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Liu G, Liu S, Yang J, Zhang X, Lu L, Xu H, Ye S, Wu J, Jiang J, Qiao W. Complete biodegradation of tetrabromobisphenol A through sequential anaerobic reductive dehalogenation and aerobic oxidation. J Hazard Mater 2024; 470:134217. [PMID: 38583197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a common brominated flame retardant and a notorious pollutant in anaerobic environments, resists aerobic degradation but can undergo reductive dehalogenation to produce bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor. Conversely, BPA is resistant to anaerobic biodegradation but susceptible to aerobic degradation. Microbial degradation of TBBPA via anoxic/oxic processes is scarcely documented. We established an anaerobic microcosm for TBBPA dehalogenation to BPA facilitated by humin. Dehalobacter species increased with a growth yield of 1.5 × 108 cells per μmol Br- released, suggesting their role in TBBPA dehalogenation. We innovatively achieved complete and sustainable biodegradation of TBBPA in sand/soil columns columns, synergizing TBBPA reductive dehalogenation by anaerobic functional microbiota and BPA aerobic oxidation by Sphingomonas sp. strain TTNP3. Over 42 days, 95.11 % of the injected TBBPA in three batches was debrominated to BPA. Following injection of strain TTNP3 cells, 85.57 % of BPA was aerobically degraded. Aerobic BPA degradation column experiments also indicated that aeration and cell colonization significantly increased degradation rates. This treatment strategy provides valuable technical insights for complete TBBPA biodegradation and analogous contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Songmeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianghua Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shujun Ye
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surficial Geochemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Wenjing Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Schachterle ML, Lowe LE, Owens JE. Exploring the residential exposome: Determination of hazardous flame retardants in air filter dust from HVAC systems. Environ Res 2024; 248:118223. [PMID: 38286254 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Dust is a sink for flame retardants, which are added to a myriad of consumer products in residential spaces. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are two classes of flame retardants that are frequently used in consumer products and consequently found in dust. In this present work, a novel solvent-limited microextraction technique, which we detailed in a companion study, was applied for the determination of four OPEs and two BFRs with limits of quantitation at the ng/g level by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from n = 47 air filter dust samples collected from forced air HVAC systems. Levels of the BFRs, including tetrabromobisphenol-A and its derivative tribromobisphenol-A, were found at levels <4 μg/g and not frequently detected. Conversely, all four OPEs were detected in all air filter dust samples. Total OPE load was dominated by tris(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphate, T24DtBPP, a novel OPE not widely examined in the literature. Comparison of individual and total OPE concentrations to residential characteristics revealed statistically significant relationships to location of the home and dominant flooring type. Overall, this study motivates future work in examining the whole house exposome using air filter dust as a passive sampling regime with more examination of T24DtBPP loads within other indoor spaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Schachterle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
| | - Luis E Lowe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Janel E Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Parkway, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA.
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3
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Wang S, Jin J, Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Gbadamosi MR, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Organophosphate triesters and their diester degradation products in the atmosphere-A critical review. Environ Pollut 2024; 346:123653. [PMID: 38402940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) have found substantial use as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and industrial products. Despite upcoming potential restrictions on use of OPEs, widespread environmental contamination is likely for the foreseeable future. Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) are known biotic or abiotic degradation products of tri-OPEs. In addition, direct use of di-OPEs as commercial products also contributes to their presence in the atmosphere. We review the available data on contamination with tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in both indoor and outdoor air. Concentrations of tri-OPEs in indoor air exceed those in outdoor air. The widespread discovery of tri-OPE traces in polar regions and oceans is noteworthy and is evidence that they undergo long-range transport. There are only two studies on di-OPEs in outdoor air and no studies on di-OPEs in indoor air until now. Current research on di-OPEs in indoor and outdoor air is urgently needed, especially in countries with potentially high exposure to di-OPEs such as the UK and the US. Di-OPE concentrations are higher at e-waste dismantling areas than at surrounding area. We also summarise the methods employed for sampling and analysis of OPEs in the atmosphere and assess the relative contribution to atmospheric concentrations of di-OPEs made by environmental degradation of triesters, compared to the presence of diesters as by-products in commercial triester products. Finally, we identify shortcomings of current research and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingxi Jin
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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4
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Ekpe OD, Choo G, Kang JK, Yun ST, Oh JE. Identification of organic chemical indicators for tracking pollution sources in groundwater by machine learning from GC-HRMS-based suspect and non-target screening data. Water Res 2024; 252:121130. [PMID: 38295453 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the strong analytical power of gas chromatography coupled to a high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) of organic micropollutants was combined with machine learning tools for proposing a novel and robust systematic environmental forensics workflow, focusing on groundwater contamination. Groundwater samples were collected from four different regions with diverse contamination histories (namely oil [OC], agricultural [AGR], industrial [IND], and landfill [LF]), and a total of 252 organic micropollutants were identified, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, plasticizers, phenols, organophosphate flame retardants, transformation products, and others, with detection frequencies ranging from 3 % to 100 %. Amongst the SNTS identified compounds, a total of 51 chemical indicators (i.e., OC: 13, LF: 12, AGR: 19, IND: 7) which included level 1 and 2 SNTS identified chemicals were pinpointed across all sampling regions by integrating a bootstrapped feature selection method involving the bootfs algorithm and a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model to determine potential prevalent contamination sources. The proposed workflow showed good predictive ability (Q2) of 0.897, and the suggested contamination sources were gasoline, diesel, and/or other light petroleum products for the OC region, anthropogenic activities for the LF region, agricultural and human activities for the AGR region, and industrial/human activities for the IND region. These results suggest that the proposed workflow can select a subset of the most diagnostic features in the chemical space that can best distinguish a specific contamination source class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okon Dominic Ekpe
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Gyojin Choo
- School of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Kang
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Seong-Taek Yun
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Eun Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea; Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Mahmudiono T, Fakhri Y, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Limam I, Sahlabadi F, Rezaeiarshad N, Torabbeigi M, Jalali S. Concentration of Tetrabromobisphenol-A in fish: systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. Rev Environ Health 2024; 0:reveh-2023-0157. [PMID: 38386608 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2023-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) is an emerging pollutant that enters water resources and affects various marine organisms, such as fish. Consequently, numerous studies globally investigated TBBP-A concentrations in fish fillets of the current study were meta-analyze concentration of TBBP-A in fish fillets and estimate the associated health risks for consumers. The search encompassed international databases, including Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science from January 1, 2005, to July 20, 2023. The ranking of countries based on the pooled (Mean) concentration of TBBP-A in fish was as follows: China (1.157 µg/kg-ww) > Czech Republic (1.027 µg/kg-ww) > France (0.500 µg/kg-ww) ∼ Switzerland (0.500 µg/kg-ww) > Netherlands (0.405 µg/kg-ww) > Germany (0.33 µg/kg-ww) > Sweden (0.165 µg/kg-ww)>UK (0.078 µg/kg-ww) > Belgium (0.065 µg/kg-ww) > South Korea (0.013 µg/kg-ww) ∼ Japan (0.013 µg/kg-ww) > Ireland (0.005 µg/kg-ww). The risk assessment showed that the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of TBBP-A in China and France are higher compared to other countries; however, within all countries, these risks were found to be within acceptable limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, 148005 Universitas Airlangga , Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, 14656 Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences , Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, 48412 Arak University of Medical Sciences , Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- School of Health, 48412 Arak University of Medical Sciences , Arak, Iran
| | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet, and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Fatemeh Sahlabadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, 125609 Birjand University of Medical Sciences , Birjand, Iran
| | - Negin Rezaeiarshad
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, 556492 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Torabbeigi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, 556492 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Jalali
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, 556492 Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
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Liu G, Chen K, Wu Z, Ji Y, Lu L, Liu S, Li ZL, Ji R, Liu SJ, Jiang J, Qiao W. Genome-Centric Metatranscriptomic Characterization of a Humin-Facilitated Anaerobic Tetrabromobisphenol A-Dehalogenating Consortium. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:1299-1311. [PMID: 38113523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), a widely used brominated flame retardant in electronics manufacturing, has caused global contamination due to improper e-waste disposal. Its persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential carcinogenicity drive studies of its transformation and underlying (a)biotic interactions. This study achieved an anaerobic enrichment culture capable of reductively dehalogenating TBBPA to the more bioavailable bisphenol A. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR confirmed that successive dehalogenation of four bromide ions from TBBPA was coupled with the growth of both Dehalobacter sp. and Dehalococcoides sp. with growth yields of 5.0 ± 0.4 × 108 and 8.6 ± 4.6 × 108 cells per μmol Br- released (N = 3), respectively. TBBPA dehalogenation was facilitated by solid humin and reduced humin, which possessed the highest organic radical signal intensity and reducing groups -NH2, and maintained the highest dehalogenation rate and dehalogenator copies. Genome-centric metatranscriptomic analyses revealed upregulated putative TBBPA-dehalogenating rdhA (reductive dehalogenase) genes with humin amendment, cprA-like Dhb_rdhA1 gene in Dehalobacter species, and Dhc_rdhA1/Dhc_rdhA2 genes in Dehalococcoides species. The upregulated genes of lactate fermentation, de novo corrinoid biosynthesis, and extracellular electron transport in the humin amended treatment also stimulated TBBPA dehalogenation. This study provided a comprehensive understanding of humin-facilitated organohalide respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiping Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhiming Wu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanhan Ji
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lianghua Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Songmeng Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuang-Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jiandong Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Wenjing Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanjing 210095, China
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Li J, Jiang H, Qin J, Qin Y, Zhou X, Shi S, Shu Z, Gao Y, Tan J. Unexpectedly high levels and health risks of atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in modern mechanical dismantling of obsolete electrical equipment: Investigations in a large integrated e-waste dismantling industrial estate. Environ Int 2023; 182:108333. [PMID: 37995389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Large industrial estates for electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) mechanical dismantling and recycling are gradually replacing outmoded small factories and intensive domestic workshops for e-waste manual and chemical dismantling. However, the air pollution and health risks of persistent organic pollutants during the modern mechanical processing of e-waste, especially obsolete electrical equipment, still remain unclear. Here, unexpectedly high levels (409.3 ng/m3) and health risks of airborne polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were found during the mechanical processing of obsolete electric equipment or parts in a large integrated dismantling industrial estate, which is comparable to or a dozen times higher than those reported during chemical processing. In contrast, the levels (936.0 pg/m3) and health risks of particulate polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were all lower than those of previous studies. PCB emissions (44.9-3300.5 ng/m3) varied significantly across six mechanical dismantling places specifically treating waste motors, electrical appliances, hardware, transformers, and metals, respectively. The high PCB content and mass processing number of obsolete electrical equipment probably result in the highest PCB emissions from the mechanical dismantling of obsolete motors, followed by waste electrical appliances and metals. The PCB non-cancer and cancer risks associated with inhalation and dermal exposure in different mechanical dismantling places were all above the given potential risk limits. In particular, the health risks of dismantling obsolete motor exceeded the definite risk levels. Little difference in PCB emissions and health risks between working and non-working time suggested the importance of PCB volatilization from most e-waste. Such high PCB emissions and health risks of PCBs undoubtedly posed a severe threat to frontline workers, but fortunately, they decreased significantly with the increasing distance from the industrial estate. We highlight that PCB emissions and associated health risks from obsolete electrical equipment with high PCB content during mechanical dismantling activities should be of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingnan Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haoyu Jiang
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Qin
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueming Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoxuan Shi
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhao Shu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jihua Tan
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Hammel SC, Hansen KK, Madsen AM, Kolstad HA, Schlünssen V, Frederiksen M. Organophosphate ester (OPE) exposure among waste recycling and administrative workers in Denmark using silicone wristbands. Chemosphere 2023; 345:140449. [PMID: 37839747 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In a recent estimate, 96 million tons of hazardous waste were produced in the European Union, most of which were handled among the member states. Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are applied as flame retardants and plasticizers and are present in many products, e.g., electronics, which end up in the hazardous waste stream upon disposal. Given the growing body of information suggesting potential adverse health effects of OPEs, waste recycling workers who handle hazardous waste could potentially be at risk of elevated exposure to these chemicals. Using silicone wristbands, we evaluated OPE exposure among waste recycling workers who handled hazardous waste and compared their exposure to that of administrative workers from the same waste companies. Wristbands were extracted and analyzed for six OPEs, which were all detected in >75% of wristbands. Overall, the sum of tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (∑TCIPP) isomers was the most abundant OPE across all wristbands collected within the study. In general, the sum of tri(methyl phenyl) phosphate isomers (∑TMPP) was elevated for all waste workers (10β = 7.9), whereas tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), and ∑TMPP were 3-12 times higher among those specifically handling electronic and hazardous waste compared to the administrative workers (p < 0.05). Repeated wristband measurements from the same worker had fair to good consistency in OPE concentrations (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.54-0.77), except for the two most volatile chlorinated OPEs. Taken together, our results suggest that waste recycling workers who handle electronic and hazardous waste have significantly elevated exposure to OPEs, and efforts to reduce these exposures should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Hammel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Karoline K Hansen
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Anne Mette Madsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Henrik A Kolstad
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Vivi Schlünssen
- Department of Public Health, Research Unit for Environment, Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Marie Frederiksen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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Gravel S, Roberge B, Calosso M, Gagné S, Lavoie J, Labrèche F. Occupational health and safety, metal exposures and multi-exposures health risk in Canadian electronic waste recycling facilities. Waste Manag 2023; 165:140-149. [PMID: 37121052 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste recycling (e-recycling) involves manual operations that expose workers to toxic metals. We aim to describe occupational health and safety practices and workers' exposures to metals in the Canadian formal e-recycling industry, and to estimate the health risk associated with multiple exposures. This cross-sectional study documented practices through observations and questionnaires, and assessed metal exposures using personal air samples and biomarkers. Health risks were estimated relative to recognised occupational exposure guidelines, and using an additive approach for consideration of multiple exposures. Six e-recycling and one commercial recycling facilities were investigated, and the metal exposures of 99 workers (23 women) were measured. In most facilities, dust control was inadequate and personal protective equipment was improperly worn. In e-recycling, lead was detected in all air samples and in most blood samples, up to 48 µg/m3 and 136 µg/l, respectively. Other quantified metals included beryllium, mercury, arsenic, barium, cadmium, chrome, cobalt, copper, indium, manganese, nickel and yttrium. When handling cathode ray tube screens, workers were 4.9 times and 8.5 times more likely to be exposed to lead and yttrium, respectively, than workers who were not assigned to a specific type of electronics. Overall, exposures were largely associated with facility size and airborne dust concentration. The additive hazard indices for airborne exposures raised concerns for kidney disorders, for peripheral and central nervous systems, and for the male reproductive system. Minimizing airborne dust through collective control methods and adequately using personal protection should reduce metal exposures and associated health risks in this growing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gravel
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada.
| | - Brigitte Roberge
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - Mickaël Calosso
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - Sébastien Gagné
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - Jacques Lavoie
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada; Centre de recherche en santé publique (CReSP), University of Montréal and CIUSSS Centre-Sud, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lu QO, Jung CC, Chao HR, Chen PS, Lee CW, Thi Phuong Tran Q, Ciou JY, Chang WH. Investigating the associations between organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and fine particles in paired indoor and outdoor air: A probabilistic prediction model for deriving OPFRs in indoor environments. Environ Int 2023; 174:107871. [PMID: 36931197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are associated with atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5), which pose the greatest health risk in the world. However, few surveys have explored the interaction between PM2.5 and OPFRs in residential paired indoor/outdoor environments. 11 priority OPFRs and PM2.5 were investigated across 178 paired indoor and outdoor air samples taken from 89 children's households in southern Taiwan, across cold and warm seasons. This involved exploring their associations with building characteristics, interior materials, and human activities. We developed a probabilistic predictive model for indoor OPFRs based on the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of contaminants and an air quality index. The significant associations of paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 were explored. The indoor level of OPFRs was greater than that of outdoor households, contrasting with PM2.5. The I/O OPFRs ratio was higher than 1 (except for TEHP, EHDPP, and TCP), which suggests that the sources of OPFRs were primarily emitted from indoors. Indoor TCEP was significantly positively associated with indoor and outdoor PM2.5. The OPFR level detected in apartments was higher than in houses due to the greater decoration, furniture and electronic devices. However, this was not the case for PM2.5. TCIPP was the dominant compound in paired indoor and outdoor air. The indoor OPFR predictive model obtained a high accuracy with an R2 value of 0.87. The material used in mattresses, the use of purifiers and heaters, and the total material area were the main influencing factors for indoor OPFRs in households. These findings could provide important evidence of the interaction between paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 and interior equipment in different building types. In addition, it could prevent the potential risks posed by indoor/outdoor air pollutants and eliminate OPFR emissions through the selection of better construction and building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Quynh Thi Phuong Tran
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jyun-Yi Ciou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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11
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Ge X, Gao Y, Yang Y, Chen G, Ma S, Hu B, Yu Y, An T. Mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A formed in the combustion of printed circuit boards: Emission characteristics and transformation pathways. Sci Total Environ 2023; 859:160104. [PMID: 36372166 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of tetrabromobisphenol A (ClyBrxBPAs) were found to be possibly related to the thermal treatment processes of electronic wastes. To explore their emission characteristics and formation mechanism, printed circuit board scraps were combusted in a tube furnace, under the temperature from 25 °C to 600 °C. The emission factor of the debromination products of tetrabromobisphenol A (BrxBPAs) was the highest, whereas that of ClyBrxBPAs was the lowest. Among three phases, most of the target compounds were partitioned into the oil and particle phases, and only negligible gaseous 2-BrBPA and bisphenol A were detected. The emission rates of most compounds were fastest at 300 °C, although 2-BrBPA, 2,6-Br2BPA, and 2-Cl-6-BrBPA peaked at 350 °C. Among the chemicals in total emission, 2-BrBPA was the dominant congener in BrxBPAs, whereas 2-Cl-2',6,6'-Br3BPA, 2-Cl-2',6#-Br2BPA, and Σ2Cl1Br1BPAs shared similar proportions in ClyBrxBPAs. Meanwhile, the composition profiles at 300 °C showed that 2,2',6-Br3BPA and 2-Cl-2',6,6'-Br3BPA occupied the largest proportions in BrxBPAs and ClyBrxBPAs, respectively. To reveal the possible transformation pathways, the Gibbs free energy was calculated based on a radical substitution reaction. After "•Br" removal from tetrabromobisphenol A or other BrxBPAs, the intermediate was more easily combined with "•H" than with "•Cl." In addition, the ClyBrxBPA formation via "-•H + •Cl" by BrxBPAs is nonspontaneous, thus limiting the further generation of ClyBrxBPAs. This study not only provides ideas for the study of other mixed halogenated products, but also provides constructive suggestions for environmental source analysis by combining previous research on the occurrence of ClyBrxBPAs in various environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ge
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Gao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Guanhui Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Beibei Hu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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12
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Hoang AQ, Takahashi S, Tue NM, Tuyen LH, Tran TM, Yen NTH, Tu MB. Occurrence, emission sources, and risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and current-use brominated flame retardants in settled dust from end-of-life vehicle processing, urban, and rural areas, northern Vietnam. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:2061-2074. [PMID: 35927405 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22396-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Settled dust samples from Vietnamese end-of-life vehicle (ELV) processing, urban, and rural areas were analyzed for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other current-use brominated flame retardants (BFRs). PBDE levels found in dust samples collected from ELV workshops (median 390; range 120-520 ng/g) and nearby living areas (110; 36-650 ng/g) were generally higher than those in common house dust (25-170 ng/g). BDE-209 was the most predominant congener detected in almost all the samples, indicating extensive application of products containing deca-BDE mixtures. The dust samples from ELV workplaces showed a more abundance of lower brominated congeners (e.g., tetra- to hexa-BDEs) that may originate from car interior materials treated by penta-BDE formulations. Concentrations of other BFRs decreased in the order urban > rural > ELV dust, reflecting the current use of these compounds in new consumer products. Decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) and 1,2-bis(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)ethane (BTBPE) were the major alternative BFRs. Daily intake doses and hazard indexes of PBDEs and some other BFRs through dust ingestion were estimated and showed acceptable levels of risk. However, more comprehensive risk assessment considering multiple exposure pathways should be performed, especially for ELV workers and children in the ELV processing and urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam.
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment (CATE), Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Nguyen Minh Tue
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality and Food Safety Control (KLATEFOS), University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Le Huu Tuyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, 11400, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Hong Yen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Minh Binh Tu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, 11000, Vietnam
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13
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Rezania S, Talaiekhozani A, Oryani B, Cho J, Barghi M, Rupani PF, Kamali M. Occurrence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the atmosphere of South Korea: A review. Environ Pollut 2022; 307:119586. [PMID: 35680069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies found the presence of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in various environmental compartments, including air, water, and soil. POPs have been discovered in various industrial and agricultural products with severe environmental and human health consequences. According to the data, South Korea is a hotspot for POP pollution in the southern part of Asia; hence, South Korea has implemented the Stockholm Convention's National Implementation Plan (NIP) to address this worldwide issue. The purpose of this review is to assess the distribution pattern of POPs pollution in South Korea's atmosphere. According to findings, PAHs, PCBs, BFRs, and PBDEs significantly polluted the atmosphere of South Korea; however, assessing their exposure nationwide is difficult due to a shortage of data. The POPs temporal trend and meta-analysis disclosed no proof of a decrease in PAHs and BFRs residues in the atmosphere. However, POP pollution in South Korea tends to decrease compared to contamination levels in neighboring countries like Japan and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahabaldin Rezania
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea.
| | - Amirreza Talaiekhozani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Jami Institute of Technology, Isfahan, 84919-63395, Iran
| | - Bahareh Oryani
- Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Cho
- Department of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | | | - Parveen Fatemeh Rupani
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
| | - Mohammadreza Kamali
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Process and Environmental Technology Lab, J. De Nayerlaan 5, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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14
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Sonego E, Simonetti G, Di Filippo P, Riccardi C, Buiarelli F, Fresta A, Olivastri M, Pomata D. Characterization of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) in settled dust in specific workplaces. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:52302-52316. [PMID: 35258734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method for detecting flame retardants was slightly modified and optimized for the simultaneous determination of 11 organophosphate esters (OPEs) and 26 polyfluoralkyl substances (PFASs) contained in dust. All the analytes were determined in HPLC/MS-MS, and OPEs were also analyzed in GC/MS, and the results were compared. The study was conducted through the investigation of the Standard Reference Material SRM 2585 of the National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST). The results were compared with the available reference mass fraction reported in the NIST certificate. The mass fraction obtained for the other OPEs and PFASs was compared to available data in the literature. After verifying the reliability of the results, the method was applied to environmental samples of settled dust, collected in four workplaces, where OPE and PFAS content is expected to be higher than in house dust: a mechanical workshop, an electronic repair center, a disassembly site, and a shredding site of two electronic waste recycling plants. By analyzing both PFASs and OPEs in the same samples, the present work demonstrated that the selected working places were more polluted in OPEs than houses; on the contrary, PFAS content in house dust proved to be more than ten times higher than that in workplaces. Additional research is necessary to confirm these data. Nevertheless, because this preliminary study showed not negligible concentrations of OPEs in some workplaces and of PFASs in houses, their monitoring should be extended to other domestic and selected working sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sonego
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Simonetti
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesca Buiarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alice Fresta
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Olivastri
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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Jung J, Shin J, Dzhaparova A, Park JK, Lim M. Photoexcitation dynamics of bromodiphenyl ethers in acetonitrile-d 3 studied by femtosecond time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:9203-9212. [PMID: 35388852 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00063f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient decomposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), onetime prevalent flame retardants, is central to the reduction of their harmful effects on human health. PBDE photodecomposition is a promising method, but its mechanism and products are not well understood. The photoexcitation dynamics of 3- and 4-bromodiphenyl ethers (BDE-2 and BDE-3) in CD3CN were studied from 0.3 ps to 10 μs using time-resolved infrared spectroscopy. An excitation at 267 nm dissociated the Br atom from BDE-2 and BDE-3 within 0.3 ps and 14 ± 3 ps, respectively, producing a radical compound (R) and a Br atom. About 85% of R formed an intermediate (IM) that weakly interacted with the Br atom and the surrounding CD3CN solvent in 7-12 ps. The remaining R separated from the dissociated Br and underwent slow geminate rebinding (GR) with Br within 35 to 54 ns. The IM competitively engaged in GR with the interacting Br in 40-60 ps or formed CD3CN-bound radical compounds (RS) in 100-130 ps. The RS further degraded via either the dissociation of CD3-producing a cyano-bound diphenyl ether (DE) in 150 or 550 ns-or the deuterium abstraction of CD3CN in 180 or 430 ns-producing a deuterated DE. Overall, 33 ± 3 (22 ± 3)% of the photoexcited BDE-2 (BDE-3) decomposed in CD3CN under 267 nm excitation. Efficient binding of the CD3CN solvent to R deterred the yield-diminishing GR and slowed the rate of product formation. The observed photoexcitation dynamics of BDE suggest methods for the efficient decomposition of PBDE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisik Jung
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Juhyang Shin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Alina Dzhaparova
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Manho Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Yue C, Ma S, Liu R, Yang Y, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Pollution profiles and human health risk assessment of atmospheric organophosphorus esters in an e-waste dismantling park and its surrounding area. Sci Total Environ 2022; 806:151206. [PMID: 34710426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Recycling e-waste has been recognized as an important emission source of organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs), but the presence of di-OPEs in atmosphere has not been studied. Herein, tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in atmosphere of an e-waste dismantling park and surrounding area in South China were monitored for three consecutive years. Thirteen tri-OPEs and seven di-OPEs were identified. In 2017, 2018, and 2019, tri-OPE concentrations in e-waste dismantling park were 1.30 × 108, 4.60 × 106, and 4.01 × 107 pg/m3, while di-OPE concentrations were 1.14 × 103, 1.10 × 103, and 0.35 × 103 pg/m3, respectively, which were much higher than the surrounding area. Tri-OPEs and di-OPEs generated during e-waste dismantling affected surrounding area through diffusion. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) were the predominant congeners of tri-OPEs and di-OPEs, respectively. Additionally, TPhP concentration was extremely higher than other tri-OPEs, so TPhP could be used as an indicator of e-waste dismantling. Spearman correlation analysis showed significant correlations between DPhP and TPhP (R2 = 0.53, p < 0.01), bis-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) and tris(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) (R2 = 0.49, p < 0.01), as well as dibutyl phosphate (DBP) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) (R2 = 0.53, p < 0.01), indicating that they had the same source. Further, non-carcinogenic risk of them to people via inhalation was acceptable and non-carcinogenic risk of tri-OPEs decreased year by year in surrounding area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Yue
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Ranran Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Yang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515041, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Shantou 515031, China.
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17
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Wang H, Hao R, Nie L, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of air multi-pollutants from typical e-waste dismantling activities. Environ Pollut 2022; 294:118630. [PMID: 34871645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the characteristics of air multi-pollutants emitted during typical electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling processes and assessed their risks to the environment and human health. Concentrations of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a typical e-waste dismantling workshop were 137 μg/m3, 135 ng/m3 and 42 ng/m3, respectively, which were lower than those without emission control measures. The partial removal of pollutants due to the emission control measures also decreased the ozone formation potential and non-cancer risk of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In the workshop, the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) of VOCs (8.1 × 10-5) was close to the recommended values. Conversely, the LCR of PAHs (3.6 × 10-5) and the total exposure index of PBDEs (19 ng/d) were remarkably lower than the recommended values of 10-3 and that without emission control measures, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentrations of TVOCs, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs), PBDEs, and PAHs in the outlet were approximately 10-30 times higher than those in the workshop. In addition, the LCR of TVOCs within a 5-km radius area remained higher than the accepted value (10-6), and the inhalation exposure risk of PCDD/Fs within a 20-km radius area was five times higher than the recommended value. Therefore, the emissions from e-waste recycling processes should be considered as an important source of air pollution, and more efficient control measures should be taken in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Run Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Lei Nie
- Beijing Key Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Prevention and Treatment Technology Application, Beijing Municipal Research Institute of Environment Protection, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Yuanxun Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; Yanshan Earth Critical Zone and Surface Fluxes Research Station, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China
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Bonato T, Beggio G, Pivato A, Piazza R. Maize plant (Zea mays) uptake of organophosphorus and novel brominated flame retardants from hydroponic cultures. Chemosphere 2022; 287:132456. [PMID: 34606891 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The root uptake and root-shoot translocation of seven organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and four novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were assessed in this investigation using hydroponic grown maize plants (Zea mays). Three initial liquid concentrations for each considered compound were examined (i.e., 0.3 μg L-1, 3 μg L-1, 30 μg L-1). The results indicated that the 30 μg L-1 treatments were phytotoxic, as they resulted in a significant decrease in shoot dry weight. Plant-driven removal of the tested FRs decreased with the increasing initial spiking level and were reportedly higher for the NBFRs (range 42%-10%) than OPFRs (range 19%-7%). All the considered FRs were measured in the roots (range 0.020-6.123 μg g-1 dry weight -DW-) and shoots (range 0.012-1.364 μg g-1 DW) of the tested plants, confirming that there was uptake. Linear relationships were identified between the chemical concentrations in the plant parts and the tested hydroponic concentrations. Root concentration factors were positively correlated with the specific lipophilicity (i.e., logKow) of the tested FRs and were determined to be higher for the NBFRs than the OPFRs. The NBFRs had a higher root uptake rate than the OPFRs, and this trend was more significant with the increasing treatment concentrations. Shoot/root concentration factors were found to be lower than the unity value for 10 of the 11 tested compounds. These results can be related to the specific molecular configurations and the occurrence of different functional groups in the tested compounds. The results will help to improve risk assessment procedures and fine tune our understanding of human receptor responses to the ingestion of maize crops grown on agricultural sites irrigated with water contaminated by FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Bonato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Giovanni Beggio
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (DICEA), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alberto Pivato
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering (DICEA), University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, Venezia Mestre, 30172, Venice, Italy
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Yao C, Yang H, Li Y. A review on organophosphate flame retardants in the environment: Occurrence, accumulation, metabolism and toxicity. Sci Total Environ 2021; 795:148837. [PMID: 34246143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), as a substitute for brominated flame retardants (BFRs), are widely used in industrial production and life. The presence of OPFRs in the environment has an adverse effect on the ecological environment system. This review provides comprehensive data for the occurrence of OPFRs and their diester metabolites (OP diesters) in wastewater treatment plants, surface water, drinking water, sediment, soil, air and dust in the environment. In particular, the accumulation and metabolism of OPFRs in organisms and the types of metabolites and metabolic pathways are discussed for animals and plants. In addition, the toxicity of OP triesters and OP diesters in organisms is discussed. Although research on OPFRs has gradually increased in recent years, there are still many gaps to be filled, especially for metabolic and toxicity mechanisms that need in-depth study. This review also highlights the shortcomings of current research and provides suggestions for a basis for future research on OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hanpei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, HoHai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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20
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Vasiljevic T, Harner T. Bisphenol A and its analogues in outdoor and indoor air: Properties, sources and global levels. Sci Total Environ 2021; 789:148013. [PMID: 34323825 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogues are high-volume production organic synthetic compounds used in the synthesis of plastics. BPA has been categorized as an endocrine disrupting compound due to its ability to disrupt the hormonal makeup of living organisms. Air and dust are common sources of exposure of BPA for living organisms and most sources are anthropogenic and a result of thermal destruction of BPA containing materials, import and export of recyclable materials (especially e-waste) and fugitive emissions near BPA handling facilities. Current reports on BPA levels in air are limited and focused on effluent and surface water analysis (due to BPA's propensity for environmental distribution to water). BPA's presence in the developing part of the world is of particular concern due to lack of regulations and uncontrolled incinerations of domestic and imported waste. The current review summarizes up-to-date scientific literature on BPA's occurrence in air, alongside physico-chemical and partitioning properties, persistence in air, seasonal variation, consideration of analytical strategies for BPA analysis and toxicological information. Globally reported air concentrations of BPA are included in this report, alongside reports on indoor air concentration of BPA and its analogues. As a special interest, levels of tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA) are also mentioned. Overall, the highest outdoor air levels of BPA were reported in China (1.1 × 106 pg/m3) near a low-tech e-waste recycling site, while examination of indoor dust revealed the presence of bisphenol analogues used in "BPA-free" products, raising questions about their safety. Due to their low volatility, BPA and its analogues are mainly present in air associated with particles; this has important implications for their persistence in air and the role of particulate matter (especially microplastics) in their transport and deposition. Current understanding of BPA's particle association is limited, hence studying its potential for heterogeneous oxidative transformations is a pressing need required for accurate accounting of potential risk to human health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Vasiljevic
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
| | - Tom Harner
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada.
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21
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Feiteiro J, Mariana M, Cairrão E. Health toxicity effects of brominated flame retardants: From environmental to human exposure. Environ Pollut 2021; 285:117475. [PMID: 34087639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) and Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP-A) are brominated flame retardants widely used in variety of industrial and consumer products (e.g., automobiles, electronics, furniture, textiles and plastics) to reduce flammability. HBCD and TBBPA can also contaminate the environment, mainly water, dust, air and soil, from which human exposure occurs. This constant exposure has raised some concerns against human health. These compounds can act as endocrine disruptors, a property that gives them the ability to interfere with hormonal function and quantity, when HBCD and TBBPA bind target tissues in the body. Studies in human and animals suggest a correlation between HBCD and TBBPA exposure and adverse health outcomes, namely thyroid disorders, neurobehavior and development disorders, reproductive health, immunological, oncological and cardiovascular diseases. However, in humans these effects are still poorly understood, once only a few data evaluated the human health effects. Thus, the purpose of this review is to present the toxicity effects of HBCD and TBBPA and how these compounds affect the environment and health, resorting to data and knowledge of 255 published papers from 1979 to 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Feiteiro
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrão
- CICS-UBI - Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal; FCS-UBI, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal.
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22
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Zhu Y, Nie J, Yang X, Guan X. Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by ferrate(VI)-CaSO 3 process: Kinetics, products, and impacts on following disinfection by-products formation. J Hazard Mater 2021; 412:125297. [PMID: 33951873 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely applied brominated flame retardants and has been widely detected in water environment, which might pose risks of brominated disinfection by-products formation in water treatment system. Ferrate(VI)-CaSO3 (Fe(VI)-CaSO3) system could effectively degrade TBBPA at pH 7.0-9.0 but the decomposition rate of TBBPA dropped with increasing pH. The presence of 0.5 mg C/L humic acid (HA) had negligible impact on TBBPA removal, but the removal of TBBPA decreased to ~87% and 80% at pH 7.0 and 8.0, respectively, in the presence of 5.0 mg C/L HA. The transformation products of TBBPA detected in Fe(VI)-CaSO3 process revealed that TBBPA degradation mainly proceeded via electron abstraction, debromination, and ring-opening pathways and Br- was released. In the presence of TBBPA, Fe(VI)-CaSO3 pre-oxidation decreased the generation of all determined DBPs during chlorination at pH 8.0 but it lessened the generation of some DBPs and slightly increased the formation of the other DBPs at pH 7.0. The toxic risk analysis showed that Fe(VI)-CaSO3 pre-oxidation of TBBPA could reduce the toxic risk of DBPs in both synthetic water and natural water at pH 8.0, indicating that Fe(VI)-CaSO3 process has the potential to be applied in practical water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jianxin Nie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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23
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environmental systems: a review. J Environ Health Sci Eng 2021; 19:1229-1247. [PMID: 34150307 PMCID: PMC8172818 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are human-influenced chemicals utilized massively as flame retardants. They are environmentally persistent, not easily degraded, bioaccumulate in the biological tissue of organisms, and bio-magnify across the food web. They can travel over a long distance, with air and water being their possible transport media. They can be transferred to non-target organisms by inhalation, oral ingestion, breastfeeding, or dermal contact. These pollutants adsorb easily to solid matrices due to their lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; thus, sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries, and ocean are becoming their major reservoirs aquatic environments. They have low acute toxicity, but the effects of interfering with the thyroid hormone metabolism in the endocrine system are long term. Many congeners of PBDEs are considered to pose a danger to humans and the aquatic environment. They have shown the possibility of causing many undesirable effects, together with neurologic, immunological, and reproductive disruptions and possible carcinogenicity in humans. PBDEs have been detected in small amounts in biological samples, including hair, human semen, blood, urine, and breastmilk, and environmental samples such as sediment, soil, sewage sludge, air, biota, fish, mussels, surface water, and wastewater. The congeners prevailing in environmental samples, with soil being the essential matrix, are BDE 47, 99, and 100. BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 are more frequently detected in human tissues, whereas in sediment and soil, BDE 100 and 183 predominate. Generally, BDE 153 and 154 appear very often across different matrices. However, BDE 209 seems not frequently determined, owing to its tendency to quickly breakdown into smaller congeners. This paper carried out an overview of PBDEs in the environmental, human, and biota niches with their characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fate in the environment, human exposure, and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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24
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Laskaris Z, Batterman SA, Arko-Mensah J, Mukherjee B, Fobil JN, O’Neill MS, Robins TG. Opportunities and challenges in reducing personal inhalation exposure to air pollution among electronic waste recovery workers in Ghana. Am J Ind Med 2021; 64:381-397. [PMID: 33522624 PMCID: PMC8046737 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Informal sector electronic waste (e-waste) recovery produces toxic emissions resulting from burning e-waste to recover valuable metals. OBJECTIVES To identify high-risk worker groups by measuring relative levels of personal inhalation exposure to particulate matter (PM) of fine (≤2.5 µm) and coarse (2.5-10 µm) fractions (PM2.5 and PM2.5-10, respectively) across work activities among e-waste workers, and to assess how wind conditions modify levels of PM by activity and site location. METHODS At the Agbogbloshie e-waste site, 170 partial-shift PM samples and time-activity data were collected from participants (N = 105) enrolled in the GeoHealth cohort study. Personal sampling included continuous measures of size-specific PM from the worker's breathing zone and time-activity derived from wearable cameras. Linear mixed models were used to estimate changes in personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 associated with activities and evaluate effect modification by wind conditions. RESULTS Mean (±standard deviation) personal PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 concentrations were 80 (± 81) and 123 (± 139) µg m-3 , respectively. The adjusted mean PM2.5 concentration for burning e-waste was 88 µg m-3 , a 28% increase above concentrations during non-recovery activities (such as eating). Transportation-related and burning activities were associated with the highest PM2.5-10 concentrations. Frequent changes in wind direction were associated with higher PM2.5 concentrations when burning, and high wind speeds with higher PM2.5-10 concentrations when dismantling e-waste downwind of the burning zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoey Laskaris
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Batterman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - John Arko-Mensah
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Julius N. Fobil
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Occupational
Health Sciences, University of Ghana School of Public Health, Accra, Ghana
| | - Marie S. O’Neill
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School
of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Robins
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of
Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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25
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Espinosa-Ruiz C, Manuguerra S, Morghese M, García-Beltrán JM, Esteban MÁ, Giuga M, Messina CM, Santulli A. Immunity and inflammatory responses in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) exposed to sub-lethal mixture of carbamazepine, cadmium chloride and polybrominated diphenyl ether. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 111:25-35. [PMID: 33359412 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants such as industrial and urban by-products, pharmaceuticals, drugs metabolites and, plastics, are continuously found in the oceans, affecting its quality and organism's welfare. Although these compounds are found at concentrations ranged ng L-1, there is an increasing concern about the potential adverse effects of the interactions among those substances present, simultaneously, in a mixture. In the present study, specimens of sea bream (Sparus aurata) were exposed, by food, to rising concentrations of a mixture of carbamazepine, polybrominated diphenyl ether-47 and cadmium chloride, for 15 days and then, maintained, with the same control diet, without contaminants, for other 15 days. Samples of skin mucus, serum, head-kidney, liver and intestine were sampled at 0, 15 and 30 days. Cellular immune parameters were evaluated on head-kidney, as well as humoral parameters were determined on skin mucus and serum. In addition, the expression of some genes, related to immunity, was analysed on liver and intestine. Both cellular and humoral response were affected at 15 days, showing slightly signs of recovery at 30 days. Besides, the expression of immune-related genes was highly affected, suggesting the development of inflammatory processes, as well as a reduction of immune parameters. Overall, the mixture of compounds severally affected the immune system of sea bream, suggesting a lower degree of recovery. The prolonged exposure to a mixture of these compounds could entail serious change on population immunity and, eventually, promote changes on marine biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Espinosa-Ruiz
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Simona Manuguerra
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Maria Morghese
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - José María García-Beltrán
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Giuga
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy; University of Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche e Ambientali, Sezione di Scienze della Terra, Corso 57, 95129, Catania, Italy
| | - Concetta M Messina
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy.
| | - Andrea Santulli
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Istituto per lo studio degli impatti Antropici e Sostenibilità in ambiente marino (IAS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Capo Granitola, Trapani, Italy; Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani, Marine Biology Institute, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
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Eze CT, Michelangeli F, Otitoloju AA, Eze OO, Ibraheem O, Ogbuene EB, Ogunwole GA. Occurrence of chemical pollutants in major e-waste sites in West Africa and usefulness of cytotoxicity and induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in determining the effects of some detected brominated flame retardants and e-waste soil-derived extracts. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:10832-10846. [PMID: 33099733 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11155-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of chemical pollutants in major e-waste sites in West Africa and usefulness of cytotoxicity and induction of ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) in determining the effects of some detected brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and e-waste soil-derived extracts. Analysis of the e-waste site samples using AAS and GC-MS techniques revealed the presence of a range of toxic metals as well as persistent and toxic organic pollutants, respectively, in the vicinity of the e-waste sites. As expected, the occurrence (%) of all the detected chemical pollutants in experimental soils significantly (P < 0.05) differs from occurrence (%) in control soil. The calculated LC50 values on RBL-2H3 cells of the detected tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) were 3.75 μM and 4.2 μM, respectively. Tribromophenol (TBP), dibromobiphenyl (DBB), and decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE) were remarkably less toxic on RBL-2H3 cells compared with TBBPA and HBCD as they did not reduce RBL-2H3 cell viability below 50% in the tested concentration range (0-20 μM). The study revealed that TBBPA and HBCD could induce significant RBL-2H3 cell death through caspase-dependent apoptosis. The study further shows that the cytotoxicity of some of these BFRs could increase synergistically when in mixtures and potentially activate inflammation through the stimulation of mast cell degranulation. The e-waste soil-derived extracts induced a concentration-dependent increase in EROD activity in the exposed RTG-W1 cells. Ultimately, nonpolar extracts had higher EROD-inducing potency compared with polar extracts and hence suggesting the presence in higher amounts of AhR agonists in nonpolar e-waste soil-derived extracts than polar extracts. Overall, there is urgent need for actions in order to improve the environmental quality of the e-waste sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwuebuka ThankGod Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
- Department of Zoology, University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos State, Nigeria.
| | | | | | - Obianuju Oluchukwu Eze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Omodele Ibraheem
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Bright Ogbuene
- Centre for Environmental Management and Control, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Cai K, Song Q, Yuan W, Ruan J, Duan H, Li Y, Li J. Human exposure to PBDEs in e-waste areas: A review. Environ Pollut 2020; 267:115634. [PMID: 33254638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated biphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are commonly added to electronic products for flame-retardation effects, and are attracting more and more attentions due to their potential toxicity, durability and bioaccumulation. This study conducts a sysmtematic review to understand the human exposure to PBDEs from e-waste recycling, especially exploring the exposure pathways and human burden of PBDEs as well as investigating the temporal trend of PBDEs exposure worldwide. The results show that the particular foods (contaminated fish, poultry, meat and breast milk) ingestion, indoor dust ingestion and indoor air inhalation may be key factors leading to human health risks of PBDEs exposure in e-waste recycling regions. Residents and some vulnerable groups (occupational workers and children) in e-waste recycling areas may face higher exposure levels and health risks. PBDE exposure is closely related to exposure level, exposure duration, e-waste recycling methods, and dietary customs. High levels of PBDEs are found in human tissues (breast milk, hair, blood (serum), placenta and other tissues) in e-waste areas, at far higher levels than in other areas. Existing data indicate that PBDE exposure levels do not present any apparent downward trend, and will possibly cause serious human diseases. More epidemiological studies are still needed to provide a solid basis for health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaihan Cai
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China; Macau Institute of Systems Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Qingbin Song
- Macau Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China.
| | - Wenyi Yuan
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, 201209, China
| | - Jujun Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Huabo Duan
- College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Zhou H, Yin N, Faiola F. Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA): A controversial environmental pollutant. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 97:54-66. [PMID: 32933740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants and is extensively used in electronic equipment, furniture, plastics, and textiles. It is frequently detected in water, soil, air, and organisms, including humans, and has raised concerns in the scientific community regarding its potential adverse health effects. Human exposure to TBBPA is mainly via diet, respiration, and skin contact. Various in vivo and in vitro studies based on animal and cell models have demonstrated that TBBPA can induce multifaceted effects in cells and animals, and potentially exert hepatic, renal, neural, cardiac, and reproductive toxicities. Nevertheless, other reports have claimed that TBBPA might be a safe chemical. In this review, we re-evaluated most of the published TBBPA toxicological assessments with the goal of reaching a conclusion about its potential toxicity. We concluded that, although low TBBPA exposure levels and rapid metabolism in humans may signify that TBBPA is a safe chemical for the general population, particular attention should be paid to the potential effects of TBBPA on early developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Nuoya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Francesco Faiola
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Cheng H, Luo H, Hu Y, Tao S. Release kinetics as a key linkage between the occurrence of flame retardants in microplastics and their risk to the environment and ecosystem: A critical review. Water Res 2020; 185:116253. [PMID: 32768659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widely occurring debris of plastic materials, particularly microplastics, can be an important source of flame retardants, which are one of the main groups of chemicals added in the production of plastics from polymers. This review provides an overview on the use of flame retardants in plastic manufacturing, the kinetics of their releases from microplastics, the factors affecting their releases, and the potential environmental and ecosystem risk of the released flame retardants. The releases of flame retardants from microplastics typically involve three major steps: internal diffusion, mass transfer across the plastic-medium boundary layer, and diffusion in the environmental medium, while the overall mass transfer rate is commonly controlled by diffusion within the plastic matrix. The overall release rates of additive flame retardants from microplastics, which are dependent on the particle's geometry, can often be described by the Fick's Law. The physicochemical properties of flame retardant and plastic matrix, and ambient temperature all affect the release rate, which can be predicted with empirical and semi-empirical models. Weathering of microplastics, which reduces their particle sizes and likely disrupts their polymeric structures, can greatly accelerate the releases of flame retardants. Flame retardants could also be released directly from the microplastics ingested by aquatic organisms and seabirds, with physical and chemical digestion in the bodies significantly enhancing their release rates. Limited by the extremely slow diffusion in plastic matrices, the fluxes of flame retardants released from microplastics are very low, and are unlikely to pose significant risk to the ecosystem in general. More research is needed to characterize the mechanical, chemical, and biological processes that degrade microplastics and accelerate the releases of flame retardants and to model their release kinetics from microplastics, while efforts should also be made to develop environmentally benign flame retardants to ultimately minimize their risk to the environment and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Hang Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and EvolutioSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Liu J, Ma S, Lin M, Tang J, Yue C, Zhang Z, Yu Y, An T. New Mixed Bromine/Chlorine Transformation Products of Tetrabromobisphenol A: Synthesis and Identification in Dust Samples from an E-Waste Dismantling Site. Environ Sci Technol 2020; 54:12235-12244. [PMID: 32885965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale production and usage of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and its analogues have caused widespread contamination, raising concern about their potential endocrine disruption effects on both humans and ecosystems. In the present study, debromination and unknown mixed bromine/chlorine transformation products of TBBPA (X-BBPA) were screened in dust samples from an e-waste dismantling site. Five monochloro products (2-chloro-2',6,6'-TriBBPA, 2-chloro-2',6-DiBBPA, 2-chloro-2',6'-DiBBPA, 2-chloro-2'-MoBBPA, and 2-chloro-6-MoBBPA) and two dichloro products (2,2'-dichloro-6,6'-DiBBPA and 2,2'-dichloro-6-MoBBPA) were successfully synthesized and structurally identified. TBBPA and its transformation products were detected by comparison of their mass spectra and retention times with those of synthetic standards. The mean concentration of X-BBPA was 1.63 × 104 ng/g in e-waste dismantling workshop dust samples based on dry weight, which was at a similar level to TBBPA. However, it was 1 order of magnitude lower than the concentrations of the debromination congeners. Thus, both debromination and chlorine-bromine exchange may be important reactions during the thermal processing of e-waste. The results on mixed chlorinated/brominated TBBPA transformation products provided new insights into TBBPA transformation. The elevated levels of the transformation products of TBBPA suggested that these products should be targeted to avoid underestimation of possible health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Synergy Innovation Institute of GDUT, Shantou 515100, China
| | - Meiqing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jian Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Congcong Yue
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Environment-Related Polymer Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Guo J, Patton L, Wang J, Xu Z. Fate and migration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a workshop for waste printed circuit board de-soldering. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020; 27:30342-30351. [PMID: 32451903 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are released from the recycling process of PBDE-containing waste printed circuit board (WPCB), but studies on the mechanism of PBDE emission and migration are limited. In this study, PBDE concentrations in particulate matter (PM), dust, and fumes collected in a pilot-scale workshop for the WPCB de-soldering process were measured, and PBDE emission after gas treatment was estimated. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ∑8PBDEs in TSP and PM2.5 in the workshop were 20.3 ng/m3 (24.7 μg/g) and 16.1 ng/m3 (115 μg/g), respectively. In practice, the fumes containing gaseous and particulate PBDEs were treated by the combination of alkaline solution absorption and activated carbon adsorption. Compared to PBDE concentration in workshop floor dust (2680 ng/g), PBDE concentrations in solution scum (68,000 ng/g) and hood inside dust (20,200 ng/g) were condensed. The concentrations of ∑6PBDEs at the stack outlet (416 pg/m3) after gas treatment were lower than those in the stack pipe (1310 pg/m3) and hood inside (7440 pg/m3). The PBDEs in fumes were removed through physical adsorption of alkaline solution and activated carbon, and solution scum constituted the main mass discharges of PBDEs. The emission factor of PBDEs at the stack outlet was 47.3 ng ∑6PBDEs/kg WPCB. As a result, the WPCB de-soldering process is an important source of PBDE pollution, and gas treatment of solution absorption and activated carbon adsorption can reduce PBDE emission to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Luorong Patton
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China.
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Simonetti G, Di Filippo P, Riccardi C, Pomata D, Sonego E, Buiarelli F. Occurrence of Halogenated Pollutants in Domestic and Occupational Indoor Dust. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:E3813. [PMID: 32471253 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of halogenated organic pollutants in indoor dust can be high due to the presence of textile, electronic devices, furniture, and building materials treated with these chemicals. In this explorative study, we focused on emerging organic pollutants, such as novel brominated flame retardants (nBFRs) and some perfluoroalkyl substances, together with legacy polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs) in settled dust collected in houses and workplaces such as one office and two electrotechnical and mechanical workshops. The total contribution of the investigated pollutants was lower in house and in office dusts except for few nBFRs (such as bis (2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate at a concentration of 464.5 ng/g in a house and hexachlorocyclopentadienyldibromocyclooctane at 40.4 ng/g in the office), whereas in electrotechnical and mechanical workshops a high incidence of PCBs, BDEs, and nBFRs occurred (for example, BDE 209 at a concentration of 2368.0 ng/g and tetrabromobisphenol A at 32,320.1 ng/g in electrotechnical and mechanical workshops). Estimated daily intakes were also calculated, showing that domestic and occupational environments can lead to a similar contribution in terms of human exposure. The higher exposure contribution was associated to nBFRs, whose EDIs were in the range of 3968.2–555,694.2 pg/kg bw/day. To provide a complete view about the indoor contamination, in this investigation, we also included polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their oxygenated and nitrated derivatives. Definitely, dust collection represents a simple, fast, and cost-effective sampling and dust contamination level can be a useful indicator of environment healthiness. Besides, the presented method can be a smart tool to provide a time and money saving technique to characterize 99 pollutants thanks to a single sample treatment.
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Chi Q, Zhang W, Wang L, Huang J, Yuan M, Xiao H, Wang X. Evaluation of structurally different brominated flame retardants interacting with the transthyretin and their toxicity on HepG2 cells. Chemosphere 2020; 246:125749. [PMID: 31927367 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are found at quantifiable levels in both humans and wildlife and may potentially cause a health risk. For BFRs and their derivatives, limited information regarding the relationship among the structure, binding affinity to the target protein and toxicity is currently available. In the present work, representative BFRs with different hydroxyl- or bromo-substituents, namely 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), 3-hydroxy-2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (3-OH-BDE-47) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), were selected to investigate the interactions with transthyretin (TTR) by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells. It was noted that BDE-47 had a weak binding affinity to TTR, while 3-OH-BDE-47 and TBBPA had a stronger binding affinity than BDE-47 and thyroxine (T4). Hence, 3-OH-BDE-47 and TBBPA could affect the binding of TTR with its native ligand T4 by competitive binding to TTR, even at equal concentrations, which might be associated with BFR toxicity of endocrine disruption. Negative cooperativity was found for 3-OH-BDE-47 and TBBPA binding to TTR, similar to T4 with a well-established negatively cooperative binding mechanism. The tendency of toxic effects on HepG2 cells for these three BFRs was, 3-OH-BDE-47 > TBBPA > BDE-47, and this order was in good agreement with the binding ability explored by ESI-MS experiments and molecular docking simulation. The observations obtained by this study demonstrate that the binding properties of these BFRs to TTR and their cytotoxicity are correlated with structure differentials and functional substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Wenxiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
| | - Huaming Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry of the State Ethnic Affairs Commission, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, Hubei, 430074, China.
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Gravel S, Aubin S, Labrèche F. Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Organic Flame Retardants: A Systematic Review. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:386-406. [PMID: 30852590 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flame retardants (FRs) are widespread in common goods, and workers in some industries can be exposed to high concentrations. Numerous studies describe occupational exposure to FRs, but the diversity of methods and of reported results renders their interpretation difficult for researchers, occupational hygienists, and decision makers. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this paper are to compile and summarize the scientific knowledge on occupational exposure to FRs as well as to identify research gaps and to formulate recommendations. METHODS Five databases were consulted for this systematic literature review (Embase, Medline [Pubmed], Global health, Web of Science, and Google Scholar), with terms related to occupational exposure and to FRs. Selected studies report quantitative measurements of exposure to organic FRs in a workplace, either in air, dust, or in workers' biological fluids. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses statement guidelines were followed. RESULTS The search yielded 1540 published articles, of which 58 were retained. The most frequently sampled FRs were polybrominated diphenyl ethers and novel brominated FRs. Offices and electronic waste recycling facilities were the most studied occupational settings, and the highest reported exposures were found in the latter, as well as in manufacturing of printed circuit boards, in aircrafts, and in firefighters. There were recurrent methodological issues, such as unstandardized and ill-described air and dust sampling, as well as deficient statistical analyses. CONCLUSIONS This review offers several recommendations. Workplaces such as electronic waste recycling or manufacturing of electronics as well as firefighters and aircraft personnel should be granted more attention from researchers and industrial hygienists. Methodical and standardized occupational exposure assessment approaches should be employed, and data analysis and reporting should be more systematic. Finally, more research is needed on newer chemical classes of FRs, on occupational exposure pathways, and on airborne FR particle distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gravel
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST).,505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 3C2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Aubin
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST)
| | - France Labrèche
- Scientific Division, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST).,505 Boulevard de Maisonneuve O, Montréal, QC, Canada, H3A 3C2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Montreal, chemin de la Côte Ste-Catherine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Estill CF, Slone J, Mayer A, Chen IC, La Guardia MJ. Worker exposure to flame retardants in manufacturing, construction and service industries. Environ Int 2020; 135:105349. [PMID: 31810010 PMCID: PMC6957722 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Workers in several industries are occupationally exposed to flame retardants. This study characterizes flame retardant exposure for nine industries through air and hand wipe measures for 105 workers. Specifically, we analyzed 24 analytes from three chemical classes: organophosphate flame retardants (OFRs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and non-PBDE brominated flame retardants (NPBFRs). The industries were: carpet installation, chemical manufacturing, foam manufacturing, electronic scrap, gymnastics, rigid board installation, nail salons, roofing, and spray polyurethane foam. Workers wore personal air samplers for two entire workdays and provided hand wipe samples before and after the second work day. Bulk products were also analyzed. The air, hand wipe and bulk samples were evaluated for relevant flame retardants. Spray polyurethane foam workers' tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate air (geometric mean = 48,500 ng/m3) and hand wipe (geometric mean = 83,500 ng per sample) concentrations had the highest mean industry concentration of any flame retardant analyzed in this study, followed by triphenyl phosphate air concentration and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate hand wipe concentration from chemical manufacturers. Overall, OFR air and hand wipe concentrations were higher and more prevalent than PBDEs or non-PBDE brominated flame retardants. Some industries including spray polyurethane foam application, chemical manufacturing, foam manufacturing, nail salons, roofing, and rigid polyiso board installation had high potential for both air and hand exposure to OFRs. Carpet installers, electronic scrap workers, and gymnastic workers had exposures to all three classes of flame retardants including PBDEs, which were phased out of production in 2013. Air and dermal exposures to OFRs are prevalent in many industries and are replacing PBDEs in some industries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Mayer
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), United States.
| | - I-Chen Chen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), United States
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Ruiz CE, Manuguerra S, Curcuraci E, Santulli A, Messina CM. Carbamazepine, cadmium chloride and polybrominated diphenyl ether-47, synergistically modulate the expression of antioxidants and cell cycle biomarkers, in the marine fish cell line SAF-1. Mar Environ Res 2020; 154:104844. [PMID: 31784109 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.104844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of contaminants, industrial by-products, plastics, and pharmaceutics belonging to various categories, have been found in sea water. Although these compounds are detected at concentrations that might be considered as sub-lethal, under certain conditions they could act synergistically producing unexpected effects in term of toxicity or perturbation of biochemical markers leading to standard pathway. In this study, the Sparus aurata fibroblast cell line SAF-1, was exposed to increasing concentrations of carbamazepine (CBZ), polybrominated diphenyl ether 47 (BDE-47) and cadmium chloride (CdCl2) until 72 h, to evaluate the cytotoxicity and the expression of genes related to antioxidant defense, cell cycle and energetic balance. In general, both vitality and gene expression were affected by the exposure to the different toxicants, in terms of antioxidant defense and cell cycle control, showing the most significant effects in cells exposed to the mixture of the three compounds, respect to the single compounds separately. The synergic effect of the compounds on the analyzed biomarkers, underlie the potential negative impact of the contaminants on health of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Espinosa Ruiz
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Sea Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Simona Manuguerra
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Sea Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Eleonora Curcuraci
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Sea Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Andrea Santulli
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Sea Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani, Marine Biology Institute, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Concetta M Messina
- University of Palermo, Dept. of Earth and Sea Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy.
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García-Zamora JL, Santacruz-Vázquez V, Valera-Pérez MÁ, Moreira MT, Cardenas-Chavez DL, Tapia-Salazar M, Torres E. Oxidation of Flame Retardant Tetrabromobisphenol A by a Biocatalytic Nanofiber of Chloroperoxidase. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2019; 16:ijerph16244917. [PMID: 31817344 PMCID: PMC6950518 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16244917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: Tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA), a flame retardant compound, is considered a ubiquitous pollutant, with potential impact on the environment and human health. Several technologies have been applied to accelerate its degradation and minimize environmental impacts. Due to its aromaticity character, peroxidase enzymes may be employed to carry out its transformation in mild conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to determine the capacity of the enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO) to oxidize TBBPA in several water samples. Methods: The oxidation capacity of CPO was evaluated in catalytic conditions using water samples from surface and groundwater, as well as effluents from wastewater treatment plants. The biocatalytic performance of CPO was improved due to its immobilization on nanofibers composed of polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan (PVA/chitosan). Results: Free and immobilized CPO were able to transform more than 80% in short reaction times (60 min); producing more biodegradable and less toxic products. Particularly, the immobilized enzyme was catalytically active in a wider range of pH than the free enzyme with the possibility of reusing it up to five times. Conclusions: The biocatalytic oxidation of TBBPA under environmental conditions is highly efficient, even in complex media such as treated effluents of wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Valera-Pérez
- Departamento de Investigaciones en Ciencias Agrícolas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, CRETUS Institute, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Galicia, Spain;
| | - Diana L. Cardenas-Chavez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Atlixcayotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atrixcayotl, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
| | - Mireya Tapia-Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Pedro de Alba, Ciudad Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza 66451, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Torres
- Centro de Química, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72570, Mexico;
- Correspondence:
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Du B, Zhang Y, Chen H, Shen M, Zhou W, Zeng L. Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 17 traditional and emerging aryl organophosphate esters in indoor dust. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li W, Wang Y, Kannan K. Occurrence, distribution and human exposure to 20 organophosphate esters in air, soil, pine needles, river water, and dust samples collected around an airport in New York state, United States. Environ Int 2019; 131:105054. [PMID: 31365894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used in aircraft lubricating oil and hydraulic fluids, and, thus, airplane emissions are thought to be an important source of these chemicals in the environment. In this study, concentrations of 20 OPEs, comprising seven alkyl-OPEs, three chlorinated (Cl)-OPEs, seven aryl-OPEs, and three oligomeric-OPEs, were determined in outdoor air, soil, pine needles, river water, and outdoor dust samples collected around an airport in Albany, New York, in 2018. Elevated ∑OPE concentrations were found in outdoor air, soil, pine needles, outdoor dust, and river water in the ranges of 1320-20,700 pg/m3 (median: 3880), 1.16-73.1 (14.3) ng/g dry weight (dw), 23.2-534 (102) ng/g (dw), 153-2140 (824) ng/g (dw), and 174-24,600 (1250) ng/L, respectively. The total OPE concentrations in air, soil, water, and outdoor dust samples in the study area were dominated by Cl-OPEs, whereas those in pine needles were dominated by aryl-OPEs. The spatial distribution of OPEs in air, soil, and pine needles showed a gradual decreasing trend with increasing distance from the airport. A significant correlation was observed between ∑OPE concentrations in air and soil, and the fugacity ratio showed the flux of OPEs from air to soil. The spatial distribution of OPEs between air and pine needles was similar and highly correlated, suggesting that pine needles are suitable indicators of atmospheric OPE concentrations. In addition to urban activities, aircraft hydraulic/lubricant oils are a major source of OPEs in the vicinity of the airport. The average daily intake of OPEs via air inhalation and outdoor dust ingestion in the vicinity of the airport was up to 1.53 ng/kg bw/day for children and 0.73 ng/kg bw/day for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States.
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Wang D, Chen T, Fu Z, Yang L, Li R, Sui S, Wang Y, Shi Z. Occupational exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers or decabromodiphenyl ethane during chemical manufacturing: Occurrence and health risk assessment. Chemosphere 2019; 231:385-392. [PMID: 31141741 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Field investigations were conducted on a decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) manufacturing plant and a decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) manufacturing plant, and worker exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) or DBDPE was assessed. Workshop air was collected and tested to measure levels of external exposure to corresponding chemicals via air inhalation. Paired human serum and urine samples taken from 202 workers were tested to assess levels of internal BFR exposure. Levels of BDE-209 in air for the BDE-209 plant ranged from 10.6 to 295 μg m-3, accounting for at least 99% of the total PBDEs in the workshop air, and those of DBDPE in air samples from the DBDPE plant ranged from 12.7 to 435 μg m-3. Maximum estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of BDE-209 and DBDPE accumulated via air inhalation exceeded the corresponding RfD level recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, indicating that for some workers, occupational exposure is likely to create significant health problems. The levels of BDE-209 measured in serum taken from BDE-209 workers ranged from 0.202 to 57.1 μg g-1 lw, and those of DBDPE in serum taken from DBDPE workers ranged from 0.087 to 54.4 μg g-1 lw. These values are several orders of magnitude higher than those detected in general areas and e-waste recycling sites. BDE-209 and DBDPE were detected in all of the urine samples with median levels of 1.12 and 8.6 ng mL-1, respectively, and levels of BDE-209 and DBDPE in the urine were significantly and positively correlated with those observed in the serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejun Wang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhongjian Fu
- Shouguang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shouguang, 262700, Shandong, China
| | - Luping Yang
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Renbo Li
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shaofeng Sui
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Hu YJ, Bao LJ, Huang CL, Li SM, Zeng EY. A comprehensive risk assessment of human inhalation exposure to atmospheric halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in an urban zone. Environ Pollut 2019; 252:1902-1909. [PMID: 31227346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation exposure to flame retardants used as additives to minimize fire risk and plasticizers is ubiquitous in human daily activities, but has not been adequately assessed. To address this research gap, the present study conducted an assessment of human health risk for four age groups through inhalation exposure to size fractionated particle-bound and gaseous halogenated flame retardants (polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and alternative halogenated flame retardants (AHFRs)) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) at indoor and outdoor environments (school, office, and residence) in three districts of a megacity (Guangzhou, China). Results demonstrated that OPEs were the dominant components among all targets. Indoor daily intakes of PBDEs and OPEs were 13-16 times greater than outdoor levels for all age groups. Gaseous OPEs contributed significantly greater than particle-bound compounds to daily intakes of all target compounds. Based on the different life scenarios, hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental life cancer risk (ILCR) from adults exposure to PBDEs and OPEs in indoor and outdoor settings were the greatest, followed by adolescents, children, and seniors. The estimated HQ and ILCR for all age groups both indoors and outdoors were lower than the safe level (HQ = 1 and ILCR = 10-6), indicating that the potential health risk for local residents in Guangzhou via inhalation exposure to atmospheric halogenated flame retardants and OPEs was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jie Hu
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China.
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Shao-Meng Li
- Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario, M3H5T4, Canada
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Nguyen LV, Diamond ML, Venier M, Stubbings WA, Romanak K, Bajard L, Melymuk L, Jantunen LM, Arrandale VH. Exposure of Canadian electronic waste dismantlers to flame retardants. Environ Int 2019; 129:95-104. [PMID: 31125732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of e-waste workers to eight halogenated and five organophosphate ester flame retardant chemicals (FRs) was studied at a Canadian e-waste dismantling facility. FR concentrations were measured in air and dust samples collected at a central location and at four work benches over five-24 hour periods spanning two weeks. The highest concentrations in air from workbenches were of BDE-209 (median 156 ng m-3), followed by Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP, median 59 ng m-3). Dust concentrations at the workbenches were higher than those measured at the central location, consistent with the release of contaminated dust during dismantling. Dust concentrations from the workbenches were also dominated by BDE-209 (median 96,300 ng g-1), followed by Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP, median 47,000 ng g-1). Most FRs were in coarse particles 5.6-18 μm diameter and ~30% were in respirable particles (<~3 μm). Exposure estimates indicated that dust ingestion accounted for 63% of total FR exposure; inhalation and dermal absorption contributed 35 and 2%, respectively. Some air and dust concentrations as well as some estimated exposures in this formal facility in a high-income country exceeded those from informal e-waste facilities located in low and middle income countries. Although there is demonstrated toxicity of some FRs, FR exposure in the e-waste industry has received minimal attention and occupational limits do not exist for most FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Lola Bajard
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, Ontario, Canada; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria H Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Center, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Du J, Li H, Xu S, Zhou Q, Jin M, Tang J. A review of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs): occurrence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and organism exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019; 26:22126-22136. [PMID: 31243659 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasingly being applied as flame retardants due to their unique properties. OPFRs are commonly detected in various environmental matrices, and organisms are extensively exposed to them. Considering the adverse effects of OPFRs, many researchers have devoted their attention to environmental risk assessments. This review outlines the current knowledge regarding the toxicity of OPFRs based on both in vitro and in vivo experiments in various environmentally relevant test species. The production, absorption, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of OPFRs in animals and humans are also described. The joint effects of OPFRs and their coexisting characteristics are also discussed based on the limited available data and results. Finally, knowledge gaps and perspectives for future exposure studies of OPFRs in animals and humans are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanxuan Li
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqing Jin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
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Stubbings WA, Nguyen LV, Romanak K, Jantunen L, Melymuk L, Arrandale V, Diamond ML, Venier M. Flame retardants and plasticizers in a Canadian waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) dismantling facility. Sci Total Environ 2019; 675:594-603. [PMID: 31030164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the concentrations of 79 flame retardants (FRs) and plasticizers, including 34 polybrominated diphenyl ethers or PBDE congeners, 17 "novel" brominated FRs (NBFRs), 15 dechloranes, and 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air (n = 9) and dust (n = 24) samples from an active waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) dismantling facility in Ontario, Canada, collected in February-March 2017. This is the first study of its kind in North America. The facility processes a range of WEEE including monitors, computers, printers, phones, and toys. Of the 79 target compounds, at least 60 were detected at a frequency of at least 50% in both air and dust. Dust and air concentrations were dominated by three compounds: BDE-209 (median 110,000 ng/g and 100 ng/m3, respectively), DBDPE (median 41,000 ng/g and 41 ng/m3), and TPhP (median 42,000 ng/g and 27 ng/m3). Levels of PBDEs, NBFRs, and dechloranes were close to two orders-of-magnitude higher in dust from the dismantling facility than in residential homes, while OPEs were one order-of-magnitude higher. Congener profiles of PBDEs indicated debromination of BDE-209. We calculated that a total mass of 44 ± 1 mg day-1 of 79 target analytes were released to air from WEEE processed in the dismantling hall and a further 270 ± 91 mg day-1 were released to dust. It is clear that WEEE dismantling facilities are a serious concern as a source of emissions for a wide range of FRs at relatively high concentrations to both workers and the immediate environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Stubbings
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Linh V Nguyen
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Arrandale
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Science, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, United States.
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Gravel S, Lavoué J, Bakhiyi B, Diamond ML, Jantunen LM, Lavoie J, Roberge B, Verner MA, Zayed J, Labrèche F. Halogenated flame retardants and organophosphate esters in the air of electronic waste recycling facilities: Evidence of high concentrations and multiple exposures. Environ Int 2019; 128:244-253. [PMID: 31059919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In response to a worldwide increase in production of electronic waste, the e-recycling industry is rapidly rowing. E-recycling workers are exposed to many potentially toxic contaminants, among which flame retardants (FRs), mainly suspected of being endocrine disruptors, are thought to be the most prevalent. OBJECTIVE To conduct an exposure assessment of four chemical groups of FRs in Canadian e-recycling facilities, and to identify the main cofactors of exposure. METHODS Personal air samples were collected over a workday for 85 workers in six e-recycling facilities, grouped into three facility sizes, and for 15 workers in control commercial waste facilities. Total particulate matter was measured by gravimetry with stationary air samples. FRs were collected on OSHA versatile samplers, which allow particulate and vapor phases collection. Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners (PBDEs), nine novel brominated (NBFRs), two chlorinated (ClFRs), and fourteen organophosphate ester (OPEs) flame retardants were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sociodemographic data, tasks performed and materials processed by participating workers were recorded. Tobit regressions were used to identify cofactors of exposure, and their conclusions were corroborated using semi-parametric reverse Cox regressions. RESULTS Thirty-nine of the 40 FRs analysed were detected in at least one air sample in e-recycling, and workers in this industry were exposed on average to 26 (range 12 to 39) different substances. The most detected chemical group of FRs in e-recycling was PBDEs with geometric mean sums of all congeners ranging from 120 to 5100 ng/m3, followed by OPEs with 740 to 1000 ng/m3, NBFRs with 7.6 to 100 ng/m3, and finally ClFRs with 3.9 to 32 mg/m3. The most important cofactor of exposure was the size of the e-recycling facility, with the largest one presenting on average 12 times the concentrations found in the control facility. Among tasks as potential cofactors of exposure, manual dismantling and baler operation exposed workers to some of the highest concentrations of PBDEs and ClFRs. There was a reduction of up to 27% in exposure to FRs associated with a 3-year increase in seniority. Finally, particulate matter concentrations in e-recycling facilities were highly correlated with all chemical classes except OPEs, and were higher in the large facility. CONCLUSIONS Among the FRs analysed, PBDE exposure was particularly high in e-recycling. Dust and particulate matter reduction strategies in these workplaces, together with training on proper working practices would certainly be important first steps to lower occupational exposures and prevent potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gravel
- Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Lavoué
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada; Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal Research Centre (CRCHUM), Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Canada
| | - Bouchra Bakhiyi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Canada; Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada
| | - Jacques Lavoie
- Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Canada
| | - Brigitte Roberge
- Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Canada
| | - Marc-André Verner
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Canada
| | - Joseph Zayed
- Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Canada
| | - France Labrèche
- Institut Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail, Canada; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Université de Montréal, Canada; Université de Montréal Public Health Research Institute (IRSPUM), Canada
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Zhang M, Shi J, Meng Y, Guo W, Li H, Liu X, Zhang Y, Ge H, Yao M, Hu Q. Occupational exposure characteristics and health risk of PBDEs at different domestic e-waste recycling workshops in China. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 174:532-539. [PMID: 30861441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) contained in electronic waste (e-waste) can be released to indoor environments and cause occupational health hazards during the recycling process. TVs, washing machines, refrigerators and printed wiring boar (PWB) represent the main domestic e-wastes. In this study, concentrations of Σ7PBDEs in air and dust samples from recycling workshops handling these four major types of e-wastes were measured, and the occupational exposure risk for workers at the corresponding workshops was evaluated. Concentrations of Σ7PBDEs in air and dust were within the ranges of 55.28-369.66 ng/m3 and 158.07-669.81 μg/g, respectively. The highest concentration of Σ7PBDEs in air was detected in the TV recycling workshop, while the refrigerator recycling workshop had the highest level of Σ7PBDEs in dust. The workers at these two e-waste recycling workshops were the most substantially exposed to BDE-209, which accounted for more than 85% of Σ7PBDEs in both air and dust. Compared to other e-waste recycling workshops, the workers at the PWB recycling workshop were also more exposed to BDE-47 and BDE-99. Occupational exposure levels for inhalation and dust ingestion were within the ranges of 3939 pg/kg/d to 26,271 pg/kg/d and 104,945 pg/kg/d to 444,694 pg/kg/d, respectively. The hazard quotient (HQ) values were calculated based on the RfDs provided by the EPA. Total HQ levels of inhalation exposure and dust ingestion were less than 0.222. The results of the HQ indicated that no adverse health effects were expected for workers in these workshops; however, the exposure risk of workers in the PWB recycling workshop (HQ=0.222) was higher than that in other e-waste recycling workshops (HQ=0.022-0.072). At the PWB recycling workshop, BDE-47 and BDE-99 caused the main occupational exposure risk to the workers, while s in the recycling plants handling other types of domestic e-waste BDE-209 was the major contributor to the risk faced by the workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengtao Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianghong Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China; School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yaobin Meng
- Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Huiyuan Li
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Liu
- Hefei University of Technology (Xuancheng Campus) Xuancheng, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Ge
- The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Yao
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Hu
- The Key Laboratory of Municipal Solid Waste Recycling Technology and Management of Shenzhen City, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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47
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Wade MG, Kawata A, Rigden M, Caldwell D, Holloway AC. Toxicity of Flame Retardant Isopropylated Triphenyl Phosphate: Liver, Adrenal, and Metabolic Effects. Int J Toxicol 2019; 38:279-290. [PMID: 31132918 DOI: 10.1177/1091581819851502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The use of organophosphates phosphate flame retardants, particularly isopropylated triphenyl phosphate (IPTPP), has increased in recent years as replacements for polybrominated diphenyl ethers. This is despite limited understanding of the hazards of IPTPP. To examine the general and endocrine toxicity of IPTPP, adult Wistar rats were fed for 90 days on diets containing IPTPP estimated to deliver daily doses of 5 to 140 mg/kg/d. Exposure to IPTPP caused a dose-related increase in liver and adrenal gland weight in both sexes. Cells in the zona fasciculate (ZF) of the adrenal cortex were observed to be filled with droplets that stained with Nile red, suggesting they contained neutral lipid. Despite marked structural changes, there was no change in basal or stress-induced serum levels of their major secreted ZF product corticosterone (B), suggesting cell function was not altered. There were no effects on responses to glucose or insulin challenge, but serum levels of fructosamine were elevated by IPTPP exposure, suggesting a slight tendency of exposed animals to be hyperglycemic. Serum levels of total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly elevated in both sexes at the 2 highest doses. This study demonstrates that IPTPP exposure causes hypertrophy and neutral lipid accumulation in adrenal cortex ZF cells but does not result in impaired B production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Wade
- 1 Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alice Kawata
- 1 Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Rigden
- 1 Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Don Caldwell
- 2 Scientific Services Division, Health Products and Foods Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison C Holloway
- 3 Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Health Sciences Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Liu R, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y, An T. Comparing pollution patterns and human exposure to atmospheric PBDEs and PCBs emitted from different e-waste dismantling processes. J Hazard Mater 2019; 369:142-149. [PMID: 30776597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Waste electrical and electronic equipment (E-waste) recycling provides post-consumption economic opportunities, can also exert stress on environment and human health. This study investigated emissions, compositional profiles, and health risks associated with polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) at five workshops (electric blowers to treat mobile phones (EBMP), electric heating furnaces to treat televisions (EHFTV) and routers (EHFR), and rotatory incinerators to treat televisions (RITV) and hard disks (RIHD)) within an e-waste dismantling industrial park. Total suspended particulate (TSP), PBDE, and PCB concentrations were 490-1530 μg m-3, 26.6-11,800 ng m-3 and 6.4-19.8 ng m-3 in different workshops, respectively. Tetra-BDEs were dominant in TV recycling workshops, whereas deca-BDEs were in other workshops. BDE-47, -99, and -209 were the most abundant PBDEs during e-waste recycling activities (expect in RIHD workshop). Penta-CBs were present at high levels in TV workshops, as were tetra-CBs in RIHD workshop. Low brominated BDEs contributed a large portion during working and non-working time. The percentages of octa-BDEs and nona-BDEs were higher during non-working than working time. PBDEs posed a higher non-cancer risk; PCBs posed cancer risk to workers through inhalation in TV workshops. This study provides insights into environmental characterization of PBDEs and PCBs during e-waste recycling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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Espinosa Ruiz C, Manuguerra S, Cuesta A, Esteban MA, Santulli A, Messina CM. Sub-lethal doses of polybrominated diphenyl ethers affect some biomarkers involved in energy balance and cell cycle, via oxidative stress in the marine fish cell line SAF-1. Aquat Toxicol 2019; 210:1-10. [PMID: 30797971 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of persistent contaminants which are found all over the world in the marine environment. Sparus aurata fibroblast cell line (SAF-1) was exposed to increasing concentrations of PBDEs 47 and 99, until 72 h to evaluate the cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and the expression of some selected molecular markers related to cell cycle, cell signaling, energetic balance and oxidative stress (p53, erk-1, hif-1α and nrf-2), by real-time PCR. Furthermore, SAF-1 cells were exposed for 7 and 15 days to sub-lethal concentrations, in order to evaluate the response of some biomarkers by immunoblotting (p53, ERK-1, AMPK, HIF-1α and NRF-2). After 48 and 72 h, the cells showed a significant decrease of cell vitality as well as an increase of intracellular ROS production. Gene expression analysis showed that sub-lethal concentrations of BDE-99 and 47, after 72 h, up-regulated cell cycle and oxidative stress biomarkers, although exposure to 100 μmol L-1 down-regulated the selected markers related to cell cycle, cell signaling, energetic balance. After 7 and 15 days of sub-lethal doses exposure, all the analyzed markers resulted affected by the contaminants. Our results suggest that PBDEs influence the cells homeostasis first of all via oxidative stress, reducing the cell response and defense capacity and affecting its energetic levels. This situation of stress and energy imbalance could represents a condition that, modifying some of the analyzed biochemical pathways, would predispose to cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristobal Espinosa Ruiz
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Simona Manuguerra
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Andrea Santulli
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy; Consorzio Universitario della Provincia di Trapani, Marine Biology Institute, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy
| | - Concetta M Messina
- University of Palermo, Dept of Earth and Marine Science DISTEM, Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Via Barlotta 4, 91100, Trapani, Italy.
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Ren L, Li L, Chen S, Li H, Liu Y, Zhou L, Guo S, Yu Y. Yolk-shell Fe/FeS@SiO2 particles with enhanced dispersibility, transportability and degradation of TBBPA. Catal Today 2019; 327:2-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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