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Li S, Zhu Y, Xu Z, Chen L, Wang W, Cheng Z. The phylogeny and divergence time of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its host insects based on elongation factor 1 alpha. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:98. [PMID: 36853446 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis Berk. is a fungal parasite that parasitizes the larvae of Hepialidae and is endemic to the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The phylogeny and divergence time of O. sinensis and its host insects were analyzed for 137 individuals from 48 O. sinensis populations based on the elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1α) gene. Lower nucleotide variation, with only 7 and 16 EF-1α haplotypes, was detected in O. sinensis and its host insects, respectively. The isolated and broad distribution patterns coexisted in both O. sinensis and its host insects on the QTP. The divergence time estimates show that O. sinensis and its host insects originated later than 14.33 million years (Myr) and earlier than 23.60 Myr in the Miocene period, and the major differentiation occurred later than 4 Myr. Their origin and differentiation match well with the second and third uplifts of the QTP, respectively. The host insects from the O. sinensis populations distributed around Qinghai Lake are inferred as an ancient and relict species that has survived various geological events of the QTP. It is suitable to estimate the divergence times of both O. sinensis and its host insects from the same individuals using one gene: EF-1α. Our findings of the origin, phylogeny, and evolution of the endemic species also support the epoch of geological events on the QTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunguo Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zixian Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, 1239, Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China.
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Castillo LP, Osorio A, Vargas N, Sanjuan T, Grajales A, Restrepo S. Genetic diversity of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps tenuipes in forests and butterfly gardens in Quindío, Colombia. Fungal Biol 2018; 122:891-899. [PMID: 30115323 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps tenuipes is an entomopathogenic fungus that infects mostly pupae of several lepidopteran families. In Colombia the species has been reported in non-disturbed tropical rain forests and more recently in butterfly gardens. The aim of this study was to assess the genetic diversity in populations of C. tenuipes present in natural (forests) and artificial (e.g. butterfly gardens) environments in the department of Quindío, Colombia, using three molecular nuclear markers ITS, TEF-1α and RPB1. All the samples evaluated corresponded morphologically and phylogenetically to C. tenuipes. The butterfly garden of Quindio Botanical Garden (QBG) showed the highest genetic diversity among all sampling localities and was very similar to that of its adjacent forest. The Amaranta Butterfly Garden (ABG), located north of QBG, showed lower genetic diversity as well as little genetic differentiation with QBG, consistent with the hypothesis of a pathogen transfer from QBG to ABG. Higher FST values were observed for TEF-1α and ITS, revealing genetic differentiation between all demes and the southern forest population. Our research constitutes the first study of the intraspecific diversity of C. tenuipes in Colombia and can serve as the first step in identifying diversity reservoirs and management of epizootic episodes caused by this fungal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy P Castillo
- Departmento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Osorio
- Departmento de Biología y Educación Ambiental, Universidad del Quindío, Armenia, Colombia
| | - Natalia Vargas
- Departmento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Tatiana Sanjuan
- Laboratorio de Taxonomía y Ecología de Hongos, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 67 No. 53 - 108, A.A. 1226, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Grajales
- Departmento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Silvia Restrepo
- Departmento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Xia F, Liu Y, Guo MY, Shen GR, Lin J, Zhou XW. Pyrosequencing analysis revealed complex endogenetic microorganism community from natural DongChong XiaCao and its microhabitat. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:196. [PMID: 27565900 PMCID: PMC5002179 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0813-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ophiocordyceps sinensis (DongChong XiaCao (DCXC) in Chinese), a fungal parasite of caterpillars, is a traditional Chinese medicine. Bioactive components isolated from natural DCXC possess a wide range of pharmacological actions. Many efforts have been directed towards isolating the fungi based on culture-dependent methods for investigation of fungal diversity in order to determine the anamorph of natural DCXC and find new medicinal fungi resources, and the results have been varied. RESULTS In the present study, a total of 44,588 bacterial and 51,584 fungal sequences corresponding to 11,694 and 9297 putative operational taxonomic units (OTU) were respectively identified by a Roche/454-based, high throughput sequence analysis of 16S rRNA genes and ITS regions. The main bacterial groups were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes, while the Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were the main fungal phyla. Proteobacteria presented 68.4, 49.5, 38.9 and 35.6 % of all bacteria in the sclerotia, stromata, external mycelial cortices and soil, respectively. As the main fungi phyla, Ascomycota presented 21.0, 45.6 26.4 and 59.3 % in the sclerotia, stromata, external mycelial cortices and soil, respectively. Bacterial and fungal communities were more diverse in the environmental sample than in the natural DCXC sample. Microbial communities were obviously distinct in each sample. Several novel unclassifiable bacterial (10.41 %) and fungal (37.92 %) species were also detected. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed an abundant endogenetic fungal and bacterial resources and a variety of genetic information in natural DCXC by high-throughput 454 sequencing technology. Microorganism that had been discovered in natural DCXC will provide sources for screening the new bioactive metabolites and its biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xia
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, E-401-8#, Life Science Building, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang-Rong Shen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Lin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, E-401-8#, Life Science Building, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai, 200438 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan-Wei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South) Ministry of Agriculture, and Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody (Ministry of Education), and School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1-411# Agriculture and Biology Building, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240 People’s Republic of China
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Zhang Y, Zhang S, Li Y, Ma S, Wang C, Xiang M, Liu X, An Z, Xu J, Liu X. Phylogeography and evolution of a fungal-insect association on the Tibetan Plateau. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5337-55. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
- School of Life Sciences; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Shu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Yuling Li
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Shaoli Ma
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology; Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Meichun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Grassland; Qinghai Academy of Animal & Veterinary Sciences; Xining 810016 China
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Institute of Molecular Medicine; University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Houston TX 77030 USA
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology; McMaster University; Hamilton Ontario Canada L8S 4K1
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources; Yunnan University; Kunming 650091 China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology; Institute of Microbiology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100101 China
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Quan QM, Wang QX, Zhou XL, Li S, Yang XL, Zhu YG, Cheng Z. Comparative phylogenetic relationships and genetic structure of the caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its host insects inferred from multiple gene sequences. J Microbiol 2014; 52:99-105. [PMID: 24500473 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-014-3391-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ascomycota: Ophiocordycipitaceae) is a native fungal parasite of Hepialidae caterpillars and one of the most economically important medicinal caterpillar fungi in China. However, little is known about the phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships between O. sinensis and its host insects. In this study, nuclear ITS and β-tubulin sequences from O. sinensis and mitochondrial COI, COII, and Cytb sequences from its hosts were analyzed across 33 populations sampled from five regions in China. Phylogenetically, both O. sinensis and its hosts were divided into three geographically correlated clades, and their phylogenies were congruent. Analysis of molecular variance and calculated coefficients of genetic differentiation revealed significant genetic divergence among the clades within both O. sinensis (F(ST)= 0.878, N(ST)=0.842) and its hosts (F(ST)=0.861, N(ST)=0.816). Estimated gene flow was very low for O. sinensis (Nm=0.04) and the host insects (Nm=0.04) among these three clades. Mantel tests demonstrated a significant correlation (P<0.01) between the genetic distances for O. sinensis and its hosts, as well as a significant association (P<0.05) between geographic and genetic distances in both. The similar phylogenetic relationships, geographic distributions, and genetic structure and differentiation between O. sinensis and its hosts imply that they have coevolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Mei Quan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Zhang S, Zhang YJ, Liu XZ, Zhang H, Liu DS. On the reliability of DNA sequences of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in public databases. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 40:365-78. [PMID: 23397071 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-012-1228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Some DNA sequences in the International Nucleotide Sequence Databases (INSD) are erroneously annotated, which has lead to misleading conclusions in publications. Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis) is a fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, and more than 100 populations covering almost its distribution area have been examined by us over recent years. In this study, using the data from authentic materials, we have evaluated the reliability of nucleotide sequences annotated as O. sinensis in the INSD. As of October 15, 2012, the INSD contained 874 records annotated as O. sinensis, including 555 records representing nuclear ribosomal DNA (63.5 %), 197 representing protein-coding genes (22.5 %), 92 representing random markers with unknown functions (10.5 %), and 30 representing microsatellite loci (3.5 %). Our analysis indicated that 39 of the 397 internal transcribed spacer entries, 27 of the 105 small subunit entries, and five of the 53 large subunit entries were incorrectly annotated as belonging to O. sinensis. For protein-coding sequences, all records of serine protease genes, the mating-type gene MAT1-2-1, the DNA lyase gene, the two largest subunits of RNA polymerase II, and elongation factor-1α gene were correct, while 14 of the 73 β-tubulin entries were indeterminate. Genetic diversity analyses using those sequences correctly identified as O. sinensis revealed significant genetic differentiation in the fungus although the extent of genetic differentiation varied with the gene. The relationship between O. sinensis and some other related fungal taxa is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
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Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Natural remedies are becoming increasingly popular and important in the public and scientific communities. Historically, natural remedies have been shown to present interesting biological and pharmacological activity and are used as chemotherapeutic agents. For centuries Cordyceps, which is a genus of more than 400 species in the family Clavicipitaceae, has been used in traditional Chinese medicine. This study highlights the chemistry and pharmacology of Cordyceps, especially Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. and C. militaris (Fr.) L. Information was obtained from Google Scholar and the journal databases PubMed and Scopus.
Key findings
Many bioactive components of Cordyceps have been extracted, such as cordycepin, cordycepic acid, ergosterol, polysaccharides, nucleosides and peptides. Studies show that Cordyceps and its active principles possess a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumour, antihyperglycaemic, antiapoptosis, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective.
Summary
More research is required to discover the full extent of the activity of Cordyceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yue
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Meng Ye
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Zuji Zhou
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Wen Sun
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang YJ, Bai FR, Zhang S, Liu XZ. Determining novel molecular markers in the Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis by screening a shotgun genomic library. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 95:1243-51. [PMID: 22466955 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4028-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis, endemic to alpine regions on the Tibetan Plateau, is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the world. Genetic differentiation within this fungus was observed; however, due to lack of highly efficient molecular markers, the overall genetic structure of this fungus has not been clarified. In this study, a shotgun genomic library of O. sinensis was constructed, and >181,848 nt were analyzed from >250 random clones. Primers from 33 sequenced fragments were then designed to amplify O. sinensis samples collected from widely separated regions on the Tibetan Plateau. Ten of the 33 fragments had no amplification or poor sequencing quality from all or certain samples. Sequence variations of the remaining 23 fragments among different samples were investigated in detail. Three fragments (OSRC14, OSRC19, and OSRC32) were the most variable with 7-43 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites, representing the SNP frequency of 1.2-6.7 % per nucleotide site. These three fragments have the potential to be useful molecular markers for studying the population genetics of O. sinensis. These results also showed that constructing and screening a shotgun genomic library was an efficient approach to identify novel molecular markers from non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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Wang XL, Yang RH, Yao YJ. Development of microsatellite markers for Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Ophiocordycipitaceae) using an ISSR-TAIL-PCR method. Am J Bot 2011; 98:e391-e394. [PMID: 22130274 DOI: 10.3732/ajb.1100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE OF THE STUDY Microsatellite primers were developed for Ophiocordyceps sinensis, an endangered medicinal fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau, to investigate its genetic diversity and population structure. METHODS AND RESULTS An inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL)-PCR method was established to develop microsatellite markers. A total of 30 perfect and imperfect microsatellites were identified in 48 individuals of O. sinensis from five provinces within China representing different populations. Seventeen loci were polymorphic with two to four alleles per locus, while 13 were monomorphic. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the microsatellite markers developed here may be used in studies of population genetics and conservation biology of O. sinensis. Furthermore, the ISSR-TAIL-PCR method is a simple strategy for microsatellite marker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Shrestha
- a Green Energy Mission/Nepal, Anam Nagar , Kathmandu, P.O. Box 10647, Nepal
| | - Weimin Zhang
- b Guangdong Institute of Microbiology , Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Yongjie Zhang
- c School of Life Sciences, Shanxi University , Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Xingzhong Liu
- d Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology , Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Datun Road, Chaoyang District , Beijing, 100101, China
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Zhang Y, Xu L, Zhang S, Liu X, An Z, Wang M, Guo Y. Genetic diversity of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a medicinal fungus endemic to the Tibetan Plateau: implications for its evolution and conservation. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:290. [PMID: 20003548 PMCID: PMC2805636 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis), endemic to alpine regions on the Tibetan plateau, is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the world. Huge commercial demand has led to excessive harvest and a dramatic decline in its numbers. The diversity of terrains and climates on the Tibetan Plateau and the broad insect host range (more than 50 species in the family Hepialidae) may have resulted in substantial intraspecific genetic diversity for this fungus. The objective of this study was to evaluate the population distribution of O. sinensis from geographically diverse regions of the Tibetan Plateau based on nrDNA ITS and MAT1-2-1 gene sequences. Understanding of the genetic diversity and genesis of O. sinensis will provide important information for the evolution and conservation of this fungus. Results Significant sequence variations in the ITS and MAT1-2-1 genes (27 and 23 informative sites, eight and seven haplotypes, respectively) were observed. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS sequences, MAT1-2-1 sequences, or their combined data set, clustered isolates from northern regions in one clade (clade I), whereas isolates from southern regions were dispersed in all four clades (clade I-IV). Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analyses of 2639 ITS clones from seven samples revealed 91 different SSCP patterns that were subsequently sequenced. ITS heterogeneity was found in XZ-LZ07-H1 (Nyingchi population), and 17 informative sites and five haplotypes were detected from 15 clones. The five haplotypes clustered into three clades (clade I, II, and IV). Conclusions Significant genetic divergence in O. sinensis was observed and the genetic diversification was greater among southern isolates than that among northern isolates. The polymorphism of nrDNA ITS sequences suggested that O. sinensis spread from a center of origin (the Nyingchi District) to southern regions and subsequently to northern areas. These results suggest that southern populations are important reservoirs of genetic diversity and should be taken into account in conservation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.3, 1st Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, PR China.
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Feng K, Wang S, Hu D, Yang F, Wang H, Li S. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and the nucleosides assessment of fungal strains isolated from natural Cordyceps sinensis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 50:522-6. [PMID: 19481405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/25/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Liang H, Cheng Z, Yang X, Li S, Ding Z, Zhou T, Zhang W, Chen J. Genetic diversity and structure of Cordyceps sinensis populations from extensive geographical regions in China as revealed by inter-simple sequence repeat markers. J Microbiol 2008; 46:549-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-008-0107-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Paterson RRM. Cordyceps: a traditional Chinese medicine and another fungal therapeutic biofactory? Phytochemistry 2008; 69:1469-95. [PMID: 18343466 PMCID: PMC7111646 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2007] [Revised: 01/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) are growing in popularity. However, are they effective? Cordyceps is not studied as systematically for bioactivity as another TCM, Ganoderma. Cordyceps is fascinating per se, especially because of the pathogenic lifestyle on Lepidopteron insects. The combination of the fungus and dead insect has been used as a TCM for centuries. However, the natural fungus has been harvested to the extent that it is an endangered species. The effectiveness has been attributed to the Chinese philosophical concept of Yin and Yang and can this be compatible with scientific philosophy? A vast literature exists, some of which is scientific, although others are popular myth, and even hype. Cordyceps sinensis is the most explored species followed by Cordyceps militaris. However, taxonomic concepts were confused until a recent revision, with undefined material being used that cannot be verified. Holomorphism is relevant and contamination might account for some of the activity. The role of the insect has been ignored. Some of the analytical methodologies are poor. Data on the "old" compound cordycepin are still being published: ergosterol and related compounds are reported despite being universal to fungi. There is too much work on crude extracts rather than pure compounds with water and methanol solvents being over-represented in this respect (although methanol is an effective solvent). Excessive speculation exists as to the curative properties. However, there are some excellent pharmacological data and relating to apoptosis. For example, some preparations are active against cancers or diabetes which should be fully investigated. Polysaccharides and secondary metabolites are of particular interest. The use of genuine anamorphic forms in bioreactors is encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Russell M Paterson
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (IBB), Centre of Biological Engineering, Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.
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Liu WC, Wang SC, Tsai ML, Chen MC, Wang YC, Hong JH, McBride WH, Chiang CS. Protection against radiation-induced bone marrow and intestinal injuries by Cordyceps sinensis, a Chinese herbal medicine. Radiat Res 2007; 166:900-7. [PMID: 17149981 DOI: 10.1667/rr0670.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow and intestinal damage limits the efficacy of radiotherapy for cancer and can result in death if the whole body is exposed to too high a dose, as might be the case in a nuclear accident or terrorist incident. Identification of an effective nontoxic biological radioprotector is therefore a matter of some urgency. In this study, we show that an orally administered hot-water extract from a Chinese herbal medicine, Cordyceps sinensis (CS), protects mice from bone marrow and intestinal injuries after total-body irradiation (TBI). CS increased the median time to death from 13 to 20 days after 8 Gy TBI and from 9 to 18 days after 10 Gy TBI. Although CS-treated mice receiving 10 Gy TBI survived intestinal injury, most died from bone marrow failure, as shown by severe marrow hypoplasia in mice dying between 18 and 24 days. At lower TBI doses of 5.5 and 6.5 Gy, CS protected against bone marrow death, an effect that was confirmed by the finding that white blood cell counts recovered more rapidly. In vitro, CS reduced the levels of free radical species (ROS) within cells, and this is one likely mechanism for the radioprotective effects of CS, although probably not the only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
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Kuo HC, Su YL, Yang HL, Chen TY. Identification of Chinese medicinal fungus Cordyceps sinensis by PCR-single-stranded conformation polymorphism and phylogenetic relationship. J Agric Food Chem 2005; 53:3963-8. [PMID: 15884824 DOI: 10.1021/jf0482562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the Cordyceps species have long been used as food and herbal medicines in Asia and are especially popular as commercially available powdered supplements. Despite this acceptance and use, little is known of the phylogenetic relationships of the genus. Presently, the neighbor-joining method based on the ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 regions was used to construct a phylogenetic tree of 17 Cordyceps isolates. Five major groups were evident. Cordyceps sinensis was less closely related to 15 Cordyceps species but shared a closer relationship with Cordyceps agriota. PCR-single-stranded conformational polymorphism was applied to differentiate seven Cordyceps isolates: five were different from those used to construct the phylogenetic tree, based on differences in the internal spacer 2 (ITS2). The length of ITS2, amplified by primers 5.8SR and ITS4, vary between 334 and 400 bp. This segment could be used for intraspecies classification or detection of mutations and represents potential novel means of identification of this fungal genus in herbal medicines and in quality control applications in the fermentation industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Che Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Buenz EJ, Bauer BA, Osmundson TW, Motley TJ. The traditional Chinese medicine Cordyceps sinensis and its effects on apoptotic homeostasis. J Ethnopharmacol 2005; 96:19-29. [PMID: 15588646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/20/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is a medicinal fungus of Traditional Chinese Medicine. While there are a wide range of reported uses of Cordyceps sinensis in the literature, the reports that extracts of this fungus may alter apoptotic homeostasis are most intriguing. However, there are significant challenges regarding research surrounding Cordyceps sinensis, such as the difficulty identifying the various species of Cordyceps and the many conflicting reports of pharmacological function in the literature. In this review we outline what is known about the ability of Cordyceps sinensis to alter apoptotic homeostasis, attempt to reconcile the differences in reported function, identify the challenges surrounding future Cordyceps sinensis research, and delineate options for overcoming these critical hurdles.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Buenz
- Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Chen YQ, Hu B, Xu F, Zhang W, Zhou H, Qu LH. Genetic variation of Cordyceps sinensis, a fruit-body-producing entomopathogenic species from different geographical regions in China. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004; 230:153-8. [PMID: 14734179 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1097(03)00889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps sinensis is one of the most valuable medicinal fungi in the Orient. It is naturally distributed in the eastern extension area of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, at an altitude over 4000 m high. In order to investigate genetic variation and evolutionary relationships of C. sinensis from different geographical regions, 17 isolates of C. sinensis were collected from different provinces and the complete sequences of rDNA ITS were determined. On the basis of 5.8S rDNA and ITS region analysis, it was clearly shown that the ITS sequences within C. sinensis are highly homologous regardless of geographical origin. The distance values between the sequences in this study were lower than 0.03. This implied that C. sinensis from different geographic regions are the same species; they are not different species or a species complex. The results also showed that distance values between C. sinensis and Hirsutella sinensis are of the same order as those within C. sinensis from different geographic regions. This confirmed our previous results that C. sinensis should only have H. sinensis as its asexual stage whatever the geographic region from which the samples were collected. An rDNA ITS clone library was established to obtain further evidence for the interpretation of the fungal community structure from C. sinensis and to confirm the accuracy of the taxonomic identities produced by directly sequencing the rDNA ITS region. The discrimination between intraspecies of C. sinensis might provide additional data for the authentication of medicinal material at the species or intraspecies level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qin Chen
- Biotechnology Research Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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