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Brink FW, Lo CB, Rust SW, Puls HT, Stanley R, Galdo B, Lindberg DM. Pilot study using machine learning to improve estimation of physical abuse prevalence. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 149:106681. [PMID: 38368780 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM) codes have been shown to underestimate physical abuse prevalence. Machine learning models are capable of efficiently processing a wide variety of data and may provide better estimates of abuse. OBJECTIVE To achieve proof of concept applying machine learning to identify codes associated with abuse. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Children <5 years, presenting to the emergency department with an injury or abuse-specific ICD-10-CM code and evaluated by the child protection team (CPT) from 2016 to 2020 at a large Midwestern children's hospital. METHODS The Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) and the CPT administrative databases were used to identify the study sample and injury and abuse-specific ICD-10-CM codes. Subjects were divided into abused and non-abused groups based on the CPT's evaluation. A LASSO logistic regression model was constructed using ICD-10-CM codes and patient age to identify children likely to be diagnosed by the CPT as abused. Performance was evaluated using repeated cross-validation (CV) and Reciever Operator Characteristic curve. RESULTS We identified 2028 patients evaluated by the CPT with 512 diagnosed as abused. Using diagnosis codes and patient age, our model was able to accurately identify patients with confirmed PA (mean CV AUC = 0.87). Performance was still weaker for patients without existing ICD codes for abuse (mean CV AUC = 0.81). CONCLUSIONS We built a model that employs injury ICD-10-CM codes and age to improve accuracy of distinguishing abusive from non-abusive injuries. This pilot modelling endeavor is a steppingstone towards improving population-level estimates of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah W Brink
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West Ninth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Charmaine B Lo
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; Abigail Wexner Research Institute, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Steven W Rust
- IT Research & Innovation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Henry T Puls
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States; University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, United States
| | - Rachel Stanley
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Childrens Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 West Ninth Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Brendan Galdo
- IT Research & Innovation, Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States
| | - Daniel M Lindberg
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse & Neglect, 13123 East 16(th) Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States; Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 East 17(th) Place, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
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Babeluk R, Maier B, Bach T, Hajdu S, Jaindl M, Antoni A. The Hidden Pandemic: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trauma Cases Due to Domestic Violence Admitted to the Biggest Level-One Trauma Center in Austria. J Clin Med 2023; 13:246. [PMID: 38202253 PMCID: PMC10779589 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An alarming increase in domestic violence was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in the frequency and the nature of domestic violence at the largest level-one trauma center in Austria. METHODS All patients admitted to our institution with domestic violence injuries 15 months before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic were included. For our analysis, we investigated the frequency of trauma patients after domestic violence in relation to all other trauma patients. Furthermore, age, sex, citizenship, injury pattern, injured body regions, injury mechanism, offender-victim relationship, and hospitalization rate were also analyzed. RESULTS Among all trauma patients admitted, the ratio of patients who reported domestic violence injuries increased from 0.465% to 0.548% since the start of the pandemic. In addition, out of the total count of domestic violence victims, the percentage of Austrian citizens increased significantly from 51.2% to 60.6% (p = 0.016). All other parameters showed no significant changes pre and post-pandemic. CONCLUSION The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a relative increase in patients with domestic violence injuries at the largest trauma unit in Austria, along with a significant increase among Austrian citizens. The remaining study parameters did not differ significantly, indicating that the frequency changed during the pandemic but not the underlying pattern of domestic violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Babeluk
- Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Gürtel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (B.M.); (T.B.)
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Campbell KA, Wood JN, Berger RP. Child Abuse Prevention in a Pandemic-A Natural Experiment in Social Welfare Policy. JAMA Pediatr 2023; 177:1263-1265. [PMID: 37870864 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.4525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristine A Campbell
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Safe and Healthy Families, Primary Children's Hospital, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Joanne N Wood
- Division of General Pediatrics, Clinical Futures, and PolicyLab, Roberts Center for Pediatric Research, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rachel P Berger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Golan L. "Secrets From the Children's Room": New Understandings of Inappropriate and Abusive Sexual Behavior Among Siblings after the COVID-19 Crisis in Israel. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3037-3048. [PMID: 36154745 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221124255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses the COVID-19 crisis's impact on inappropriate and abusive sexual behavior among siblings (IASBAS) and how perceptions of this phenomenon affect construction of the post-crisis reality in Israel. Sibling sexual abuse, the most frequent type of sexual assault against children, does not occur in a vacuum; it is affected by the environment in which children live and develop. The pandemic created situational risk factors and a "germination substrate" for risk of abuse in "normative" families and escalation in families in which it had previously occurred. The first part of the article, based on research data and reports, reviews the objective reality that emerged in Israel and worldwide due to the pandemic. Part two describes situational risk factors converging to a new dangerous situation for children's abuse and victimization that resulted from this crisis: domestic violence (direct, indirect, and sexual), at-risk children returning and staying at home, increased exposure to online sexual content, parental dysfunction, and lack of formal and informal support sources. These risk factors are mutually reinforcing, thus exacerbating the risk of sexual assault among siblings. Part three describes the etiology characterizing the complex phenomenon of IASBAS. Part four discusses the significance of the risk factors at various stages and conditions for its development, identification, prevention or preventing escalation, and providing professional support, all of which affect the post-crisis reality. Part five offers recommendations for prevention, detection, and intervention that help deal with the reality "the day after."
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Golan
- Kinneret College on the Sea of Galilee, Tiberias, Israel
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Parenteau AM, Boyer CJ, Campos LJ, Carranza AF, Deer LK, Hartman DT, Bidwell JT, Hostinar CE. A review of mental health disparities during COVID-19: Evidence, mechanisms, and policy recommendations for promoting societal resilience. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1821-1842. [PMID: 36097815 PMCID: PMC10008755 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Social and economic inequality are chronic stressors that continually erode the mental and physical health of marginalized groups, undermining overall societal resilience. In this comprehensive review, we synthesize evidence of greater increases in mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic among socially or economically marginalized groups in the United States, including (a) people who are low income or experiencing homelessness, (b) racial and ethnic minorities, (c) women and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and questioning (LGBTQ+) communities, (d) immigrants and migrants, (e) children and people with a history of childhood adversity, and (f) the socially isolated and lonely. Based on this evidence, we propose that reducing social and economic inequality would promote population mental health and societal resilience to future crises. Specifically, we propose concrete, actionable recommendations for policy, intervention, and practice that would bolster five "pillars" of societal resilience: (1) economic safety and equity, (2) accessible healthcare, including mental health services, (3) combating racial injustice and promoting respect for diversity, equity, and inclusion, (4) child and family protection services, and (5) social cohesion. Although the recent pandemic exposed and accentuated steep inequalities within our society, efforts to rebuild offer the opportunity to re-envision societal resilience and policy to reduce multiple forms of inequality for our collective benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Parenteau
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
- Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California-Davis
| | - Chase J. Boyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California-Davis
| | | | | | - LillyBelle K. Deer
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
- Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California-Davis
| | | | - Julie T. Bidwell
- Betty Irene Moore School of Nursing, University of California-Davis
| | - Camelia E. Hostinar
- Psychology Department, University of California-Davis
- Center for Poverty and Inequality Research, University of California-Davis
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Ezeokoli EU, Pang LK, Loyd NG, Borici N, Bachim A, Vogel AM, Rosenfeld SB. Child traumatic physical abuse rates and comparisons during the COVID-19 pandemic: Retrospective paediatric single institution review in Texas. J Paediatr Child Health 2023; 59:1129-1134. [PMID: 37455617 DOI: 10.1111/jpc.16468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
AIM The COVID-19 pandemic drastically altered human behaviour and socialisation and may have created an environment that could lead to increased incidence of domestic abuse and non-accidental trauma, or child physical abuse (CPA). Initial reports about the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rates of CPA have been mixed. The purpose of this study is to describe the effects of COVID-19 on rates of CPA in a large metropolitan paediatric hospital and level I paediatric trauma centre. METHODS We identified and compared all CPA admissions under 18 years from May 2019 to February 2020 and considered that to be the pre-COVID time frame. The ensuing 12-month period of March 2020 to February 2021 was considered to be the intra-COVID time frame. RESULTS There were 49 (0.32%) unique CPA patients pre-COVID and 83 (0.85%) unique CPA patients intra-COVID (P < 0.001) with lower total admissions for any reason during the intra-COVID time frame. Monthly CPA cases were increased (P < 0.03) during the intra-COVID time period (mean 6.9, 95% confidence interval: 5.8-12.7) compared to the pre-COVID time period (mean 4.9, 95% confidence interval: 3.3-8.2). CONCLUSION During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were decreased overall hospital admissions in the period of mandated shutdowns and isolation. However, we saw an increased rate of CPA admissions compared to the time period prior to the pandemic. Knowledge of such data, trends and circumstances will help keep health-care providers alert and vigilant in identifying children at risk for maltreatment, and may impact child abuse protocols and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekene U Ezeokoli
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Lon Kai Pang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Nathaniel G Loyd
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Neritan Borici
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Angela Bachim
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Public Health Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Adam M Vogel
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Scott B Rosenfeld
- Division of Pediatric Orthopedic Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
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Moon C, Lim S, Kim Y. Domestic violence towards children in Kenya and Zambia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Public Health 2023; 221:17-22. [PMID: 37354599 PMCID: PMC10183627 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although research has demonstrated that the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the likelihood of children experiencing domestic abuse, few empirical studies have focused on the most vulnerable communities in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic violence towards children in Kenya and Zambia. STUDY DESIGN In collaboration with an international non-governmental organisation (NGO), an original door-to-door survey of 842 children and their parents (or adult guardians) was conducted in Kenya and Zambia. The survey sites were carefully selected to target economically underprivileged communities with the presence of NGOs as well as those without. METHODS Using multivariate regression analysis of child and parent survey responses, we attempted to identify how parents' experiences of COVID-19 affected children's exposure to domestic violence. Our analysis of domestic violence included both emotional (psychological) and physical violence. RESULTS Children from households whose guardians perceived a strongly negative effect of COVID-19 were more likely to experience domestic violence. The correlation was statistically significant for both emotional and physical violence. In Kenya, children in communities with NGO presence were less likely to experience domestic violence. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed children to an increased risk of experiencing domestic violence. Children from underprivileged communities in developing countries are particularly vulnerable to such risk, as they tend to lack social support from communities and governments. International organisations must pay more attention to these children during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungshik Moon
- Department of Political Science and International Relations, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sijeong Lim
- Division of International Studies, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngwan Kim
- Department of Political Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Kourti A, Stavridou A, Panagouli E, Psaltopoulou T, Spiliopoulou C, Tsolia M, Sergentanis TN, Tsitsika A. Domestic Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:719-745. [PMID: 34402325 PMCID: PMC10011925 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211038690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 outbreak and the followed confinement measures have raised concerns to specialists worldwide regarding the imminent increase in domestic violence cases. The present systematic review aims to identify the international trends in domestic violence during the COVID-19 epidemic and to examine the possible differences among all population groups and different geographic areas worldwide. METHOD The following databases were accessed: DOAJ, ERIC, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Pubmed, PsycNet, and SCOPUS, up to July 22, 2020. RESULTS A total of 32 studies were considered eligible. Data from North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific Area, Africa, and worldwide researches were retrieved. COVID-19 has caused an increase in domestic violence cases, especially during the first week of the COVID-19 lockdown in each country. In children, however, although the specialists' estimations suggested an increase in child maltreatment and abuse cases, the rate of police and social services' reports has declined during the COVID-19 pandemic. School closures that isolated students at home seemed to have contributed to this decrease. CONCLUSIONS Domestic violence has been a considerable issue imposed by the COVID-19 epidemic to a worldwide context. The home confinement led to constant contact between perpetrators and victims, resulting in increased violence and decreased reports. In order to minimize such issues, prevention measures and supporting programs are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kourti
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Stavridou
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Panagouli
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Eleni Panagouli, Adolescent Health Unit, Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 24, Mesogeion Ave., Athens 11527, Greece.
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Chara Spiliopoulou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Tsolia
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros N. Sergentanis
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, “Alexandra” Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Artemis Tsitsika
- Second Department of Pediatrics, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
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O'Neill KM, Dodington J, Gawel M, Borrup K, Shapiro DS, Gates J, Gregg S, Becher RD. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community violence in Connecticut. Am J Surg 2023; 225:775-780. [PMID: 36253316 PMCID: PMC9540704 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural disasters may lead to increases in community violence due to broad social disruption, economic hardship, and large-scale morbidity and mortality. The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on community violence is unknown. METHODS Using trauma registry data on all violence-related patient presentations in Connecticut from 2018 to 2021, we compared the pattern of violence-related trauma from pre-COVID and COVID pandemic using an interrupted time series linear regression model. RESULTS There was a 55% increase in violence-related trauma in the COVID period compared with the pre-COVID period (IRR: 1.55; 95%CI: 1.34-1.80; p-value<0.001) driven largely by penetrating injuries. This increase disproportionately impacted Black/Latinx communities (IRR: 1.61; 95%CI: 1.36-1.90; p-value<0.001). CONCLUSION Violence-related trauma increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased community violence is a significant and underappreciated negative health and social consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, and one that excessively burdens communities already at increased risk from systemic health and social inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M O'Neill
- Division of General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA; Investigative Medicine Program, Yale School of Medicine, Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - James Dodington
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Violence Intervention Program, Yale New Haven Hospital, USA.
| | - Marcie Gawel
- Violence Intervention Program, Yale New Haven Hospital, USA.
| | - Kevin Borrup
- Injury Prevention Center, Connecticut Children's Medical Center, Hartford, CT, 06106, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, 06032, USA.
| | - David S Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Saint Francis Hospital & Medical Center, USA; Associate Professor of Surgery University of Connecticut School of Medicine & Frank L. Netter Schools of Medicine, USA.
| | - Jonathan Gates
- Department of Surgery, Hartford Healthcare Hartford Hospital, USA.
| | - Shea Gregg
- Trauma, Burns and Surgical Critical Care, Bridgeport Hospital, USA.
| | - Robert D Becher
- Division of General Surgery, Trauma, and Surgical Critical Care, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Schein SS, Roben CKP, Costello AH, Dozier M. Assessing Changes in Parent Sensitivity in Telehealth and Hybrid Implementation of Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up During the COVID-19 Pandemic. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2023; 28:24-33. [PMID: 35081800 PMCID: PMC8841399 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211072516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, home visiting services for families with young children pivoted to continue providing services virtually. One such service was Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-up (ABC), a brief prevention/intervention program targeting increased parental sensitivity. 70 families participated in a sensitivity assessment before and after receiving ABC. Forty-three families received the program fully through telehealth, and 27 families received the program through an in-person/telehealth hybrid format. Parent sensitivity was assessed pre- and post-intervention, and results suggested that when ABC was delivered through a telehealth or hybrid format, parents showed increased following the lead and decreased intrusiveness from pre- to post-intervention, with moderate effect sizes. Ongoing supervision in the model, weekly fidelity maintenance checks, and the flexibility of families and parent coaches likely contributed to the maintenance of significant change in parental sensitivity from pre- to post-intervention during the move from face-to-face home visiting to the provision of virtual services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stevie S. Schein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Caroline K. P. Roben
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Amanda H. Costello
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Mary Dozier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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van Koppen MV, Bruggeman M, Houston R, Harte JM. Domestic Violence During the Corona Pandemic: A Comparison of Pre-Pandemic and Pandemic Incidents of Domestic Violence in the Netherlands. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2023:306624X221144298. [PMID: 36604814 PMCID: PMC9827140 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221144298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread fear that the measures as a consequence of the worldwide corona pandemic have led to a significant increase in domestic violence and child abuse. The current study uses criminal files from all incidents of domestic violence that were reported to the police in a relatively large city in the Netherlands during 3.5 months before the pandemic and the first 3.5 months from the start of the nationwide shutdown, to compare the characteristics of the incident, the suspect and victim, how the case was handled and the involvement of minors. Results show that levels of domestic violence during the Covid-19-related restrictions did not increase compared to before the pandemic. During the pandemic, suspects were relatively more often men, the violence was less often reciprocal, more often took place inside the homes of suspects and victims, and was more often reported to the police by a witness than before the pandemic. Before and during the pandemic, minors were involved in respectively 34% and 43% of the incidents, mainly as witnesses of the violence between their parents. The results of the study may ease the concerns about the potential threat of domestic violence levels going through the roof during isolating measures such as during a shutdown. Limitations of the study are that official data from a single, but large, city were used and that we were not able to control for seasonal effects.
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Jones K, Mallon S, Schnitzler K. A Scoping Review of the Psychological and Emotional Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children and Young People. ILLNESS, CRISES, AND LOSS 2023; 31:175-199. [PMID: 36605778 PMCID: PMC9637914 DOI: 10.1177/10541373211047191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in many changes to the lives of children and young people. Our aim is to explore the impact of the pandemic on the mental health of children and young people (ages 5-21). METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was used to report the findings of this rapid review. RESULTS Children and young people are potentially very vulnerable to the emotional impact of traumatic events that disrupt their daily lives. Key areas of concern include: Death Anxiety and Fear of Infection; lack of social interaction and loss of routine. CONCLUSIONS Despite some early and responsive studies, the evidence base for pandemic impact on children and young people is very limited. Such evidence is urgently needed if adequate and responsive services, that can mitigate the long-term impact of the pandemic for children and young people can be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Jones
- The Open University, Walton Drive,
Buckinghamshire MK7 6AA, UK
- K. Jones, The Open University, Walton
Drive, Buckinghamshire MK7 6AA, UK.
| | - Sharon Mallon
- Health and Social Care, The Open University Faculty of Wellbeing
Education and Language Studies, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Katy Schnitzler
- Health and Social Care, The Open University Faculty of Education
and Language Studies, Milton Keynes, UK
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13
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Brink FW, Lo CB, Shi J, Stanley R, Lindberg DM. Diagnosis codes dramatically underestimate the burden of abuse. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 135:105986. [PMID: 36516562 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND International Classification of Diseases (ICD) billing codes are not well-suited to estimate physical abuse prevalence among hospitalized patients and may be even less accurate in emergency departments (EDs). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has recently published a child abuse and neglect syndromic surveillance definition to more accurately examine national abuse trends among ED visits. OBJECTIVE To retrospectively apply the CDC syndromic definition to a population of physically abused children and determine its sensitivity for abuse in an ED and at hospital discharge. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING All physically abused children <5 years seen in the ED and evaluated by the child protection team from 2016 to 2020 at a large Midwestern children's hospital. METHODS Retrospective cross-sectional study utilizing the hospital's child protection team administrative database, the Pediatric Health Information System and the electronic health record to identify the study sample, chief complaint, and abuse-specific codes assigned in the ED and at hospital discharge. Abuse-specific codes were defined as all ICD-10-CM and Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine - Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) codes included in the CDC syndromic definition, which was applied to the sample and its sensitivity determined. RESULTS Among the 550 abused patients identified, most were male (58.4 %), white (65.1 %), <2 years old (80.4 %), and had public insurance (81.6 %). When applying the CDC syndromic definition, only 11.6 % were identified as abused in the ED and 65.3 % were identified at hospital discharge. CONCLUSIONS The CDC syndrome surveillance definition lacks sensitivity in identifying abuse in the ED or at hospital discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah W Brink
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Charmaine B Lo
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, United States of America
| | - Junxin Shi
- The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, United States of America
| | - Rachel Stanley
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America; The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America; The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, 575 Children's Drive, Columbus, OH 43215, United States of America
| | - Daniel M Lindberg
- Children's Hospital Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, 13123 East 16th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 1380 Lawrence Street 80204, Denver, CO 80204, United States of America
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14
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Shusterman GR, Fluke JD, Nunez JJ, Fettig NB, Kebede BK. Child maltreatment reporting during the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the US: Findings from NCANDS. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 134:105929. [PMID: 36270070 PMCID: PMC9556910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After the national COVID-19 emergency declaration in the U.S. in March 2020, child welfare agencies observed large reductions in maltreatment reporting. OBJECTIVE To quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child maltreatment reporting nationally to inform policy for future emergencies. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Administrative data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS) for 48 states for federal fiscal years (FFYs) 2017 through 2020. METHODS Analyses focused on reports to child protective services (CPS) between weeks 12 and 24 of calendar years 2017 through 2020 (mid-March through mid-June). Report sources of screened in and substantiated reports were compared with those during the prior year. Likelihood of a report being substantiated in 2020 compared with 2019 based on report source was calculated using odds ratios. RESULTS In 2020, CPS screened in 39 % fewer reports than during the same period in 2019 and the proportion of reports substantiated increased from 18 to 22 %. Reports from all report sources decreased, especially from education personnel (90 % decrease) and child daycare providers (65 % decrease). The odds for substantiation were significantly higher during 2020 than in 2019 for reports from all but three sources. CONCLUSION During the initial weeks following the national COVID-19 emergency declaration, the number of reports to CPS declined sharply at the national level and across all states, primarily in association with a large reduction in referrals from education sentinels. Explanations for the increase in percent of substantiation in the context of reduction of reports are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Fluke
- Kempe Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Juan J Nunez
- WRMA, Inc., a Trimetrix Company, Rockville, MD, USA; Department of Social Welfare, Luskin School of Public Affairs, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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15
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Dayton L, Kong X, Powell TW, Bowie J, Rebok G, Strickland JC, Latkin C. Child Mental Health and Sleep Disturbances During the Early Months of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2022; 45:288-298. [PMID: 35985027 PMCID: PMC9394872 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many children have experienced unprecedented levels of stress as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic due to school closures, strained resources, and excess morbidity and mortality. The current study examines change in children's mental health and sleep during the early months of the US pandemic and identifies risk and protective factors. In May 2020, a total of 225 parents reported on the mental health and sleep of each child (N = 392 children) living in their household prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic and about their functioning in the past month. McNemar's test examined change in mental health and sleep disturbance across developmental stage. Bivariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations examined predictors of change in mental health and sleep. Each age group showed a significant change in mental health and sleep outcomes, but the development of mental health problems was greater for older children. Parental caregiving strain (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-5.27) was identified as a risk factor associated with children developing anxiety, and income loss was associated with developing sleep disturbances (aOR = 2.34; 95% CI, 1.06-5.17). Parental receipt of emotional support was identified as a protective factor for all child health outcomes. Policies and interventions that promote access to mental health services, provide financial safety nets, and strengthen social support networks for families are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Dayton
- Assistant Scientist, Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiangrong Kong
- Associate Professor of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Terrinieka W. Powell
- Associate Professor, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Janice Bowie
- Professor, Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - George Rebok
- Professor, Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Justin C. Strickland
- Instructor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Carl Latkin
- Professor, Department of Health, Behavior, & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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16
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Zarowsky Z, Rashid T. Resilience and Wellbeing Strategies for Pandemic Fatigue in Times of Covid-19. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF APPLIED POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 8:1-36. [PMID: 36196257 PMCID: PMC9523176 DOI: 10.1007/s41042-022-00078-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is truly one of the greatest collective health crises in history which have altered our life and living. For years, people have felt fatigued from following public health directives such as social distancing, wearing masks, washing hands frequently, and working or studying remotely without in-person interactions. In this paper, we explore strategies for resilience and wellbeing which can mitigate pandemic-caused stress and behavioural fatigue. We start with individual level strategies including reworking stress appraisals, the importance of psychological flexibility, reducing loneliness through adaptive online platform use, optimizing familial relationships when living in close quarters for a prolonged period, reducing symptoms of burnout and using adaptive distractions, using specific evidence-based resilience strategies. We discuss specific considerations which tap on our shared identities and shared responsibilities which can enhance a sense of community, especially for individuals from marginalized backgrounds and how suicide risks can be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Zarowsky
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trial, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
| | - Tayyab Rashid
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trial, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4 Canada
- Centre for Wellbeing Science, Melbourne Graduate School of Education, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Karbasi Z, Safdari R, Eslami P. The silent crisis of child abuse in the COVID‐19 pandemic: A scoping review. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e790. [PMID: 35989944 PMCID: PMC9386128 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims The global outbreak of COVID‐19 has become an international concern. The lives of children are severely affected by COVID‐19 pandemic. There is evidence of a pandemic impact on violence against children. This scoping review study aimed to investigate the effects of the COVID‐19 pandemic on child abuse. Methods We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to retrieve related studies. Regarding the recent incident of COVID‐19, the articles were reviewed from 2019 to June 1, 2021. The terms Child abuse and COVID‐19 were used in the precise search technique of each database. The search techniques were created to work with any scientific database that used the keywords given. Results In the initial search of scientific databases, 568 articles were retrieved. After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria during the screening process, 16 papers were included in the scoping review. Twelve articles have mentioned the increase of physical, psychological, and neglect types of abuse. However, sexual violence has not been reported in any of the articles. Four articles reported a reduction in the incidence of child abuse. Conclusion During the COVID‐19 pandemic, a crisis occurred in the form of an upsurge in violence toward children, since limits made to diminish the virus, in general, increased the danger to children. Numerous factors such as stress, poverty, financial situation, history of violence, school closures, and lack of contact with support organizations contribute to this phenomenon. Social action and support needed is the right of every child in need in this critical situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Karbasi
- Department of Health Information Sciences, Faculty of Management and Medical Information Sciences Kerman University of Medical Sciences Kerman Iran
| | - Reza Safdari
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Parisa Eslami
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
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18
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Mehta N, Bliss L, Trolard A, Kondis JS. The Relationship Between Temperature and Temporal Patterns and Incidence of Abusive Head Trauma in a Midwest Region Hospital. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:194-201. [PMID: 35081795 DOI: 10.1177/10775595211072825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a leading cause of death and disability in children and one of the most lethal forms of child abuse. Most known risk factors for AHT pertain to the infant's caregiver and limited research has assessed external influences beyond the familial or caregiver/infant dyad. Objective: Our primary objective was to determine if temperature patterns are associated with AHT events. Secondary outcomes included associations between AHT and specific days of the week, months, or seasons. Methods: This was a retrospective review of 198 patients under 24 months old who were diagnosed with AHT at Saint Louis Children's Hospital. Demographic information was obtained from the medical record for each patient. For each AHT incident, the date and zip code of the incident were recorded. Temperature on the date of incident was identified using the Midwestern Regional Climate Center (MRCC). Chi square tests were utilized to calculate differences in cases per year as well as temperature and seasonal variation. Results: Temperature was not associated with a statistically significant increase in cases of AHT. There was an increase in cases as temperatures rose, but no statistically significant associations between incidence of AHT and day of the week, month, or season. Conclusion: Our study suggests no significant association between AHT incidence and temperature or temporal patterns in this Midwest hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehali Mehta
- Department of Neurology, 8785University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Bliss
- Department of Neurology, 2429Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne Trolard
- Institute of Public Health, 573506Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jamie S Kondis
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
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19
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Fallon B, Filippelli J, Joh-Carnella N, Collin-Vézina D, Lefebvre R, Moody B, Trocmé N, Quinn A. An Examination of Past Trends in School Reports to Child Welfare: Considerations for Reported Child Maltreatment. CHILD MALTREATMENT 2022; 27:25-32. [PMID: 33291968 DOI: 10.1177/1077559520979588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examines whether increased interaction and observation of young children by school professionals leads to an increase in school-based reports to child welfare authorities and in the identification of child maltreatment victims. Comparing provincial-level data collected before and after full-day kindergarten implementation in Ontario, a doubling in rates of school-referred investigations involving 4- and 5-year-old children was found. There was no significant difference in the rates of maltreatment substantiation, service referrals made or transfers to ongoing services, but the rate of child functioning concerns noted in these investigations tripled. The findings suggest there are differences in how the school and child welfare systems define and respond to suspected child maltreatment. Implications for practice, policy and research are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Fallon
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 7938University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joanne Filippelli
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 7938University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Rachael Lefebvre
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 7938University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brenda Moody
- Peel Children's Aid Society, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nico Trocmé
- School of Social Work, 5620McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ashley Quinn
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, 7938University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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20
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He Y, Ortiz R, Kishton R, Wood J, Fingerman M, Jacobs L, Sinko L. In their own words: Child and adolescent perceptions of caregiver stress during early COVID-19. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 124:105452. [PMID: 34954423 PMCID: PMC8692067 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exacerbated multiple stressors for caregivers of children in the United States, raising concern for increased family conflict, harsh parenting, and child maltreatment. Little is known regarding children's perceptions and experiences of caregiver stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE To examine how children and adolescents identify and experience caregiver stress during the early COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS We analyzed 105 de-identified helpline text and online chat transcripts from children under age 18 who submitted inquiries to the Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline from March to June of 2020, with COVID-19 as a presenting issue. Inductive, thematic analysis was used to identify how child helpline users: 1) perceived and experienced drivers of caregiver stress and 2) used words to describe manifestations of caregiver stress during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS Children experienced multiple drivers of caregiver stress during COVID-19, including intrapersonal (e.g. caregiver health concerns), interpersonal (e.g. parental discord, perceived dislike of child), and extrapersonal (e.g. financial insecurity, sheltering in place) stressors. Regardless of the driver, caregivers' stress was internalized by children. "Anger," "control," and "blame" were most commonly used to label manifestations of caregiver stress, which were often externalizing behaviors, including yelling, name calling, and blaming of others. CONCLUSION In text and online chat inquiries to a national child helpline during the COVID-19 pandemic, children described multiple drivers of caregiver stress, often feeling as though they were to blame. Providers serving children should address household stress spillover effects by including caregivers and directly acknowledging children's concerns using their own words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, National Clinician Scholars Program, United States of America; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PolicyLab and Department of Pediatrics, United States of America; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America.
| | - Robin Ortiz
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, National Clinician Scholars Program, United States of America; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PolicyLab and Department of Pediatrics, United States of America; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rachel Kishton
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, National Clinician Scholars Program, United States of America; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America; University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, United States of America
| | - Joanne Wood
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, National Clinician Scholars Program, United States of America; The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PolicyLab and Department of Pediatrics, United States of America; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | | | - Larel Jacobs
- Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline, United States of America
| | - Laura Sinko
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, National Clinician Scholars Program, United States of America; Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, United States of America; Temple University College of Public Health, Department of Nursing, United States of America
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21
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Griffith AK, Bedard KE, Eaton A, Ackerlund Brandt JA, Jha P. Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Parental Burnout and Parenting Practices: Analyses Using a Retrospective Pretest. CHRONIC STRESS 2022; 6:24705470221114059. [PMID: 35911619 PMCID: PMC9329813 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221114059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Many of the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic were consistent with factors
shown to be predictive of parental stress and burnout. The purpose of the
current study was to use a retrospective pretest method to gain an
understanding of the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on levels of parental
burnout and on parenting practices. Method A brief survey was conducted using a retrospective pretest method to examine
parental burnout (The Parental Burnout Assessment, Roskam
et al, 2018) and parenting practices (The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire,
Frick, 1991). The survey asked parent participants to answer questions about
their experiences before and during the pandemic. Results Findings indicated that the pandemic had a significant impact on parents,
increasing overall levels of parental burnout and impacting parenting
practices by reducing use of positive parenting strategies and increasing
use of inconsistent discipline and corporal punishment. These changes in
parenting practices were even more pronounced for parents whose levels of
parental burnout moved from “normal” levels before the pandemic to clinical
levels during the pandemic. Conclusion The findings of the current study suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic has had
a negative impact on levels of parental burnout and parenting practices.
Although additional research is needed, the results suggest that there is a
need for clinicians to understand the effects that the pandemic may have had
on parents and families with an understanding that families may be at
ongoing risk despite a relaxation of COVID-19 restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K. Griffith
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, 60456, USA
| | - Kasey E. Bedard
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, 60456, USA
| | - Angeline Eaton
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, 60456, USA
| | - Julie A. Ackerlund Brandt
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, 60456, USA
| | - Pragya Jha
- Applied Behavior Analysis Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, 60456, USA
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22
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Self-Brown S, Reuben K, Perry EW, Bullinger LR, Osborne MC, Bielecki J, Whitaker D. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Delivery of an Evidence-Based Child Maltreatment Prevention Program: Understanding the Perspectives of SafeCare® Providers. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:825-835. [PMID: 33173254 PMCID: PMC7644279 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment (CM) is a global public health problem. Evidence-based home visiting programs, such as SafeCare®, reduce CM risk, and enhance parent-child relationships and other protective factors. As the result of the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting restrictions, SafeCare Providers transitioned from home to virtual delivery for the SafeCare curriculum. The purpose of this study is to 1) examine active SafeCare Providers' opinions on the feasibility and effectiveness of SafeCare via remote delivery, and 2) better understand workforce concerns for human service professionals within the context of COVID-19 mitigation efforts. Data are from a cross-sectional survey of SafeCare Providers (N = 303) in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The majority of Providers reported they were actively delivering SafeCare virtually and were comfortable with the delivery format. Providers indicated that the majority of SafeCare families are making progress on target skills, and that engagement is high among many families. Some service delivery challenges were reported, ranging from family data plan limitations to difficulty with delivery of specific components of the SafeCare curriculum related to modeling and assessment. The impact of COVID-19 on Providers' daily routines, stress level, and work-life balance has been significant. Remote, virtual delivery of CM prevention programming offers the opportunity to continue serving vulnerable families in the midst of a pandemic. Barriers related to family technology and data access must be addressed to ensure reach and the effective delivery of prevention programming during the pandemic and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Self-Brown
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Katherine Reuben
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Perry
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Lindsey R. Bullinger
- School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, 685 Cherry Street, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Melissa C. Osborne
- Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 4019, Atlanta, GA 30302-4019 USA
| | - JoAnne Bielecki
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
| | - Daniel Whitaker
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302 USA
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23
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Griffith AK. Parental Burnout and Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JOURNAL OF FAMILY VIOLENCE 2022; 37:725-731. [PMID: 32836736 PMCID: PMC7311181 DOI: 10.1007/s10896-020-00172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has spread across the United States, resulting in significant changes in almost all aspects daily life. These changes place parents at increased risk for parental burnout. Parental burnout is a chronic condition resulting from high levels of parenting-related stress due to a mismatch between the demands of parenting and the resources available for parents to meet those demands. Research on parental burnout has suggested that parents who experience burnout are more likely to engage in child abuse and neglect, placing children at risk for detrimental short- and long-term outcomes. The purpose of this paper is to review the concept of parental burnout, discuss parental burnout in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic, and focus specifically on the effects of child maltreatment. Implications for practitioners will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K. Griffith
- Applied Behavior Analysis Online Department, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL USA
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24
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Bullinger LR, Raissian KM, Feely M, Schneider WJ. The neglected ones: Time at home during COVID-19 and child maltreatment. CHILDREN AND YOUTH SERVICES REVIEW 2021; 131:106287. [PMID: 34840374 PMCID: PMC8604631 DOI: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The early months of the COVID-19 pandemic led to extreme social isolation, precarious employment and job loss, working from home while tending to children, and limited access to public services. The confluence of these factors likely affects child health and well-being. We combine early release child maltreatment reports in Indiana with unique and newly available mobile phone movement data to better understand the relationship between staying at home intensively during the COVID-19 pandemic and child maltreatment. Our findings indicate that the prolonged stays at home promoted by the early public health response to COVID-19 resulted in reductions in child maltreatment reports overall and substantiated reports of maltreatment. However, relative to areas that stayed home less, children in areas that stayed home more were more likely to be both reported for and a confirmed victim of maltreatment, particularly neglect. These areas have historically been socioeconomically advantaged and experienced lower rates of maltreatment. We only observe increases in confirmed child maltreatment in metropolitan counties, suggesting that the effects of staying home on child maltreatment may reflect both the differential risk of leaving home and access to services in metropolitan-rather than non-metropolitan-counties. Staying at home has been challenging for many families. Families likely need assistance as the pandemic persists, evolves, and when it ends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerri M Raissian
- Department of Public Policy, University of Connecticut, United States
| | - Megan Feely
- School of Social Work, University of Connecticut, United States
| | - William J Schneider
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States
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25
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Sonu S, Marvin D, Moore C. The Intersection and Dynamics between COVID-19, Health Disparities, and Adverse Childhood Experiences: "Intersection/Dynamics between COVID-19, Health Disparities, and ACEs". JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2021; 14:517-526. [PMID: 34025900 PMCID: PMC8122187 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-021-00363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is shining a spotlight on health disparities that have long been overlooked in our society. The intersection between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), longstanding health disparities, and COVID-19 cannot be ignored. The accumulation of traumatic events throughout the childhood and adolescent years can cause toxic stress in the absence of supportive adults. This repetitive activation of the stress response system can be a catalyst to long-term, negative effects on both the body and brain. A major factor to appreciate is that ACEs do not affect all populations equally. ACEs disproportionately affect groups that have been historically oppressed. The current COVID-19 pandemic highlights this point when observing both case rates and fatality rates of the virus and has the potential to create a new series of long-term health conditions that will disproportionately affect marginalized communities. A foundational first and critical step of adopting a trauma-informed approach will help lead to system change, advance equity, and create a setting of mutuality and empowerment for our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Sonu
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - David Marvin
- Medical Student, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Charles Moore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
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Lee JY, Chang OD, Ammari T. Using social media Reddit data to examine foster families' concerns and needs during COVID-19. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 121:105262. [PMID: 34411874 PMCID: PMC8440933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 is likely to have negatively impacted foster families but few data sources are available to confirm this. OBJECTIVE The current study used Reddit social media data to examine how foster families are faring in the pandemic. Discussion topics were identified and examined for changes before and after COVID-19. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Comments were collected from three Reddit online discussion boards dedicated to foster families (N = 11,830). METHODS We used machine learning techniques, including Latent Dirichlet Allocation, for topic modeling and textual analysis for qualitative coding of the Reddit comments. RESULTS Results showed that three main topics had both significant quantitative and meaningful qualitative changes before and after COVID-19. There were significant increases in conversation about becoming a foster parent (F = 5.75, p = 0.02) and activities for foster children (F = 10.61, p = 0.001), whereas there was a significant decrease in discussing permanency (F = 9.46, p = 0.003) before and after the onset of COVID-19. Qualitative coding showed that regarding the topic of becoming a parent, excitement over approval of foster care license before COVID-19 shifted to foster families' increased anxieties about delays in their licensing cases after COVID-19. For permanency, content changed from the best interest of the child and reunifications before COVID-19 to concerns over family separations and permanency challenges after COVID-19. Regarding activities for foster children, content related to everyday activities before COVID-19 changed to specific activities foster children and families could do during lockdowns. Results suggest areas child welfare workers may focus on to better support foster families during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, 1080 South University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Olivia D Chang
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Tawfiq Ammari
- School of Communication and Information, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Yamaoka Y, Hosozawa M, Sampei M, Sawada N, Okubo Y, Tanaka K, Yamaguchi A, Hangai M, Morisaki N. Abusive and positive parenting behavior in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic under the state of emergency. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105212. [PMID: 34298262 PMCID: PMC8609455 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the lives of children and parents, raising concerns about child maltreatment. OBJECTIVE We examined the prevalence of abusive parenting behavior during the pandemic of the COVID-19 and its relations with physical, psychological, and social factors and positive parenting behavior. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING An online survey was performed during the COVID-19 state of emergency in Japan. Participants were 5344 parents of children aged 0-17 years. METHODS We conducted an anonymous online survey using multiple platforms, including websites of child-related organizations and social networking services (SNS). Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with abusive behavior. RESULTS One-fifth of parents reported abusive behaviors, whereas over 80% of parents reported positive parenting behaviors (e.g., empathizing with a child). Abusive parenting behaviors were associated with longer screen time (6+ hours per day: OR, 1.44; 95%CI, 1.05-1.98), poor maternal mental health (K6 = 13+: OR, 2.23; 95%CI, 1.71-2.89), and the occurrence of domestic violence (OR, 4.54; 95%CI, 3.47-5.95). Positive parenting behaviors, especially showing empathy, were associated with lower risks of abusive behaviors (OR, 0.51: 95%CI, 0.39-0.66). CONCLUSIONS Positive parenting behavior is essential to the prevention of child maltreatment during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui Yamaoka
- Department of Global Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan.
| | - Mariko Hosozawa
- Bureau of International Health Cooperation, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makiko Sampei
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naomi Sawada
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Health Communication, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okubo
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, CA, USA
| | - Kyoko Tanaka
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychosocial Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hangai
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naho Morisaki
- Department of Social Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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Puls HT, Hall M, Frazier T, Schultz K, Anderst JD. Association of routine school closures with child maltreatment reporting and substantiation in the United States; 2010-2017. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105257. [PMID: 34391127 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There exists a presumption that school closures lead to a diminished capacity to detect child maltreatment, but empiric evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVE To determine if child maltreatment reporting and substantiation differ between periods when schools are routinely closed compared to in session. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Child maltreatment reporting and substantiation among all U.S. States and the District of Columbia from January 1, 2010 through December 31, 2017. METHODS Two-week intervals during periods of routine school closure (early January, June through mid-August, late November, and late December) were compared to all other 2-week intervals. Negative binomial generalized estimating equations compared rates of reporting and substantiation, resulting in incidence rate ratios (IRR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS Compared to when school was in session, reporting was 16.0% (IRR 0.84 [95% CI: 0.83, 0.85]) lower during school closures and substantiations were 12.3% (IRR 0.88 [95% CI: 0.86, 0.89]) lower. The largest reductions in reporting were observed among education personnel (-42.1%; IRR 0.58 [95% CI: 0.54, 0.62]), children aged 5-17 years (-18.6%; IRR 0.81 [95% CI: 0.80, 0.83), and for physical abuse (-19.6%; IRR 0.80 [95% CI: 0.79, 0.82]). Reductions during closure periods were not matched by increases during two-week intervals immediately following closure periods. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that the detection of child maltreatment may be diminished during periods of routine school closure. Findings may inform prevention planning and risk-benefit analyses for future school closures. Further study should disentangle the issue of decreased detection versus decreased prevalence of maltreatment during school closures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry T Puls
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States of America.
| | - Matthew Hall
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States of America; Children's Hospital Association, Lenexa, KS, United States of America
| | - Terra Frazier
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Kelly Schultz
- Office of Child Advocate, Office of Administration, State of Missouri, United States of America
| | - James D Anderst
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Kansas City, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
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Rajkumar E, Mitra J, Yadav R, Hareesh PV, Gangadharan A, Gopika MC, Christa AB, George AJ, Gopi A, John R, Arya S, Abraham J, Rajashekaran L. Family violence during COVID-19 and its impact on mental health of children: A systematic review. J Child Adolesc Ment Health 2021; 33:75-89. [PMID: 38041435 DOI: 10.2989/17280583.2023.2261992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic posed unanticipated challenges that could impact how the family system operates across the world. Restrictions imposed to control the rapid spread of the virus substantially increased violence in families. The current study aims to review violence in the family and its impact on the mental health of children during the pandemic.Method: A systematic search was conducted using keywords in the electronic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science, and a manual search was conducted on Google Scholar for articles from January 2020 to January 2021. Of the 50 records identified, seven studies that met eligibility criteria were selected for final analysis.Results: Results revealed that family violence during the pandemic has escalated the mental health problems of children, including aggressive and self-harming behaviours. Lockdown restrictions, social detachment, financial instability, fear of infection, and unemployment led to increased parental stress. Parents with a higher level of stress were more likely to maltreat their children.Conclusions: Exposure to short and long-term family violence can adversely impact the mental health of children and can negatively affect a child's present and future life. Recommendations for researchers, mental health practitioners, public health authorities, and other service providers are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslavath Rajkumar
- Department of Liberal Arts, Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Jayashree Mitra
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Reethika Yadav
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - P V Hareesh
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | | | - M C Gopika
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Anamika Ben Christa
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Allen Joshua George
- Liberal Arts & Sciences, Indian Institute of Management, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Aswathy Gopi
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - Romate John
- Department of Psychology, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
| | - S Arya
- Amity Institute of English Studies & Research, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - John Abraham
- Department of Family Medicine/Geriatrics, St. Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - L Rajashekaran
- Department of Folklore & Tribal Studies, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India
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Nguyen LH. Calculating the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on child abuse and neglect in the U.S. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 118:105136. [PMID: 34098378 PMCID: PMC9757860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has had a major impact on child abuse and neglect (CAN) in the U.S. leading to a change in the number of reported screened-in CAN investigations, missed prevention cases, and missed CAN cases. OBJECTIVES To estimate the deficit number of CAN investigations and resultant estimated number of missed prevention and CAN cases due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S. from March 2020 to December 2020. METHODS Secondary data analyses of administrative child welfare data from January 2013 to December 2020 from New York City, Florida, New Jersey and Wisconsin were conducted. Spline regression modeling controlling for autocorrelation was utilized to explore any significant changes once the pandemic began in March 2020 in the number of screened-in CAN investigations. The seven-year monthly average of screen-in CAN investigations for March through December from 2013 to 2019 was calculated and compared to the numbers of CAN investigations for March 2020 to December 2020. The resultant number of missed prevention cases and CAN cases was estimated for the four jurisdictions and used to approximate the number of missed prevention cases and CAN cases in the U.S., as well as the projected estimation of national lifetime economic costs. RESULTS Prior to the pandemic, there were insignificant monthly increases of 0.7 CAN investigations in NYC and 6.2 CAN investigations in Florida, a significant monthly increase 4.2 CAN investigations in New Jersey and an insignificant monthly decrease in 0.6 CAN investigations in Wisconsin. Once the pandemic began, there were significant monthly decreases (p < .001) in each of the four jurisdictions, including 1425.6 fewer CAN investigations in NYC, 3548.0 fewer CAN investigations in Florida, 963.0 fewer CAN investigations in New Jersey and 529.1 fewer CAN investigations in Wisconsin. There were an estimated 60,791 fewer CAN investigations in these four jurisdictions from March 2020 to December 2020 of which there were approximately 18,540 missed prevention and CAN cases suggesting up to $4.2 billion in lifetime economic costs. It was estimated that were 623,137 children not investigated for CAN in the U.S. during the same 10-month period. This suggests that there were an estimated 85,993 children were missed for prevention services and about 104,040 children were missed for CAN with a potential lifetime economic impact of up to $48.1 billion in the U.S. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a precipitous drop in CAN investigations where almost 200,000 children are estimated to have been missed for prevention services and CAN in a 10-month period. There are opportunities for the child welfare jurisdictions to work with partner education, public health, social service and other providers to strategically approach this very grave issue in order to mitigate its impact on this very vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loc H Nguyen
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, Montgomery Ross Fisher Building, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0411, United States of America; County Welfare Directors Association of California, 925 L Street, Suite 350, Sacramento, CA 95814-3701, United States of America.
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Cerna-Turoff I, Fischer HT, Mansourian H, Mayhew S. The pathways between natural disasters and violence against children: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1249. [PMID: 34247619 PMCID: PMC8273959 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Natural disasters are increasingly affecting a larger segment of the world’s population. These highly disruptive events have the potential to produce negative changes in social dynamics and the environment which increase violence against children. We do not currently have a comprehensive understanding of how natural disasters lead to violence against children despite the growing threat to human populations and the importance of violence as a public health issue. The mapping of pathways to violence is critical in designing targeted and evidence-based prevention services for children. We systematically reviewed peer-reviewed articles and grey literature to document the pathways between natural disasters and violence against children and to suggest how this information could be used in the design of future programming. Methods We searched 15 bibliographic databases and six grey literature repositories from the earliest date of publication to May 16, 2018. In addition, we solicited grey literature from humanitarian agencies globally that implement child-focused programming after natural disasters. Peer-reviewed articles and grey literature that presented original quantitative or qualitative evidence on how natural disasters led to violence against children were included. The authors synthesized the evidence narratively and used thematic analysis with a constant comparative method to articulate pathways to violence. Results We identified 6276 unduplicated publications. Nine peer-reviewed articles and 17 grey literature publications met the inclusion criteria. The literature outlined five pathways between natural disasters and violence, including: (i) environmentally induced changes in supervision, accompaniment, and child separation; (ii) transgression of social norms in post-disaster behavior; (iii) economic stress; (iv) negative coping with stress; and (v) insecure shelter and living conditions. Conclusions Service providers would benefit from systematic documentation to a high-quality standard of all possible pathways to violence in tailoring programming after natural disasters. The identified pathways in this review provide a foundation for designing targeted prevention services. In addition, the positive coping strategies within certain affected families and communities can be leveraged in implementing strength-based approaches to violence prevention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11252-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Cerna-Turoff
- Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | | | - Hani Mansourian
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Susannah Mayhew
- Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Tierolf B, Geurts E, Steketee M. Domestic violence in families in the Netherlands during the coronavirus crisis: A mixed method study. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 116:104800. [PMID: 33218711 PMCID: PMC8447001 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consequences of the coronavirus crisis are considerable for everyone in the Netherlands. Although there were concerns about the many vulnerable families who were forced to stay at home because of the measures taken by the government to contain the coronavirus in the Netherlands, there has been no increase in the number of reports of domestic violence or child abuse. OBJECTIVE To gain insight by a mixed method study on what has happened during the lockdown within families who were already known to social services. METHODS A quantitative study was performed among 159 families recruited before the coronavirus crisis, and 87 families recruited during the lockdown in the Netherlands through child protection services. Family members (parents, children) completed questionnaires about interparental violence, (historical) child abuse and neglect, and emotional security. In a qualitative study 39 of these respondents and 13 professionals were interviewed. RESULTS No difference was found in violence between families who participated before and after the lockdown. The level of violence is still high in most families. The absence of assistance promoted the self-reliance of children and parents to deal with this difficult period. Professionals found new ways of connecting to families at risk. Every form of support is important to these families because it made children feel seen and heard. Isolation of families where domestic violence and child abuse occurred, remains a risk factor, even outside the coronavirus crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Tierolf
- Verwey-Jonker Instituut, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, 3512 HG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Section of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7-9, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Edith Geurts
- Augeo Foundation, Hoofdstraat 67, Driebergen-Rijssenburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Majone Steketee
- Verwey-Jonker Instituut, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, 3512 HG Utrecht, the Netherlands; Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Science, Erasmus University, Burgemeester Oudlaan 50, 3062 PA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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33
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Musser ED, Riopelle C, Latham R. Child maltreatment in the time of COVID-19: Changes in the Florida foster care system surrounding the COVID-19 safer-at-home order. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 116:104945. [PMID: 33546917 PMCID: PMC7837623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Media outlets have suggested that rates of child maltreatment may increase during the global COVID-19 pandemic. The few empirical studies that have examined pandemic related changes in rates of child maltreatment have relied predominantly on reports of suspected maltreatment. OBJECTIVE This study examines rates of documented, substantiated child maltreatment resulting in foster care placement, as well as demographic correlates of child maltreatment within the foster care system, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were available for all youth in the FL foster care system from January 1, 2001 through June 30, 2020 (i.e., > 304,000 youth; > 1.1 million total placements). METHODS This study utilizes data from the Florida State Automated Child Welfare Information System (SACWIS). RESULTS Results revealed a decrease in the number of youths placed in the FL foster care system during the COVID-19 pandemic with the greatest reduction in April, 2020 during the Safer-at-Home Order (24 % fewer youth in 2020 than 2019). In contrast, the percentage of placements into foster care due to maltreatment increased by 3.34 %. Demographic-linked differences were observed in placement rates and exposure to maltreatment. CONCLUSIONS While prior work suggests that reports of child maltreatment have decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic, this study demonstrates that overall rates of substantiated maltreatment resulting in foster care placement have increased for White youth, while rates of placement of due to inadequate supervision, emotional neglect, and/or parental substance use have decreased for Black youth. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica D Musser
- Department of Psychology and Center for Children and Families, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Cameron Riopelle
- Data Services, University of Miami Libraries, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Robert Latham
- Children & Youth Law Clinic and University of Miami School of Law, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Barboza GE, Schiamberg LB, Pachl L. A spatiotemporal analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on child abuse and neglect in the city of Los Angeles, California. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 116:104740. [PMID: 33067002 PMCID: PMC7494263 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19) has created an urgent need to identify child abuse and neglect (CAN) and efficiently allocate resources to improve the coordination of responses during a public health crisis. OBJECTIVE To provide unique insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of CAN in relation to COVID-19 outcomes and identify areas where CAN has increased or decreased during the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS Children under 18 years old reported to the Los Angeles Police Department for CAN. SETTING CAN incidents in the city of Los Angeles. METHODS Negative binomial regression was used to explore associations between the implementation of social distancing protocols and reported CAN during COVID-19. Spatiotemporal analysis identified locations of emerging hot and cold spots during the pandemic. Associations between neighborhood structural factors (e.g., school absenteeism, poverty, unemployment, housing insecurity and birth assets) and hot and cold spot patterns were explored. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decline in reports of CAN during the COVID-19 pandemic but no significant trends following the implementation of social distancing measures (e.g. safer at home orders, school closures). Compared to consecutive cold spots, severe housing burden, the number of assets children have at birth, poverty, school absenteeism and labor force participation were significantly associated with new and intensifying hotspots of CAN during the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reinforce the utility of developing intervention strategies that minimize harm to children by targeting resources to specific challenges facing families enduring the COVID-19 experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gia E Barboza
- Department of Criminal Justice, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, United States.
| | - Lawrence B Schiamberg
- Human Development and Family Studies, College of Social Science, Michigan State University, United States.
| | - Layne Pachl
- Department of Criminal Justice, School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, United States.
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Heimann T, Ewert J, Metzner F, Sigmund F, Jud A, Pawils S. [Medical child protection during the coronavirus lockdown]. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2021; 169:346-352. [PMID: 33612861 PMCID: PMC7884261 DOI: 10.1007/s00112-021-01135-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background There are indications that during the lockdown and the measures of social distancing due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, physical and sexual child abuse and neglect may have increased. Additionally, decreased social control may have led to a lower detection rate of child protection cases. Objective This study aimed to better understand the impact of the lockdown in Germany on the frequency and severity of child abuse and neglect. To do so the quantity and quality of cases of suspected child abuse and neglect in German pediatric departments and outpatient departments for medical child protection were examined. Methods In May 2020 a total of 343 institutions of medical child protection were invited to fill in a questionnaire with items describing their institution and items depicting cases of child protection in March and April 2019 and 2020 regarding age, form and severity of abuse as well as items to describe particular remarks and ideas for child protection during the pandemic. Results Out of the 343 pediatric departments and outpatient departments of medical child protection invited, the participation rate was 46%. In this study 81 institutions reported the total cases of suspected child abuse or neglect for both March and April 2019 and 2020. The number of cases dropped from 454 to 387 (-15%) in outpatient child abuse clinics and from 307 to 246 (-20%) in pediatric inpatient departments. Regarding the age of affected children and the form of abuse no significant differences were found. Conclusion The study found a decrease in reported cases of suspected child abuse and neglect during the lockdown in March and April 2020 compared to 2019. While the results do not show an increase of total child abuse and neglect, as suspected by many professionals, the decrease in reported cases may be explained by a steep increase in unreported cases due to reduced social control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heimann
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland.,Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland
| | - J Ewert
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - F Metzner
- Institut und Poliklinik für Medizinische Psychologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, W26, 20246 Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - F Sigmund
- Institut und Poliklinik für Medizinische Psychologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, W26, 20246 Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - A Jud
- Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie/Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Deutschland.,Soziale Arbeit, Hochschule Luzern, Luzern, Schweiz
| | - S Pawils
- Institut und Poliklinik für Medizinische Psychologie, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, W26, 20246 Hamburg, Deutschland
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DeYoung SE, Mangum M. Pregnancy, Birthing, and Postpartum Experiences During COVID-19 in the United States. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:611212. [PMID: 33869553 PMCID: PMC8022659 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.611212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The research aims of this project were to understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on pregnancy, birthing, and postpartum experiences in the United States. Our data include responses from 34 states within the US. Findings from our analyses indicate that higher perceived social support predicted higher scores of well-being, while higher scores of perceived loneliness predicted lower scores of well-being, and higher trauma predicted lower well-being measured as satisfaction with life. Qualitative data support these findings, as well as the finding that there were various sources of stress for respondents during pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum timeframe-particularly in terms of managing work/occupation obligations and childcare. Additionally, this research fills a gap in understanding infant feeding in emergencies. Respondents perceived that early release from the hospital reduced access to lactation support, and many respondents reported receiving free samples of breastmilk substitutes through a variety of sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. DeYoung
- Disaster Research Center and Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Michaela Mangum
- Disaster Research Center, Joseph R. Biden, Jr. School of Public Policy and Administration, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Levandowski ML, Stahnke DN, Munhoz TN, Hohendorff JV, Salvador-Silva R. [Impact of social distancing on reports of violence against children and adolescents in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00140020. [PMID: 33440409 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00140020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the rates of reports of violence against children and adolescents in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from 2015 to 2020, and the changes in trends by period due to the novel coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). This is an ecological time series study with secondary data obtained from the Bi Saúde Portal in the panel on Interpersonal Violence and Suicide. The study collected reports on violence in individuals 0 to 19 years of age in the months of March and April each year, stratified by sex, age bracket, race/color, and type of violence. Prais-Winsten regression was used to analyze the time trend. Of the 7,718 reports analyzed, there was a drop of 54% in the year 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. The analysis of the trend until 2019 indicated an increase in the reporting rates (2.04, 95%CI: 1.01; 3.07, p = 0.002), but with the inclusion of the year 2020 in the time series, the direction of the trends in reporting rates was reversed to negative, losing statistical significance (-0.39, 95%CI: -1.16; 2.14, p = 0.632). The study concludes that social distancing due to the pandemic reduced the reporting rates of violence against children and adolescents due to underreporting, thus requiring strategies to improve the identification of suspected cases of violence during the pandemic. This highlights the need for inter-sector planning and rapid and specific actions (health, social protection, justice, and public security) in order to guarantee the rights of children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Luz Levandowski
- Curso de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil
| | | | - Tiago N Munhoz
- Curso de Psicologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brasil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
| | - Jean Von Hohendorff
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Psicologia, Faculdade Meridional (IMED), Passo Fundo, Brasil
| | - Roberta Salvador-Silva
- Human Development and Violence Research Centre, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brasil
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Blanchard MA, Roskam I, Mikolajczak M, Heeren A. A network approach to parental burnout. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 111:104826. [PMID: 33310372 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of network analyses in psychology has increasingly gained traction in the last few years. A network perspective views psychological constructs as dynamic systems of interacting elements. OBJECTIVE We present the first study to apply network analyses to examine how the hallmark features of parental burnout - i.e., exhaustion related to the parental role, emotional distancing from children, and a sense of ineffectiveness in the parental role - interact with one another and with maladaptive behaviors related to the partner and the child(ren), when these variables are conceptualized as a network system. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING In a preregistered fashion, we reanalyzed the data from a French-speaking sample (n = 1551; previously published in Mikolajczak, Brianda et al., 2018), focusing on seven specific variables: the three hallmark parental burnout features, partner conflict, partner estrangement, neglectful behavior toward children, and violent behavior toward children. METHODS We computed two types of network models, a graphical Gaussian model to examine network structure, potential communities, and influential nodes, and a directed acyclic graph to examine the probabilistic dependencies among the different variables. RESULTS Both network models pointed to emotional distance as an especially potent mechanism in activating all other nodes. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest emotional distance as critical to the maintenance of the parental burnout network and a prime candidate for future interventions, while affirming that network analysis can successfully expose the structure and relationship of variables related to parental burnout and its consequences related to the partner and the child(ren).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabelle Roskam
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Belgium
| | | | - Alexandre Heeren
- Psychological Sciences Research Institute, UCLouvain, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, UCLouvain, Belgium
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Seddighi H, Salmani I, Javadi MH, Seddighi S. Child Abuse in Natural Disasters and Conflicts: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2021; 22:176-185. [PMID: 30866745 DOI: 10.1177/1524838019835973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Violence against children affects a significant portion of youth around the world. Emergencies and natural disasters escalate the risk due to weakened child protection systems and disruption of preventative mechanisms. In this systematic review, 692 related papers were searched in various databases in the initial search. After review, 11 papers were finally selected for full review. These papers were selected based on publication date, relevance to emergencies, their geographical area type of violence, age of subjects, and their gender. Most families affected by natural disasters, especially those in lower socioeconomic status, face greater social and economic pressures. The families that are more vulnerable to loss of food and shelter commit violence against children more frequently. On the other hand, while the rate of violence increases in emergencies, the reported rate of violence is less than the actual rate due to lack of required infrastructure and reporting mechanisms. The emergency housing increased risk of some types of child abuse. The history of exposure to violence, parental substance abuse, poverty, and child labor were predictors of increased violence against children in emergency situations. Sexual violence against girls after conflicts and physical violence against boys after emergencies are common forms of violence. Poverty as another predictor exposes children to more violence due to limited family economic resources and support. Given the identified predictors of violence, humanitarian organizations can come closer to providing appropriate plans to reduce the risk during and postdisaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Seddighi
- Student Research Committee, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ibrahim Salmani
- Department of Health in Disaster and Emergency, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Hossein Javadi
- Department of Social work, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Seddighi
- Social Science Department, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran
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Balmori de la Miyar JR, Hoehn-Velasco L, Silverio-Murillo A. Druglords don't stay at home: COVID-19 pandemic and crime patterns in Mexico City. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2021; 72:101745. [PMID: 32994650 PMCID: PMC7513803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on conventional crime and organized crime in Mexico City, Mexico. METHODS Mexico City's Attorney General's Office reported crime data, covering domestic violence, burglary, robbery, vehicle theft, assault-battery, homicides, kidnapping, and extortion. We use an event study for the intertemporal variation across the 16 districts (municipalities) in Mexico City for 2019 and 2020. RESULTS We find a sharp decrease on crimes related to domestic violence, burglary, and vehicle theft; a decrease during some weeks on crimes related to assault-battery and extortion, and no effects on crimes related to robbery, kidnapping, and homicides. CONCLUSIONS While our results show a decline in conventional crime during the COVID- 19 pandemic, organized crime remains steady. These findings have policy implications for catastrophic events around the world, as well as possible national security issues in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Roberto Balmori de la Miyar
- Business and Economics School, Universidad Anahuac Mexico, Av. de las Torres 131, Olivar de los Padres, Mexico City 01780, Mexico
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Schwab-Reese LM, Drury I, Allan H, Matz K. "Oh, this is actually okay": Understanding how one state child welfare training system adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 110:104697. [PMID: 32839023 PMCID: PMC7437441 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Training for new and existing child protection system (CPS) caseworkers is critical to developing and maintaining a competent workforce that effectively works towards safety, permanency, and wellbeing outcomes for children in the system. The COVID-19 pandemic required a shift to virtual training to continue training CPS professionals safely. OBJECTIVE The purpose of our project was to determine if there were differences in learning outcomes between learners who completed training in the usual delivery methods (Pre-COVID) and the fully virtual delivery methods (Post-COVID). We also sought to understand any factors that facilitated or impeded successful virtual training during the pandemic. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Caseworkers-in-training completed learning and satisfaction assessments through standard continuing quality improvement efforts. Training facilitators, course developers, and leadership completed qualitative interviews. METHODS We assessed quantitative differences in one US state in learner knowledge, satisfaction, and behaviors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with training system employees. RESULTS Overall, there were limited differences in learner outcomes before and after the transition to virtual training delivery. Across the employee interviews, three main themes emerged: organizational culture facilitated the transition, external constraints caused challenges during the transition, and there were opportunities to evolve training practices positively. CONCLUSIONS The shift to a virtual learning environment had little impact on learner knowledge or satisfaction. Employee perspectives indicated that the pre-COVID investment in organizational culture has substantial dividends for performance during the crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Schwab-Reese
- Department of Public Health, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Ida Drury
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather Allan
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kasey Matz
- The Kempe Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Leddy AM, Weiser SD, Palar K, Seligman H. A conceptual model for understanding the rapid COVID-19-related increase in food insecurity and its impact on health and healthcare. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:1162-1169. [PMID: 32766740 PMCID: PMC7454255 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity, a well-established determinant of chronic disease morbidity and mortality, is rapidly increasing due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We present a conceptual model to understand the multiple mechanisms through which the economic and public health crises sparked by COVID-19 might increase food insecurity and contribute to poor health outcomes in the short- and long-term. We hypothesize that, in the short-term, increased food insecurity, household economic disruption, household stress, and interruptions in healthcare will contribute to acute chronic disease complications. However, the impact of the pandemic on food security will linger after social-distancing policies are lifted and the health system stabilizes, resulting in increased risk for chronic disease development, morbidity, and mortality among food-insecure households in the long-term. Research is needed to examine the impact of the pandemic-related increase in food insecurity on short- and long-term chronic health outcomes, and to delineate the underlying causal mechanisms. Such research is critical to inform the development of effective programs and policies to address food insecurity and its downstream health impacts during COVID-19 and future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Leddy
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Address correspondence to AML (e-mail: )
| | - Sheri D Weiser
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kartika Palar
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilary Seligman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Borrion H, Kurland J, Tilley N, Chen P. Measuring the resilience of criminogenic ecosystems to global disruption: A case-study of COVID-19 in China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240077. [PMID: 33052950 PMCID: PMC7556819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper uses resilience as a lens through which to analyse disasters and other major threats to patterns of criminal behaviour. A set of indicators and mathematical models are introduced that aim to quantitatively describe changes in crime levels in comparison to what could otherwise be expected, and what might be expected by way of adaptation and subsequent resumption of those patterns. The validity of the proposed resilience assessment tool is demonstrated using commercial theft data from the COVID-19 pandemic period. A 64 per cent reduction in crime was found in the studied city (China) during an 83-day period, before daily crime levels bounced back to higher than expected values. The proposed resilience indicators are recommended as benchmarking instruments for evaluating and comparing the global impact of COVID-19 policies on crime and public safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Borrion
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Justin Kurland
- School of Criminal Justice, Forensic Science, and Security, Institute for Advanced Analytics in Security, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States of America
| | - Nick Tilley
- Department of Security and Crime Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Policing and Information Engineering, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
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Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created conditions which heighten risk for child abuse. As key players in times of crisis, pediatric emergency medicine providers must be equipped with the tools to recognize, respond to, and mitigate risk of child abuse. An exploration of the scientific literature, stakeholder organization reports and lay press was undertaken to understand the impact of large-scale U.S. crises, including infectious disease, financial downturn, natural disaster, and violence, on child abuse risk and inform prevention strategies. Review of the literature suggests a relationship between crises and child abuse risk, though gaps in the research remain. We outline the role of pediatric emergency medicine providers in partnering with communities in organizing and advocating for systems that better protect children and strengthen families.
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45
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Subedi S, Davison C, Bartels S. Analysis of the relationship between earthquake-related losses and the frequency of child-directed emotional, physical, and severe physical abuse in Haiti. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 106:104509. [PMID: 32413776 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child abuse is a public health and human rights issue that is prevalent worldwide. All forms of abuse against children can have negative physical and mental health consequences. Under post-disaster situations, where there is a potential for increased stress and decreased social support among caregivers, the risk of child abuse may be higher. OBJECTIVE To explore the association between earthquake-related losses (family-related and property-related) and the experience of emotional, physical, and severe physical child abuse in the household for children aged 2-14 in Haiti. METHODS A nationally representative sample of Haitian households from the 2012 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) was used. Descriptive analyses were summarized using frequencies and measures of central tendency. Associations between earthquake-related loss and child abuse was assessed using log-binomial regression modelling. RESULTS Two years following the earthquake, and after considering potentially confounding variables, death of a household member was associated with a higher likelihood of a child being victim to emotional (RR = 1.11, 95 % CI: 1.05-1.17) and severe physical abuse (RR = 1.50, 95 % CI: 1.15-1.96). Conversely, injury of a household member was associated with a lower likelihood of a child experiencing emotional abuse (RR = 0.93, 95 % CI: 0.87-0.99). CONCLUSIONS There were associations between earthquake-related losses and some forms of child abuse; the results were not consistent across all exposures and outcomes. The high prevalence of reported child abuse indicates a need for interventions to reduce child abuse in homes overall. There is also need for further research into the aetiology and influences specific to different types of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sony Subedi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Colleen Davison
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Bartels
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Hodgkinson T, Andresen MA. Show me a man or a woman alone and I'll show you a saint: Changes in the frequency of criminal incidents during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE 2020; 69:101706. [PMID: 32834176 PMCID: PMC7305509 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2020.101706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of various crime types (property, violent, and mischief) in Vancouver, Canada. METHODS Crime data representing residential burglary, commercial burglary, theft of vehicle, theft from vehicle, theft, violence, and mischief are analysed at the city level using interrupted time series techniques. RESULTS While COVID-19 has not had an impact on all crime types, statistically significant change has been identified in a number of cases. Depending on the crime type, the magnitude and direction of the change in frequency varies. It is argued that (mandated) social restrictions, shifted activity patterns and opportunity structures which are responsible for these findings. CONCLUSIONS We find support for changes in the frequency of particular crime types during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is important for criminal justice and social service practitioners when operating within an extraordinary event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarah Hodgkinson
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Mt Gravatt Campus, 176 Messines Ridge Road, Mt Gravatt, QLD 4122, Australia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Martin A. Andresen
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Dr, Southport, QLD 4215, Australia
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Imran N, Aamer I, Sharif MI, Bodla ZH, Naveed S. Psychological burden of quarantine in children and adolescents: A rapid systematic review and proposed solutions. Pak J Med Sci 2020; 36:1106-1116. [PMID: 32704298 PMCID: PMC7372688 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.36.5.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
As COVID-19 grips the world, many people are quarantined or isolated resulting in adverse consequences for the mental health of youth. This rapid review takes into account the impact of quarantine on mental health of children and adolescents, and proposes measures to improve psychological outcomes of isolation. Three electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched. Two independent reviewers performed title and abstract screening followed by full-text screening. This review article included 10 studies. The seven studies before onset of COVID 19 about psychological impact of quarantine in children have reported isolation, social exclusion stigma and fear among the children. The most common diagnoses were acute stress disorder, adjustment disorder, grief, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Three studies during the COVID-19 pandemic reported restlessness, irritability, anxiety, clinginess and inattention with increased screen time in children during quarantine. These adverse consequences can be tackled through carefully formulated multilevel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazish Imran
- Nazish Imran, MBBS; FRCPsych (London); MRCPsych (London); MHPE. Associate Professor, Department of Child and Family Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irum Aamer
- Irum Aamer, MBBS; FCPS. Senior Registrar, Academic Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran Sharif
- Muhammad Imran Sharif, MBBS; FCPS. Senior Registrar, Department of Child and Family Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zubair Hassan Bodla
- Zubair Hassan Bodla, MBBS. Medical Officer, Department of Child and Family Psychiatry, King Edward Medical University/Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Naveed
- Sadiq Naveed, MD; MPH. Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas, USA
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Emotional and Physical Child Abuse in The Context of Natural Disasters: A Focus on Haiti. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2020; 13:927-935. [PMID: 31138343 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2019.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the social and living conditions of households in Haiti before and after the 2010 earthquake and to determine the prevalence of emotional and physical abuse of children aged 2 to 14 in households after the earthquake. METHODS Nationally representative samples of Haitian households from the 2005/2006 and 2012 phases of the Demographic and Health Surveys were used. Descriptive data were summarized with frequencies and measures of central tendency. Chi-squared and independent t tests were used to compare pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data. Basic mapping was used to explore patterns of child abuse in relation to proximity to the epicenter. RESULTS Comparison of pre-earthquake and post-earthquake data showed noteworthy improvements in the education attainment of the household head and possession of mobile phones after the earthquake. The prevalence of emotional, physical, and severe physical abuse in 2012 was estimated to be 78.5%, 77.0%, and 15.4%, respectively. Mapping revealed no conclusive patterns between the proximity of each region to the epicenter and the prevalence of the different forms of abuse. However, the prevalence of severe physical abuse was notably higher in settlement camps (25.0%) than it was in Haiti overall (15.4%). CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of child abuse in Haiti highlights an urgent need for interventions aimed at reducing occurrences of household child abuse.
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Bryce I. Responding to the accumulation of adverse childhood experiences in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for practice. CHILDREN AUSTRALIA 2020; 45:80-87. [PMCID: PMC7298091 DOI: 10.1017/cha.2020.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In early 2020, the world as we knew it began to change dramatically and rapidly with the COVID-19 outbreak. Social distancing restrictions and lockdown measures have been the most effective course of action and an inarguably imperative approach at this time. However, in trying to keep the global population safe, social distancing measures unwittingly placed children already experiencing maltreatment and disadvantage in harm’s way. This paper will consider the evidence base which attests to the importance of considering the accumulation of adversity when seeking to understand risk and impact of child maltreatment and disadvantage. Given the unique and unprecedented circumstances which have accompanied the COVID-19 outbreak, and the dearth of research pertaining to the impact of pandemics on child welfare, the paper draws on an emerging body of literature about the effect of natural disasters, conflict and significant global events on child maltreatment. The paper synthesises the research to date in order to call attention to the cumulative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children already experiencing abuse and neglect. The paper concludes with an outline of the implications for practice in the helping professions.
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Affiliation(s)
- India Bryce
- School of Education, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
- Author for correspondence: India Bryce,
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50
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Lai BS, Osborne MC, Veauuse-Brown ND, Swedo EA, Self-Brown S, Massetti GM. Violence victimization and negative health correlates of youth in post-earthquake Haiti: Findings from the cross-sectional violence against children survey. J Affect Disord 2020; 270:59-64. [PMID: 32275221 PMCID: PMC7359602 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the prevalence of and relationships between violence victimization and negative health correlates of Haitian youth exposed to the 2010 earthquake. METHODS Participants were randomly selected 13-24 year-old youth (1457 females; 1459 males) living in Haiti following the 2010 earthquake. Data collected via Haiti's 2012 Violence against Children Survey (VACS) were analyzed. RESULTS Participants reported violence victimization in the past 12 months (females: 49.93%; males: 41.68%), moderate-to-severe mental distress (females: 76.56%; males: 66.41%), and suicidal ideation (females: 26.79%; males: 8.05%). Compared to participants without experiences of violence, victims of violence had significantly higher mean number of sexual partners (females: 1.99, 95% CI: 1.81-2.16, p = .02; males: 4.33, 95% CI: 3.50-5.16, p = .03), mental distress (females: 80.39%, p = .01; males: 72.95%, p = .002), and suicidal ideation (females: 36.09%, p < .0001; males: 12.02%, p < .0001). Male victims of violence were more likely to have sex without a condom (26.02%, p = .01) and female victims of violence were more likely to report histories of STIs (28.04%, p = .01), when compared to participants without history of violence. LIMITATIONS Data were collected via self-report. Disaster exposure experiences were not assessed. Analysis was correlational and did not control for potential confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS Disaster-exposed youth endorsed high levels of violence victimization and negative health correlates. Earthquake survivors who experienced violence were more likely to report negative health correlates. Greater attention to downstream sequelae of natural disasters is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty S. Lai
- Lynch School of Education and Human Development, Boston College, 140 Commonwealth Ave, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, USA,Corresponding author. Tel.: 617.552.8026., (B.S. Lai)
| | | | | | - Elizabeth A. Swedo
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
| | | | - Greta M. Massetti
- Division of Violence Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
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