abrogated NMDA-induced activation of caspases 2, 3, 6, and 8 by approximately 80 to 90% and 50 to 60%, respectively, and to a higher extent for caspase 9. TABM and TABE also blocked the NMDA-mediated activation of caspase 12. Furthermore, TABM and TABE eliminated the NMDA-induced accumulation of superoxide anion (O2-*). NMDA evoked significant depolarization of mitochondria, whereas TABM elicited a mild decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential as determined by tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester perchlorate. NMDA treatment induced elevation of Ca2+ levels in cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and mitochondria. TABM (50 microM) significantly diminished the NMDA-induced elevation of Ca2+ levels in mitochondria and ER but not cytosol. Therefore, TABM decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and attenuated the NMDA-mediated Ca2+-loading in ER and mitochondria. These events subsequently eliminated the accumulation of O2-* and blocked the activation of caspase cascade, thereby conferring their neuroprotective effects on NMDA-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Neu Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1. Sec. 2, LiNung St., Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
Using an Abeta-induced neurotoxicity blocking assay to direct fractionation, three new flavonoids, fleminginin (1), flemingichromone (2), and flemingichalcone (3), and twenty known compounds were isolated from the active fractions of the aerial parts of Flemingia macrophylla. The structures of 1 - 3 were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data. When tested for neuroprotective activity, compound 2, osajin ( 4), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,8-diprenylisoflavone (5), 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-6,3'-diprenylisoflavone (6), and aureole (7) protected neuronal cells from Abeta-induced damage with EC50 values of 31.43 +/- 3.16, 5.01 +/- 1.28, 11.25 +/-1.51, 4.47 +/- 0.65, 12.09 +/- 2.55 microM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Shiao YJ, Lin YL, Sun YH, Chi CW, Chen CF, Wang CN. Falcarindiol impairs the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by abrogating the activation of IKK and JAK in rat primary astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 144:42-51. [PMID: 15644867 PMCID: PMC1575975 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of falcarindiol on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-gamma) in rat primary astrocytes were investigated. The molecular mechanisms underlying falcarindiol that confers its effect on iNOS expression were also elucidated. Falcarindiol abrogated the LPS/IFN-gamma-mediated induction of iNOS by about 80%. Falcarindiol attenuated the induction of iNOS in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect of falcarindiol on iNOS induction was attributable to decrease in the protein content and the mRNA level of iNOS. Treatment with 50 microM of falcarindiol for 30 min decreased LPS/IFN-gamma-induced nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation by 32%. Treatment with 50 microM of falcarindiol for 60 min diminished the LPS/IFN-gamma-mediated activation of IkappaB kinase-alpha (IKK-alpha) and IKK-beta by 28.2 and 29.7%, respectively. Falcarindiol modulated the nuclear translocation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) in a time-dependent manner. Falcarindiol (50 microM) decreased the tyrosine phosphorylation of janus kinase 1 (JAK1) by 84.8% at 5 min. Falcarindiol also abrogated the tyrosine phoshorylation of JAK2 by 82.3% at 10 min.The present study demonstrates that falcarindiol attenuated the activation of IKK and JAK contributing to the blockade of activation of NF-kappaB and Stat1, thereby leading to the suppression of iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ji Shiao
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yun-Lian Lin
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ya-Hui Sun
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chieh-Fu Chen
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chuen-Neu Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Author for correspondence:
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Chi CW, Wang CN, Lin YL, Chen CF, Shiao YJ. Tournefolic acid B methyl ester attenuates glutamate-induced toxicity by blockade of ROS accumulation and abrogating the activation of caspases and JNK in rat cortical neurons. J Neurochem 2005; 92:692-700. [PMID: 15659238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2004.02912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of nine polyphenolic compounds on glutamate-mediated toxicity were investigated. The underlying mechanisms by which a polyphenolic compound confers its effect were also elucidated. Treatment of cortical neurons with 50 microm glutamate for 24 h decreased cell viability by 45.8 +/- 7.9%, and 50 microm of tournefolic acid B methyl ester attenuated glutamate-induced cell death by 46.8 +/- 17.8%. Glutamate increased the activity of caspase 35.2-fold, and to a similar extent for caspase 2, 6, 8 and 9. Tournefolic acid B methyl ester abrogated glutamate-induced activation of caspase 2, 3, 6 and 9 by about 70%, and to a lesser extent for caspase 8. Treatment with glutamate for 1 h elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) by 208.3 +/- 21.3%. Tournefolic acid B methyl ester eliminated the glutamate-induced accumulation of ROS. Glutamate increased the phosphorylation of p54-c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) concomitantly with activation of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Tournefolic acid B methyl ester at 50 microm diminished the activity of p54-JNK in control and glutamate-treated cells, coinciding with the abolishment of the glutamate-triggered antioxidant defense system. Therefore, tournefolic acid B methyl ester blocked the activation of the caspase cascade, eliminated ROS accumulation and abrogated the activation of JNK, thereby conferring a neuroprotective effect on glutamate-mediated neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Chi
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin SJ, Shiao YJ, Chi CW, Yang LM. Abeta aggregation inhibitors. Part 1: Synthesis and biological activity of phenylazo benzenesulfonamides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1173-6. [PMID: 14980659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phenylazo benzenesulfonamides were designed and synthesized as beta-amyloid (Abeta40) fibril assembly inhibitors, and evaluated for inhibition of Abeta40 aggregation and neurotoxicity using rat cortical neurons. Compound 2 (LB-152) was the most potent compound in this study, and the para-NMe(2) group on the end of the phenylazo moiety may play an important role in preventing Abeta40 fibril formation. LB-152 provides a new lead for further development of potential beta-amyloid aggregation inhibitors to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwu-Jiuan Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan
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Lee TF, Shiao YJ, Chen CF, Wang LC. Effect of ginseng saponins on beta-amyloid-suppressed acetylcholine release from rat hippocampal slices. Planta Med 2001; 67:634-637. [PMID: 11582541 DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-17366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In view of the facts that ginseng has been shown to improve age-related memory deficits and beta-amyloid-related peptides have been suggested to play a significant role in memory degeneration in the elderly, the present study was carried out to examine the effect of various ginsenosides on beta-amyloid peptides-modulated acetylcholine (ACh) release, a key neurotransmitter in memory processing, from the hippocampal slices. Addition of beta-amyloid fragment(25 - 35) (0.01 - 1 microM) in the superfusion medium suppressed the K(+)-evoked [(3)H]-ACh release from the rat hippocampal slices in a concentration-related manner and about 40 % reduction in ACh outflow was observed when incubating with the highest concentration of an amyloid fragment (1 microM). Inclusion of the ginsenoside components Rb(1) (0.1 microM), but not Rg(1), caused a rightward shift of the concentration-response curve of beta-amyloid. The reversal of the beta-amyloid-inhibited ACh release by Rb(1) was not blocked by tetrodotoxin (1 microM) indicating that an interaction occurs at the cholinergic synapse. These results suggest that Rb(1) may elicit its anti-amnesic effect by minimizing the inhibitory effect of beta-amyloid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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Chen MY, Huang LH, Wang EK, Cheng NJ, Hsu CY, Hung LL, Shiao YJ. The effectiveness of health promotion counseling for overweight adolescent nursing students in taiwan. Public Health Nurs 2001; 18:350-6. [PMID: 11559418 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1446.2001.00350.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of health promotion counseling for overweight adolescent nursing students. The Chinese version of an established health promotion counseling booklet developed by the author of this study was used in the counseling. The study employed a one-group pre- and post-quasi-experimental research design from September 1997 to June 1999. A total of 166 (17%) first-year, junior college nursing students were found to be overweight according to the results of a health examination at the school health center at a junior college in the Taipei Metropolitan Area. Of these 166 students, 58 were randomly selected and 49 of these had complete participation records for the 2-year study. All subjects received 8 hours of whole group and 12 hours of small group health promotion counseling over a 1-year period. The results show that health promotion counseling enabled subjects to adopt healthier lifestyles and most of the physiological variables (WLI, HDL, SBP, TC) were significantly improved. This research outcome supports the value of health promotion counseling in school health centers, which incorporates material to help overweight adolescent students live a healthier life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Chen
- Health Center, Chang Gung Institute of Nursing, Taiwan
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Wang CN, Chi CW, Lin YL, Chen CF, Shiao YJ. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens on amyloid beta protein-induced toxicity are mediated by abrogating the activation of caspase cascade in rat cortical neurons. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:5287-95. [PMID: 11083861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006406200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo. In present study we attempt to elucidate the mechanism by which Abeta confers its neurotoxicity. The neuroprotective effects of phytoestrogens on Abeta-mediated toxicity were also investigated. Cortical neurons treated with 5 microm Abeta-(25-35) for 40 h decreased the cell viability by 45.5 +/- 4.6% concomitant with the appearance of apoptotic morphology. 50 microm kaempferol and apigenin decreased the Abeta-induced cell death by 81.5 +/- 9.4% and 49.2 +/- 9.9%, respectively. Abeta increased the activity of caspase 3 by 10.6-fold and to a lesser extent for caspase 2, 8, and 9. The Abeta-induced activation of caspase 3 and release of cytochrome c showed a biphasic pattern. Apigenin abrogated Abeta-induced cytochrome c release, and the activation of caspase cascade. Kaempferol showed a similar effect but to a less extent. Kaempferol was also capable of eliminating Abeta-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. These two events accounted for the remarkable effect of kaempferol on neuroprotection. Quercetin and probucol did not affect the Abeta-mediated neurotoxicity. However, they potentiated the protective effect of apigenin. Therefore, these results demonstrate that Abeta elicited activation of caspase cascades and reactive oxygen species accumulation, thereby causing neuronal death. The blockade of caspase activation conferred the major neuroprotective effect of phytoestrogens. The antioxidative activity of phytoestrogens also modulated their neuroprotective effects on Abeta-mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, No. 155-1 Sec. 2, Li-Nung Street, Peitou, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wang CN, Shiao YJ, Kuo YH, Chen CC, Lin YL. Inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors from Saposhnikovia divaricata and Panax quinquefolium. Planta Med 2000; 66:644-647. [PMID: 11105571 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-8624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of polyacetylenes, falcarinone, panaxynol, falcarindiol, panaxydol, and panaxytriol, were isolated from Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk and Panax quinquefolium L. These polyacetylenes were identified as active principles on the inhibition of nitrite production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Treatment with 10 microM of panaxynol, falcarindiol, panaxydol and panaxytriol decreased the LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated accumulation of nitrite by 71.92 +/- 3.07, 69.95 +/- 3.68, 45.48 +/- 6.11 and 36.85 +/- 8.80%, respectively. The IC50 value of falcarinone, panaxynol, falcarindiol, panaxydol and panaxytriol was > 20, 2.23, 1.98, 6.58 and 9.85 microM, respectively.
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40
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Wang CN, Shiao YJ, Lin YL, Chen CF. Nepalolide A inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase by modulating the degradation of IkappaB-alpha and IkappaB-beta in C6 glioma cells and rat primary astrocytes. Br J Pharmacol 1999; 128:345-56. [PMID: 10510444 PMCID: PMC1571635 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0702785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/1999] [Accepted: 06/22/1999] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1 The effects of nepalolide A on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) caused by incubation with lipopolysaccharide/interferon-gamma (LPS/IFN-gamma) or tumour necrosis factor-alpha/interleukin-1beta/IFN-gamma (TNF-alpha/IL-1beta/IFN-gamma, mixed cytokines) in C6 glioma cells and primary astrocytes of rat were investigated. The mechanisms by which nepalolide A confers its effect on iNOS expression were also elucidated. 2 Treatment with LPS/IFN-gamma and mixed cytokines for 24 h elicited the induction of iNOS activity as determined by nitrite accumulation in the culture medium and assay of enzyme activity. Nepalolide A at 10 microM abrogated the LPS/IFN-gamma- and mixed cytokines-mediated induction of iNOS by more than 90% in C6 glioma cells, and by 80% for mixed cytokines-induced induction of iNOS in primary astrocytes. The effect of nepalolide A (2-10 microM) was concentration-dependent. 3 The inhibition of iNOS induction by nepalolide A was attributed to decreases in the content of iNOS protein and the level of iNOS mRNA, as measured by immunoblotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. 4 Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to evaluate the effect of nepalolide A on the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). Results showed that nepalolide A diminished the LPS/IFN-gamma-mediated association of NF-kappaB with consensus oligonucleotide in a concentration-dependent manner. The activation of NF-kappaB by mixed cytokines was modulated both in the extent of activation and in its time-course by nepalolide A. 5 The ability of nepalolide A to inhibit NF-kappaB activation was further confirmed by studies on the degradation of the inhibitor of NF-kappaB, IkappaB, as measured by immunoblotting. 6 The present study demonstrates that the attenuation of NF-kappaB activation by nepalolide A was mediated by blockade of the degradation of IkappaB, leading to suppression of the expression of iNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Wang
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, NO. 155-1 SEC. 2, LiNung ST., Peitou, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Shiao YJ, Balcerzak B, Vance JE. A mitochondrial membrane protein is required for translocation of phosphatidylserine from mitochondria-associated membranes to mitochondria. Biochem J 1998; 331 ( Pt 1):217-23. [PMID: 9512482 PMCID: PMC1219341 DOI: 10.1042/bj3310217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of import of phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) into mitochondria was investigated using a reconstituted system of isolated organelles in vitro in which PtdSer was translocated from donor membranes to mitochondria and was decarboxylated therein. Neither phosphatidylcholine nor phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) was translocated under the same conditions. Transfer of PtdSer from its site of synthesis on the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria-associated membranes [J. E.Vance (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7248-7256] to its site of decarboxylation on mitochondrial inner membranes is predicted to be mediated by membrane contact. A mitochondrial membrane protein appears to be involved in the translocation event since proteolysis of proteins exposed on the mitochondrial surface potently inhibited PtdSer transfer, whereas proteolysis of surface proteins of mitochondria-associated membranes did not impair the transfer. The nature of the membranes that donate PtdSer to mitochondria in vitro is not crucial since PtdSer of mitochondria-associated membranes, endoplasmic reticulum and microsomes was decarboxylated to PtdEtn with approximately equal efficiency. The translocation of PtdSer to mitochondria was stimulated by magnesium and calcium ions and was inhibited by incubation of mitochondria with sulphydryl group-modifying reagents. Reconstitution of PtdSer translocation/decarboxylation using digitonin-solubilized mitochondria and PtdSer-donor membranes suggested that the putative PtdSer-translocation protein is primarily localized to contract sites between mitochondrial inner and outer membranes. These studies provide evidence for the involvement of a mitochondrial membrane protein in the import of newly-synthesized PtdSer into mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shiao
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2S2
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Vance JE, Shiao YJ. Intracellular trafficking of phospholipids: import of phosphatidylserine into mitochondria. Anticancer Res 1996; 16:1333-9. [PMID: 8694499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Three mechanisms are commonly suggested for the movemerlt of lipids between intracellular organelles: transfer mediated by cytosolic lipid transfer proteins, vesicle-mediated transfer, and transfer via regions of membrane continuity between organelles. The mechanism of translocation of phosphatidylserine from its site of synthesis on the endoplasmic reticulum (and related membranes) to the site of phosphatidylserine decarboxylation in the mitochondria has been investigated. Several experiments indicate that a transfer mediated by soluble cytosolic phospholipid transfer proteins, or by vesicles, is unlikely. Rather, the most likely mode of import of newly-synthesized phosphatidylserine into mitochondria is contact between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial membranes. In support of this mechanism we have isolated an endoplasmic reticulum-like."mitochondria-associated membrane" fraction and shown that it has some, but not all, properties of the endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria-associated membranes are enriched in lipid biosynthetic enzymes, especially phosphatidylserine synthase. When either phosphatidylserine translocation to mitochondria is blocked (by ATP depletion), or phosphatidylserine decarboxylation is blocked (with hydroxylamine), newly-synthesized phosphatidylserine accumulates in the mitochondria-associated membrane but not in microsomes, suggesting that phosphatidylserine traverses the mitochondria-associated membrane on its route from the endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Vance
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Shiao YJ, Vance JE. Evidence for an ethanolamine cycle: differential recycling of the ethanolamine moiety of phosphatidylethanolamine derived from phosphatidylserine and ethanolamine. Biochem J 1995; 310 ( Pt 2):673-9. [PMID: 7654210 PMCID: PMC1135948 DOI: 10.1042/bj3100673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the operation of an ethanolamine-phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) cycle in Chinese hamster ovary cells. PtdEtn was labelled with [3H]ethanolamine and radioactivity was chased by incubation with 1 mM unlabelled ethanolamine. Radioactivity in [3H]PtdEtn gradually declined over a 23 h time period. In contrast, when the cells were incubated in medium lacking unlabelled ethanolamine, radioactivity in PtdEtn remained constant for at least 23 h. These observations suggest that the ethanolamine moiety is continuously released from PtdEtn and recycled back into PtdEtn. In cells incubated without unlabelled ethanolamine, labelled ethanolamine released from PtdEtn is re-incorporated into PtdEtn without significant dilution. In contrast, in cells incubated with unlabelled ethanolamine the specific radioactivity of the intracellular ethanolamine pool decreases as a result of dilution by the exogenous ethanolamine, hence radioactivity in PtdEtn gradually declines. Similar results were obtained for confluent and non-confluent cells. Our data also demonstrate that when PtdEtn is derived from phosphatidylserine decarboxylation, the ethanolamine cycle operates only in actively dividing, and not in confluent, cells, implying that PtdEtn derived from different biosynthetic origins [i.e. from decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine or from ethanolamine (most likely via the CDP-ethanolamine pathway)] is metabolized differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shiao
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Shiao YJ, Lupo G, Vance JE. Evidence that phosphatidylserine is imported into mitochondria via a mitochondria-associated membrane and that the majority of mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine is derived from decarboxylation of phosphatidylserine. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:11190-8. [PMID: 7744750 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.19.11190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine is synthesized in both the endoplasmic reticulum and a unique membrane fraction, the mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) (Vance, J.E. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 7248-7256). In Chinese hamster ovary cells labeled with [3H]serine or [3H]ethanolamine, we found that the majority of mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine was derived from phosphatidylserine decarboxylation. Essentially no mitochondrial phosphatidylethanolamine, especially that in the inner membrane, was imported from the endoplasmic reticulum. We tested the hypothesis that phosphatidylserine made in the endoplasmic reticulum is delivered via the MAM to mitochondria for decarboxylation to phosphatidylethanolamine. Cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]serine and subsequently incubated either in the presence of hydroxylamine (for inhibition of phosphatidylserine decarboxylation) or under conditions for which cellular ATP had been depleted (for inhibition of phosphatidylserine import into mitochondria). In hydroxylamine-treated cells, within 2 h, the amount of radiolabeled phosphatidylserine in the MAM and mitochondria, but not microsomes, was greater than in untreated cells. Moreover, in ATP-depleted, but not in control, cells the amount of radiolabeled phosphatidylserine in the MAM approximately doubled by 3 h. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that newly synthesized phosphatidylserine normally traverses the MAM en route to mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shiao
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Shiao YJ, Vance JE. Sphingomyelin transport to the cell surface occurs independently of protein secretion in rat hepatocytes. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:26085-92. [PMID: 8253724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transport of sphingomyelin from its site of synthesis, in the cis/medial-Golgi, to the plasma membrane has been investigated in monolayer cultures of rat hepatocytes. Sphingomyelin was synthesized intracellularly from [methyl-3H]choline, and the arrival of sphingomyelin at the plasma membrane was monitored by treatment of the cells with sphingomyelinase, which hydrolyzed only sphingomyelin at the cell surface. When hepatocytes were maintained at temperatures from 5 to 37 degrees C, both protein secretion and sphingomyelin trafficking to the cell surface were inhibited at low temperatures, especially at temperatures below 25 degrees C. Treatment of cells with the energy poison potassium cyanide prevented protein secretion and reduced the incorporation of [3H]choline into sphingomyelin, but did not affect the percentage of newly synthesized sphingomyelin that was transported to the cell surface. Brefeldin A and monensin, both of which disrupt protein movement through the Golgi apparatus, were used to evaluate the mechanism of transport of sphingomyelin to the plasma membrane. Although brefeldin A and monensin each effectively blocked protein secretion, sphingomyelin movement to the cell surface was not inhibited, even though sphingomyelin synthesis normally occurs in the Golgi. We conclude that the most likely mechanism of sphingomyelin transport to the cell surface is a vesicle-mediated process (because of the known topology of sphingomyelin synthesis and distribution). However, the putative vesicles that are involved in the movement of sphingomyelin to the plasma membrane are distinct from those that transport proteins for secretion. In addition, the route of trafficking of sphingomyelin to the plasma membrane is not one that requires an obligatory passage through the Golgi apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shiao
- Lipid and Lipoprotein Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
Cholate and its conjugated amide derivatives glycocholate and taurocholate solubilized human platelets differently as studied by the observations on: (1) the change in optical absorbance of platelet suspension, (2) marker leakiness and (3) component solubility. Cholate ruptures the membrane in an all-or-none process, while both conjugated derivatives shed off both proteins and lipids. The shed lipids formed vesicles and could be separated from the proteins. The conjugated salts gradually chop off the cell membrane into pieces causing the cells to become small spheres (1.5 microns in diameter) as revealed by scanning electron microscopy, which also revealed that morphological change of platelet in these bile salts depended on both concentration and incubation period. Platelets at the prelytic-stage concentration of these three salts deformed initially to spiculate disc and finally to a stretched-out flat form. Also, in the prelytic stage of these bile salts, platelets showed inhibited responses to thrombin which did not happen to platelets in deoxycholate (Shiao et al. (1989) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 980, 56-68.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shiao
- Institute of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Abstract
The solubilization of human gel-filtered platelets by octyl glucoside, Triton X-100, dodecylsulfate, and deoxycholate was compared from the analysis of (1) cell lysis, (2) marker leakiness, and (3) component solubility. These analyses all revealed that the effect of detergent concentration on the solubilization of platelets by these detergents was exerted in three stages, i.e., the prelytic, lytic, and complete platelet-lysis stages. These analyses also indicated several differences among platelets in these detergents. (i) The ratio of the platelet-saturation concentration (PSC) to critical micellar concentration (CMC) was about 1/2 for octyl glucoside. Triton X-100 and dodecylsulfate, while it was close to 1 for deoxycholate. (ii) Platelets in octyl glucoside. Triton X-100, and dodecylsulfate all showed parallel curves in cell lysis, protein solubilization and marker leakiness, while the platelet lysis in deoxycholate was identical to the phospholipid solubilization. (iii) The solubility curves of various components in Triton X-100 and deoxycholate were parallel. However, the solubility of cholesterol in octyl glucoside was lower than that of protein and phospholipid. In dodecylsulfate, the solubility of phospholipid and cholesterol was very low in comparison with that of protein. In addition, morphological studies using scanning electron microscopy (scanning EM) revealed that the solubilization by octyl glucoside or Triton X-100 might occur via membrane area expansion. On the other hand, the solubilization by dodecylsulfate or deoxycholate showed membrane vesiculation prior to cell lysis. Moreover, in the prelytic stage, the morphological change in platelets in octyl glucoside showed only concentration dependence by swelling to an ellipsoid and then to a sphere. However, the morphological change in platelets in the other three detergents was dependent not only on the detergent concentration but also on prolonged incubation. Specifically, in Triton X-100, the cells initially changed to spiculate discs and then reached their final shape as swollen discs with surface invagination. In dodecylsulfate and deoxycholate the morphological changes were almost the same. The cell initially deformed in shape to a spiculate disc and finally to a stretched-out flat form. The results are discussed according to the bilayer couple hypothesis. Also, in the prelytic stage, these detergents caused inhibition of the response of platelets to collagen and ADP-fibrinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y J Shiao
- Institute of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, China
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Wang CT, Tsai WJ, Chang SM, Shiao YJ, Yang CC. Different susceptibilities of platelet phospholipids to various phospholipases and modifications induced by thrombin. Possible evidence of rearrangement of lipid domains. Biochim Biophys Acta 1987; 899:205-12. [PMID: 3580366 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
On the membrane surface of the human platelet, phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were hydrolyzed to different extents by the snake venom phospholipases A2 of varying pI values. The susceptibility of platelet phospholipids to basic phospholipase A2 of Naja nigricollis (pI 10.6) has been reported (Wang et al. (1986) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 856, 244-258). The susceptibilities of platelet phospholipids to acidic phospholipase A2 of Naja naja atra (pI 5.2) and to neutral phospholipase A2 of Hemachatus haemachatus (pI 7.3) were investigated in this study. In gel-filtered platelets, acidic phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed 35% PC and 10% PE, while neutral phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed 18% PC and 3% PE. In thrombin-induced shape-changed platelets, acidic phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed 20% PC and 10% PE, while neutral phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed 15% PC and 6% PE. In thrombin-activated platelets, acidic phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed 25% PC and 7% PE, while neutral phospholipase A2 hydrolyzed 25% PC and 10% PE. Sequential lipid hydrolysis experiments showed that basic phospholipase A2 of Naja nigricollis could hydrolyze the remaining PC and PE in the membrane previously treated with the neutral enzyme. The results may mean that: the PC and the PE domains exist on the platelet membrane surface; and the lipid domains on the membrane surface of resting platelets are rearranged by thrombin.
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Wang CT, Shiao YJ, Chen JC, Tsai WJ, Yang CC. Estimation of the phospholipid distribution in the human platelet plasma membrane based on the effect of phospholipase A2 from Naja nigricollis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1986; 856:244-58. [PMID: 3955041 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(86)90034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human platelets in three physiological states were prepared. These states were the gel-filtered, the thrombin-induced shape-changed, and the thrombin-activated platelets. The phospholipid distributions in these three types of membrane were probed by using the basic phospholipase A2 of Naja nigricollis. This enzyme could penetrate through these membranes to hydrolyze all of their accessible phospholipids and to cause cell lysis. The hydrolytic time-courses displayed three phases. The state of platelet in each lipid hydrolytic phase was examined by: (1) measuring the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase; (2) analyzing the morphology by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy (scanning EM and transmission EM); and (3) estimating the hydrolysis of the [32P]phosphate-labeled platelets. The existence of these three hydrolytic phases may signify that the phospholipase A2 sequentially hydrolyzed its substrates in the membrane outer leaflet, in the inner one, and in the cytosol. The content and the distribution of each phospholipid class in the plasma membranes of the resting and of the shape-changed platelets were similar. These membrane surfaces consisted mainly of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). Phosphatidylserine (PS) was not exposed on the surface of the shape-changed platelet. The content of each lipid class in the activated platelet membrane was 10% more than that in the resting platelet. PS was found on the activated platelet cell surface. This implies that PS is exposed only during platelet secretion.
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