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Atorrasagasti C, Onorato AM, Mazzolini G. The role of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:815-831. [PMID: 36018492 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00913-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein with pleiotropic functions, which is expressed in adipose, hepatic, muscular, and pancreatic tissue. Particularly, several studies demonstrated that SPARC is an important player in the context of obesity, diabetes, and fatty liver disease including advanced hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Evidence in murine and human samples indicates that SPARC is involved in adipogenesis, cellular metabolism, extracellular matrix modulation, glucose and lipid metabolism, among others. Furthermore, studies in SPARC knockout mouse model showed that SPARC contributes to adipose tissue formation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and diabetes. Hence, SPARC may represent a novel and interesting target protein for future therapeutic interventions or a biomarker of disease progression. This review summarizes the role of SPARC in the pathophysiology of obesity, and extensively revised SPARC functions in physiological and pathological adipose tissue deposition, muscle metabolism, liver, and diabetes-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Atorrasagasti
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Agostina M Onorato
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo Mazzolini
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional, CONICET- Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Liver Unit, Hospital Universitario Austral, Universidad Austral, Av. Pte. Perón 1500 (B1629AHJ) Derqui-Pilar, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Ryu S, Spadaro O, Sidorov S, Lee AH, Caprio S, Morrison C, Smith SR, Ravussin E, Shchukina I, Artyomov MN, Youm YH, Dixit VD. Reduction of SPARC protects mice against NLRP3 inflammasome activation and obesity. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e169173. [PMID: 37781916 PMCID: PMC10541189 DOI: 10.1172/jci169173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The comprehensive assessment of long-term effects of reducing intake of energy (CALERIE-II; NCT00427193) clinical trial established that caloric restriction (CR) in humans lowers inflammation. The identity and mechanism of endogenous CR-mimetics that can be deployed to control obesity-associated inflammation and diseases are not well understood. Our studies have found that 2 years of 14% sustained CR in humans inhibits the expression of the matricellular protein, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), in adipose tissue. In mice, adipose tissue remodeling caused by weight loss through CR and low-protein diet feeding decreased, while high-fat diet-induced (HFD-induced) obesity increased SPARC expression in adipose tissue. Inducible SPARC downregulation in adult mice mimicked CR's effects on lowering adiposity by regulating energy expenditure. Deletion of SPARC in adipocytes was sufficient to protect mice against HFD-induced adiposity, chronic inflammation, and metabolic dysfunction. Mechanistically, SPARC activates the NLRP3 inflammasome at the priming step and downregulation of SPARC lowers macrophage inflammation in adipose tissue, while excess SPARC activated macrophages via JNK signaling. Collectively, reduction of adipocyte-derived SPARC confers CR-like metabolic and antiinflammatory benefits in obesity by serving as an immunometabolic checkpoint of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Ryu
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon, South Korea
| | - Olga Spadaro
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sviatoslav Sidorov
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Aileen H. Lee
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sonia Caprio
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Steven R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Irina Shchukina
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maxim N. Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Yun-Hee Youm
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Pathology and
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Chaiyasoot K, Khumkhana N, Deekum W, Chaichana C, Taweerutchana V, Srisuworanan N, Pramyothin P. Alteration of BDNF, SPARC, FGF-21, and GDF-15 circulating levels after 1 year of anti-obesity treatments and their association with 1-year weight loss. Endocrine 2023; 82:57-68. [PMID: 37436597 PMCID: PMC10462550 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging evidence revealed that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF-21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) are involved in energy metabolism and body weight regulation. Our study aimed at examining their association with BMI, their alterations after anti-obesity treatments, and their association with 1-year weight loss. METHODS A prospective observational study of 171 participants with overweight and obesity and 46 lean controls was established. All participants received lifestyle educational intervention (LEI) with or without anti-obesity treatments (LEI + bariatric/metabolic surgery, n = 41; LEI + topiramate, n = 46; LEI + liraglutide, n = 31; LEI + orlistat, n = 12; and LEI alone, n = 41). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters, insulin sensitivity, C-reactive protein (CRP), fasting plasma levels of BDNF, SPARC, GDF-15, and FGF-21 were measured at baseline and 1 year. RESULTS Multiple linear regression showed that fasting levels of SPARC, FGF-21, and GDF-15 were significantly associated with baseline BMI after adjustment for age and sex. At 1 year, the average weight loss was 4.8% in the entire cohort with a significant improvement in glycemia, insulin sensitivity, and CRP. Multiple linear regression adjusted for age, sex, baseline BMI, type of treatment, and presence of T2DM revealed that the decrease in log10FGF-21 and log10GDF-15 at 1 year from baseline was significantly associated with a greater percentage of weight loss at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the association of SPARC, FGF-21, and GDF-15 levels with BMI. Decreased circulating levels of GDF-15 and FGF-21 were associated with greater weight loss at 1 year, regardless of the types of anti-obesity modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusuma Chaiyasoot
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nanta Khumkhana
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanjan Deekum
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chartchai Chaichana
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Voraboot Taweerutchana
- Division of Minimal Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicha Srisuworanan
- Division of Minimal Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpoj Pramyothin
- Division of Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Abstract
Fibrosis in adipose tissue is a major driver of obesity-related metabolic dysregulation. It is characterized by an overaccumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) during unhealthy expansion of adipose tissue in response to over nutrition. In obese adipose-depots, hypoxia stimulates multiple pro-fibrotic signaling pathways in different cell populations, thereby inducing the overproduction of the ECM components, including collagens, noncollagenous proteins, and additional enzymatic components of ECM synthesis. As a consequence, local fibrosis develops. The result of fibrosis-induced mechanical stress not only triggers cell necrosis and inflammation locally in adipose tissue but also leads to system-wide lipotoxicity and insulin resistance. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the obesity-induced fibrosis will help design therapeutic approaches to reduce or reverse the pathological changes associated with obese adipose tissue. Here, we aim to summarize the major advances in the field, which include newly identified fibrotic factors, cell populations that contribute to the fibrosis in adipose tissue, as well as novel mechanisms underlying the development of fibrosis. We further discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to target fibrosis in adipose tissue for the treatment of obesity-linked metabolic diseases and cancer. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4387-4407, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Sun
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Metabolic and Degenerative Diseases, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Coassolo L, Dannieskiold-Samsøe NB, Zhao M, Allen H, Svensson KJ. New players of the adipose secretome: Therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 67:102302. [PMID: 36195010 PMCID: PMC9772291 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a functional endocrine organ comprised of adipocytes and other cell types that are known to secrete a multiplicity of adipose-derived factors, including lipids and proteins. It is well established that adipose tissue and its secretome can impact systemic energy homeostasis. The endocrine and paracrine effects of adipose-derived factors have been widely studied over the last several decades. Owing to technological advances in genomics and proteomics, several additional adipose-derived protein factors have recently been identified. By learning from previous efforts, the next challenge will be to leverage these discoveries for the prevention or treatment of metabolic disorders. Here, we discuss recently discovered adipose-derived proteins secreted from white or brown adipose tissue and the opportunities and challenges of translating these biological findings into disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Coassolo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Niels Banhos Dannieskiold-Samsøe
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Meng Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hobson Allen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katrin J Svensson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA.
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Ryu S, Sidorov S, Ravussin E, Artyomov M, Iwasaki A, Wang A, Dixit VD. The matricellular protein SPARC induces inflammatory interferon-response in macrophages during aging. Immunity 2022; 55:1609-1626.e7. [PMID: 35963236 PMCID: PMC9474643 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The risk of chronic diseases caused by aging is reduced by caloric restriction (CR)-induced immunometabolic adaptation. Here, we found that the matricellular protein, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), was inhibited by 2 years of 14% sustained CR in humans and elevated by obesity. SPARC converted anti-inflammatory macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype with induction of interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) expression via the transcription factors IRF3/7. Mechanistically, SPARC-induced ISGs were dependent on toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4)-mediated TBK1, IRF3, IFN-β, and STAT1 signaling without engaging the Myd88 pathway. Metabolically, SPARC dampened mitochondrial respiration, and inhibition of glycolysis abrogated ISG induction by SPARC in macrophages. Furthermore, the N-terminal acidic domain of SPARC was required for ISG induction, while adipocyte-specific deletion of SPARC reduced inflammation and extended health span during aging. Collectively, SPARC, a CR-mimetic adipokine, is an immunometabolic checkpoint of inflammation and interferon response that may be targeted to delay age-related metabolic and functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Ryu
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sviatoslav Sidorov
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Maxim Artyomov
- Section of Immunology, Washington School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Andrew Wang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Yale Center for Research on Aging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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7
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine as an Exercise-Induced Gene: Towards Novel Molecular Therapies for Immobilization-Related Muscle Atrophy in Elderly Patients. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061014. [PMID: 35741776 PMCID: PMC9223229 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long periods of immobilization, among other etiologies, would result is muscle atrophy. Exercise is the best approach to reverse this atrophy. However, the limited or the non-ability to perform the required physical activity for such patients and the limited pharmacological options make developing novel therapeutic approaches a necessity. Within this context, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been characterized as an exercise-induced gene. Whereas the knock-out of this gene leads to a phenotype that mimics number of the ageing-induced and sarcopenia-related changes including muscle atrophy, overexpressing SPARC in mice or adding it to muscular cell culture produces similar effects as exercise including enhanced muscle mass, strength and metabolism. Therefore, this piece of writing aims to provide evidence supporting the potential use of SPARC/SPARC as a molecular therapy for muscle atrophy in the context of immobilization especially for elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-654-2296
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Trinh K, Julovi SM, Rogers NM. The Role of Matrix Proteins in Cardiac Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031338. [PMID: 35163259 PMCID: PMC8836004 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) and ECM-regulatory proteins mediate structural and cell-cell interactions that are crucial for embryonic cardiac development and postnatal homeostasis, as well as organ remodeling and repair in response to injury. These proteins possess a broad functionality that is regulated by multiple structural domains and dependent on their ability to interact with extracellular substrates and/or cell surface receptors. Several different cell types (cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and inflammatory cells) within the myocardium elaborate ECM proteins, and their role in cardiovascular (patho)physiology has been increasingly recognized. This has stimulated robust research dissecting the ECM protein function in human health and disease and replicating the genetic proof-of-principle. This review summarizes recent developments regarding the contribution of ECM to cardiovascular disease. The clear importance of this heterogeneous group of proteins in attenuating maladaptive repair responses provides an impetus for further investigation into these proteins as potential pharmacological targets in cardiac diseases and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Trinh
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (K.T.); (S.M.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Sohel M. Julovi
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (K.T.); (S.M.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natasha M. Rogers
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; (K.T.); (S.M.J.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sydney, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Renal and Transplantation Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Nishida Y, Hara M, Higaki Y, Taguchi N, Nakamura K, Nanri H, Imaizumi T, Sakamoto T, Shimanoe C, Horita M, Shinchi K, Tanaka K. Sedentary time, physical activity, and serum SPARC in a middle-aged population. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1786-1794. [PMID: 34452589 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1974573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The influence of habitual physical activity (PA) on the circulating levels of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) remains unclear. The purpose of the current study was to clarify the effects of sedentary time, light-intensity PA (LPA), and moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA (MVPA) on the serum SPARC in a general middle-aged population. The current study is a cross-sectional study of 4,000 men and 6,040 women (40-69 years). Sedentary time, LPA, and MVPA were objectively measured by an accelerometer. The serum SPARC concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Using an isotemporal substitution model, cross-sectional associations of replacing sedentary time with either LPA or MVPA on serum SPARC levels were analysed according to sex. Interactions with subject characteristics, such as the body mass index (BMI), smoking, and alcohol consumption, were also examined. In men, replacing 60 min of sedentary time with 60 min of MVPA was significantly associated with 23 ng/mL lower serum SPARC levels (confidence interval: -43, -2) after adjusting for confounders, including the BMI (P = 0.028). A significant interaction between replacing sedentary behaviour with LPA and the BMI on SPARC was detected in women (P = 0.029), although the stratified associations for each BMI level (<25 or ≥25 kg/m2) did not reach significance. The current study suggests that replacing sedentary time with MVPA is associated with reduced serum SPARC levels in middle-aged men, but not in women. In addition, a potential interaction between LPA and the BMI on SPARC was also found in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nishida
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Megumi Hara
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Naoto Taguchi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Hinako Nanri
- Section of Energy Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Imaizumi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Sakamoto
- Tosu Public Health and Welfare Office, Saga Prefectural Government, Tosu, Japan
| | | | - Mikako Horita
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Koichi Shinchi
- Division of International Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tanaka
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine and inflammation: Another homeostatic property? Cytokine 2020; 133:155179. [PMID: 32619797 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Mukherjee S, Choi MJ, Kim SW, Yun JW. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) regulates thermogenesis in white and brown adipocytes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 506:110757. [PMID: 32057945 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SPARC, also known as osteonectin, is well known for its physiological roles in bone formation and tissue remodeling, as well as in cancer pathology; however, evidence regarding its function in adipocytes is lacking. The present study explored the physiological role of SPARC in cultured 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes of murine cell lines. Treatment of recombinant SPARC upregulated the fat browning marker proteins and genes in white adipocytes and activated brown adipocytes. Conversely, knockdown of Sparc markedly reduced these genes and proteins in both cell lines. In addition, recombinant SPARC inhibited expression of adipogenic and lipogenic proteins but elevated lipolytic and fatty acid oxidation proteins. Furthermore, in silico analysis revealed that SPARC directly interacted and regulated VEGF in adipocytes. In conclusion, SPARC acts as a regulatory protein in both white and brown adipocytes by controlling thermogenesis and is thus regarded as a possible therapeutic target for treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulagna Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ji Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Kim
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Yun
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38453, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Yang X, Luo M, Jiang Q, Wang Y. Effects of Huangkui Capsule on the Expression of SPARC in the Kidney Tissue of a Rat Model with Diabetic Nephropathy. Curr Gene Ther 2019; 19:211-215. [PMID: 31553295 DOI: 10.2174/1566523219666190925112249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
The objective of the research is to investigate the effects of Huangkui capsule on
the expression of SPARC in the kidney tissues of diabetic nephropathy.
Methods:
SD rats were divided into three groups: normal control group, untreated DN group and
HKC-treated DN group. The therapeutic effects and underlying molecular mechanism of HKC on DN
rats induced by streptozotocin were evaluated by the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen,
24-hour urinary protein and the expression of SPARC. Pathological changes in kidney tissues were
observed through hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Moreover, western blot and quantitative real-time
polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) were applied to detect the variation of SPARC.
Results:
This study was performed to investigate the effects of HKC on DN in SD rats model and its
molecular mechanism. Our results showed that the rats treated with HKC had an improved general
state and reduced creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and 24-hour urinary protein levels. The deterioration
of renal function was delayed due to treatment with HKC. HE staining was utilized to observe that
HKC can improve histopathological findings in the kidney tissues of DN rats, including kidney fibrosis.
Results of western blot and qRT-PCR showed that HKC can inhibit the expressions of SPARC in
the rat model of DN.
Conclusion:
The present findings demonstrated that HKC inhibited SPARC level and had significant
therapeutic effects on DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyao Yang
- Department of Science and Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Science and Education, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
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Konigorski S, Yilmaz YE, Janke J, Bergmann MM, Boeing H, Pischon T. Powerful rare variant association testing in a copula-based joint analysis of multiple phenotypes. Genet Epidemiol 2019; 44:26-40. [PMID: 31732979 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.22265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In genetic association studies of rare variants, the low power of association tests is one of the main challenges. In this study, we propose a new single-marker association test called C-JAMP (Copula-based Joint Analysis of Multiple Phenotypes), which is based on a joint model of multiple phenotypes given genetic markers and other covariates. We evaluated its performance and compared its empirical type I error and power with existing univariate and multivariate single-marker and multi-marker rare-variant tests in extensive simulation studies. C-JAMP yielded unbiased genetic effect estimates and valid type I errors with an adjusted test statistic. When strongly dependent traits were jointly analyzed, C-JAMP had the highest power in all scenarios except when a high percentage of variants were causal with moderate/small effect sizes. When traits with weak or moderate dependence were analyzed, whether C-JAMP or competing approaches had higher power depended on the effect size. When C-JAMP was applied with a misspecified copula function, it still achieved high power in some of the scenarios considered. In a real-data application, we analyzed sequencing data using C-JAMP and performed the first genome-wide association studies of high-molecular-weight and medium-molecular-weight adiponectin plasma concentrations. C-JAMP identified 20 rare variants with p-values smaller than 10-5 , while all other tests resulted in the identification of fewer variants with higher p-values. In summary, the results indicate that C-JAMP is a powerful, flexible, and robust method for association studies, and we identified novel candidate markers for adiponectin. C-JAMP is implemented as an R package and freely available from https://cran.r-project.org/package=CJAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Konigorski
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Digital Health and Machine Learning Research Group, Hasso Plattner Institute for Digital Engineering, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yildiz E Yilmaz
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Discipline of Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,Discipline of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela M Bergmann
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Ghanemi A, Melouane A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine and bioenergetics: Extracellular matrix, adipocytes remodeling and skeletal muscle metabolism. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 117:105627. [PMID: 31589923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2019.105627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling plays important roles in both adipocytes shape/expansion remodeling and the skeletal muscle (SM) metabolism. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is expressed in divers tissues including adipose tissue (AT) and SM where it impacts a variety of remodeling as well as metabolic functions. SPARC, also known as osteonectin or BM-40, is a glycoprotein associated with the ECM. Numerous researches attempted to elucidate the implications of SPARC in these two key metabolic tissues under different conditions. Whereas SPARC deficiency tends to shape the remodeling of the adipocytes and the fat distribution, this deficiency decreases SM metabolic properties. On the other hand, SPARC seems to be an enhancer of the metabolism and a mediator of the exercise-induced adaptation in the SM and as well as an adipogenesis inhibitor. Some findings about the SPARC effects on AT and SM seem "contradictory" in terms of tissue development and energy profile therefore highlighting the mechanistic role of SPARC in both is a priority. Yet, within this review, we expose selected researches and compare the results. We conclude with explanations to "reconcile" the different observations, hypothesize the feedback and regulatory character of SPARC and put its roles within the energetic and structural maps of both adipocytes and myocytes in homeostasis and in situations such as obesity or exercise. These properties explain the modifications and the remodeling seen in AT and SM undergoing adaptive changes (obesity, exercise, etc.) and represent a starting point for precise therapeutic targeting of SPARC-related pathways is conditions such as obesity, sarcopenia and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Aicha Melouane
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, CREMI, Québec Genome Center, CHUL-CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada.
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15
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Karere GM, Glenn JP, Birnbaum S, Garcia R, VandeBerg JL, Cox LA. Identification of coordinately regulated microRNA-gene networks that differ in baboons discordant for LDL-cholesterol. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213494. [PMID: 30875406 PMCID: PMC6420018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (plasma LDL-C), vascular endothelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), particularly monocytes, play key roles in initiating atherosclerosis, the primary cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although the mechanisms underlying development of atherosclerosis are not well understood, LDL-C is known to influence expression of endothelial microRNAs (miRNAs) and gene-targets of miRNAs to promote cell senescence. However, the impact of LDL-C on expression of PBMC miRNAs and miRNA targeted genes in response to an atherogenic diet is not known. In this study, we used unbiased methods to identify coordinately responsive PBMC miRNA- gene networks that differ between low and high LDL-C baboons when fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) diet. METHODS AND RESULTS Using RNA Seq, we quantified PBMC mRNAs and miRNAs from half-sib baboons discordant for LDL-C plasma concentrations (low LDL-C, n = 3; high LDL-C, n = 3) before and after a 7-week HCHF diet challenge. For low LDL-C baboons, 626 genes exhibited significant change in expression (255 down-regulated, 371 up-regulated) in response to the HCHF diet, and for high LDL-C baboons 379 genes exhibited significant change in expression (162 down-regulated, 217 up-regulated) in response to the HCHF diet. We identified 494 miRNAs identical to human miRNAs and 47 novel miRNAs. Fifty miRNAs were differentially expressed in low LDL-C baboons (21 up- and 29 down-regulated) and 20 in high LDL-C baboons (11 up- and 9 down-regulated) in response to the HCHF diet. Among the differentially expressed miRNAs were miR-221/222 and miR-34a-3p, which were down-regulated, and miR-148a/b-5p, which was up-regulated. In addition, gene-targets of these miRNAs, VEGFA, MAML3, SPARC, and DMGDH, were inversely expressed and are central hub genes in networks and signaling pathways that differ between low and high LDL-C baboon HCHF diet response. CONCLUSIONS We have identified coordinately regulated HCHF diet-responsive PBMC miRNA-gene networks that differ between baboons discordant for LDL-C concentrations. Our findings provide potential insights into molecular mechanisms underlying initiation of atherosclerosis where LDL-C concentrations influence expression of specific miRNAs, which in turn regulate expression of genes that play roles in initiation of lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesio M. Karere
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Jeremy P. Glenn
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Shifra Birnbaum
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - Roy Garcia
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
| | - John L. VandeBerg
- Department of Human Genetics and South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, School of Medicine,The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville/Harlingen/Edinburg, TX, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Cox
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
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16
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Atorrasagasti C, Onorato A, Gimeno M, Andreone L, Garcia M, Malvicini M, Fiore E, Bayo J, Perone M, Mazzolini G. SPARC is required for the maintenance of glucose homeostasis and insulin secretion in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:351-65. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20180714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes, three strongly interrelated diseases, are associated to increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. The pathogenesis of obesity-associated disorders is still under study. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein expressed in many cell types including adipocytes, parenchymal, and non-parenchymal hepatic cells and pancreatic cells. Studies have demonstrated that SPARC inhibits adipogenesis and promotes insulin resistance; in addition, circulating SPARC levels were positively correlated with body mass index in obese individuals. Therefore, SPARC is being proposed as a key factor in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated disorders. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of SPARC in glucose homeostasis. We show here that SPARC null (SPARC−/−) mice displayed an abnormal insulin-regulated glucose metabolism. SPARC−/− mice presented an increased adipose tissue deposition and an impaired glucose homeostasis as animals aged. In addition, the absence of SPARC worsens high-fat diet-induced diabetes in mice. Interestingly, although SPARC−/− mice on high-fat diet were sensitive to insulin they showed an impaired insulin secretion capacity. Of note, the expression of glucose transporter 2 in islets of SPARC−/− mice was dramatically reduced. The present study provides the first evidence that deleted SPARC expression causes diabetes in mice. Thus, SPARC deficient mice constitute a valuable model for studies concerning obesity and its related metabolic complications, including diabetes.
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17
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James G, Millecamps M, Stone LS, Hodges PW. Dysregulation of the Inflammatory Mediators in the Multifidus Muscle After Spontaneous Intervertebral Disc Degeneration SPARC-null Mice is Ameliorated by Physical Activity. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2018; 43:E1184-94. [PMID: 30273227 DOI: 10.1097/BRS.0000000000002656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A longitudinal case-control animal model. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the inflammatory pathways active in the multifidus muscle after spontaneous intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD), and whether these IDD-related muscle changes can be ameliorated by exercise. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA A pro-inflammatory response is present in the multifidus muscle after an intervertebral disc lesion and has been proposed to drive the structural alterations present during low back pain. However, it is not known whether spontaneous IDD produces an inflammatory response. Furthermore, exercise/physical activity produces a strong anti-inflammatory response, but its effectiveness in ameliorating inflammation in the multifidus is unknown. We assessed the inflammatory profile of the multifidus and the effectiveness of physical activity as a treatment using an animal model of spontaneous model of IDD. METHODS Wild-type and SPARC null mice that were sedentary or housed with a running wheel were used in this study. Multifidus muscle segments were harvested from L2-L6 from the mice at 9 months of age after they had undergone a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to determine levels with IDD. The inflammatory profile of the multifidus was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. RESULTS Spontaneous IDD in the SPARC-null mice caused a dysregulation of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL6, transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ1), and adiponectin expression. More specifically, the proximity and degree of IDD was related to levels of IL-1β expression. Physical activity reduced the pro-inflammatory response to IDD in the multifidus. IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL-10, adiponectin, and leptin levels were lower in the physically active group. CONCLUSION These results reveal that spontaneous IDD causes dysregulation of the inflammatory pathways active in the multifidus muscle. These alterations were related to the severity of IDD and were prevented by physical activity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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18
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Reyer H, Varley PF, Murani E, Ponsuksili S, Wimmers K. Genetics of body fat mass and related traits in a pig population selected for leanness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9118. [PMID: 28831160 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08961-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is characterized as the excessive accumulation of body fat and has a complex genetic foundation in humans including monogenic high-risk mutations and polygenic contributions. Domestic pigs represent a valuable model on an obesity-promoting high-caloric diet while constantly evaluated for body characteristics. As such, we investigated the genetics of obesity-related traits, comprising subcutaneous fat thickness, lean mass percentage, and growth rate, in a pig population. We conducted genome-wide association analyses using an integrative approach of single-marker regression models and multi-marker Bayesian analyses. Thus, we identified 30 genomic regions distributed over 14 different chromosomes contributing to the variation in obesity-related traits. In these regions, we validated the association of four candidate genes that are functionally connected to the regulation of appetite, processes of adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix formation. Our findings revealed fundamental genetic factors which deserves closer attention regarding their roles in the etiology of obesity.
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Shim JE, Bang C, Yang S, Lee T, Hwang S, Kim CY, Singh-Blom UM, Marcotte EM, Lee I. GWAB: a web server for the network-based boosting of human genome-wide association data. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:W154-W161. [PMID: 28449091 PMCID: PMC5793838 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have represented a major approach to dissect complex human genetic diseases. Due in part to limited statistical power, most studies identify only small numbers of candidate genes that pass the conventional significance thresholds (e.g. P ≤ 5 × 10-8). This limitation can be partly overcome by increasing the sample size, but this comes at a higher cost. Alternatively, weak association signals can be boosted by incorporating independent data. Previously, we demonstrated the feasibility of boosting GWAS disease associations using gene networks. Here, we present a web server, GWAB (www.inetbio.org/gwab), for the network-based boosting of human GWAS data. Using GWAS summary statistics (P-values) for SNPs along with reference genes for a disease of interest, GWAB reprioritizes candidate disease genes by integrating the GWAS and network data. We found that GWAB could more effectively retrieve disease-associated reference genes than GWAS could alone. As an example, we describe GWAB-boosted candidate genes for coronary artery disease and supporting data in the literature. These results highlight the inherent value in sub-threshold GWAS associations, which are often not publicly released. GWAB offers a feasible general approach to boost such associations for human disease genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Eun Shim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Changbae Bang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Sunmo Yang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Tak Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Sohyun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Life Science, CHA University, Seongnam-si 13496, Korea
| | - Chan Yeong Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - U Martin Singh-Blom
- Cognition Group, Schibsted Products & Technologies, Västra Järnvägsgatan 21, 111 64 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward M Marcotte
- Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Insuk Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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Navas-Carrillo D, Marín F, Valdés M, Orenes-Piñero E. Deciphering acute coronary syndrome biomarkers: High-resolution proteomics in platelets, thrombi and microparticles. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2016; 54:49-58. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1241214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Navas-Carrillo
- Department of Surgery, Hospital de la Vega Lorenzo Guirao, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain,
| | - Francisco Marín
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, and
| | - Mariano Valdés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, and
| | - Esteban Orenes-Piñero
- Proteomic Unit, Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria Virgen de la Arrixaca (IMIB-Arrixaca), Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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21
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Shen Y, Zhao Y, Yuan L, Yi W, Zhao R, Yi Q, Yong T. SPARC is over-expressed in adipose tissues of diet-induced obese rats and causes insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:158-66. [PMID: 23910024 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a secretory multifunctional matricellular glycoprotein. High circulating levels of SPARC have been reported to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether SPARC induces insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction in adipocytes. Our results showed that feeding high fat diet to rats for 12 weeks significantly increased SPARC expression in adipose tissues at both mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, SPARC overexpression in stably transfected 3T3-L1 cells induced insulin resistance and mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose transport, lower ATP synthesis and mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mature adipocytes. Finally, overexpression of SPARC also modulated the expression levels of several inflammatory cytokines, which play important roles in insulin resistance, glucose and lipid metabolism during adipogenesis. In conclusion, our data suggest that SPARC is involved in obesity-induced adipose insulin resistance and may serve as a potential target in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related insulin resistance.
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22
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Lee SH, Lee JA, Park HS, Song YS, Jang YJ, Kim JH, Lee YJ, Heo Y. Associations among SPARC mRNA expression in adipose tissue, serum SPARC concentration and metabolic parameters in Korean women. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:2296-302. [PMID: 23666856 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is expressed in most tissues and is also secreted by adipocytes. The associations of SPARC mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAT), serum SPARC concentration, and metabolic parameters in Korean women are investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Fifty-eight women were recruited, of whom 15 women who underwent bariatric surgery for morbid obesity (BMI mean ± SD: 40.2±5.7 kg/m(2) ), 16 who underwent metabolic surgery for type 2 diabetes (BMI: 28.9±4.5 kg/m(2) ), and, as a control group, 27 who underwent gynecological surgery (BMI: 22.7±2.4 kg/m(2) ). Anthropometric variables, metabolic parameters, SPARC mRNA expression in adipose tissue, and serum SPARC concentration were measured. RESULTS In all subjects, SPARC mRNA expression was significantly higher in SAT than in VAT. Serum SPARC concentrations (mean ± SE) in morbidly obese subjects, subjects with type 2 diabetes, and normal weight subjects were 267.3±40.2 ng/mL, 130.4±33.0 ng/mL, and 53.1±2.8 ng/mL, respectively. SPARC mRNA in SAT was significantly correlated with BMI, whereas SPARC mRNA in VAT was significantly correlated with BMI and VAT area. Serum SPARC concentration was significantly correlated with BMI, waist circumference, total adipose tissue area, and SAT area. After BMI adjustment, serum SPARC concentration was significantly correlated with fasting insulin concentration and HOMA-IR score. Multivariate regression analysis showed that BMI and HOMA-IR were independently associated with serum SPARC concentration. CONCLUSIONS Serum SPARC concentration is significantly correlated with obesity indices and might be influenced by insulin resistance. These findings suggest that SPARC may contribute to the metabolic dysregulation associated with obesity in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue/metabolism
- Adult
- Asian People
- Case-Control Studies
- Cross-Sectional Studies
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ethnology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/surgery
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Metabolism/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Obesity, Morbid/ethnology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/surgery
- Osteonectin/blood
- Osteonectin/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Harries LW, McCulloch LJ, Holley JE, Rawling TJ, Welters HJ, Kos K. A role for SPARC in the moderation of human insulin secretion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68253. [PMID: 23840838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims/Hypothesis We have previously shown the implication of the multifunctional protein SPARC (Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine)/osteonectin in insulin resistance but potential effects on beta-cell function have not been assessed. We therefore aimed to characterise the effect of SPARC on beta-cell function and features of diabetes. Methods We measured SPARC expression by qRT-PCR in human primary pancreatic islets, adipose tissue, liver and muscle. We then examined the relation of SPARC with glucose stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in primary human islets and the effect of SPARC overexpression on GSIS in beta cell lines. Results SPARC was expressed at measurable levels in human islets, adipose tissue, liver and skeletal muscle, and demonstrated reduced expression in primary islets from subjects with diabetes compared with controls (p< = 0.05). SPARC levels were positively correlated with GSIS in islets from control donors (p< = 0.01). Overexpression of SPARC in cultured beta-cells resulted in a 2.4-fold increase in insulin secretion in high glucose conditions (p< = 0.01). Conclusions Our data suggest that levels of SPARC are reduced in islets from donors with diabetes and that it has a role in insulin secretion, an effect which appears independent of SPARC’s modulation of obesity-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue.
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Kotani K, Yamada T, Taniguchi N. The association between circulating secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) during lifestyle-modified weight reduction intervention in obese male subjects. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:528-32. [PMID: 21672357 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological role and clinical relevance of circulating secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC, or osteonectin) is still poorly understood. This study investigated the correlation between circulating SPARC and metabolic variables, including glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)), during a diet and exercise modified weight reduction intervention programme. Changes in plasma SPARC levels and several metabolic variables were analysed in asymptomatically obese, nondiabetic, male subjects before and after weight reduction intervention. Body mass index and blood pressure, serum cholesterol and HbA(1c) levels were all significantly reduced after weight reduction intervention. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that changes in SPARC levels were significantly and positively correlated with HbA(1c). The relationship between SPARC and HbA(1c) may merit further investigation with regard to its association with postprandial or long-term glucose variation in obese male subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kotani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke City, Tochigi, Japan.
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Nagaraju GP, Sharma D. Anti-cancer role of SPARC, an inhibitor of adipogenesis. Cancer Treat Rev. 2011;37:559-566. [PMID: 21237573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SPARC (a secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) has a reputation for being potent anti-cancer and anti-obesity molecule. It is one of the first known matricellular protein that modulates interactions between cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) and is associated with the 'balance' of white adipose tissue (WAT) as well as lipogenesis and lipolysis during adipogenesis. Adipogenesis is an indication for the development of obesity and has been related to a wide variety of cancers including breast cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, etc. Adipogenesis mainly involves ECM remodeling, changes in cell-ECM interactions, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. SPARC can also prevent hypertrophy of adipocytes and hyperplasia of adipocyte progenitors. In addition to SPARC's inhibitory role in adipogenesis, it has also been known to be involved in cell cycle, cell proliferation, cell invasion, adhesion, migration, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Molecular cancer biology and clinical biochemistry have significantly enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms that motivate the anti-cancer and anti-obesity action of SPARC. Recent studies elucidating the signaling pathways that are activated by SPARC can help develop the beneficial aspects of SPARC for cancer therapy and obesity prevention. This review focuses on the anti-cancer role of SPARC as it pertains to obesity.
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Fernández Parguiña A, Grigorian-Shamajian L, Agra RM, Teijeira-Fernández E, Rosa I, Alonso J, Viñuela-Roldán JE, Seoane A, González-Juanatey JR, García Á. Proteins involved in platelet signaling are differentially regulated in acute coronary syndrome: a proteomic study. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13404. [PMID: 20976234 PMCID: PMC2954807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets play a fundamental role in pathological events underlying acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Because platelets do not have a nucleus, proteomics constitutes an optimal approach to follow platelet molecular events associated with the onset of the acute episode. Methodology/Principal Findings We performed the first high-resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-based proteome analysis of circulating platelets from patients with non-ST segment elevation ACS (NSTE-ACS). Proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and validations were by western blotting. Forty protein features (corresponding to 22 unique genes) were found to be differentially regulated between NSTE-ACS patients and matched controls with chronic ischemic cardiopathy. The number of differences decreased at day 5 (28) and 6 months after the acute event (5). Interestingly, a systems biology approach demonstrated that 16 of the 22 differentially regulated proteins identified are interconnected as part of a common network related to cell assembly and organization and cell morphology, processes very related to platelet activation. Indeed, 14 of those proteins are either signaling or cytoskeletal, and nine of them are known to participate in platelet activation by αIIbβ3 and/or GPVI receptors. Several of the proteins identified participate in platelet activation through post-translational modifications, as shown here for ILK, Src and Talin. Interestingly, the platelet-secreted glycoprotein SPARC was down-regulated in NSTE-ACS patients compared to stable controls, which is consistent with a secretion process from activated platelets. Conclusions/Significance The present study provides novel information on platelet proteome changes associated with platelet activation in NSTE-ACS, highlighting the presence of proteins involved in platelet signaling. This investigation paves the way for future studies in the search for novel platelet-related biomarkers and drug targets in ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Fernández Parguiña
- Departamento de Farmacoloxía, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lilian Grigorian-Shamajian
- Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Servicio de Cardiología, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Agra
- Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elvis Teijeira-Fernández
- Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isaac Rosa
- Departamento de Farmacoloxía, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Proteómica, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan E. Viñuela-Roldán
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Hospital Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Seoane
- Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Ramón González-Juanatey
- Servicio de Cardiología y Unidad Coronaria, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ángel García
- Departamento de Farmacoloxía, Facultade de Farmacia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine, also known as osteonectin or BM-40) is a widely expressed profibrotic protein with pleiotropic roles, which have been studied in a variety of conditions. Notably, SPARC is linked to human obesity; SPARC derived from adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance and secretion of SPARC by adipose tissue is increased by insulin and the adipokine leptin. Furthermore, SPARC is associated with diabetes complications such as diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy, conditions that are ameliorated in the Sparc-knockout mouse model. As a regulator of the extracellular matrix, SPARC also contributes to adipose-tissue fibrosis. Evidence suggests that adipose tissue becomes increasingly fibrotic in obesity. Fibrosis of subcutaneous adipose tissue may restrict accumulation of triglycerides in this type of tissue. These triglycerides are, therefore, diverted and deposited as ectopic lipids in other tissues such as the liver or as intramyocellular lipids in skeletal muscle, which predisposes to insulin resistance. Hence, SPARC may represent a novel and important link between obesity and diabetes mellitus. This Review is focused on whether SPARC could be a key player in the pathology of obesity and its related metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Kos
- Department of Diabetes and Vascular Medicine, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK.
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Abstract
Adipogenesis, a key step in the pathogenesis of obesity, involves extensive ECM remodeling, changes in cell-ECM interactions, and cytoskeletal rearrangement. Matricellular proteins regulate cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. Evidence in vivo and in vitro indicates that the prototypic matricellular protein, SPARC, inhibits adipogenesis and promotes osteoblastogenesis. Herein we discuss mechanisms underlying the inhibitory effect of SPARC on adipogenesis. SPARC enhances the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and regulates the expression and posttranslational modification of collagen. SPARC might drive preadipocytes away from the status of growth arrest and therefore prevent terminal differentiation. SPARC could also decrease WAT deposition through its negative effects on angiogenesis. Therefore, several stages of white adipose tissue accumulation are sensitive to the inhibitory effects of SPARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 9th Ave, Seattle, WA 98101 USA
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Kos K, Wong S, Tan B, Gummesson A, Jernas M, Franck N, Kerrigan D, Nystrom FH, Carlsson LM, Randeva HS, Pinkney JH, Wilding JP. Regulation of the fibrosis and angiogenesis promoter SPARC/osteonectin in human adipose tissue by weight change, leptin, insulin, and glucose. Diabetes 2009; 58:1780-8. [PMID: 19509023 PMCID: PMC2712789 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matricellular Secreted Protein, Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC), originally discovered in bone as osteonectin, is a mediator of collagen deposition and promotes fibrosis. Adipose tissue collagen has recently been found to be linked with metabolic dysregulation. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that SPARC in human adipose tissue is influenced by glucose metabolism and adipokines. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Serum and adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from morbidly obese nondiabetic subjects undergoing bariatric surgery and lean control subjects for analysis of metabolic markers, SPARC, and various cytokines (RT-PCR). Additionally, 24 obese subjects underwent a very-low-calorie diet of 1,883 kJ (450 kcal)/day for 16 weeks and serial subcutaneous-abdominal-adipose tissue (SCAT) biopsies (weight loss: 28 +/- 3.7 kg). Another six lean subjects underwent fast-food-based hyperalimentation for 4 weeks (weight gain: 7.2 +/- 1.6 kg). Finally, visceral adipose tissue explants were cultured with recombinant leptin, insulin, and glucose, and SPARC mRNA and protein expression determined by Western blot analyses. RESULTS SPARC expression in human adipose tissue correlated with fat mass and was higher in SCAT. Weight loss induced by very-low-calorie diet lowered SPARC expression by 33% and increased by 30% in adipose tissue of subjects gaining weight after a fast-food diet. SPARC expression was correlated with leptin independent of fat mass and correlated with homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. In vitro experiments showed that leptin and insulin potently increased SPARC production dose dependently in visceral adipose tissue explants, while glucose decreased SPARC protein. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that SPARC expression is predominant in subcutaneous fat and its expression and secretion in adipose tissue are influenced by fat mass, leptin, insulin, and glucose. The profibrotic effects of SPARC may contribute to metabolic dysregulation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Kos
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Steve Wong
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Bee Tan
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, U.K
| | - Anders Gummesson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Margareta Jernas
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Niclas Franck
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - David Kerrigan
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, U.K
| | - Fredrik H. Nystrom
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lena M.S. Carlsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harpal S. Randeva
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Group, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, U.K
| | | | - John P.H. Wilding
- Diabetes and Endocrinology Research Unit, Clinical Sciences Centre, University Hospital Aintree, Liverpool, U.K
- Corresponding author: John P.H. Wilding,
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Elshorbagy AK, Gjesdal CG, Nurk E, Tell GS, Ueland PM, Nygård O, Tverdal A, Vollset SE, Smith AD, Refsum H. Cysteine, homocysteine and bone mineral density: a role for body composition? Bone 2009; 44:954-8. [PMID: 19168166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 12/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasma total cysteine (tCys) and homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with body composition, which in turn affects bone mineral density (BMD). OBJECTIVES To investigate whether associations of tCys and tHcy with BMD are mediated through body composition (fat mass and/or lean mass). DESIGN Using data from 5238 Hordaland Homocysteine Study participants, we fit multiple linear regression models and concentration-response curves to explore the relationships between tCys, tHcy, and BMD, with and without adjustment for body mass index (BMI), lean mass and/or fat mass. RESULTS All associations were stronger in women. tCys was positively associated with BMD (women, partial r=0.11; men, partial r=0.07, p<or=0.001 for both), but this association was markedly attenuated after adjustment for fat mass. tHcy showed an inverse association with BMD in women (partial r=-0.09, p<0.001), which remained significant after adjustment for lean mass and fat mass. In men and women, changes in tCys or tHcy during 6 years were not associated with BMD at follow-up. Weight gain during 6 years predicted higher BMD at follow-up (p<or=0.009) independent of nutrient intakes, physical activity and baseline BMI. Baseline tHcy inversely predicted BMD measured 6 years later (partial r=-0.11, p<0.001 in women; partial r=-0.07, p=0.002 in men) independent of baseline BMI, while a positive association of baseline tCys with BMD at follow-up (partial r=0.10 in women, 0.09 in men, p<or=0.001) disappeared after adjustment for baseline BMI. CONCLUSION tHcy is inversely associated with BMD independent of body composition, while the positive association of tCys with BMD appears to be mainly mediated through fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany K Elshorbagy
- Department of Physiology, Le Gros Clarke Building, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, UK.
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Watanabe K, Okamoto F, Yokoo T, Iida KT, Suzuki H, Shimano H, Oshika T, Yamada N, Toyoshima H. SPARC is a major secretory gene expressed and involved in the development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Atheroscler Thromb 2009; 16:69-76. [PMID: 19403984 DOI: 10.5551/jat.e711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Neovascularization is an important event in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), where various secretory proteins including multiple growth factors are considered to be involved in this process. We searched for secretory proteins expressed in a surgical specimen obtained from the eyes of patients with PDR. METHODS We developed the oligo-cap signal sequence trap (SST) strategy which enables us to screen for secretory or membrane proteins from a minimal starting material. Using this method, we were able to screen a cDNA library constructed from a surgical specimen obtained from the eyes of the patients with PDR. RESULTS Majority of the cloned cDNAs turned out to encode secreted protein acidic and rich in cystein (SPARC), strongly suggesting that SPARC is highly expressed in PDR. Analysis of vitreous fluid from various patients has shown that the concentration of SPARC protein is increased in patients with PDR. Furthermore, subretinal injection of recombinant SPARC adenovirus induced PDR-like changes in the rat eye. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly suggested that SPARC is involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Watanabe
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Metabolism), Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) modulates interactions between cells and extracellular matrix and is enriched in white adipose tissue. We have reported that SPARC-null mice accumulate significantly more fat than wild-type mice and maintain relatively high levels of serum leptin. We now show that SPARC inhibits adipogenesis in vitro. Specifically, recombinant SPARC inhibited (a) adipocyte differentiation of stromal-vascular cells isolated from murine white adipose tissue and (b) the expression of adipogenic transcription factors and adipocyte-specific genes. SPARC induced the accumulation and nuclear translocation of beta-catenin and subsequently enhanced the interaction of beta-catenin and T cell/lymphoid enhancer factor 1. The activity of integrin-linked kinase was required for the effect of SPARC on beta-catenin accumulation as well as extracellular matrix remodeling. During adipogenesis, fusiform preadipocytes change into sphere-shaped adipocytes and convert the extracellular matrix from a fibronectin-rich stroma to a laminin-rich basal lamina. SPARC retarded the morphological changes exhibited by preadipocytes during differentiation. In the presence of SPARC, the deposition of fibronectin was enhanced, and that of laminin was inhibited; in parallel, the expression of alpha5 integrin was enhanced, and that of alpha6 integrin was inhibited. Lithium chloride, which enhances the accumulation of beta-catenin, also inhibited the expression of alpha6 integrin. These findings demonstrate a role for SPARC in adipocyte morphogenesis and in signaling processes leading to terminal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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Nie J, Chang B, Traktuev DO, Sun J, March K, Chan L, Sage EH, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Kolonin MG. IFATS collection: Combinatorial peptides identify alpha5beta1 integrin as a receptor for the matricellular protein SPARC on adipose stromal cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2735-45. [PMID: 18583538 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2008-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The biological features of adipose stromal (stem) cells (ASC), which serve as progenitors for differentiated cells of white adipose tissue (WAT), are still largely undefined. In an initiative to identify functional ASC surface receptors, we screened a combinatorial library for peptide ligands binding to patient-derived ASC. We demonstrate that both primary and cultured human and mouse stromal cells express a conserved receptor targeted by peptides found to mimic SPARC, a matricellular protein that is required for normal WAT development. A signaling receptor for SPARC has not as yet been determined. By using the SPARC-mimicking peptides CMLAGWIPC (termed hPep) and CWLGEWLGC (termed mPep), isolated by panning on human and mouse cells, respectively, we identified the alpha5beta1 integrin complex as a candidate receptor for SPARC. On the basis of these results, we evaluated ASC responses to SPARC or SPARC-mimicking peptide exposure. Our results suggest that extracellular SPARC binds to alpha5beta1 integrin at sites of focal adhesions, an interaction disrupting firm attachment of ASC to extracellular matrix. We propose that SPARC-mediated mobilization of ASC through its effect on alpha5beta1 integrin complex provides a functional basis for the regulation of WAT body composition by SPARC. We also show that alpha5beta1 integrin is a potential target for ASC-selective intracellular delivery of bioactive peptides and gene therapy vectors directed by the SPARC-mimicking peptides. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nie
- Hope Heart Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
White adipose tissue, previously regarded as a passive lipid storage site, is now viewed as a dynamic tissue. It has the capacity to actively communicate by sending and receiving different types of signals. An overview of these signals, the external modulators that affect adipose tissue and the secreted signaling molecules, the adipokines, is presented. The secretory function is highlighted in relation to energy metabolism, inflammation and the extracellular matrix and placed in the context of adipose tissue biology. We observe that the endocrine function of adipocytes receives much attention, while its paracrine and autocrine functions are underestimated. Also, we provide examples that species specificity should not be neglected. We conclude that adipose tissue primarily is an energy storage organ, well supported by its secretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Functional Genomics Group, Department of Human Biology, The Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute Maastricht (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Chiellini C, Cochet O, Negroni L, Samson M, Poggi M, Ailhaud G, Alessi MC, Dani C, Amri EZ. Characterization of human mesenchymal stem cell secretome at early steps of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:26. [PMID: 18302751 PMCID: PMC2279142 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well established that adipose tissue plays a key role in energy storage and release but is also a secretory organ and a source of stem cells. Among different lineages, stem cells are able to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. As secreted proteins could regulate the balance between both lineages, we aimed at characterizing the secretome of human multipotent adipose-derived stem cell (hMADS) at an early step of commitment to adipocytes and osteoblasts. Results A proteomic approach, using mono-dimensional electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry, allowed us to identify a total of 73 proteins at day 0 and day 3 of adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation. Analysis of identified proteins showed that 52 % corresponded to classical secreted proteins characterized by a signal peptide, that 37 % previously described in the extracellular compartment were devoid of signal peptide and that 11 % neither exhibited a signal peptide nor had been previously described extracellularly. These proteins were classified into 8 clusters according to their function. Quantitative analysis has been performed for 8 candidates: PAI-1, PEDF, BIGH3, PTX3, SPARC, ENO1, GRP78 and MMP2. Among them, PAI-1 was detected at day 0 and day 3 of osteoblast differentiation but never in adipocyte secretome. Furthermore we showed that PAI-1 mRNA was down-regulated in the bone of ovariectomized mice. Conclusion Given its regulation during the early events of hMADS cell differentiation and its status in ovariectomized mice, PAI-1 could play a role in the adipocyte/osteoblast balance and thus in bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiellini
- ISBDC, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, CNRS ; 28 avenue de Valrose, 06100 Nice, France.
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Gómez-Ambrosi J, Catalán V, Ramírez B, Rodríguez A, Colina I, Silva C, Rotellar F, Mugueta C, Gil MJ, Cienfuegos JA, Salvador J, Frühbeck G. Plasma osteopontin levels and expression in adipose tissue are increased in obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3719-27. [PMID: 17595250 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity acts as a cardiovascular risk factor by mechanisms that are not fully understood. Osteopontin (OPN) is a proinflammatory mediator involved in tissue remodeling that plays a role in atherosclerosis and diabetes. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the circulating concentrations of OPN and its mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue of lean, overweight, and obese individuals and to analyze the effect of weight loss. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Plasma concentrations of OPN were measured in 77 volunteers. OPN mRNA expression in omental adipose tissue obtained from 12 women was quantified by real-time PCR. In addition, the concentrations of OPN in 12 obese men were measured before and after weight loss following a dietetic program. SETTING The study was conducted at a University Hospital. RESULTS Obese and overweight patients exhibited significantly increased circulating OPN concentrations as compared with lean subjects (obese 72.6 +/- 28.5, overweight 68.2 +/- 20.8, lean 42.7 +/- 27.9 ng/ml; P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was found between OPN levels and body fat (r = 0.45; P < 0.0001). Obese individuals showed significantly increased (P < 0.05) mRNA expression of OPN in omental adipose tissue as compared with lean volunteers, which was further increased in obese diabetic patients. Diet-induced weight loss significantly decreased OPN concentrations from 64.7 +/- 22.1 to 36.6 +/- 20.1 ng/ml (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS These findings represent the first observation that plasma OPN and mRNA expression of OPN in omental adipose tissue are increased in overweight/obese patients with the latter being further elevated in obesity-associated diabetes. Moreover, weight loss reduces OPN concentrations, which may contribute to the beneficial effects accompanying weight reduction. Measurement of OPN might be useful for evaluating the outcomes of various clinical interventions for obesity-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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van Beek EA, Bakker AH, Kruyt PM, Hofker MH, Saris WH, Keijer J. Intra- and interindividual variation in gene expression in human adipose tissue. Pflugers Arch 2007; 453:851-61. [PMID: 17061120 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-006-0164-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a highly plastic tissue with an important endocrine and metabolic function. To understand its role in human health and disease, it is necessary to understand the extent of variation and the specific differences within and between different depots and subjects. We employed cDNA microarray analysis to investigate this in human subjects ranging from lean to mildly obese. We observe (1) high similarity between different samples of one adipose depot, (2) only small differences between the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depot and (3) larger differences in gene expression between different individuals (per depot). The major variation within adipose depots can be attributed to differences in the non-adipocyte component of adipose tissue. Using only non-obese subjects, we identified genes that were consistently differentially expressed between subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue, despite the variation in gene expression between these subjects. Using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), vimentin (Vim), four and a half LIMs domains (FHL1), CD36 (all higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue) and Matrix Gla protein (MGP; lower in subcutaneous adipose tissue) were confirmed to be significantly differentially expressed between depots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A van Beek
- Bioactives group, RIKILT- Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chavey C, Boucher J, Monthouël-Kartmann MN, Sage EH, Castan-Laurell I, Valet P, Tartare-Deckert S, Van Obberghen E. Regulation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine during adipose conversion and adipose tissue hyperplasia. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006; 14:1890-7. [PMID: 17135603 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2006.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the regulation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) expression and its role in adipose tissue. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES We studied the regulation of SPARC expression in transgenic mice expressing the human beta3 and alpha2 adrenergic receptors on a murine beta3 adrenergic receptor null background that became obese under a high-fat diet mainly as a result of adipose tissue hyperplasia. Furthermore, we analyzed its expression in human adipose tissue and its regulation during adipocyte differentiation. RESULTS SPARC protein in adipose tissue was increased in obese transgenic mice compared with control mice, indicating that SPARC expression was associated with adipose tissue hyperplasia. Both SPARC mRNA and protein were detected in human adipose tissue. Comparing adipocytes and vascular stroma, we found that SPARC expression was mainly associated with the adipocyte fraction. Consistent with this, SPARC transcript increased during differentiation of human primary preadipocytes. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes showed an increase in SPARC expression in differentiated cells but with biphasic expression during the process. After induction in committed cells, SPARC mRNA and protein levels declined as differentiation began and returned to elevated levels in fully differentiated adipocytes. DISCUSSION SPARC expression correlated with adipose tissue hyperplasia and adipogenesis. Therefore, SPARC seems to play a role in adipose tissue physiology as it is involved in growth and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine Chavey
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U145, IFR 50, Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice Cedex 2, France.
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Xiao Y, Junfeng H, Tianhong L, Lu W, Shulin C, Yu Z, Xiaohua L, Weixia J, Sheng Z, Yanyun G, Guo L, Min L. Cathepsin K in adipocyte differentiation and its potential role in the pathogenesis of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:4520-7. [PMID: 16912123 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2005-2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The alteration of protein expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) may contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to uncover proteins differentially expressed in the WAT of overweight/obese subjects and study the role of the identified proteins in adipocyte differentiation. DESIGN AND SETTING Two-dimensional electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-mass spectrometry were used to identify proteins differentially expressed in WAT between obese/overweight and control groups. Cathepsin K (CTSK), one of the proteins identified by the above methods, was highlighted to assess its effects on adipocyte differentiation through 3T3-L1 cell line. RESULTS Human visceral adipose tissue of overweight/obese subjects displayed a differential protein expression profile, compared with that of normal-weight controls. CTSK was up-regulated in the WAT of overweight/obese subjects, and it had a significant positive correlation with body mass index. In vitro study showed that CTSK expression and its enzyme activity gradually increased in the process of adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, E-64, an inhibitor of CTSK, could prevent adipocyte differentiation in a dose-dependent manner, which was characterized by the absence of triglyceride accumulation and glycerol contents. CONCLUSIONS CTSK, a cysteine protease involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, could be one of the determinants of adipocyte differentiation. CTSK may be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity by promoting adipocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Xiao
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Second Medical University, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai 200025, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Various adipocyte-secreted factors have been described which profoundly affect insulin sensitivity and might potentially link obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Among those, adiponectin, visfatin and omentin appear as insulin-sensitising adipocytokines, whereas TNF-alpha, IL-6 and resistin induce insulin resistance. Moreover, leptin is a fat-derived key regulator of appetite and energy expenditure. Due to their profound effect on whole-body glucose and energy metabolism, adipocytokines have attracted interest as potential new therapeutics for diabetes mellitus and obesity. The current knowledge on function, regulation and therapeutic potential of various adipocytokines, as well as their clinical implications, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kralisch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str.27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Nishida Y, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. The top 10 most abundant transcripts are sufficient to characterize the organs functional specificity: evidences from the cortex, hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Gene 2005; 344:133-41. [PMID: 15656980 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using serial analysis of gene expression, we have identified the most abundant mRNA transcripts in parietal cortex, hypothalamus and pituitary gland in adult male mice. High mRNA abundance of neurogranin (cell signalling and communication) was characteristic of the cortex. The common molecular features of cortex and hypothalamus were high abundance of mRNA encoding mitochondrial enzymes such as reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dehydrogenase (NADH) 4 and cytochrome c oxidase 2 (energy metabolism), brain creatine kinase (energy metabolism) and myelin basic protein (cell structure). In the hypothalamus, mRNA levels of apolipoprotein E (lipid metabolism), prostaglandin D2 (cell signalling and communication) and secreted acidic cysteine-rich glycoprotein (extracellular matrix) were especially high. A common molecular feature of the hypothalamus and pituitary was high mRNA abundance of guanine nucleotide binding protein alpha stimulating complex locus (cell signalling and cell communication). The pituitary gland was characterized by high expression of genes encoding hormones such as growth hormone, pro-opiomelanocortin and prolactin, as well as neuronatin (cell differentiation) and four potential novel transcripts. Thus, these results show that the cortex, hypothalamus and pituitary gland can be specifically characterized according to their 10 most abundant transcripts. In addition, the current study serves as a basis for future studies on the potential novel transcripts and the transcripts with unclear functions despite their extremely high abundance, as well as studies on physiology and pathology of the two brain regions and pituitary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Nishida
- Molecular Endocrinology and Oncology Research Center, Laval University Medical Center (CHUL), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Laval University, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Linder K, Arner P, Flores-Morales A, Tollet-Egnell P, Norstedt G. Differentially expressed genes in visceral or subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese men and women. J Lipid Res 2003; 45:148-54. [PMID: 14563828 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m300256-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that the distribution of adipose tissue in the body is of importance in the development of metabolic complications of obesity, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes in subcutaneous and omental human adipose tissue in obese men, using a subtractive hybridization strategy. From the obtained set of differentially expressed transcripts, we also aimed to identify genes that have a sex-specific pattern of expression in omental or subcutaneous adipose tissue. Representational difference analysis (RDA) was performed on cDNA from subcutaneous and omental fat tissue from a man with extreme abdominal obesity. Forty-four putatively differentially expressed genes were identified. The obtained RDA products were spotted onto glass slides to screen for differential expression in other obese patients by using a microarray hybridization procedure. Five genes were confirmed to be differentially expressed in subcutaneous or omental adipose tissue from male or female obese patients. One gene was detected only in males and was found to be upregulated in subcutaneous tissue. The findings extend previous knowledge that different fat depots have differential gene expression and indicate that sex differences exist in adipose gene expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Linder
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chiellini C, Costa M, Novelli SE, Amri EZ, Benzi L, Bertacca A, Cohen P, Del Prato S, Friedman JM, Maffei M. Identification of cathepsin K as a novel marker of adiposity in white adipose tissue. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:309-21. [PMID: 12652657 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In obesity, adipocytes undergo dramatic morphological and molecular changes associated with alterations in their gene expression profile. To identify genes differentially modulated in white adipose tissue (WAT) of obese db/db mice compared to wild type (wt) mice, we utilized RNA fingerprinting. Among the 52 candidates that we identified, we focused here on cathepsin K (ctsk), a cysteine protease, prevalently localized in lysosomes and involved in bone extracellular matrix degradation. In db/db mice, WAT ctsk mRNA was elevated 5.9-fold, as were Mitf and TFE3 (2- and 3.3-fold respectively), two transcription factors involved in ctsk induction in osteoclasts. Moreover, the level of WAT ctsk mRNA was increased in other obese models including A(y), fat, and tubby (2.8-, 3.2-, and 4.9-fold respectively) and decreased in mice undergoing weight loss. Despite the ubiquitous distribution of the ctsk transcript, we demonstrated that the obesity related increase is specific to the adipocytes. Further, in vitro experiments proved that the abundance of ctsk transcript increases upon adipose conversion of the established cell line of preadipocytes 3T3-F442A. In addition, ctsk gene expression was examined in adipose tissue of 21 lean and obese male subjects and significant correlations with BMI (r = 0.54, P = 0.012) and plasma leptin levels (r = 0.54, P = 0.015) were found. In conclusion, the WAT of obese db/db mice exhibits a different expression profile from that of the wt mice, and cathepsin K can be considered a novel marker of obesity and a target for the inhibition of adipose mass growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Chiellini
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pisa, Ospedale di Cisanello, Pisa, Italy
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