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Griffin BA, Lovegrove JA. Saturated fat and CVD: importance of inter-individual variation in the response of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38282001 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the history in support of the role of dietary saturated fatty acids (SFA) in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and the controversy and consensus for the evidence in support of guidelines to remove and replace SFA with unsaturated fatty acids. The review will also examine the existence, origins, and implications for CVD risk of variability in serum LDL-cholesterol in response to these guidelines. While the quality of supporting evidence for the efficacy of restricting SFA on CVD risk has attracted controversy, this has helped to increase understanding of the inter-relationships between SFA, LDL-cholesterol and CVD, and reinforce confidence in this dietary recommendation. Nevertheless, there is significant inter-individual variation in serum LDL-C in response to this dietary change. The origins of this variation are multi-factorial and involve both dietary and metabolic traits. If serum biomarkers of more complex metabolic traits underlying LDL-responsiveness can be identified, this would have major implications for the targeting of these dietary guidelines to LDL-responders, to maximise the benefit to their cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Griffin
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, University of Surrey, GuildfordGU2 7XH, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
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Ozen E, Lovegrove JA, Jackson KG. Association between body composition and cardiometabolic disease risk: role of dietary fat intake and APOLIPOPROTEIN E genotype on this relationship. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38253522 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124000053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Excess body weight is associated with increased mortality and risk of developing CVD. Body fat distribution is now considered a better indicator of disease risk than BMI, with central adiposity associated with dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. Dietary modification is unquestionably important in the prevention of obesity and CVD, with the type but not the amount of dietary fat emerging as an important determinant of both diseases. Although reducing SFA intake via replacement with unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) is a key public health strategy for CVD prevention, variability in the lipid lowering response has been observed. This narrative review aims to investigate the link between adiposity and CVD risk, and the role of dietary fat composition and APOLIPOPROTEIN (APO)E genotype on this relationship. In the absence of weight loss, replacing dietary SFA with UFA reduces central adiposity and anthropometric measures, and is linked with lower total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations. However, differences in study populations and body composition techniques need to be taken into consideration. To date, only a limited number of studies have determined the role of APOE on body composition and CVD risk, but findings are inconsistent. Both APOE2 and APOE4 alleles have been correlated with adiposity related markers, and an APOE genotype-BMI interaction has been reported on fasting lipids. However, studies are often performed retrospectively leading to small sample sizes within the genotype groups. Further studies are needed to confirm the relationship between APOE genotype, adiposity and circulating CVD risk markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ozen
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research and Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
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Abumweis S, Alzyoud L, Alqadi S. Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variant and Blood Lipid Responses to Plant Sterols: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis of Clinical Trials. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2023; 28:377-385. [PMID: 38188084 PMCID: PMC10764225 DOI: 10.3746/pnf.2023.28.4.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols/stanols are effective cholesterol-lowering agents. However, it is unclear whether the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genetic variants influence it. We investigated whether ApoE genetic variants modulate the responses of blood lipids to dietary intervention plant sterols/stanols in adults and if the intervention dose and duration, as well as the age and status of participants, influence this effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified by searching databases in the Cochrane Library. Random-effect models were used to estimate the pooled effect size of each outcome of interest total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were used to investigate the effects of potential modifiers on the outcomes of interest. Eleven articles were selected from 3,248 retrieved abstracts. Plant sterol/stanol intervention was associated with a more significant reduction in LDL levels in the E3 group [-0.251 mmol/L; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), -0.488 to -0.015] compared with both the E4 and E2 groups. In E4 carriers, the plant sterol/stanol intervention dose and duration resulted in a larger decrease in LDL levels (-0.088027 mmol/L; 95% CI, -0.154690 to -0.021364). In conclusion, ApoE genetic variants affected the response of blood LDL levels to supplementation with plant sterols/stanols, as individuals with E3 variant showed significantly decreased LDL levels compared with the other genotypes. However, future studies recruiting participants according to their ApoE genetic variants are needed to confirm our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhad Abumweis
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lara Alzyoud
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
- AAU Health and Biomedical Research Center, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi 64141, United Arab Emirates
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Ozen E, Mihaylova RG, Lord NJ, Lovegrove JA, Jackson KG. Association between APOE Genotype with Body Composition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Markers Is Modulated by BMI in Healthy Adults: Findings from the BODYCON Study. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9766. [PMID: 36077164 PMCID: PMC9456146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) has been suggested to play an important role in the relationship between the APOLIPOPROTEIN (APO)E genotype and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Using data from the BODYCON cross-sectional study (n = 360 adults) we assessed the association between body composition and CVD risk markers according to APOE genotype, with examination of the role of BMI. In this study cohort, the APOE2/E3 group had lower fasting blood lipids than APOE4 carriers and APOE3/E3 group (p ≤ 0.01). After stratifying the group according to BMI, APOE4 carriers in the normal BMI subgroup had a higher lean mass compared with the APOE3/E3 group (p = 0.02) whereas in the overweight/obese subgroup, the android to gynoid percentage fat ratio was lower in APOE4 carriers than APOE3/E3 group (p = 0.04). Fasting lipid concentrations were only different between the APOE2/E3 and other genotype groups within the normal weight BMI subgroup (p ≤ 0.04). This finding was associated with a lower dietary fibre and a higher trans-fat intake compared with APOE4 carriers, and a lower carbohydrate intake relative to the APOE3/E3 group. Our results confirm previous reports that BMI modulates the effect of APOE on CVD risk markers and suggest novel interactions on body composition, with diet a potential modulator of this relationship.
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Dunk MM, Driscoll I. Total Cholesterol and APOE-Related Risk for Alzheimer's Disease in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 85:1519-1528. [PMID: 34958023 PMCID: PMC10442640 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND APOEɛ4 allele confers greatest genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD), yet mechanisms underlying this risk remain elusive. APOE is involved in lipid metabolism, and literature suggest relationships between high total cholesterol, APOE, and AD. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the potential role of total cholesterol in AD risk. OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between total cholesterol and APOE-related AD risk in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. METHODS Participants (N = 1,534) were classified as controls (cognitively normal; N = 404), early mild cognitive impairment (MCI; N = 294), late MCI (N = 539), or AD (N = 297). Total cholesterol levels were compared across APOE genotype and diagnosis. Mendelian randomization was performed to examine causality between total cholesterol and AD risk using APOE as a genetic instrument. RESULTS Total cholesterol was higher in APOE4+ compared to APOE3 and APOE2+ (ps < 0.04) carriers. Those with AD and late MCI (ps < 0.001) had higher total cholesterol than the control group. Comparing APOE4+ to APOE3 carriers, the predicted odds ratios per mg/dL greater total cholesterol were 1.11 for MCI (95% confidence interval, 1.04-7.32), 1.05 for early MCI (1.01-3.22), 1.13 for late MCI (1.05-11.70), 1.21 for AD (1.09-54.05), and 1.13 for composite dementia (MCI or AD; 1.06-11.59) (ps < 0.05, F-statistics > 10). CONCLUSION Higher total cholesterol may be a significant contributor to AD risk, particularly in APOE4 carriers who, based on existing literature, tend to have impaired cholesterol metabolism. Our findings highlight a possible mechanism by which APOE confers AD risk and indicate potential for AD risk modification through maintenance of healthy total cholesterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Dunk
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ira Driscoll
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Leskinen H, Tringham M, Karjalainen H, Iso-Touru T, Hietaranta-Luoma HL, Marnila P, Pihlava JM, Hurme T, Puolijoki H, Åkerman K, Mäkinen S, Sandell M, Vähäkangas K, Tahvonen R, Rokka S, Hopia A. APOE genotypes, lipid profiles and associated clinical markers in a Finnish population with cardiovascular disease risk factors. Lifestyle Genom 2021; 15:45-54. [PMID: 34942620 DOI: 10.1159/000520864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION APOE ɛ4 allele predisposes to high cholesterol and increases the risk for lifestyle-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The aim of this study was to analyse interrelationships of APOE genotypes with lipid metabolism and lifestyle factors in middle-aged Finns among whom the CVD risk factors are common. METHODS Participants (n=211) were analysed for APOE ε genotypes, physiological parameters and health- and diet-related plasma markers. Lifestyle choices were determined by a questionnaire. RESULTS APOE genotypes ε3/ε4 and ε4/ε4 (ε4 group) represented 34.1% of the participants. Genotype ε3/ε3 (ε3 group) frequency was 54.5%. Carriers of ε2 (ε2 group; ε2/ε2, ε2/ε3 and ε2/ε4) represented 11.4%; 1.9 % were of the genotype ε2/ε4. The LDL and total cholesterol levels were lower (P<0.05) in the ε2 carriers than in the ε3 or ε4 groups, while the ε3 and ε4 groups did not differ. Proportions of plasma saturated fatty acids were higher (P<0.01) and omega-6 fatty acids lower (P=0.01) in the ε2 carriers compared with the ε4 group. The ε2 carriers had a higher (P<0.05) percentage of 22:4n-6 and 22:5n-6 and a lower (P<0.05) percentage of 24:5n-3 and 24:6n-3 than individuals without the ε2 allele. CONCLUSIONS The plasma fatty acid profiles in the ε2 group were characterised by higher SFA and lower omega-6 fatty acid proportions. Their lower cholesterol values indicated a lower risk for CVD compared with the ε4 group. A novel finding was that the ε2 carriers had different proportions of 22:4n-6, 22:5n-6, 24:5n-3 and 24:6n-3 than individuals without the ε2 allele. The significance of the differences in fatty acid composition remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Leskinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Maaria Tringham
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Heli Karjalainen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Iso-Touru
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | | | - Pertti Marnila
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | | | - Timo Hurme
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Hannu Puolijoki
- The Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Kari Åkerman
- The Hospital District of South Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Sari Mäkinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Mari Sandell
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Raija Tahvonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Susanna Rokka
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Anu Hopia
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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King A, Saifi S, Smith J, Pilic L, Graham CAM, Da Silva Anastacio V, Glaister M, Mavrommatis Y. Does personalised nutrition advice based on apolipoprotein E and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase genotype affect dietary behaviour? Nutr Health 2021; 28:467-476. [PMID: 34817242 PMCID: PMC9379385 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211032882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dietary intake is linked to numerous modifiable risk factors of
cardiovascular disease. Current dietary recommendations in the UK to reduce the risk of
cardiovascular disease are not being met. A genotype-based personalised approach to
dietary recommendations may motivate individuals to make positive changes in their dietary
behaviour. Aim: To determine the effect of a personalised nutrition
intervention, based on apolipoprotein E (ApoE, rs7412; rs429358) and
methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR, rs1801133) genotype, on
reported dietary intake of saturated fat and folate in participants informed of a risk
genotype compared to those informed of non-risk genotype. Methods: Baseline
data (n = 99) were collected to determine genotype (non-risk vs risk),
dietary intake and cardiovascular risk (Q-Risk®2 cardiovascular risk calculator).
Participants were provided with personalised nutrition advice via email based on their
ApoE and MTHFR genotype and reported intake of folate
and saturated fat. After 10 days, dietary intake data were reported for a second time.
Results: Personalised nutrition advice led to favourable dietary changes,
irrespective of genotype, in participants who were not meeting dietary recommendations at
baseline for saturated fat (p < 0.001) and folate
(p = 0.002). Only participants who were informed of a risk
ApoE genotype met saturated fat recommendations following personalised
nutrition advice. Conclusion: Incorporation of genotype-based personalised
nutrition advice in a diet behaviour intervention may elicit favourable changes in dietary
behaviour in participants informed of a risk genotype. Participants informed of a non-risk
genotype also respond to personalised nutrition advice favourably but to a lesser
extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra King
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, 62693St Mary's University Twickenham, UK
| | - Shaghayegh Saifi
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, 62693St Mary's University Twickenham, UK
| | - Jenna Smith
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, 62693St Mary's University Twickenham, UK
| | - Leta Pilic
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, 62693St Mary's University Twickenham, UK
| | - Catherine A-M Graham
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Health and Social Work, Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, 98464Oxford Brookes University, UK
| | | | - Mark Glaister
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, 62693St Mary's University Twickenham, UK
| | - Yiannis Mavrommatis
- Faculty of Sport, Allied Health and Performance Science, 62693St Mary's University Twickenham, UK
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Schönknecht YB, Crommen S, Stoffel-Wagner B, Coenen M, Fimmers R, Stehle P, Ramirez A, Egert S. APOE ɛ4 Is Associated with Postprandial Inflammation in Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome Traits. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113924. [PMID: 34836179 PMCID: PMC8624753 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism impacts blood lipids and biomarkers of oxidation and inflammation, contributing to an isoform-dependent disease risk. We investigated the effect of the APOE genotype on postprandial metabolism after consumption of three different isoenergetic (4200 kJ) meals in older adults with a CVD risk phenotype. In a randomized crossover study, participants with metabolic syndrome traits (APOE E3, n = 39; E4, n = 10; mean age, 70 ± 5 years; BMI 31.3 ± 3.0 kg/m2) consumed a Western-like diet high-fat (WDHF), Western-like diet high-carbohydrate (WDHC), or Mediterranean-like diet (MED) meal. Parameters of lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammatory, and oxidative parameters were analyzed in blood samples collected at fasting and 1–5 h postprandially. Data were analyzed by linear mixed models. The magnitude of the IL-6 increase after the WDHF meal was significantly higher in E4 than in E3 carriers (iAUC: E4 = 7.76 vs. E3 = 2.81 pg/mL × h). The time to detect the IL-6 increase was shorter in the E4 group. All meals produced postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and lipidemia, without differences between the E3 and the E4 groups. IL-1β and oxidized LDL levels did not change postprandially. In conclusion, APOE E4 carriers display increased postprandial inflammation, indicated by higher postprandial IL-6 increase, when compared to non-carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannik Bernd Schönknecht
- Nutritional Physiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (Y.B.S.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Silke Crommen
- Nutritional Physiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (Y.B.S.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Birgit Stoffel-Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Martin Coenen
- Clinical Study Core Unit, Study Center Bonn, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Rolf Fimmers
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Peter Stehle
- Nutritional Physiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (Y.B.S.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Alfredo Ramirez
- Division of Neurogenetics and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases and Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
- Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Nutritional Physiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (Y.B.S.); (S.C.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-228-73-5953
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Griffin BA, Mensink RP, Lovegrove JA. Does variation in serum LDL-cholesterol response to dietary fatty acids help explain the controversy over fat quality and cardiovascular disease risk? Atherosclerosis 2021; 328:108-113. [PMID: 33863548 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Controversy over fat quality and cardiovascular disease risk stems from a series of meta-analyses of prospective cohort and randomised intervention trials, which found little evidence for a significant relationship between the intake of saturated fat and disease endpoints. Possible explanations for these null findings include difficulties inherent in estimating true food intake, the confounding effects of macronutrient replacement and food composition, and marked inter-individual variation in the response of serum LDL-cholesterol. The aim of this narrative review was to present evidence for the existence and origins of variation in serum LDL-cholesterol response to the replacement of dietary saturated fat, and its potential to explain the controversy over the latter. The review provides evidence to suggest that variation in LDL-responsiveness may harbour significant potential to confound the relationship between saturated fat and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk, thus undermining the effectiveness of the dietary guideline to replace saturated fat with unsaturated fat. It concludes that the identification and application of a simple biomarker of this phenomenon, would make it possible to tailor dietary guidelines to LDL responsive individuals, who stand to gain a greater benefit to their cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Griffin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences. University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7WG, UK.
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School for Nutrition Toxic and Metab, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Pepper Lane, Reading, RG6 6DZ, UK
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Damsgaard CT, Vuholm S, Teisen MN, Stark KD, Lauritzen L. Does polymorphisms in PPAR and APOE genes modify associations between fatty acid desaturase ( FADS), n-3 long-chain PUFA and cardiometabolic markers in 8-11-year-old Danish children? Br J Nutr 2021; 125:369-76. [PMID: 32713352 DOI: 10.1017/S0007114520002822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
n-3 Long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) can improve cardiometabolic blood markers, but studies in children are limited. SNP in the FADS genes, which encode fatty acid desaturases, influence endogenous LCPUFA production. Moreover, SNP in genes that encode PPAR and apoE may modulate the effects of n-3 LCPUFA. We explored whether FADS polymorphisms were associated with blood cholesterol and TAG, insulin and glucose and whether polymorphisms in PPAR and APOE modified associations between FADS or n-3 LCPUFA status and the cardiometabolic blood markers. We measured fasting cholesterol and TAG, insulin, glucose and n-3 LCPUFA in 757 Danish 8-11-year-old children and genotyped SNP in FADS (rs1535 and rs174448), PPARG2 (rs1801282), PPARA (rs1800206) and APOE (rs7412+rs429358). Carriage of two FADS rs174448 major alleles was associated with lower TAG (P = 0·027) and higher HDL-cholesterol (P = 0·047). Blood n-3 LCPUFA was inversely associated with TAG and insulin in PPARG2 minor allele carriers and positively with LDL-cholesterol in major allele homozygotes (Pn-3 LCPUFA × rs180182 < 0·01). Associations between n-3 LCPUFA and cardiometabolic markers were not modified by APOE genotype (Pn-3 LCPUFA × APOE > 0·11), but interaction between FADS rs1535 and APOE showed that rs1535 major allele homozygotes who also carried APOE2 had higher HDL-cholesterol than all other genotype combinations (Prs1535 × APOE = 0·019, pairwise-P < 0·05). This indicates that FADS genotypes, which increase endogenous LCPUFA production, may beneficially affect children's cardiometabolic profile in a partly APOE-dependent manner. Also, the degree to which children benefit from higher n-3 LCPUFA intake may depend on their PPARG2 genotype.
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11
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Sharma R, Matsushita K, Wu A, Jack CR, Griswold M, Mosley TH, Fornage M, Gottesman RF. Common Medications and Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The ARIC Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e014270. [PMID: 33586464 PMCID: PMC8174245 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.014270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and statins are commonly prescribed for various indications. The associations between these medications and the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are unclear. Methods and Results We performed a retrospective study of the ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) study cohort, recruited from 4 US communities in 1987 to 1989 with follow-up. In 2011 to 2013, a subset (N=1942) underwent brain magnetic resonance imaging with CMB evaluation. Time-varying and any antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or statin use was evaluated at subsequent study visits in participants not on each medication at baseline. To determine the hazard of ICH and odds of CMB by medication use, logistic and Cox proportional hazard models were built, respectively, adjusting for the propensity to take the medication, concomitant use of other medications, and cognitive, genetic, and radiographic data. Of 15 719 individuals during up to 20 years of follow-up, 130 participants experienced an ICH. The adjusted hazard of ICH was significantly lower among participants taking an antiplatelet at the most recent study visit before ICH versus nonusers (hazard ratio [HR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30-0.92). Statin users had a significantly lower hazard of an ICH compared with nonusers (adjusted HR, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.05-0.34). There was no association of CMB and antiplatelet, anticoagulant, or statin use in adjusted models. Conclusions In this US community-based study, antiplatelet and statin use were associated with lower ICH hazard, whereas no association was noted between CMBs and antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and statins. Further study is needed to understand the differential roles of these medications in cerebral microhemorrhages and macrohemorrhages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sharma
- Department of NeurologyYale University School of MedicineNew HavenCT
| | - Kunihiro Matsushita
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
| | - Aozhou Wu
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
| | | | - Michael Griswold
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMS
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMS
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular MedicineUniversity of Texas at HoustonTX
| | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
- Department of EpidemiologyJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMD
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12
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De S, Tringham M, Hopia A, Tahvonen R, Pietilä AM, Vähäkangas K. Ethical Aspects of Genotype Disclosure: Perceptions of Participants in a Nutrigenetic Study in Finland. Public Health Genomics 2021; 24:33-43. [PMID: 33486491 DOI: 10.1159/000512640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to gain insight into the understanding of genetics and perceptions on the ethical issues related to genotype disclosure of the participants in a nutrigenetic study. METHODS A close-ended questionnaire was developed based on literature and discussions among the research group members. The questionnaire contained a -total of 33 questions, which were divided into 4 categories - demographics, knowledge assessment, concerns related to participation, and opinions on disclosure of information. Majority of the participants (250 out of 281) of a nutrigenetic study, in which effect of disclosing APOE allele status on lifestyle changes was studied, completed the questionnaire online following the informed consent process. The responses from the knowledge assessment and the concern categories were transformed into knowledge and concern scales, respectively, and analysed by descriptive statistical methods. The statistical associations between the categorical variables were determined using χ2 test of independence. The relationship between the continuous variables was assessed using Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and internal consistency of questions by Cronbach's alpha. RESULTS No correlation was observed between the level of education and knowledge scores. About 10% of the participants thought that the genetic predisposition would be stressful to them and their family members. CONCLUSIONS Careful distribution of information before a nutrigenetic study supports understanding and reduces concerns of genetic susceptibility. In Finland, strong basic education is likely to have strengthened the trust in research process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchetana De
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,
| | - Maaria Tringham
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anu Hopia
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Tahvonen
- Production Systems/Food Processing and Quality, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Pietilä
- Department of Nursing Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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13
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Limonova AS, Ershova AI, Meshkov AN, Kiseleva AV, Divashuk MG, Kutsenko VA, Drapkina OM. Case Report: Hypertriglyceridemia and Premature Atherosclerosis in a Patient With Apolipoprotein E Gene ε 2ε 1 Genotype. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 7:585779. [PMID: 33537346 PMCID: PMC7847930 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.585779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a 40-year-old male with premature atherosclerosis, with evidence of both eruptive and tendinous xanthomas, which could imply an increase in both low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) levels. However, his LDL was 2.08 mmol/l, TG -11.8 mmol/l on rosuvastatin 20 mg. Genetic evaluation was performed using a custom panel consisting of 25 genes and 280 variants responsible for lipid metabolism. A rare ε2ε1 genotype of apolipoprotein E was detected. The combination of clinical manifestations and genetic factors in this patient leads to the diagnosis of familial dysbetalipoproteinemia. Implementation of genetic testing into routine clinical practice could not only improve disease diagnostics and management, but also help prevent their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena S Limonova
- Laboratory of Clinomics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra I Ershova
- Laboratory of Clinomics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey N Meshkov
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna V Kiseleva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail G Divashuk
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Kurchatov Genomics Center-All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A Kutsenko
- Biostatistics Laboratory, National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Theory of Probability, Department of Mechanics and Mathematics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oxana M Drapkina
- National Medical Research Center for Therapy and Preventive Medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Shao Y, Zhao T, Zhang W, He J, Lu F, Cai Y, Lai Z, Wei N, Liang C, Liu L, Hong Y, Cheng X, Li J, Tang P, Fan W, Ou M, Yang J, Liu Y, Cui L. Presence of the apolipoprotein E-ε4 allele is associated with an increased risk of sepsis progression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15735. [PMID: 32978453 PMCID: PMC7519096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72616-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence indicated that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are related to increase the risk of many inflammatory-related diseases. However, few genetic studies have associated the APOE gene polymorphism with sepsis. This study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the APOE gene polymorphism in the onset and progression of sepsis. A multicenter case–control association study with a large sample size (601 septic patients and 699 healthy individuals) was conducted. Clinical data showed that the APOEε4 allele was overrepresented among all patients with septic shock (p = 0.031) compared with sepsis subtype, suggesting that APOEε4 allele may associated with increased susceptibility to the progression of sepsis. Moreover, the APOE mRNA levels decreased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in cells in culture. Then 21 healthy individuals to extract PBMC for genotype grouping (APOE4+ group 8; APOE4− group 13) was selected to evaluate the effect on APOE level, and results showed that the expression level of APOE in APOE4+ group and APOE4− group did not differ in mRNA levels after an LPS challenge, but the protein levels in APOE4+ group decreased slower than that in APOE4− group, and this process was accompanied by the upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines. These results provide evidence that the APOEε4 allele might be associated with the development of sepsis and a potential risk factor that can be used in the prognosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Shao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.,The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.,Zhanjiang Key Laboratory of Organ Injury and Protection and Translational Medicine, Guangdong, 524000, China
| | - Tian Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.,School of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, 437000, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Junbing He
- The Intensive Care Unit, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Jieyang, 52200, China
| | - Furong Lu
- The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.,The Intensive Care Unit, Jieyang Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Jieyang, 52200, China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Zhipeng Lai
- The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Ning Wei
- The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Lizhen Liu
- The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Yuan Hong
- The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Xiaohong Cheng
- The Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Jia Li
- The Intensive Care Unit ,The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Pei Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Weihao Fan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Mingqian Ou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Jingqi Yang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Yansong Liu
- The Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524000, China.
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15
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Guan F, Zhang C, Jiang C, Jacques ML, Bai Y, Lu S, Liu W, Lei J. ApoE deficiency promotes hepatic pathology by aggravating Th17/Treg imbalance in murine schistosomiasis japonica. Parasite Immunol 2020; 42:e12785. [PMID: 32786078 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The Schistosoma japonicum (S japonicum)-infected ApoE gene deficiency (ApoE-/- ) mice were used to determine effect of ApoE on hepatic immunopathology. METHODS Murine activities and appetite, body weight, and ratio of liver weight to its body weight (Hepatic mass index, HMI) were observed. Worm load and liver egg burden were evaluated as the infection intensity. Number and size of liver egg granulomas and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were investigated. We analysed hepatic fibrosis by markers of fibrosis in tissue, detected hepatic Th17 and Treg frequency by flow cytometry, and measured hepatic expressions of RORγt, Foxp3, IL-17A and TGF-β1 via qPCR. Lipid metabolism was determined by serum levels of cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) as well as hepatic Oil red O staining. RESULTS In the infected ApoE-/- mice, the increased infection intensity aggravated the hepatic immunopathology (evidenced by increased HMI, elevated egg granulomas and increased ALT levels) and fibrosis (increased hepatic collagen deposition). ApoE deficiency resulted in significantly elevated ratio of hepatic Th17/Treg and higher serum levels of TC and TG, along with higher level of hepatic Oil red O staining. CONCLUSIONS ApoE deficiency promotes hepatic pathology and fibrosis by exacerbating Th17/Treg imbalance and altering lipid metabolism in murine schistosomiasis japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chongyang Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunjie Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Muziazia Lupemba Jacques
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengjun Lu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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16
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Rhea EM, Raber J, Banks WA. ApoE and cerebral insulin: Trafficking, receptors, and resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104755. [PMID: 31978603 PMCID: PMC7050417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform is a risk factor for AD. The connection between these two factors in relation to AD is being actively explored. We summarize this literature with a focus on the transport of insulin and apoE across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CNS, the impact of apoE and insulin on the BBB, and the interactions between apoE, insulin, and the insulin receptor once present in the CNS. We highlight how CNS insulin resistance is apparent in AD and potential ways to overcome this resistance by repurposing currently approved drugs, with apoE genotype taken into consideration as the treatment response following most interventions is apoE isoform-dependent. This review is part of a special issue focusing on apoE in AD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - William A Banks
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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17
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Gavra P, Kolovou V, Papazafiropoulou AK, Melidonis A, Iraklianou S, Mavrogeni S, Kolovou G. The influence of gene polymorphisms on postprandial triglyceride response after oral fat tolerance test meal in patients with diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pract 2019; 73:e13432. [PMID: 31585025 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.13432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We evaluated the influence of CETP (rs5882 and rs708272), APOE (rs7412, rs429358) and LPL (rs328) gene polymorphisms on triglyceride (TG) response to oral fat tolerance test (OFTT) meal in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS Fifty-one men underwent OFTT and according to postprandial TG response patients were divided into two subgroups (positive [TG ≥ 220 mg/dL, 31 patients] and negative [TG < 220 mg/dL, 20 patients]). All patients were genotyped, and study variants were detected using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restricted fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. RESULTS Patients with genotype SS of LPL gene compared with genotype SX had more frequently positive response to OFTT (P = .04) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration (P = .03). Patients with positive response to OFTT and genotype SS of LPL gene compared with genotype SX had lower AUC (area under the curve)-TG, 1744 (368) vs 1887 (807) mg/dL/h, respectively, P = .04. CETP and APOE gene polymorphisms had no influence on postprandial TG response to OFTT. CONCLUSIONS In patients with well-controlled T2DM, LPL but not CETP and APOE gene polymorphisms influenced TG postprandial response. Particularly, S447 allele carriers of LPL gene presented more frequently positive postprandial TG response to OFTT compared with 447X allele carriers. No differences were found between allele carriers of patients with negative response to OFTT in any other studied gene polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vana Kolovou
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Sophie Mavrogeni
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Genovefa Kolovou
- Cardiology Department, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, Athens, Greece
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18
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Hietaranta-Luoma HL, Tringham M, Karjalainen H, Tanner L, Vähäkangas K, Pietilä AM, Åkerman K, Puolijoki H, Tahvonen R, Hopia A. A Long-Term Follow-Up Study on Disclosing Genetic Risk Information (APOE) to Promote Healthy Lifestyles in Finland. Lifestyle Genom 2019; 11:147-154. [PMID: 31234179 DOI: 10.1159/000500199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This observational follow-up study was designed to assess the long-term behavioural and clinical effects of receiving personal genetic risk information. The information disclosed was the carrier status of the apolipoprotein E (APOE)alleles, which differentially contribute to the genetic risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Alzheimer's disease. METHODS This study forms a continuum with a previous 1-year intervention (2010-2011) monitoring the effects of disclosing the carrier status of the APOE ε4risk allele. The follow-up measurements, performed 5.5 years post-intervention, included clinical measurements (blood values and anthropomorphic parameters) and questionnaires (psychological and behavioural factors). The participants were healthy adult volunteers, aged 26-73 years (n = 70) who had participated in the previous intervention, and received their APOE allele status either at the beginning (former test group) or the end of the intervention (former control group). RESULTS Personal genetic risk information resulted in a moderate health-conscious change in diet and had a slight positive long-term effect on clinical factors, particularly the serum lipids. These improvements were subsequent to the disclosure of genetic information and occurred mainly in the APOE ε4-positive members of the former control group, that is, those who were at increased genetic risk for CVD but had not been informed of their status before the end of the intervention. In contrast, changes in the values and health behaviour of the APOE ε4-positive individuals in the former test group, who had already changed their health behaviour during the previous intervention as a result of being informed of their carrier status, varied more: some continued to improve, some remained at their previously improved level, and some relapsed slightly. Both groups had nonetheless displayed an improvement immediately subsequent to the disclosure of their personal genetic risk. CONCLUSION Receiving information on increased personal genetic risk (carrier status of APOE ε4)for CVD provided the motivation for improvements in health behaviour. The resulting changes, while modest, in most cases remained visible even after a number of years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maaria Tringham
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland,
| | | | - Laura Tanner
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsi Vähäkangas
- School of Pharmacy/Toxicology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna-Maija Pietilä
- Department of Nursing Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari Åkerman
- Central Hospital of Southern Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Hannu Puolijoki
- Central Hospital of Southern Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Raija Tahvonen
- Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Jokioinen, Finland
| | - Anu Hopia
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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19
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Zhang L, He S, Li Z, Gan X, Li S, Cheng X, Yang N, Zheng F. Apolipoprotein E polymorphisms contribute to statin response in Chinese ASCVD patients with dyslipidemia. Lipids Health Dis 2019; 18:129. [PMID: 31153375 PMCID: PMC6545221 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-019-1069-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and clearance. Statins are the most common drugs used to modulate the lipid profile in the clinic therapy; the associations between ApoE polymorphisms and statin response to lipids were inconsistent in previous studies among different ethnicities. Our study aimed to demonstrate the relationships among the statins response and the ApoE gene common polymorphisms and lifestyle risk factors in Chinese arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) patients with dyslipidemia. Methods A total of 1002 dyslipidemia ASCVD patients were recruited in this study, including 311 patients with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). These patients were all treated with drugs atorvastatin (10 mg/d) or rosuvastatin (5 mg/d) for at least 4 weeks and genotyped for ApoE e2/e3/e4 alleles, using Kompetitive Allele Specific PCR (KASP) and Sanger sequencing. The plasma lipids levels were determined before and after statins treatment. Results The results of ApoE genotyping with KASP method were consistent with the sequencing analysis. In the total 1002 patients, the E2 phenotypes (e2/e3, e2/e2) had significant lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) baseline levels than subjects with E3 (e3/e3, e2/e4) and E4 (e3/e4, e4/e4) phenotypes (P = 0.007, 0.005, respectively), and E2 phenotypes had the highest triglyceride (TG) baseline levels. To statins treatment, E2 phenotypes had a better response in TG, Total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C reduction percentage compared with other phenotypes, and smoking/alcohol drinking status also had a significant influence on statins response of LDL-C lowering. No significant difference was found in the effects of lipids decreasing between atorvastatin and rosuvastatin drugs in all patients. Conclusions We developed the KASP technique for the ApoE genotyping, and demonstrated ApoE polymorphisms interacted with smoking/drinking to influence the declining extent of TG, TC and LDL-C levels after statins therapy in Chinese dyslipidemia ASCVD patients. These discoveries developed our cognition with the genetic polymorphisms effects on statin response, which should be taken more seriously in smoking/drinking E4 amino acid isoform carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Siying He
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zuhua Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuedong Gan
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Siwei Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiaohuan Cheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Na Yang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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20
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Johnson LA, Torres ER, Weber Boutros S, Patel E, Akinyeke T, Alkayed NJ, Raber J. Apolipoprotein E4 mediates insulin resistance-associated cerebrovascular dysfunction and the post-prandial response. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2019; 39:770-781. [PMID: 29215310 PMCID: PMC6498752 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17746186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction, commonly a result of diets high in saturated fats and sugar, is associated with impaired cognitive function and an increased risk of age-related cognitive decline (ACD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Compared to the E3 isoform of apolipoprotein (apoE), the E4 isoform is a major genetic risk factor for ACD, AD, and for developing cognitive impairments following various environmental challenges, including dietary challenges such as a high-fat diet (HFD). Both insulin resistance (IR) and E4 are associated with metabolic and vascular impairments. Deficits in cerebral metabolism and cerebrovascular function have been proposed as initiating events leading to these impairments. In the current study, we employed a model of human apoE targeted replacement mice and HFD-induced obesity to study the potential link between E4 and IR, at rest and following a postprandial challenge. HFD-induced IR was associated with impaired cognition, reduced cerebral blood volume and decreased glucose uptake. These effects were more profound in E4 than E3 mice. Furthermore, the cognitive, metabolic and cerebrovascular responses to an exogenous glucose load showed an apoE isoform-dependent response, with E4, but not E3 mice, acutely benefiting from a spike in blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance A Johnson
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,2 Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Eileen Ruth Torres
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sydney Weber Boutros
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Esha Patel
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Tunde Akinyeke
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Nabil J Alkayed
- 3 Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,4 Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- 1 Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,5 Department of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
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Fox M. 'Evolutionary medicine' perspectives on Alzheimer's Disease: Review and new directions. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:140-148. [PMID: 30059789 PMCID: PMC6195455 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolution by natural selection eliminates maladaptive traits from a species, and yet Alzheimer's Disease (AD) persists with rapidly increasing prevalence globally. This apparent paradox begs an explanation within the framework of evolutionary sciences. Here, I summarize and critique previously proposed theories to explain human susceptibility to AD, grouped into 8 distinct hypotheses based on the concepts of novel extension of the lifespan; lack of selective pressure during the post-reproductive phase; antagonistic pleiotropy; rapid brain evolution; delayed neuropathy by selection for grandmothering; novel alleles selected to delay neuropathy; by-product of selection against cardiovascular disease; and thrifty genotype. Subsequently, I describe a new hypothesis inspired by the concept of mismatched environments. Many of the factors that enhance AD risk today may have been absent or functioned differently before the modern era, potentially making AD a less common affliction for age-matched individuals before industrialization and for the majority of human history. Future research is needed to further explore whether changes in environments and lifestyles across human history moderate risk factors and susceptibility to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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22
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Griffin BA, Walker CG, Jebb SA, Moore C, Frost GS, Goff L, Sanders TAB, Lewis F, Griffin M, Gitau R, Lovegrove JA. APOE4 Genotype Exerts Greater Benefit in Lowering Plasma Cholesterol and Apolipoprotein B than Wild Type (E3/E3), after Replacement of Dietary Saturated Fats with Low Glycaemic Index Carbohydrates. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101524. [PMID: 30336580 PMCID: PMC6213759 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the impact of APOE genotype on plasma lipids and glucose in a secondary analysis of data from a five-arm, randomised controlled, parallel dietary intervention trial ('RISCK' study), to investigate the impact of replacing saturated fatty acids (SFA) with either monounsaturated fat (MUFA) or carbohydrate of high or low glycaemic index (GI) on CVD risk factors and insulin sensitivity. We tested the impact of APOE genotype (carriage of E2 and E4 alleles versus E3/E3), determined retrospectively, on plasma lipids, lipoproteins and glucose homeostasis at baseline (n = 469), and on the change in these variables after 24 weeks of dietary intervention (n = 389). At baseline, carriers of E2 (n = 70), E4 (n = 125) and E3/E3 (n = 274) expressed marked differences in total plasma cholesterol (TC, p = 0.001), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, p < 0.0001), apolipoprotein B (apo B, p < 0.0001) and total to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TC:HDL-C, p = 0.002), with plasma concentrations decreasing in the order E4 > E3/E3 > E2. Following intervention, there was evidence of a significant diet x genotype interaction with significantly greater decreases in TC (p = 0.02) and apo B (p = 0.006) among carriers of E4 when SFA was replaced with low GI carbohydrate on a lower fat diet (TC -0.28 mmol/L p = 0.03; apo B -0.1 g/L p = 0.02), and a relative increase in TC (in comparison to E3/E3) when SFA was replaced with MUFA and high GI carbohydrates (TC 0.3 mmol/L, p = 0.03). Among carriers of E2 (compared with E3/E3) there was an increase in triacylglycerol (TAG) when SFA was replaced with MUFA and low GI carbohydrates 0.46 mmol/L p = 0.001). There were no significant interactions between APOE genotype and diet for changes in indices of glucose homeostasis. In conclusion, variations in APOE genotype led to differential effects on the lipid response to the replacement of SFA with MUFA and low GI carbohydrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Griffin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK.
| | - Celia G Walker
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Susan A Jebb
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Carmel Moore
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge CB1 9NL, UK.
| | - Gary S Frost
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London W12 OHS, UK.
| | - Louise Goff
- Nutrition and Dietetic Research Group, Imperial College London, London W12 OHS, UK.
- Nutritional Sciences Division, Kings College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Tom A B Sanders
- Nutritional Sciences Division, Kings College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Fiona Lewis
- Nutritional Sciences Division, Kings College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK.
| | - Margaret Griffin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7WG, UK.
| | - Rachel Gitau
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Liu L, MacKenzie KR, Putluri N, Maletić-Savatić M, Bellen HJ. The Glia-Neuron Lactate Shuttle and Elevated ROS Promote Lipid Synthesis in Neurons and Lipid Droplet Accumulation in Glia via APOE/D. Cell Metab 2017; 26:719-737.e6. [PMID: 28965825 PMCID: PMC5677551 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce the formation of lipids in neurons that are transferred to glia, where they form lipid droplets (LDs). We show that glial and neuronal monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs), fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs), and apolipoproteins are critical for glial LD formation. MCTs enable glia to secrete and neurons to absorb lactate, which is converted to pyruvate and acetyl-CoA in neurons. Lactate metabolites provide a substrate for synthesis of fatty acids, which are processed and transferred to glia by FATP and apolipoproteins. In the presence of high ROS, inhibiting lactate transfer or lowering FATP or apolipoprotein levels decreases glial LD accumulation in flies and in primary mouse glial-neuronal cultures. We show that human APOE can substitute for a fly glial apolipoprotein and that APOE4, an Alzheimer's disease susceptibility allele, is impaired in lipid transport and promotes neurodegeneration, providing insights into disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin R MacKenzie
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Advanced Technology Cor, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Mirjana Maletić-Savatić
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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24
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Gomaa HE, Mahmoud M, Saad NE, Saad-Hussein A, Ismail S, Thabet EH, Farouk H, Kandil D, Heiba A, Hafez W. Impact of Apo E gene polymorphism on HCV therapy related outcome in a cohort of HCV Egyptian patients. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 16:47-51. [PMID: 30647703 PMCID: PMC6296613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional apolipoprotein E (Apo E) gene polymorphism could be used as a determinant of outcome of HCV infection. This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of Apo E genotype on the response to HCV combined therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study has been implemented on 125 individuals with persistent HCV infection and 120 cases with sustained virologic response (SVR). All participants were genotyped for ApoE gene polymorphism by a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Statistically significant differences were demonstrated regarding the Apo E genotypes between the two groups (P-value < .001) where the frequency of E3E3 was significantly higher among the chronic HCV-patients while E3E4 and E4E4 genotypes frequencies were higher among the SVR-subjects group and E3E3 genotype was associated with increased risk of chronicity (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.9-12.1, P-value < .001). Moreover, There were statically significant differences regarding E3 and E4 alleles frequencies, where E3 allele display a higher frequency among the chronic HCV-patient group while the SVR-subjects group showed higher frequency of E4 allele and the carriers of E3 allele have 1.4 times more risk to develop chronicity than those with E4 allele (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.0, P-value < .05). Meanwhile the protective E2 allele was absent in all infected participants. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis of the protective impact of Apo E4 allele that favors viral clearance of HCV infection and its recovery after combined therapy, while the Apo E3 allele is considered as a particular risk factor for the chronicity in HCV patients and resistance to therapy. Whereas the Apo E2 allele confers a resistance to HCV infection at a time of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howayda E Gomaa
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Nevine E Saad
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Somaia Ismail
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Farouk
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Kandil
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heiba
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Wael Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
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25
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Fallaize R, Carvalho-Wells AL, Tierney AC, Marin C, Kieć-Wilk B, Dembińska-Kieć A, Drevon CA, DeFoort C, Lopez-Miranda J, Risérus U, Saris WH, Blaak EE, Roche HM, Lovegrove JA. APOE genotype influences insulin resistance, apolipoprotein CII and CIII according to plasma fatty acid profile in the Metabolic Syndrome. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6274. [PMID: 28740125 PMCID: PMC5524844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05802-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic markers associated with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) may be affected by interactions between the APOE genotype and plasma fatty acids (FA). In this study, we explored FA-gene interactions between the missense APOE polymorphisms and FA status on metabolic markers in MetS. Plasma FA, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity and lipid concentrations were determined at baseline and following a 12-week randomized, controlled, parallel, dietary FA intervention in 442 adults with MetS (LIPGENE study). FA-APOE gene interactions at baseline and following change in plasma FA were assessed using adjusted general linear models. At baseline E4 carriers had higher plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and apolipoprotein B (apo B) compared with E2 carriers; and higher TC, LDL-C and apo B compared with E3/E3. Whilst elevated plasma n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) was associated with a beneficially lower concentration of apo CIII in E2 carriers, a high proportion of plasma C16:0 was associated with insulin resistance in E4 carriers. Following FA intervention, a reduction in plasma long-chain n-3 PUFA was associated with a reduction in apo CII concentration in E2 carriers. Our novel data suggest that individuals with MetS may benefit from personalized dietary interventions based on APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Fallaize
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, College Lane, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK
| | - Andrew L Carvalho-Wells
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carmen Marin
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Beata Kieć-Wilk
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Aldona Dembińska-Kieć
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Christian A Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - José Lopez-Miranda
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit. Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ulf Risérus
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences/Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wim H Saris
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen E Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+ (MUMC+) Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, University College Dublin Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AP, UK.
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26
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Sfyri P, Matsakas A. Crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis, western-type diet and skeletal muscle pathophysiology: emphasis on apolipoprotein E deficiency and peripheral arterial disease. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:42. [PMID: 28688452 PMCID: PMC5502081 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0346-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process that, in the presence of hyperlipidaemia, promotes the formation of atheromatous plaques in large vessels of the cardiovascular system. It also affects peripheral arteries with major implications for a number of other non-vascular tissues such as the skeletal muscle, the liver and the kidney. The aim of this review is to critically discuss and assimilate current knowledge on the impact of peripheral atherosclerosis and its implications on skeletal muscle homeostasis. Accumulating data suggests that manifestations of peripheral atherosclerosis in skeletal muscle originates in a combination of increased i)-oxidative stress, ii)-inflammation, iii)-mitochondrial deficits, iv)-altered myofibre morphology and fibrosis, v)-chronic ischemia followed by impaired oxygen supply, vi)-reduced capillary density, vii)- proteolysis and viii)-apoptosis. These structural, biochemical and pathophysiological alterations impact on skeletal muscle metabolic and physiologic homeostasis and its capacity to generate force, which further affects the individual's quality of life. Particular emphasis is given on two major areas representing basic and applied science respectively: a)-the abundant evidence from a well-recognised atherogenic model; the Apolipoprotein E deficient mouse and the role of a western-type diet and b)-on skeletal myopathy and oxidative stress-induced myofibre damage from human studies on peripheral arterial disease. A significant source of reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress in cardiovascular disease is the family of NADPH oxidases that contribute to several pathologies. Finally, strategies targeting NADPH oxidases in skeletal muscle in an attempt to attenuate cellular oxidative stress are highlighted, providing a better understanding of the crossroads between peripheral atherosclerosis and skeletal muscle pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Sfyri
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Antonios Matsakas
- Molecular Physiology Laboratory, Centre for Atherothrombotic & Metabolic Disease, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom.
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27
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Wilkins HM, Koppel SJ, Bothwell R, Mahnken J, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH. Platelet cytochrome oxidase and citrate synthase activities in APOE ε4 carrier and non-carrier Alzheimer's disease patients. Redox Biol 2017; 12:828-832. [PMID: 28448944 PMCID: PMC5406545 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A degradation product of APOE ε4-encoded apolipoprotein E protein targets mitochondria and inhibits cytochrome oxidase (COX), and autopsy brains from young adult APOE ε4 carriers show reduced COX activity. To further explore relationships between APOE alleles and COX, we measured platelet mitochondria COX activity in AD subjects with (n=8) and without (n=7) an APOE ε4 allele and found the mean COX activity, when normalized to sample total protein, was lower in the APOE ε4 carriers (p<0.05). Normalizing COX activity to citrate synthase (CS) activity eliminated this difference, but notably the mean CS activity was itself lower in the APOE ε4 carriers (p<0.05). COX and CS protein levels did not appear to cause the lower APOE ε4 carrier COX and CS Vmax activities. If confirmed in larger studies, these data could suggest mitochondria at least partly mediate the well-recognized association between APOE alleles and AD risk. Platelet mitochondria from APOE ε4 carrier AD subjects have lower COX activity. Platelet mitochondria from APOE ε4 carrier AD subjects have lower CS activity. CS and COX protein expression were equivalent between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M Wilkins
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Scott J Koppel
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rebecca Bothwell
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jonathan Mahnken
- University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Burns
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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28
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Calabuig-Navarro MV, Jackson KG, Kemp CF, Leake DS, Walden CM, Lovegrove JA, Minihane AM. A randomized trial and novel SPR technique identifies altered lipoprotein-LDL receptor binding as a mechanism underlying elevated LDL-cholesterol in APOE4s. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44119. [PMID: 28276521 DOI: 10.1038/srep44119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
At a population level APOE4 carriers (~25% Caucasians) are at higher risk of cardiovascular diseases. The penetrance of genotype is however variable and influenced by dietary fat composition, with the APOE4 allele associated with greater LDL-cholesterol elevation in response to saturated fatty acids (SFA). The etiology of this greater responsiveness is unknown. Here a novel surface plasmon resonance technique (SPR) is developed and used, along with hepatocyte (with the liver being the main organ modulating lipoprotein metabolism and plasma lipid levels) uptake studies to establish the impact of dietary fatty acid composition on, lipoprotein-LDL receptor (LDLR) binding, and hepatocyte uptake, according to APOE genotype status. In men prospectively recruited according to APOE genotype (APOE3/3 common genotype, or APOE3/E4), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) were isolated at fasting and 4–6 h following test meals rich in SFA, unsaturated fat and SFA with fish oil. In APOE4s a greater LDLR binding affinity of postprandial TRL after SFA, and lower LDL binding and hepatocyte internalization, provide mechanisms for the greater LDL-cholesterol raising effect. The SPR technique developed may be used for the future study of the impact of genotype, and physiological and behavioral variables on lipoprotein metabolism. Trial registration number NCT01522482.
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29
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Slim KE, Vauzour D, Tejera N, Voshol PJ, Cassidy A, Minihane AM. The effect of dietary fish oil on weight gain and insulin sensitivity is dependent on APOE genotype in humanized targeted replacement mice. FASEB J 2017; 31:989-997. [PMID: 27895108 PMCID: PMC5295733 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600921rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the independent and interactive impact of the common APOE genotype and marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on the development of obesity and associated cardiometabolic dysfunction in a murine model. Human APOE3 and APOE4 targeted replacement mice were fed either a control high-fat diet (HFD) or an HFD supplemented with 3% n-3 PUFAs from fish oil (HFD + FO) for 8 wk. We established the impact of intervention on food intake, body weight, and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass; plasma, lipids (cholesterol and triglycerides), liver enzymes, and adipokines; glucose and insulin during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test; and Glut4 and ApoE expression in VAT. HFD feeding induced more weight gain and higher plasma lipids in APOE3 compared to APOE4 mice (P < 0.05), along with a 2-fold higher insulin and impaired glucose tolerance. Supplementing APOE3, but not APOE4, animals with dietary n-3 PUFAs decreased body-weight gain, plasma lipids, and insulin (P < 0.05) and improved glucose tolerance, which was associated with increased VAT Glut4 mRNA levels (P < 0.05). Our findings demonstrate that an APOE3 genotype predisposes mice to develop obesity and its metabolic complications, which was attenuated by n-3 PUFA supplementation.-Slim, K. E., Vauzour, D., Tejera, N., Voshol, P. J., Cassidy, A., Minihane, A. M. The effect of dietary fish oil on weight gain and insulin sensitivity is dependent on APOE genotype in humanized targeted replacement mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenna E Slim
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Tejera
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Voshol
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Louis Bolk Institute, Driebergen, The Netherlands; and
- Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Aedin Cassidy
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Anne Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom;
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30
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Weber KS, Knebel B, Strassburger K, Kotzka J, Stehle P, Szendroedi J, Müssig K, Buyken AE, Roden M; GDS Group. Associations between explorative dietary patterns and serum lipid levels and their interactions with ApoA5 and ApoE haplotype in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2016; 15:138. [PMID: 27677442 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-016-0455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims In patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), responsiveness of serum lipid concentrations to dietary patterns may vary by genotype. The aims of the present study were to identify explorative dietary patterns and to examine their independent associations with serum lipid levels and interactions with apolipoprotein (Apo)A5 and ApoE variants among patients recently diagnosed with T2D. Methods Within a cross-sectional analysis, participants of the German Diabetes Study (n = 348) with mean T2D duration of 6 months were investigated for fasting serum lipid levels, ApoA5 and ApoE genotypes; food consumption frequencies were assessed by a food propensity questionnaire. Dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR), which extracts patterns explaining variation in serum lipid concentrations. Results PCA yielded interpretable dietary patterns which were, however, not related to serum lipid levels. Relevance of the RRR patterns varied by genotype: a preferred consumption of fruit gum, fruit juice, and potato dumpling, whilst avoiding fruits and vegetables independently associated with higher triglyceride levels among ApoA5*2. Patients in the highest compared to the lowest tertile of pattern adherence had 99 % higher triglycerides. Lower consumption frequencies of butter, cream cake, French fries, or high-percentage alcoholic beverages were independently related to lower LDL-cholesterol among ApoE2 carriers, with those in the highest compared to the lowest tertile of pattern adherence having 40 % lower LDL-cholesterol (both Pinteraction < 0.05). Conclusions Our explorative data analyses suggest that associations of dietary patterns with triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol differ by ApoA5 and ApoE haplotype in recently diagnosed T2D. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01055093. Date of registration: January 22, 2010 (retrospectively registered). Date of enrolment of first participant to the trial: September 2005 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12933-016-0455-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Atis O, Sahin S, Ceyhan K, Ozyurt H, Akbas A, Benli I. The Distribution of Apolipoprotein E Gene Polymorphism and Apolipoprotein E Levels among Coronary Artery Patients Compared to Controls. Eurasian J Med 2016; 48:90-4. [PMID: 27551170 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a multifactorial disease that is caused by various genetics and environmental factors. Genetically, predisposition is an important component for CAD. The candidate apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene is the most studied one. ApoE is composed of e2, e3, e4 alleles and E2/2, E2/3, E2/4, E3/3, E3/4, E4/4 genotypes. In this study, the relationship between CAD and apoE polymorphism and apoE level has been studied in Tokat region. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population is composed of 100 CAD patients diagnosed by coronary angiography and 100 control patients of whom fifty have normal coronary angiography and fifty did not have any CAD symptoms. The serum lipid and apoE levels and apoE genotypes of all participants have been measured, and the relationship between these parameters has been evaluated. RESULTS Apolipoprotein E, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels were statistically low at CAD patients than control patients (p=0.0004, p=0.0005, p=0.0107, p=0.0052 respectively). There was not any significant difference between triglyceride levels (p=0.0848). Waist circumferences were significantly high at CAD patients (p=0.0012). Allele frequencies were as e2 (7.25%), e3 (83.5%), e4 (9.25%) and genotype distributions were as E2/2 (0.5%), E2/3 (13%), E2/4 (0.5%), E3/3 (68.5%), E3/4 (16.5%), E4/4 (1%). The distribution of alleles and genotypes were not significantly different (p>0.05). ApoE levels were higher at e2 allele carriers than e3 and e4 allele carriers (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between e3 and e4 allele carriers. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the distribution of apoE genotype and allele at our region is similar to the general of Turkey. The low apoE levels in CAD patients may show the influence of apoE on CAD by local and systemic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Atis
- Department of Medical Biology, Atatürk University School of Medicine, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Semsettin Sahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Koksal Ceyhan
- Department of Cardiology, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Ozyurt
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ali Akbas
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Ismail Benli
- Department of Biochemistry, Gaziosmanpaşa University School of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey
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Matualatupauw JC, Radonjic M, van de Rest O, de Groot LCPGM, Geleijnse JM, Müller M, Afman LA. Apolipoprotein E genotype status affects habitual human blood mononuclear cell gene expression and its response to fish oil intervention. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:1649-60. [PMID: 27005961 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE People who carry the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) single nucleotide polymorphism have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fish-oil supplementation may help in the prevention of CVD, though interindividual differences in the response to n-3 PUFAs have been observed. We aimed to assess the impact of APOE genotype on peripheral blood mononuclear cell whole genome gene expression at baseline and following a fish-oil intervention. METHODS AND RESULTS Participants received 6 months of fish-oil supplementation containing 1800 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid per day. APOE genotype and peripheral blood mononuclear cell whole genome gene expression before and after supplementation were measured. We characterized the differences in gene expression profiles in carriers of APOE4 (N = 8) compared to noncarriers (N = 15). At baseline, 1320 genes were differentially expressed and the fish-oil supplementation differentially regulated 866 genes between APOE4 carriers and noncarriers. Gene set enrichment analysis showed that carriers had a higher gene expression of cholesterol biosynthesis and IFN signaling pathways. Fish-oil supplementation reduced expression of IFN-related genes in carriers only. CONCLUSION The increased expression of IFN signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways might explain part of the association between APOE4 and CVD. Fish-oil supplementation may particularly benefit APOE4 carriers by decreasing expression of IFN-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri C Matualatupauw
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,TNO, Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Marijana Radonjic
- TNO, Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M Geleijnse
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Müller
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lydia A Afman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Minihane AM. Impact of Genotype on EPA and DHA Status and Responsiveness to Increased Intakes. Nutrients 2016; 8:123. [PMID: 26950146 DOI: 10.3390/nu8030123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At a population level, cardioprotective and cognitive actions of the fish oil (FO) derived long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFAs) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been extensively demonstrated. In addition to dietary intake, which is limited for many individuals, EPA and DHA status is dependent on the efficiency of their biosynthesis from α-linolenic acid. Gender and common gene variants have been identified as influencing the rate-limiting desaturase and elongase enzymes. Response to a particular intake or status is also highly heterogeneous and likely influenced by genetic variants which impact on EPA and DHA metabolism and tissue partitioning, transcription factor activity, or physiological end-point regulation. Here, available literature relating genotype to tissue LC n-3 PUFA status and response to FO intervention is considered. It is concluded that the available evidence is relatively limited, with much of the variability unexplained, though APOE and FADS genotypes are emerging as being important. Although genotype × LC n-3 PUFA interactions have been described for a number of phenotypes, few have been confirmed in independent studies. A more comprehensive understanding of the genetic, physiological and behavioural modulators of EPA and DHA status and response to intervention is needed to allow refinement of current dietary LC n-3 PUFA recommendations and stratification of advice to “vulnerable” and responsive subgroups.
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AlBacha JD, Khoury M, Mouawad C, Haddad K, Hamoui S, Azar A, Fajloun Z, Makdissy N. High Incidence of ACE/PAI-1 in Association to a Spectrum of Other Polymorphic Cardiovascular Genes Involving PBMCs Proinflammatory Cytokines in Hypertensive Hypercholesterolemic Patients: Reversibility with a Combination of ACE Inhibitor and Statin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127266. [PMID: 25973747 PMCID: PMC4431854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are significantly high in the Lebanese population with the two most predominant forms being atherosclerosis and venous thrombosis. The purpose of our study was to assess the association of a spectrum of CVD related genes and combined state of hypertension hypercholesterolemia (HH) in unrelated Lebanese. Twelve polymorphisms were studied by multiplex PCR and reverse hybridization of DNA from 171 healthy individuals and 144 HH subjects. Two genes were significantly associated with HH: ACE (OR: 9.20, P<0.0001) and PAI-1 (OR: 2.29, P = 0.007), respectively with the occurrence of the risky alleles “Del” and “4G”. The frequencies of the Del and 4G alleles were found to be 0.98 and 0.90 in the HH group versus 0.84 and 0.79 in the healthy group, respectively. Serum ACE activity and PAI-I increased significantly with Del/Del and 4G/5G genotypes. The co-expression of Del/4G(+/+) was detected in 113 out of 171 (66.0%) controls and 125 out of 144 (86.8%) HH subjects. Del/4G(-/-) was detected in only 6 (3.5%) controls and undetected in the HH group. Three venous thrombosis related genes [FV(Leiden), MTHFR(A1298C) and FXIII(V34L)] were significantly related to the prominence of the co-expression of Del/4G(+/+). A range of 2 to 8 combined polymorphisms co-expressed per subject where 5 mutations were the most detected. In Del/4G(+/+) subjects, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) produced significant elevated levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α contrary to IL-10, and no variations occurred for IL-4. ACE inhibitor (ramipril) in combination with statin (atorvastatin) and not alone reversed significantly the situation. This first report from Lebanon sheds light on an additional genetic predisposition of a complex spectrum of genes involved in CVD and suggests that the most requested gene FVL by physicians may not be sufficient to diagnose eventual future problems that can occur in the cardiovascular system. Subjects expressing the double mutations (Del/4G) are at high risk for the onset of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne d’Arc AlBacha
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Mira Khoury
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Charbel Mouawad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Section III, Lebanese University, El Kobeh, Lebanon
| | - Katia Haddad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Section III, Lebanese University, El Kobeh, Lebanon
| | - Samar Hamoui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Section III, Lebanese University, El Kobeh, Lebanon
| | - Albert Azar
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
| | - Ziad Fajloun
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Azm Center for the Research in Biotechnology and its Applications, Doctoral School for Sciences and Technology, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nehman Makdissy
- Reviva Regenerative Medicine Center, Human Genetic Center, Middle East Institute of Health Hospital, Bsalim, Lebanon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Section III, Lebanese University, El Kobeh, Lebanon
- * E-mail:
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Hietaranta-Luoma HL, Luomala HT, Puolijoki H, Hopia A. Using ApoE Genotyping to Promote Healthy Lifestyles in Finland - Psychological Impacts: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Genet Couns 2015; 24:908-21. [PMID: 25735442 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-015-9826-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Common health recommendations often incite very little public response, as people instead require individualized information. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychological effects of personal genetic information, provided by different apoE genotypes, as a tool to promote lifestyle changes. This study was a one-year intervention study using healthy adults, aged 20-67 years (n = 107). Their experiences of state anxiety, threat and stage of change were measured three times over a 12 months period. These psychological experiences were assessed, during the genetic information gathering, for three groups: a high-risk group (Ɛ4+, n = 16); a low-risk group (Ɛ4-, n = 35); and a control group (n = 56). The psychological effects of personal genetic risk information were shown to be short-term, although the levels of state anxiety and threat experiences in the high-risk group both remained at a slightly higher level than in the baseline. Threat experiences differed almost significantly (alpha = 0.017) between the Ɛ4+ and Ɛ4- groups (p = 0.034). Information on the apoE genotype impacted the experience of cardiovascular threat; this effect was most intense immediately after genetic feedback was received. However, fears of threat and anxiety may not be an obstacle for using gene information to motivate healthy, stable adults towards making lifestyle changes. Further studies should thus focus on how to utilize genetic screening in prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-L Hietaranta-Luoma
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Kampusranta 9 C, 60320, Seinäjoki, Finland.
| | - H T Luomala
- Department of Marketing, University of Vaasa, Vaasa, Finland
| | - H Puolijoki
- Central Hospital of Southern Ostrobothnia, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - A Hopia
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Kampusranta 9 C, 60320, Seinäjoki, Finland
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Hietaranta-Luoma HL, Tahvonen R, Iso-Touru T, Puolijoki H, Hopia A. An intervention study of individual, apoE genotype-based dietary and physical-activity advice: impact on health behavior. J Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics 2015; 7:161-74. [PMID: 25720616 DOI: 10.1159/000371743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the behavioral effects of receiving personal genetic information, using apoE genotypes as a tool for promoting lifestyle changes. apoE was chosen because it has a significant impact on lipid metabolism and cholesterol absorption, both factors in cardiovascular disease. METHODS This study was a 1-year intervention study of healthy adults aged 20-67 years (n = 107). Their behavioral changes were measured by diet (e.g., fat quality, as well as consumption of vegetables, berries, fruits, and fatty and sugary foods), alcohol consumption, and exercise. Health and taste attitudes were assessed with the Health and Taste Attitude Scales (HTAS). The measurements were performed 4 times: at baseline (T0), as well as 10 weeks (T1), 6 months (T2), and 12 months after baseline (T3). These behavioral effects were assessed for three groups: a high-risk (Ɛ4+; n = 16), a low-risk (Ɛ4-; n = 35), and a control group (n = 56). RESULTS Personal genetic information affected health behavior. Dietary fat quality improved more in the Ɛ4+ group than in the Ɛ4- and control groups after personal, genotype-based health advice. This change differed significantly between the Ɛ4+ and the control group (p < 0.05), but only for a short time. CONCLUSION Personal genetic information, based on apoE, may affect dietary fat quality. More research is required to determine how to utilize genotype-based health information and how to efficiently achieve long-term changes in the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases.
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37
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Castellanos-Tapia L, López-Alvarenga JC, Ebbesson SOE, Ebbesson LOE, Tejero ME. Apolipoprotein E isoforms 3/3 and 3/4 differentially interact with circulating stearic, palmitic, and oleic fatty acids and lipid levels in Alaskan Natives. Nutr Res 2015; 35:294-300. [PMID: 25727313 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle changes in Alaskan Natives have been related to the increase of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome in the last decades. Variation of the apolipoprotein E (Apo E) genotype may contribute to the diverse response to diet in lipid metabolism and influence the association between fatty acids in plasma and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this investigation was to analyze the interaction between Apo E isoforms and plasma fatty acids, influencing phenotypes related to metabolic diseases in Alaskan Natives. A sample of 427 adult Siberian Yupik Alaskan Natives was included. Fasting glucose, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, Apo A1, and Apo B plasma concentrations were measured using reference methods. Concentrations of 13 fatty acids in fasting plasma were analyzed by gas chromatography, and Apo E variants were identified. Analyses of covariance were conducted to identify Apo E isoform and fatty acid main effects and multiplicative interactions. The means for body mass index and age were 26 ± 5.2 and 47 ± 1.5, respectively. Significant main effects were observed for variation in Apo E and different fatty acids influencing Apo B levels, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Significant interactions were found between Apo E isoform and selected fatty acids influencing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and Apo B concentrations. In summary, Apo E3/3 and 3/4 isoforms had significant interactions with circulating levels of stearic, palmitic, oleic fatty acids, and phenotypes of lipid metabolism in Alaskan Natives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyssia Castellanos-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenomica y Nutrigenetica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City, México.
| | | | | | | | - M Elizabeth Tejero
- Laboratorio de Nutrigenomica y Nutrigenetica, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, México City, México.
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Kern S, Mehlig K, Kern J, Zetterberg H, Thelle D, Skoog I, Lissner L, Blennow K, Börjesson-Hanson A. The distribution of apolipoprotein E genotype over the adult lifespan and in relation to country of birth. Am J Epidemiol 2015; 181:214-7. [PMID: 25609095 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwu442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silke Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kirsten Mehlig
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Kern
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL, Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dag Thelle
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Science, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingmar Skoog
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Public Health Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anne Börjesson-Hanson
- Neuropsychiatric Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
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Hietaranta-Luoma HL, Åkerman K, Tahvonen R, Puolijoki H, Hopia A. Using Individual, ApoE Genotype-Based Dietary and Physical Activity Advice to Promote Healthy Lifestyles in Finland—Impacts on Cardiovascular Risk Markers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpm.2015.55024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Dang TM, Conway V, Plourde M. Disrupted fatty acid distribution in HDL and LDL according to apolipoprotein E allele. Nutrition 2014; 31:807-12. [PMID: 25933487 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) metabolism seems to be disrupted in carriers of the epsilon 4 allele of apolipoprotein E (E4+). The objective of this study was to investigate whether the ω-3 PUFA distribution in the high and low density lipoproteins is APOE-genotype dependant before and after supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs. METHODS Eighty participants, aged between 20 and 35 y old were recruited and supplemented with 900 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid plus 680 mg of docosahexaenoic acid for 4 wk. Over the 4-wk intervention, blood samples were collected and HDL and LDL particles were obtained using sucrose gradient ultracentifugation. Fatty acid profiles of the HDL and LDL fractions were performed by gas chromatography. RESULTS Baseline anthropometric characteristics of participants were not significantly different between the two APOE-groups (E4+, N = 10; E4-, N = 70). At baseline, in the LDL of E4+ subjects, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was 17% higher than E4- subjects. At week 4, the ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio was significantly higher in the LDL of E4+ than E4- subjects. There was a significant genotype × time interaction for 16:0 in HDL and LDL and for 18:2 ω-6 in HDL. DHA in the HDL was positively correlated to HDL-C levels pre- and postsupplementation in E4- only. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to what we anticipated, ω-3 PUFAs content? in HDL and LDL were not APOE isoform-dependant in young participants. However, young E4+ participants already had a tendency toward lower baseline-DHA levels in LDL particles as well as a more atherogenic ω-6/ω-3 PUFA ratio in LDL pre- and post-supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Mai Dang
- Department of Physiology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Valérie Conway
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Mélanie Plourde
- Research Center on Aging, Health and Social Sciences Center, University Institute of Geriatrics of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Calabuig-Navarro MV, Jackson KG, Walden CM, Minihane AM, Lovegrove JA. Apolipoprotein E genotype has a modest impact on the postprandial plasma response to meals of varying fat composition in healthy men in a randomized controlled trial. J Nutr 2014; 144:1775-80. [PMID: 25332476 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.197244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolioprotein E (APOE) genotype is reported to influence a person's fasting lipid profile and potentially the response to dietary fat manipulation. The impact of APOE genotype on the responsiveness to meals of varying fat composition is unknown. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of meals containing 50 g of fat rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs), unsaturated fatty acids (UNSATs), or SFAs with fish oil (SFA-FO) on postprandial lipemia. METHOD A randomized, controlled, test meal study was performed in men recruited according to the APOE genotype (n = 10 APOE3/3, n = 11 APOE3/E4). RESULTS For the serum apoE response (meal × genotype interaction P = 0.038), concentrations were on average 8% lower after the UNSAT than the SFA-FO meal in APOE4 carriers (P = 0.015) only. In the genotype groups combined, there was a delay in the time to reach maximum triacylglycerol (TG) concentration (mean ± SEM: 313 ± 25 vs. 266 ± 27 min) and higher maximum nonesterified fatty acid (0.73 ± 0.05 vs. 0.60 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and glucose (7.92 ± 0.22 vs. 7.25 ± 0.22 mmol/L) concentrations after the SFA than the UNSAT meal, respectively (P ≤ 0.05). In the Svedberg flotation rate 60-400 TG-rich lipoprotein fraction, meal × genotype interactions were observed for incremental area under the curve (IAUC) for the TG (P = 0.038) and apoE (P = 0.016) responses with a 58% lower apoE IAUC after the UNSAT than the SFA meal (P = 0.017) in the E4 carriers. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that APOE genotype had a modest impact on the postprandial response to meals of varying fat composition in normolipidemic men. The physiologic importance of greater apoE concentrations after the SFA-rich meals in APOE4 carriers may reflect an impact on TG-rich lipoprotein clearance from the circulation. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01522482.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Virtu Calabuig-Navarro
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK; and
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK; and
| | | | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, UK; and
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Miller MH, Walsh SV, Atrih A, Huang JTJ, Ferguson MAJ, Dillon JF. Serum proteome of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multimodal approach to discovery of biomarkers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 29:1839-47. [PMID: 24750217 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common condition affecting up to 25% of the developed world. It is a progressive disease, leading in some to the development of liver cirrhosis. Currently, accurate diagnosis and staging of this condition is only possible with histological examination of a liver biopsy. This gold standard test is neither suitable nor practical for large-scale use as is necessary for a condition as common as NAFLD. The aim of this study is to describe the proteome of human NAFLD using two distinct shotgun proteomic methods, translating the findings into potential biomarkers of NAFLD. METHODS Two distinct shotgun proteomic techniques (iTRAQ and label free) were used to describe the proteome of NAFLD. Thereafter, candidate biomarkers were selected for validation by ELISA. RESULTS Over 550 protein identifications were made in the description of the NAFLD proteome. Several proteins were found to be significantly up/downregulated in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compared with control, including apolipoprotein E (fold ratio of 1.67), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP3, fold ratio of 1.642), Vitamin D-binding protein (fold ratio of 4.587), and lymphocyte cytosolic protein1 (LCP1, fold ratio of 4.356). ELISA validation of a subset of these proteins confirms the validity of the proteomic studies and suggests possible new biomarkers of NAFLD. CONCLUSION Serum markers are able to distinguish between the stages of disease in NAFLD as well as detect the grade of fibrosis. Ultimately, noninvasive serum markers may replace liver biopsy in the investigation of patients with suspected NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Miller
- Medical Research Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Slim K, Minihane AM. How Fatty Acids and Common Genetic Variants Together Affect the Inflammation of Adipose Tissue. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 2014; 8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-014-0411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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van der Made SM, Kelly ER, Berendschot TTJM, Kijlstra A, Lütjohann D, Plat J. Consuming a buttermilk drink containing lutein-enriched egg yolk daily for 1 year increased plasma lutein but did not affect serum lipid or lipoprotein concentrations in adults with early signs of age-related macular degeneration. J Nutr 2014; 144:1370-7. [PMID: 24991045 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.195503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary lutein intake is postulated to interfere with the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Because egg yolk-derived lutein has a high bioavailability, long-term consumption of lutein-enriched eggs might be effective in preventing AMD development, but alternatively might increase cardiovascular disease risk. Here, we report the effect of 1-y daily consumption of a buttermilk drink containing 1.5 lutein-rich egg yolks on serum lipid and lipoprotein and plasma lutein concentrations. Additionally, subgroups that could potentially benefit the most from the intervention were identified. Men and women who had early signs of AMD in at least 1 eye, but were otherwise healthy, participated in a 1-y randomized, placebo-controlled parallel intervention trial. At the start of the study, 101 participants were included: 52 in the experimental (Egg) group and 49 in the control (Con) group. Final analyses were performed with 45 participants in the Egg group and 43 participants in the Con group. As expected, the increase in plasma lutein concentrations in the Egg group was 83% higher than that in the Con group (P < 0.001). Changes in serum total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, as well as the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, were not different between the 2 groups. Interestingly, participants classified as cholesterol absorbers had higher serum HDL cholesterol concentrations than participants classified as cholesterol synthesizers or participants with average campesterol-to-lathosterol ratios (P < 0.05) at baseline. In addition, cholesterol absorbers had a 229% higher increase in plasma lutein concentrations than participants who were classified as having an average campesterol-to-lathosterol ratio upon consumption of the lutein-enriched egg yolk drink (P < 0.05). Moreover, the change in serum HDL cholesterol upon consumption was significantly different between these 3 groups (P < 0.05). We suggest that cholesterol absorbers particularly might benefit from the lutein-enriched buttermilk drink. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00902408.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne M van der Made
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
| | - Elton R Kelly
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Tos T J M Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Aize Kijlstra
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; and
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology, and Metabolism, and
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Atadzhanov M, Mwaba MH, Mukomena PN, Lakhi S, Mwaba P, Rayaprolu S, Meschia JF, Ross OA. Frequency of APOE, MTHFR and ACE polymorphisms in the Zambian population. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:194. [PMID: 24679048 PMCID: PMC4230427 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polymorphisms within the apolipoprotein-E (APOE), Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) and Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) genes has been associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease and other complex diseases in various populations. The aim of the study was to analyze the allelic and genotypic frequencies of APOE, MTHFR C677T and ACE I/D gene polymorphisms in the Zambian population. Results The allele frequencies of APOE polymorphism in the Zambian populations were 13.8%, 59.5% and 26.7% for the ε2, ε3 and ε4 alleles respectively. MTHFR C677T and ACE I/D allele frequencies were 8.6% and 13.8% for the T and D minor alleles respectively. The ε2ε2 genotype and TT genotype were absent in the Zambian population. The genetic distances between Zambian and other African and non-African major populations revealed an independent variability of these polymorphisms. Conclusion We found that the APOE ε3 allele and the I allele of the ACE were significantly high in our study population while there were low frequencies observed for the MTHFR 677 T and ACE D alleles. Our analysis of the APOE, MTHFR and ACE polymorphisms may provide valuable insight into the understanding of the disease risk in the Zambian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masharip Atadzhanov
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zambia, P,O,Box 51237, Lusaka, Zambia.
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Harris WS, Pottala JV, Thiselton DL, A Varvel S, Baedke AM, Dayspring TD, Warnick GR, McConnell JP. Does APOE genotype modify the relations between serum lipid and erythrocyte omega-3 fatty acid levels? J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2014; 7:526-32. [PMID: 24595593 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-014-9554-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Earlier reports indicated that patients with the apolipoprotein APOE ε4 allele responded to fish oil supplementation with a rise in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) compared to ε3 homozygotes. In this study, we used clinical laboratory data to test the hypothesis that the cross-sectional relation between RBC omega-3 fatty acid status (the Omega-3 Index) and LDL-C was modified by APOE genotype. Data from 136,701 patients were available to compare lipid biomarker levels across Omega-3 Index categories associated with heart disease risk in all APOE genotypes. We found no adverse interactions between APOE genotype and the Omega-3 Index for LDL-C, LDL particle number, apoB, HDL-C, or triglycerides. However, we did find evidence that ε2 homozygotes lack an association between omega-3 status and LDL-C, apoB, and LDL particle number. In summary, we found no evidence for a deleterious relationship between lipid biomarkers and the Omega-3 Index by APOE genotype.
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Yu B, Chen W, Wang R, Qi Q, Li K, Zhang W, Wang H. Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with maximal oxygen uptake after exercise training: a study of Chinese young adult. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:40. [PMID: 24571688 PMCID: PMC3941565 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a few studies have been conducted, it is still unclear whether the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphism is associated with maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) after exercise training. The objective of this study was to examine if the APOE gene polymorphisms affect VO2max after exercise training in Chinese young adult. Methods A total of 360 Chinese young adult (180 male and 180 female) were recruited into this gender-specific cohorts. Anthropometrics, serum lipids, and VO2max were measured pre and post 6 months of supervised exercise training. Polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay was applied to assess the APOE gene polymorphisms. Results VO2max after exercise training increased significantly higher in carriers of E2/E3 in male [odds ratio (OR) =0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.04, 1.32; P = 0.04] and female (OR =0.62, 95% CI = 0.05, 1.18; P = 0.03). VO2max after exercise training increased significantly higher in carriers of E3/E4 in male (OR =0.60, 95% CI = 0.09, 1.11; P = 0.02) and female (OR =0.62, 95% CI = 0.09, 1.15; P = 0.02). No significant differences were found in carriers of E2/E2, E2/E4, E3/E3, E4/E4 in either male nor female. Conclusion Our study found that APOE gene polymorphism was associated with VO2max levels after exercise training in Chinese young adult. In the future, further experiments will be necessary to confirm this finding and to find the possible mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wenhua Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200080, China.
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Koutsos A, Jackson KG, Lockyer S, Carvalho-Wells A, Minihane AM, Lovegrove JA. Greater impact of dietary fat manipulation than apolipoprotein E genotype on ex vivo cytokine production - insights from the SATgenε study. Cytokine 2014; 66:156-9. [PMID: 24485322 PMCID: PMC3969721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diet and genotype on inflammatory response was explored in humans. Cytokine production was not affected by apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. TNF-α concentration significantly increased after a high saturated fat diet. IL-10 concentration was significantly higher after a low fat diet. The amount and type of dietary fat modulated cytokine production.
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is believed to play an important role in cardiovascular risk. APOE4 carriers have been associated with higher blood lipid levels and a more pro-inflammatory state compared with APOE3/E3 individuals. Although dietary fat composition has been considered to modulate the inflammatory state in humans, very little is known about how APOE genotype can impact on this response. In a follow-up to the main SATgenε study, we aimed to explore the effects of APOE genotype, as well as, dietary fat manipulation on ex vivo cytokine production. Blood samples were collected from a subset of SATgenε participants (n = 52/88), prospectively recruited according to APOE genotype (n = 26 E3/E3 and n = 26 E3/E4) after low-fat (LF), high saturated fat (HSF) and HSF with 3.45 g docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) dietary periods (each diet eight weeks in duration assigned in the same order) for the measurement of ex vivo cytokine production using whole blood culture (WBC). Concentrations of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha were measured in WBC supernatant samples after stimulation for 24 h with either 0.05 or 1 μg/ml of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokine levels were not influenced by genotype, whereas, dietary fat manipulation had a significant impact on TNF-α and IL-10 production; TNF-α concentration was higher after consumption of the HSF diet compared with baseline and the LF diet (P < 0.05), whereas, IL-10 concentration was higher after the LF diet compared with baseline (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our study has revealed the amount and type of dietary fat can significantly modulate the production of TNF-α and IL-10 by ex vivo LPS-stimulated WBC samples obtained from normolipidaemic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Koutsos
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Stacey Lockyer
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Andrew Carvalho-Wells
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Anne M Minihane
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
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Schaffer S, Lam VYM, Ernst IMA, Huebbe P, Rimbach G, Halliwell B. Variability in APOE genotype status in human-derived cell lines: a cause for concern in cell culture studies? Genes Nutr 2013; 9:364. [PMID: 24297645 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-013-0364-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although cell culture studies have provided landmark discoveries in the basic and applied life sciences, it is often under-appreciated that cells grown in culture are prone to generating artifacts. Here, we introduce the genotype status (exemplified by apolipoprotein E) of human-derived cells as a further important parameter that requires attention in cell culture experiments. Epidemiological and clinical studies indicate that variations from the main apolipoprotein E3/E3 genotype might alter the risk of developing chronic diseases, especially neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Whereas the apolipoprotein E allele distribution in human populations is well characterized, the apolipoprotein E genotype of human-derived cell lines is only rarely considered in interpreting cell culture data. However, we find that primary and immortalized human cell lines show substantial variation in their apolipoprotein E genotype status. We argue that the apolipoprotein E genotype status and corresponding gene expression level of human-derived cell lines should be considered to better avoid (or at least account for) inconsistencies in cell culture studies when different cell lines of the same tissue or organ are used and before extrapolating cell culture data to human physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schaffer
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117597, Singapore
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Song LJ, Liu WW, Fan YC, Qiu F, Chen QL, Li XF, Ding F. The positive correlations of apolipoprotein E with disease activity and related cytokines in systemic lupus erythematosus. Diagn Pathol 2013; 8:175. [PMID: 24144108 PMCID: PMC4231472 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of apolipoprotein E (apoE)
and the relationship between apoE and disease activity of SLE, and the possible
effects of glucocorticoid on apoE and other cytokines activities in SLE
patients. Methods Forty treatment-naïve SLE patients and forty matched healthy controls were
studied. All the SLE patients received prednisone 1 mg/kg/day for 28
consecutive days. The sera levels of apoE and related cytokines were evaluated by
ELISA. The expression of apoE mRNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)
was determined by real-time PCR. Results Compared with healthy controls, the relative expression levels of ApoE proteins
and sera levels were significantly up-regulated in active SLE patients. ApoE sera
concentrations positively correlated with SLEDAI, anti-dsDNA antibody and the
related cytokines including IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-10, and uncorrelated with the
concentration of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) in SLE patients.
After 4 weeks prednisone treatment, the relative mRNA expression of apoE and
the serum levels of apoE and related cytokines decreased. Conclusions ApoE correlated with disease activity and related cytokines in SLE patients.
Glucocorticoid can down-regulate the expressions of apoE and related
cytokines. Virtual slide The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found
here:http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1646714011077325
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Ding
- Department of Rheumatology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, 107# Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan 250012, P,R, China.
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