1
|
Kimura A, Takagi T, Thamamongood T, Sakamoto S, Ito T, Seki I, Okamoto M, Aono H, Serada S, Naka T, Imataka H, Miyake K, Ueda T, Miyanokoshi M, Wakasugi K, Iwamoto N, Ohmagari N, Iguchi T, Nitta T, Takayanagi H, Yamashita H, Kaneko H, Tsuchiya H, Fujio K, Handa H, Suzuki H. Extracellular aaRSs drive autoimmune and inflammatory responses in rheumatoid arthritis via the release of cytokines and PAD4. Ann Rheum Dis 2023; 82:1153-1161. [PMID: 37400117 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2023-224055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent studies demonstrate that extracellular-released aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) play unique roles in immune responses and diseases. This study aimed to understand the role of extracellular aaRSs in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Primary macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes were cultured with aaRSs. aaRS-induced cytokine production including IL-6 and TNF-α was detected by ELISA. Transcriptomic features of aaRS-stimulated macrophages were examined using RNA-sequencing. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) aaRS levels in patients with RA were assessed using ELISA. Peptidyl arginine deiminase (PAD) 4 release from macrophages stimulated with aaRSs was detected by ELISA. Citrullination of aaRSs by themselves was examined by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. Furthermore, aaRS inhibitory peptides were used for inhibition of arthritis in two mouse RA models, collagen-induced arthritis and collagen antibody-induced arthritis. RESULTS All 20 aaRSs functioned as alarmin; they induced pro-inflammatory cytokines through the CD14-MD2-TLR4 axis. Stimulation of macrophages with aaRSs displayed persistent innate inflammatory responses. Serum and SF levels of many aaRSs increased in patients with RA compared with control subjects. Furthermore, aaRSs released PAD4 from living macrophages, leading to their citrullination. We demonstrate that aaRS inhibitory peptides suppress cytokine production and PAD4 release by aaRSs and alleviate arthritic symptoms in a mouse RA model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncovered the significant role of aaRSs as a novel alarmin in RA pathogenesis, indicating that their blocking agents are potent antirheumatic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Kimura
- Dep of Immunology and Pathology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takagi
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Thiprampai Thamamongood
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Satoshi Sakamoto
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takumi Ito
- Center for Future Medical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Iwao Seki
- Research and Development Department, AYUMI Pharmaceutical Corporation, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okamoto
- Research and Development Department, AYUMI Pharmaceutical Corporation, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aono
- Research and Development Department, AYUMI Pharmaceutical Corporation, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Serada
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences Molecular Pathophysiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Naka
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences Molecular Pathophysiology, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imataka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Miyake
- Division of Innate Immunity, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ueda
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Miyanokoshi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Wakasugi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Iwamoto
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Iguchi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamashita
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaneko
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsuchiya
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Center for Future Medical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harumi Suzuki
- Dep of Immunology and Pathology, Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa-shi, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khanna K, Raymond W, Jin J, Charbit AR, Gitlin I, Tang M, Werts AD, Barrett EG, Cox JM, Birch SM, Martinelli R, Sperber HS, Franz S, Duff T, Hoffmann M, Healy AM, Oscarson S, Pöhlmann S, Pillai SK, Simmons G, Fahy JV. Exploring antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects of thiol drugs in COVID-19. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 323:L372-L389. [PMID: 35762590 PMCID: PMC9448286 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00136.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The redox status of the cysteine-rich SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-2-S) is important for the binding of SARS-2-S to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), suggesting that drugs with a functional thiol group (“thiol drugs”) may cleave cystines to disrupt SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. In addition, neutrophil-induced oxidative stress is a mechanism of COVID-19 lung injury, and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of thiol drugs, especially cysteamine, may limit this injury. To first explore the antiviral effects of thiol drugs in COVID-19, we used an ACE-2 binding assay and cell entry assays utilizing reporter pseudoviruses and authentic SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We found that multiple thiol drugs inhibit SARS-2-S binding to ACE2 and virus infection. The most potent drugs were effective in the low millimolar range, and IC50 values followed the order of their cystine cleavage rates and lower thiol pKa values. To determine if thiol drugs have antiviral effects in vivo and to explore any anti-inflammatory effects of thiol drugs in COVID-19, we tested the effects of cysteamine delivered intraperitoneally to hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2. Cysteamine did not decrease lung viral infection, but it significantly decreased lung neutrophilic inflammation and alveolar hemorrhage. We speculate that the concentration of cysteamine achieved in the lungs with intraperitoneal delivery was insufficient for antiviral effects but sufficient for anti-inflammatory effects. We conclude that thiol drugs decrease SARS-CoV-2 lung inflammation and injury, and we provide rationale for future studies to test if direct (aerosol) delivery of thiol drugs to the airways might also result in antiviral effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Khanna
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Wilfred Raymond
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Annabelle R Charbit
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Irina Gitlin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Monica Tang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Adam D Werts
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Edward G Barrett
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Jason M Cox
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Sharla M Birch
- Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States
| | - Rachel Martinelli
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Hannah S Sperber
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Sergej Franz
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Thomas Duff
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anne Marie Healy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panoz Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.,SSPC, The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Satish K Pillai
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - John V Fahy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep and the Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Esalatmanesh K, Jamali A, Esalatmanesh R, Soleimani Z, Khabbazi A, Malek Mahdavi A. Effects of N-acetylcysteine supplementation on disease activity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and metabolic parameters in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Amino Acids 2022; 54:433-440. [PMID: 35133468 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-022-03134-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of inflammation and oxidative stress in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant features of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of NAC supplementation on disease activity, oxidative stress, and inflammatory and metabolic parameters in RA patients. In a randomized double-masked placebo-controlled trial, 74 RA subjects were chosen and randomly divided into two groups to take 600 mg of NAC or placebo twice daily for 3 months. Before and after the study, disease activity was assessed via disease activity score-28 (DAS-28), and serum malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity, nitric oxide (NO), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profile, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured. Seventy patients completed the trial. Compared to baseline, NAC significantly reduced morning stiffness (P < 0.001), DAS-28 (P < 0.001), ESR (P = 0.004), MDA (P < 0.001), NO (P < 0.001), hs-CRP (P = 0.006), FBS (P < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P = 0.023) and significantly increased GPx activity (P = 0.015) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (P = 0.001). After treatment, remarkable differences were only seen between the two groups in serum NO (P = 0.003), FBS (P = 0.010), and HDL-C (P < 0.001) adjusted for baseline measures. There were no significant changes in morning stiffness, DAS-28, ESR, hs-CRP, MDA, TAC, GPx activity, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and LDL-C levels compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, NAC did not improve RA disease activity, but reduced NO and FBS and increased HDL-C levels. It appears that NAC should not be consumed as a replacement for routine medications prescribed in RA therapy, but it can be used as an adjunctive therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Esalatmanesh
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Jamali
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Roozbeh Esalatmanesh
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Zahra Soleimani
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khabbazi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aida Malek Mahdavi
- Connective Tissue Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Rahat Breath and Sleep Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khanna K, Raymond W, Jin J, Charbit AR, Gitlin I, Tang M, Werts AD, Barrett EG, Cox JM, Birch SM, Martinelli R, Sperber HS, Franz S, Pillai S, Healy AM, Duff T, Oscarson S, Hoffmann M, Pöhlmann S, Simmons G, Fahy JV. Thiol drugs decrease SARS-CoV-2 lung injury in vivo and disrupt SARS-CoV-2 spike complex binding to ACE2 in vitro. bioRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33330868 PMCID: PMC7743076 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.08.415505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil-induced oxidative stress is a mechanism of lung injury in COVID-19, and drugs with a functional thiol group (“thiol drugs”), especially cysteamine, have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties that could limit this injury. Thiol drugs may also alter the redox status of the cysteine-rich SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (SARS-2-S) and thereby disrupt ACE2 binding. Using ACE2 binding assay, reporter virus pseudotyped with SARS-CoV-2 spikes (ancestral and variants) and authentic SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-1), we find that multiple thiol drugs inhibit SARS-2-S binding to ACE2 and virus entry into cells. Pseudoviruses carrying variant spikes were less efficiently inhibited as compared to pseudotypes bearing an ancestral spike, but the most potent drugs still inhibited the Delta variant in the low millimolar range. IC50 values followed the order of their cystine cleavage rates and lower thiol pKa values. In hamsters infected with SARS-CoV-2, intraperitoneal (IP) cysteamine decreased neutrophilic inflammation and alveolar hemorrhage in the lungs but did not decrease viral infection, most likely because IP delivery could not achieve millimolar concentrations in the airways. These data show that thiol drugs inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro and reduce SARS-CoV-2-related lung injury in vivo and provide strong rationale for trials of systemically delivered thiol drugs as COVID-19 treatments. We propose that antiviral effects of thiol drugs in vivo will require delivery directly to the airways to ensure millimolar drug concentrations and that thiol drugs with lower thiol pKa values are most likely to be effective. The effect of cysteamine to decrease SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in vivo and of multiple thiol drugs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro provides rationale for clinical trials of thiol drugs in COVID-19.
Collapse
|
5
|
Özdemir ZC, Turhan AB, Eren M, Bor Ö. Is N-acetylcysteine infusion an effective treatment option in L-asparaginase associated hepatotoxicity? Blood Res 2017; 52:69-71. [PMID: 28401107 PMCID: PMC5383593 DOI: 10.5045/br.2017.52.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Canan Özdemir
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Bozkurt Turhan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Makbule Eren
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Özcan Bor
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskişehir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Riegger J, Joos H, Palm HG, Friemert B, Reichel H, Ignatius A, Brenner RE. Antioxidative therapy in an ex vivo human cartilage trauma-model: attenuation of trauma-induced cell loss and ECM-destructive enzymes by N-acetyl cysteine. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:2171-2180. [PMID: 27514995 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mechanical trauma of articular cartilage results in cell loss and cytokine-driven inflammatory response. Subsequent accumulation of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species enhances the enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM). This study aims on the therapeutic potential of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) in a human ex vivo cartilage trauma-model, focusing on cell- and chondroprotective features. DESIGN Human full-thickness cartilage explants were subjected to a defined impact trauma (0.59 J) and treated with NAC. Efficiency of NAC administration was evaluated by following outcome parameters: cell viability, apoptosis rate, anabolic/catabolic gene expression, secretion and activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and proteoglycan (PG) release. RESULTS Continuous NAC administration increased cell viability and reduced the apoptosis rate after trauma. It also suppressed trauma-induced gene expression of ECM-destructive enzymes, such as ADAMTS-4, MMP-1, -2, -3 and -13 in a dosage- and time-depending manner. Subsequent suppression of MMP-2 and MMP-13 secretion reflected these findings on protein level. Moreover, NAC inhibited proteolytic activity of MMPs and reduced PG release. CONCLUSION In the context of this ex vivo study, we showed not only remarkable cell- and chondroprotective features, but also revealed new encouraging findings concerning the therapeutically effective concentration and treatment-time regimen of NAC. Its defense against chondrocyte apoptosis and catabolic enzyme secretion recommends NAC as a multifunctional add-on reagent for pharmaceutical intervention after cartilage injury. Taken together, our data increase the knowledge on the therapeutic potential of NAC after cartilage trauma and presents a basis for future in vivo studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Riegger
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Joos
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H G Palm
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, German Armed Forces Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - B Friemert
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, German Armed Forces Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - H Reichel
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - A Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - R E Brenner
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tassopoulos A, Chalkias A, Papalois A, Iacovidou N, Xanthos T. The effect of antioxidant supplementation on bacterial translocation after intestinal ischemia and reperfusion. Redox Rep 2016; 22:1-9. [PMID: 27734759 DOI: 10.1080/13510002.2016.1229893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is highly sensitive to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Intestinal I/R may cause local tissue injury and disruption of the intestinal mucosal barrier, allowing the passage of viable bacteria and endotoxins from the gastrointestinal lumen to distant organs. This phenomenon, known as bacterial translocation (BT), may lead to systemic disorders with high morbidity and mortality. Oxidative stress mediators such as reactive oxygen species, polymorphonuclear neutrophils and nitric oxide are believed to contribute to the intestinal I/R injury. Many antioxidants have shown protective effects against I/R injury of various organs. The present article provides an overview of studies investigating the effect of antioxidant supplementation on BT after intestinal I/R.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Tassopoulos
- a National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - A Chalkias
- b Hellenic Society of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation , Athens , Greece.,c National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - A Papalois
- f Experimental-Research Centre ELPEN Pharmaceutical Co. Inc. , Athens , Greece
| | - N Iacovidou
- e Department of Neonatology, Aretaieio Hospital , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School , Athens , Greece
| | - T Xanthos
- d European University Cyprus , School of Medicine , Nicosia , Cyprus
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yan X, Cen Y, Wang Q. Mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental rheumatoid arthritis through microRNA-regulated IκB expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28915. [PMID: 27354158 PMCID: PMC4926108 DOI: 10.1038/srep28915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation reduces the severity of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice, which is a model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in humans. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain ill-defined. Here, we showed that MSC transplantation reduced the activities of NF-κB signaling and decreased microRNA-548e (miR-548e) levels in the joint tissue in CIA-mice, seemingly through activation of transforming growth factor β receptor signaling. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that miR-548e inhibited protein translation of the NF-κB inhibitor, IκB, through binding to the 3′-UTR of the IκB mRNA. MSCs co-transplanted with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying miR-548e abolished the therapeutic effects of MSCs on CIA. On the other hand, transplantation of AAV carrying antisense of miR-548e (as-miR-548e) partially mimicked the effects of MSC transplantation on CIA. Together, these data suggest that MSC transplantation may alleviate experimental RA partially through suppressing miR-548e-mediated IκB inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yan
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanxi University affiliated the First Hospital, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yurong Cen
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Jiaotong University affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China.,Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Nanfang Medical University affiliated Fengxian Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai 201400, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
|
10
|
Schwenck J, Griessinger CM, Fuchs K, Bukala D, Bauer N, Eichner M, Röcken M, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. In vivo optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activity detects acute and chronic contact hypersensitivity reactions and enables monitoring of the antiinflammatory effects of N-acetylcysteine. Mol Imaging 2015; 13. [PMID: 25430819 DOI: 10.2310/7290.2014.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether the severity of contact hypersensitivity reactions (CHSRs) can be observed by noninvasive in vivo optical imaging of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity and whether this is an appropriate tool for monitoring an antiinflammatory effect. Acute and chronic CHSRs were elicited by application of a 1% trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB) solution for up to five times on the right ear of TNCB-sensitized mice. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated and sham-treated mice were monitored by measuring ear swelling and optical imaging of MMP activity. In addition, we performed hematoxylin-eosin staining and CD31 immunohistochemistry for histopathologic analysis of the antiinflammatory effects of NAC. The ear thickness and the MMP activity increased in line with the increasing severity of the CHSR. MMP activity was enhanced 2.5- to 2.7-fold during acute CHSR and 3.1- to 4.1-fold during chronic CHSR. NAC suppressed ear swelling and MMP signal intensity in mice with acute and chronic CHSR. During chronic CHSR, the vessel density was significantly reduced in ear sections derived from NAC-treated compared to sham-treated mice. In vivo optical imaging of MMP activity measures acute and chronic CHSR and is useful to monitor antiinflammatory effects.
Collapse
|
11
|
Gunay Y, Altaner S, Ekmen N. The Role of e-NOS in Chronic Cholestasis-Induced Liver and Renal Injury in Rats: The Effect of N-Acetyl Cysteine. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014; 2014:564949. [PMID: 25431587 DOI: 10.1155/2014/564949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. The role of chronic cholestasis (CC) in liver injury and fibrosis remains unclear. The aims of this study were to define the role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (e-NOS) in CC and the protective effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) in liver and kidney injury. Materials and Methods. Group A (sham group); Group B (CBDL); and Group C (CBDL + NAC). Group C received daily dosage of NAC (100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for up to 4 weeks. Results. The rate of bridging fibrosis was higher (100% versus 20%, P = .025), but the intensity of e-NOS in liver was lower in rats that received NAC (1.3 versus 2.7, P = .046). The necrotic area in the kidneys among rats that received NAC was lower at week 4 (48% versus 57%; P < .001). The numbers of e-NOS stained cells in kidney were similar in sham group and the two groups with CBDL. Discussion. NAC reduced the stimulus for liver fibrosis in this rat model of CC and attenuated liver and kidney injury. Our study showed that e-NOS expression increased in liver tissue of rats with CC and that this was reversed by NAC. Treatment with NAC might restore e-NOS protein expression and prevent liver injury in CC.
Collapse
|
12
|
Shi D, Li X, Chen H, Che N, Zhou S, Lu Z, Shi S, Sun L. High level of reactive oxygen species impaired mesenchymal stem cell migration via overpolymerization of F-actin cytoskeleton in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 62:382-90. [PMID: 25239279 DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some lines of evidence have demonstrated abnormalities of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients, characterized by defective phenotype of MSCs and slower growth with enhanced apoptosis and senescence. However, whether SLE MSCs demonstrate aberrant migration capacity or abnormalities in cytoskeleton are issues that remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that MSCs from SLE patients did show impairment in migration capacity as well as abnormalities in F-actin cytoskeleton, accompanied by a high level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). When normal MSCs were treated in vitro with H2O2, which increases intracellular ROS level as an oxidant, both reorganization of F-actin cytoskeleton and impairment of migration capability were observed. On the other hand, treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), as an exogenous antioxidant, made F-actin more orderly and increased migration ratio in SLE MSCs. In addition, oral administration of NAC markedly reduced serum autoantibody levels and ameliorated lupus nephritis (LN) in MRL/lpr mice, partially reversing the abnormalities of MSCs. These results indicate that overpolymerization of F-actin cytoskeleton, which may be associated with high levels of ROS, causes impairment in the migration capacity of SLE MSCs and that oral administration of NAC may have potential therapeutic effects on MRL/lpr mice.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao W, Meng G, Zhao Y, Yuan H, Li T, Peng Y, Zhao Y, Luo M, Zhao W, Li Z, Zheng X. Human secreted stabilin-1-interacting chitinase-like protein aggravates the inflammation associated with rheumatoid arthritis and is a potential macrophage inflammatory regulator in rodents. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1141-52. [PMID: 24470346 DOI: 10.1002/art.38356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the human secreted protein stabilin-1-interacting chitinase-like protein (SI-CLP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of SI-CLP in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial fluid from patients with RA and the effects of cytokines on SI-CLP expression were examined by Western blotting. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis was performed to investigate the binding between SI-CLP and cells. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were isolated from wild-type and SI-CLP(-/-) mice, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the levels of messenger RNA for cytokines or SI-CLP in SI-CLP- or cytokine-treated macrophages. Histologic studies were conducted to evaluate inflammation and the expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-13, and SI-CLP in lesions. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect the cytokine levels in bone marrow-derived macrophages. Rats or mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) and SI-CLP(-/-) mice were used to study the function of SI-CLP in RA. RESULTS SI-CLP expression was increased in PBMCs and detectable in synovial fluid from patients with RA. Administration of SI-CLP to rats with CIA aggravated arthritis-associated inflammation. SI-CLP was specifically attached to the surface protein of macrophages, which elevated the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-13 in macrophages and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, up-regulating ERK phosphorylation. Moreover, SI-CLP was up-regulated by both IL-12 and IL-13 through JNK and JAK/STAT signaling, respectively. Knockout of SI-CLP resulted in a decrease in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-13 and lower susceptibility to CIA compared with wild-type mice. SI-CLP treatment also aggravated arthritis-related inflammation in wild-type and SI-CLP(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION SI-CLP functions as a regulator of the inflammatory response by macrophages. The decrease in inflammation-associated cytokine levels resulting from SI-CLP knockout may explain the lower susceptibility to CIA in SI-CLP(-/-) mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weichun Xiao
- State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee SJ, Choi HR, Lee JC, Park HJ, Lee HK, Jeong JT, Lee TB. The Anti-aging Effects of Various Berries in the Human Skin Keratinocyte (HaCaT) Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.9721/kjfst.2014.46.2.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
15
|
Topcu-Tarladacalisir Y, Tarladacalisir T, Sapmaz-Metin M, Karamustafaoglu A, Uz YH, Akpolat M, Cerkezkayabekir A, Turan FN. N-Acetylcysteine counteracts oxidative stress and protects alveolar epithelial cells from lung contusion-induced apoptosis in rats with blunt chest trauma. J Mol Histol 2014; 45:463-71. [PMID: 24442604 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-014-9563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on peroxidative and apoptotic changes in the contused lungs of rats following blunt chest trauma. The rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, contusion, and contusion + NAC. All the rats, apart from those in the control group, performed moderate lung contusion. A daily intramuscular NAC injection (150 mg/kg) was given immediately following the blunt chest trauma and was continued for two additional days following cessation of the trauma. Samples of lung tissue were taken in order to evaluate the tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) level, histopathology, and epithelial cell apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and active caspase-3 immunostaining. In addition, we immunohistochemically evaluated the expression of surfactant protein D (SP-D) in the lung tissue. The blunt chest trauma-induced lung contusion resulted in severe histopathological injury, as well as an increase in the MDA level and in the number of cells identified on TUNEL assay together with active caspase-3 positive epithelial cells, but a decrease in the number of SP-D positive alveolar type 2 (AT-2) cells. NAC treatment effectively attenuated histopathologic, peroxidative, and apoptotic changes, as well as reducing alterations in SP-D expression in the lung tissue. These findings indicate that the beneficial effects of NAC administrated following blunt chest trauma is related to the regulation of oxidative stress and apoptosis.
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee JH, Jo YH, Kim K, Lee JH, Rim KP, Kwon WY, Suh GJ, Rhee JE. Effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on acute lung injury and acute kidney injury in hemorrhagic shock. Resuscitation 2012; 84:121-7. [PMID: 22664745 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has been investigated to attenuate organ injury in various experimental and clinical studies. However, results in hemorrhagic shock (HS) were controversial. We determined the effects of continuous administration of NAC on acute lung injury (ALI) and acute kidney injury (AKI) in HS model. METHODS Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Pressure controlled HS model defined by mean arterial pressure (MAP) 40±2 mmHg for 90 min followed by resuscitation and observation was used. Rats (n=10 per group) were randomized into 2 groups with NAC or dextrose. Intravenous NAC was given continuously from 15 min after induction of HS to the end of observation period (2 h). We measured serum IL-6, nitrite/nitrate concentration. NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity, expressions of cytoplasmic phosphorylated IκB-α (p-IκB-α) and IκB-α, malondialdehyde (MDA) and histopathological injury scores in lung and kidney were also evaluated. RESULTS MAP did not show any difference during the study period. NAC decreased histopathologic scores in both lung and kidney. Lung and kidney MDA levels were significantly lower in the NAC group compared to control group. Serum nitrite/nitrate and IL-6 were also significantly lower in the NAC group. The levels of lung cytoplasmic p-IκB-α expression was mitigated by NAC, and NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity was also significantly decreased in the NAC group. CONCLUSIONS Continuous infusion of NAC attenuated inflammatory response and acute lung and kidney injury after hemorrhagic shock in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tayman C, Tonbul A, Kosus A, Hirfanoglu IM, Uysal S, Haltas H, Tatli MM, Andiran F. N-acetylcysteine may prevent severe intestinal damage in necrotizing enterocolitis. J Pediatr Surg 2012; 47:540-50. [PMID: 22424351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2011.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the preventive effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in an experimental rat model. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: NEC, NEC + NAC, and control. Necrotizing enterocolitis was induced by enteral formula feeding, exposure to hypoxia-hyperoxia, and cold stress. Pups in the NEC + NAC group were administered NAC at a dose of 150 mg/kg daily by intraperitoneal route from the first day until the last day of the study. All pups were killed on the fifth day. Proximal colon and ileum were excised for histopathologic, immunohistochemical (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling and caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9), and biochemical evaluation, including xanthine oxidase, total antioxidant status, total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase activities. RESULTS The pups in the NEC + NAC group had better clinical sickness scores compared with those in the NEC group (P < .05). In histopathologic and apoptosis evaluations (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling and immunohistochemical evaluation for caspase-3 and caspase-9), the severity of bowel damage was significantly less in the NEC + NAC group compared with the NEC group (P < .01). Tissue malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, xanthine oxidase levels, and total oxidant status were significantly decreased in the NEC + NAC group, whereas total antioxidant status (TAS) was significantly increased in the NEC + NAC group (P < .01). CONCLUSION N-acetylcysteine therapy significantly reduced the severity of intestinal damage in NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cuneyt Tayman
- Department of Neonatology, Fatih University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fujiwara Y, Tsuchiya H, Sakai N, Shibata K, Fujimura A, Koshimizu T. Proximal tubules and podocytes are toxicity targets of bucillamine in a mouse model of drug-induced kidney injury. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:208-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
19
|
Haddad JJ. A redox microenvironment is essential for MAPK-dependent secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines: Modulation by glutathione (GSH/GSSG) biosynthesis and equilibrium in the alveolar epithelium. Cell Immunol 2011; 270:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
20
|
Rodosskaia N, Chernousova G. Immune system and thiols: Some peculiarities of thiol exchange. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 33:65-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
21
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS It is well known that disturbed intestinal motility and bacterial overgrowth may occur following partial hepatectomy. These events have been followed by the translocation of enteric bacteria that play a major role in the development of infections. We designed the present study to evaluate the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on ileal muscle contractility as an indication of intestinal motility. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 6): sham, sham plus preoperative intraperitoneal NAC injection, hepatectomy, and hepatectomy plus preoperative intraperitoneal NAC injection. Contractile and relaxant responses in isolated ileal smooth muscle strips were determined using an in vitro muscle technique. Statistical analyses were performed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U-tests. RESULTS Contractile responses to KCl and carbachol were significantly decreased in the ileal strips of the hepatectomy group when compared to the sham-operated control group. The impaired contraction of strips was markedly improved by preoperative NAC treatment. However, neither the electrical field stimulation nor the sodium nitroprusside-mediated relaxant responses changed in any of the groups. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicated that disturbed ileal contractility after partial hepatectomy was remedied by preoperative NAC treatment, which in turn might cause attenuation of bacterial translocation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Okay
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kostopanagiotou G, Avgerinos ED, Markidou E, Voiniadis P, Chondros C, Theodoraki K, Smyrniotis V, Arkadopoulos N. Protective effect of NAC preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury in piglet small bowel transplantation: effects on plasma TNF, IL-8, hyaluronic acid, and NO. J Surg Res 2009; 168:301-5. [PMID: 20036383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is one of the main factors affecting the function and structure of small bowel transplantation (SBT), by generation of proinflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, cytokines, and endotoxin. Experimental data have demonstrated that N-acetylcysteine (NAC) attenuates intestinal I/R injury. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of NAC preconditioning on the SBT-I/R induced inflammatory cascade, with particular focus on TNF, IL-8, hyaluronic acid, and NO. METHODS Fifteen domestic pigs were used as donors. Fifteen recipient animals were randomly assigned into two groups. Group 1: SBTx (n=7) served as controls and Group 2: SBTx (n=8) served as the experimental group (NAC administration). RESULTS NAC administration at a continuous 4 h intravenous bolus dose of 200 mg/kg of body weight, starting before initiation of bowel transplantation, resulted in statistically significant (P<0.05) higher plasma levels of NO, and lower plasma levels of hyaluronic acid, TNF-α, IL-8, and LDH compared with those of the control group, at the 360 min time point. CONCLUSIONS NAC confers a protective role in small bowel transplantation associated, partly, with NO generation and hyaluronic acid, TNF-α and IL-8 amelioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Kostopanagiotou
- 2nd Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Attikon Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang D, Shen J, Wang C, Zhang X, Chen J. GSH-dependent iNOS and HO-1 mediated apoptosis of human Jurkat cells induced by nickel(II). Environ Toxicol 2009; 24:404-414. [PMID: 18830972 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which nickel compounds cause immune cytotoxicity are far from understood. Our preliminary data suggested that nickel(II) induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells by mitochondrial pathway, specifically via mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation and antiapoptotic gene bcl-2 down-regulation. The main goal of this study was to further investigate the toxicity of nickel, especially the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on immune cells, which finally induced apoptosis. Nickel was found to induce glutathione (GSH) depletion in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When Jurkat cells were preincubated with antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC), apoptosis was inhibited distinctly, which suggested that ROS played an initial role in nickel immune toxicity. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Nitric oxide (NO) which may play an important role in regulatory and protective processes in cells were assayed upon nickel treatment. A significant increase in HO-1 mRNA levels was detected in nickel treated cells. We confirmed that reduction of Nitrate levels in Jurkat cells was due to down-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), not endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). Expression changes of HO-1 and iNOS were markedly blocked when Jurkat cells were preincubated with NAC, suggesting that ROS resulted in HO-1 and iNOS dysfunction in Jurkat cells. We supposed that the immune toxicity of nickel(II) was mainly due to GSH depletion and finally led to apoptosis, probably via changing the expression levels of HO-1 and iNOS in human T lymphocytes.
Collapse
|
24
|
Toker H, Ozdemir H, Eren K, Ozer H, Sahin G. N-acetylcysteine, a thiol antioxidant, decreases alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats. J Periodontol 2009; 80:672-8. [PMID: 19335088 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2009.080509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to analyze the morphometric and histopathologic changes associated with experimental periodontitis in rats in response to systemic administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). METHODS Forty-three Wistar rats were divided into five experimental groups: non-ligated (NL) group (n = 10), ligature only (LO) group (n = 10), and groups that were administered NAC systemically (7, 35, or 70 mg/kg body weight per day [NAC7, NAC35, and NAC70 groups, respectively]; n = 8, 9, and 6). Silk ligatures were placed at the gingival margin of the lower first molars in a mandibular quadrant. The study duration was 11 days, and the animals were sacrificed at the end of this period. Changes in alveolar bone levels were measured clinically and tissues were histopathologically examined to assess the differences among the study groups. RESULTS At the end of 11 days, the alveolar bone loss was significantly higher in the LO group compared to NL, NAC7, NAC35, and NAC70 groups (P <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the osteoclast numbers among the study groups (P >0.05), whereas the effect of NAC was dose-dependent. CONCLUSION NAC prevented alveolar bone loss in the rat model, in a dose-dependent manner, when administered systemically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Toker
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Park JH, Kim TK, Kim HK, Baik SW. Apoptosis of the GABAergic interneuron in the dorsal horn of the chronic post-ischemic pain model. Korean J Anesthesiol 2009; 57:350-357. [DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2009.57.3.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyeuk Park
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Kwang Hye Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Tae Kyun Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hae Kyu Kim
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Seong Wan Baik
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hirohata S, Yanagida T, Tomita T, Yoshikawa H. Differential influences of bucillamine and methotrexate on the generation of fibroblast-like cells from bone marrow CD34+ cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:86-90. [PMID: 19000788 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We have recently demonstrated that bone marrow CD34+ cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients displayed abnormal capacities to respond to TNF-alpha and to differentiate into fibroblast-like cells producing MMP-1 (type B synoviocyte -like cells). The current study examined the effects of representative potent disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, including bucillamine (BUC) and methotrexate (MTX) on the in vitro generation of fibroblast-like cells from RA bone marrow CD34+ cells. CD34+ cells purified from bone marrow specimens of 8 patients with active RA were cultured in the presence or absence of pharmacologically attainable concentrations of intramolecular disulfide form of bucillamine (BUC-ID, 3 microM), a major metabolite of BUC or MTX (20 nM). After incubation for 28 days, the generation of fibroblast-like cells was assessed under phase-contrast light microscopy and the concentrations of MMP-1 and VEGF in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. BUC-ID, but not MTX, significantly suppressed the generation of fibroblast-like cells from RA bone marrow CD34+ cells stimulated with SCF, GM-CSF and TNF-alpha (p=0.024 as determined by Wilcoxon signed rank test). Accordingly, BUC-ID, but not MTX, significantly suppressed the production of MMP-1 (p=0.017) and VEGF (p=0.017) by RA bone marrow CD34+ cells, without inhibition of beta2-microglobulin production. These results demonstrate that BUC-ID, but not MTX, is a potent inhibitor of differentiation of fibroblast-like cells from RA bone marrow CD34+ cells. Since MTX, but not BUC, has been previously shown to influence on type A synoviocytes, the data provide rationale of combination of BUC and MTX in the treatment of RA.
Collapse
|
27
|
Paintlia MK, Paintlia AS, Singh AK, Singh I. Attenuation of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response and phospholipids metabolism at the feto-maternal interface by N-acetyl cysteine. Pediatr Res 2008; 64:334-9. [PMID: 18552708 PMCID: PMC2967178 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e318181e07c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Maternal microbial infections cause adverse fetal developmental outcomes including embryonic resorption, intrauterine fetal death, and preterm labor. Recent studies demonstrated that oxidative-stress plays an important role in chorioamniotitis pathogenesis. Herein we investigated the effect of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced preterm labor and fetal demise in murine model. Lipopolysaccharide exposure at embryonic day 18 demonstrated an increase in the abortion rate and fetal demise in pregnant rats. This was associated with increase in an inflammatory response (cytokines, chemokines, and iNOS expression) and infiltration of leukocytes (monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells) in the placenta. There was increased expression of cytosolic and secretary phospholipase A2 with increased secretion of prostaglandin-2 and leukotriene B4 in the placenta, suggestive of increased metabolism of phospholipids. In addition, expression of cycloxygenase-2 and malondialdehyde production (oxidative-stress marker) was increased in the placenta. Conversely, NAC pretreatment abolished these effects of LPS in the placenta. Collectively, these data provide evidence that LPS-induced increased inflammation and metabolism of phospholipids at the feto-maternal interface (placenta) is critical for preterm labor and fetal demise during maternal microbial infections which could be blocked by antioxidant-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet K Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ambler SK, Hodges YK, Jones GM, Long CS, Horwitz LD. Prolonged administration of a dithiol antioxidant protects against ventricular remodeling due to ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2008; 295:H1303-H1310. [PMID: 18689493 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01143.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The prolonged production of reactive oxygen species due to ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a potential cause of the pathological remodeling that frequently precedes heart failure. We tested the ability of a potent dithiol antioxidant, bucillamine, to protect against the long-term consequences of I/R injury in a murine model of myocardial infarction. After transiently occluding the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, saline or bucillamine (10 microg/g body wt) was injected intravenously as a bolus within the first 5 min of reperfusion. The antioxidant treatment continued with daily subcutaneous injections for 4 wk. There were no differences in infarct sizes between bucillamine- and saline-treated animals. After 4 wk of reperfusion, cardiac hypertrophy was decreased by bucillamine treatment (ventricular weight-to-body weight ratios: I/R + saline, 4.5 +/- 0.2 mg/g vs. I/R + bucillamine, 4.2 +/- 0.1 mg/g; means +/- SE; P < 0.05). Additionally, the hearts of bucillamine-treated mice had improved contractile function (echocardiographic measurement of fractional shortening) relative to saline controls: I/R + saline, 32 +/- 3%, versus I/R + bucillamine, 41 +/- 4% (P < 0.05). Finally, I/R-induced injury in the saline-treated mice was accompanied by a fetal pattern of gene expression determined by ribonuclease protection assay that was consistent with pathological cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling [increased atrial natriuretic peptide, beta-myosin heavy chain (MHC), skeletal alpha-actin; decreased sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a, and alpha-MHC-to-beta-MHC ratio]. These changes in gene expression were significantly attenuated by bucillamine. Therefore, treatment with a dithiol antioxidant for 4 wk after I/R preserved ventricular function and prevented the abnormal pattern of gene expression associated with pathological cardiac remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kelly Ambler
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vercelino R, Tieppo J, Dias AS, Marroni CA, Garcia E, Meurer L, Picada JN, Marroni NP. N-acetylcysteine effects on genotoxic and oxidative stress parameters in cirrhotic rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 102:370-6. [PMID: 18341514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00181.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential antioxidant effects of N-acetylcysteine in hepatopulmonary syndrome, a complication of cirrhosis, using an experimental model of common bile duct ligation in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups: CBDL (animals submitted to common bile duct ligation); Sham (animals submitted to simulated common bile duct ligation); Sham + N-acetylcysteine, and CBDL + N-acetylcysteine. N-acetylcysteine (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) was administered for 2 weeks starting on day 14 after surgery. Some alterations in the liver integrity were investigated by evaluation of serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and arterial blood gases. Lipoperoxidation by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances assay, superoxide dismutase activity and total nitrates was measured as parameters of oxidative stress, performed on lung homogenates. Micronucleus assay in bone marrow and comet assay in lung, liver and blood were performed to assess the genotoxic effects by oxidative stress. The results showed an improvement in the enzymatic parameters and arterial blood gases, a reduction of lipoperoxidation and in the total nitrates after treatment with N-acetylcysteine. Histological analysis showed vasodilatation in the lung, which was reversed by N-acetylcysteine. Micronuclei frequency and DNA damage in lung and liver were increased in the CBDL group. N-Acetylcysteine caused no genotoxic effect and did not influence the induction of micronucleus in bone marrow and DNA damage in lung and liver. The results suggest protective effects after treatment with N-acetylcysteine in cirrhotic rats with hepatopulmonary syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vercelino
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Physiology, Porto Alegre Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Sisillo E, Ceriani R, Bortone F, Juliano G, Salvi L, Veglia F, Fiorentini C, Marenzi G. N-acetylcysteine for prevention of acute renal failure in patients with chronic renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery: a prospective, randomized, clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2008; 36:81-6. [PMID: 18090169 DOI: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000295305.22281.1D] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the preventive effect of the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine on postoperative acute renal failure in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery. DESIGN Randomized, placebo-controlled, prospective study. SETTING University cardiology center. PATIENTS Two hundred fifty-four consecutive patients with chronic renal insufficiency (estimated creatinine clearance < or = 60 mL/min) undergoing elective cardiac surgery. INTERVENTIONS Patients were randomized to receive N-acetylcysteine (n = 129) or placebo (n = 125). Patients of the N-acetylcysteine group received four boluses of intravenous N-acetylcysteine (1200 mg every 12 hrs, starting immediately before cardiac surgery). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The incidence of postoperative acute renal failure (> 25% increase in serum creatinine from baseline) and the in-hospital clinical course were evaluated. Acute renal failure occurred in 46% of patients and was associated with increased in-hospital mortality (7% vs. 0.7%; p = .024). It occurred in 52% of control patients and 40% of N-acetylcysteine-treated patients (p = .06). In-hospital mortality and need for renal replacement therapy were not affected by N-acetylcysteine, but a lower percentage of N-acetylcysteine-treated patients required mechanical ventilation prolonged for > 48 hrs (3% vs. 18%; p < .001) and had an intensive care unit stay > 4 days (13% vs. 33%; p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Intravenous administration of N-acetylcysteine does not clearly prevent postoperative acute renal failure in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing cardiac surgery.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
A severe burn is associated with release of inflammatory mediators which ultimately cause local and distant pathophysiological effects. Mediators including Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) are increased in affected tissue, which are implicated in pathophysiological events observed in burn patients. The purpose of this article is to understand the role of oxidative stress in burns, in order to develop therapeutic strategies. All peer-reviewed, original and review articles published in the English language literature relevant to the topic of oxidative stress in burns in animals and human subjects were selected for this review and the possible roles of ROS and RNS in the pathophysiology of burns are discussed. Both increased xanthine oxidase and neutrophil activation appear to be the oxidant sources in burns. Free radicals have been found to have beneficial effects on antimicrobial action and wound healing. However following a burn, there is an enormous production of ROS which is harmful and implicated in inflammation, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, immunosuppression, infection and sepsis, tissue damage and multiple organ failure. Thus clinical response to burn is dependent on the balance between production of free radicals and its detoxification. Supplementation of antioxidants in human and animal models has proven benefit in decreasing distant organ failure suggesting a cause and effect relationship. We conclude that oxidative damage is one of the mechanisms responsible for the local and distant pathophysiological events observed after burn, and therefore anti-oxidant therapy might be beneficial in minimizing injury in burned patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arti Parihar
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Paintlia MK, Paintlia AS, Khan M, Singh I, Singh AK. Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha activity by N-acetyl cysteine attenuates inhibition of oligodendrocyte development in lipopolysaccharide stimulated mixed glial cultures. J Neurochem 2008; 105:956-70. [PMID: 18205750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells secrete proinflammatory mediators in the brain in response to exogenous stimuli such as infection and injury. Previously, we documented that systemic maternal lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposure at embryonic gestation day 18 causes oligodendrocyte (OL)-injury/hypomyelination in the developing brain which can be attenuated by N-acetyl cysteine (NAC; precursor of glutathione). The present study delineates the underlying mechanism of NAC-mediated attenuation of inhibition of OL development in LPS-stimulated mixed glial cultures. Factors released by LPS-stimulated mixed glial cultures inhibited OL development as shown by decrease in both proliferation 3bromo-deoxyuridine+/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-NG2+, hereafter BrdU+/NG+ and differentiation (O4+ and myelin basic protein+) of OL-progenitors. Correspondingly, an impairment of peroxisomal proliferation was shown by a decrease in the level of peroxisomal proteins in the developing OLs following exposure to LPS-conditioned media (LCM). Both NAC and WY14643, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist attenuated these LCM-induced effects in OL-progenitors. Similar to WY14643, NAC attenuated LCM-induced inhibition of PPAR-alpha activity in developing OLs. Studies conducted with cytokines and diamide (a thiol-depleting agent) confirmed that cytokines are active agents in LCM which may be responsible for inhibition of OL development via peroxisomal dysfunction and induction of oxidative stress. These findings were further corroborated by similar treatment of developing OLs generated from PPAR-alpha(-/-) and wild-type mice or B12 oligodendroglial cells co-transfected with PPAR-alpha small interfering RNAs/pTK-PPREx3-Luc plasmids. Collectively, these data provide evidence that the modulation of PPAR-alpha activity, thus peroxisomal function by NAC attenuates LPS-induced glial factors-mediated inhibition of OL development suggesting new therapeutic interventions to prevent the devastating effects of maternal infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet K Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina and Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Paintlia MK, Paintlia AS, Contreras MA, Singh I, Singh AK. Lipopolysaccharide-induced peroxisomal dysfunction exacerbates cerebral white matter injury: attenuation by N-acetyl cysteine. Exp Neurol 2007; 210:560-76. [PMID: 18291369 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral white matter injury during prenatal maternal infection characterized as periventricular leukomalacia is the main substrate for cerebral palsy (CP) in premature infants. Previously, we reported that maternal LPS exposure causes oligodendrocyte (OL)-injury/hypomyelination in the developing brain which can be attenuated by an antioxidant agent, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Herein, we elucidated the role of peroxisomes in LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cerebral white matter injury. Peroxisomes are important for detoxification of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and metabolism of myelin-lipids in OLs. Maternal LPS exposure induced selective depletion of developing OLs in the fetal brain which was associated with ROS generation, glutathione depletion and peroxisomal dysfunction. Likewise, hypomyelination in the postnatal brain was associated with decrease in peroxisomes and OLs after maternal LPS exposure. Conversely, NAC abolished these LPS-induced effects in the developing brain. CP brains imitated these observed changes in peroxisomal/myelin proteins in the postnatal brain after maternal LPS exposure. In vitro studies revealed that pro-inflammatory cytokines cause OL-injury via peroxisomal dysfunction and ROS generation. NAC or WY14643 (peroxisome proliferators activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha agonist) reverses these effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the wild-type OLs, but not in PPAR-alpha(-/-) OLs. Similarly treated B12 oligodenroglial cells co-transfected with PPAR-alpha siRNAs/pTK-PPREx3-Luc, and LPS exposed PPAR-alpha(-/-) pregnant mice treated with NAC or WY14643 further suggested that PPAR-alpha activity mediates NAC-induced protective effects. Collectively, these data provide unprecedented evidence that LPS-induced peroxisomal dysfunction exacerbates cerebral white matter injury and its attenuation by NAC via a PPAR-alpha dependent mechanism expands therapeutic avenues for CP and related demyelinating diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjeet K Paintlia
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Tsuji F, Seki I, Aono H, Odani N, Mizutani K, Okamoto M, Sasano M. Bucillamine mechanism inhibiting IL-1beta-induced VEGF production from fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2007; 7:1569-76. [PMID: 17920534 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2007.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the bucillamine (Buc) mechanism inhibiting interleukin (IL)-1beta-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production from human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (HFLS) which derived from the inflamed synovium of an RA patient using SA981, its active metabolite. HFLS did not produce IL-1beta, spontaneously. While SA981 partially inhibited IL-1beta-induced VEGF production at concentrations of 10 to 100 microM (10.1% and 14.2% inhibition of total VEGF production under IL-1beta coexistence condition, respectively), it failed to inhibit IL-1beta-induced IL-6 production at the same concentrations. IL-1beta induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, IkappaBalpha, c-Jun and Akt. SA981 at a concentration of 100 microM partially inhibited IL-1beta-induced phosphorylation of p38MAPK and Akt (12.0% and 36.1% inhibition of each total amount of phosphoprotein under IL-1beta coexistence condition, respectively). The VEGF promoter includes four transcription factors: AP1, hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), Sp1 and AP2 binding elements. HIF-1beta, Sp1 and AP1 increased under IL-1beta coexistence conditions. At a concentration of 100 microM, SA981 attenuated increases in HIF-1beta and Sp1 (10.1% and 19.8% inhibition of each total amount of transcription factor under IL-1beta coexistence condition, respectively), but not AP1. These results suggest that SA981 partially inhibits VEGF production via modifications on IL-1beta signaling. Attenuation of the expression of HIF-1beta and Sp1 (but not AP1) may be a key with respect to SA981's selective inhibition of VEGF production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Tsuji
- Research and Development Center, Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 8916-16 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara 630-0101, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Natarajan P, Narayanan S. Mycobacterium tuberculosisH37Rv induces monocytic release of interleukin-6 via activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases: inhibition byN-acetyl-l-cysteine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 50:309-18. [PMID: 17521393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2007.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The release of proinflammatory cytokines after mycobacterial infection is a host immune response that may be propitious or deleterious to the host. Elevated levels of interleukin (IL)-6 are present in plasma of patients with active tuberculosis infection. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the secretion of interleukin-6 in THP-1 cells and human primary monocytes that were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and its regulation by N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a potential antimycobacterial agent. Exposure of THP-1 human monocytes to M. tuberculosis H37Rv induced rapidly, in a time-dependent manner, the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, accompanied by an upregulation of interleukin-6. Using highly specific inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase-1, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB, we found that extracellular-signal regulated kinase 1/2, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-kappaB were essential for M. tuberculosis H37Rv-induced interleukin-6 production in human primary monocytes. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine reduced, in a dose-dependent manner, M. tuberculosis H37Rv-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 3/6 and interleukin-6 production in THP-1 cells.
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translocating enteric bacteria play an important role in the development of infections following partial hepatectomy. The intestine itself is the first line of defence against bacterial translocation (BT). We investigated the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on BT and the intestinal wall. METHODS We compared four groups of Sprague-Dawley male rats (eight in each group): sham, sham plus preoperative single dose of NAC, partial hepatectomy and partial hepatectomy plus preoperative single dose of NAC. Microorganism count in the tissues and the glutathione and malondialdehyte contents of the intestinal wall were studied at the end of the 24th hour. RESULTS Bacterial growth was observed in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes in the sham group. There was bacterial growth in all the samples of the partial hepatectomy group. Differences were significant except in atrial and portal blood counts. In the partial hepatectomy plus NAC treatment group, counts were significantly low in all, except atrial and portal blood samples. The malondialdehyte level in the intestinal wall was 35.38 +/- 10.27 in the sham group, increasing significantly in the partial hepatectomy group (69.50 +/- 21.48), and decreasing in the partial hepatectomy plus NAC treatment group (35.63 +/- 14.12). Glutathione levels decreased significantly in the partial hepatectomy group and increased with preoperative single-dose NAC. CONCLUSION Partial hepatectomy resulted in oxidative disturbances in intestinal wall, which in turn gave rise to BT. Parenteral NAC protects the intestinal wall from oxidative injury and attenuates BT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarpkaya Oz
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Caglikulekci M, Dirlik M, Pata C, Plasse M, Tamer L, Ogetman Z, Ercan B. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on blood and tissue lipid peroxidation in lipopolysaccharide-induced obstructive jaundice. J INVEST SURG 2006; 19:175-84. [PMID: 16809227 DOI: 10.1080/08941930600674702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
In obstructive jaundice, free radical production is increased and antioxidative activity is reduced. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) has a beneficial effect with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, acting as a free radical scavenger. NAC inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase, suppresses cytokine expression/release, and inhibits adhesion molecule expression and nuclear factor kappa B. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NAC on liver/renal tissue and serum lipid peroxidation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced obstructive jaundice. We randomized 60 rats into 6 groups: group 1, Sham; group 2, obstructive jaundice (OJ) induced after bile-duct ligation; group 3, OJ + NAC (100 mg kg- 1 subcutaneously); group 4, OJ + LPS (10 mg kg-1); group 5, OJ + NAC + LPS; and group 6, OJ + LPS + NAC. For each group, the biochemical markers of lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant products were measured in serum and liver/renal tissue after sacrifice. Almost all lipid peroxidation products levels were increased and antioxidant products levels were decreased in groups who received LPS (groups 4, 5, and 6), but the effect was less remarkable when NAC was administered before LPS (group 5). The same trend was seen for groups with OJ +/- LPS who did not received NAC or received it after induced toxemia (groups 2, 4, and 6) as compared to groups 1 and 3. Moreover, in the case of OJ + LPS, rats treated with NAC before LPS (group 5) had lower lipid peroxidation products levels and higher antioxidant products levels as compared to those who did not received NAC (group 4). This phenomenon was not reproducible with NAC administered after LPS (group 6). Thus, results of this study showed that NAC prevents the deleterious effects of LPS in obstructive jaundice by reducing lipid peroxidation in serum and liver/renal tissue if administered before LPS. Nonetheless, NAC failed to prevent the lipid peroxidation in the case of established endotoxemia in obstructive jaundice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Caglikulekci
- Department of General Surgery, Mersin University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Bucillamine (BUC) is used clinically for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Some of the pharmacological action of BUC has been reported as being dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this paper the reactivity of BUC with superoxide anion radical (O(2) (*-)) generated from potassium superoxide/18-crown-6 ether dissolved in DMSO, hydroxyl radical (HO(*)) produced in the Cu(2+)-H(2)O(2) reaction, peroxyl radical (ROO(*)) from 2,2'-azobis (2-amidino-propane) dichloride decomposition, and singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) from a mixture of alkaline aqueous H(2)O(2) and acetonitrile, have been investigated. Chemiluminescence, fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping techniques and the deoxyribose and oxygen radical absorbance capacity towards ROO(*) (ORAC(ROO)) assays were used to elucidate the anti- and pro-oxidative behaviours of BUC towards ROS. The results indicated that BUC efficiently inhibited chemiluminescence from the O(2) (*-)-generating system at relatively high concentrations (0.5-2 mmol/L); however, at lower concentrations (<0.5 mmol/L) the drug enhanced light emission. The behaviour of BUC was correlated with a capacity to decrease the chemiluminescence signal from the Cu(2+)-H(2)O(2) system; scavenging HO(*) was effective only at high concentrations (1-2 mmol/L) of the drug. Bucillamine also prevented deoxyribose degradation induced by HO(*) in a dose-dependent manner, reaching maximal inhibition (24.5%) at a relative high concentration (1.54 mmol/L). Moreover, BUC reacts with ROO(*); the relative ORAC(ROO) was found to be 0.34 micromol/L Trolox equivalents/micromol sample. The drug showed quenching of (1)O(2)-dependent 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxide radical formation from 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidine (e.g. 90% inhibition was found at 1 mmol/L concentration). The results showed that BUC may directly scavenge ROS or inhibit reactions generating them. However, the drug may have pro-oxidant activity under some reaction conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kładna
- Department of Medical History and Ethics, Pomeranian Medical Academy, Rybacka 1, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Okay E, Karadenizli A, Müezzinoglu B, Zeybek U, Arzu Ergen H, Isbir T. N-acetylcysteine attenuates bacterial translocation after partial hepatectomy in rats. J Surg Res 2005; 127:164-70. [PMID: 16083753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2005.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Translocating enteric bacteria have been suggested as playing a major role in the development of infections after partial hepatectomy. We investigated the effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on bacterial translocation (BT) and intestinal mucosa as the first line of defense against BT. MATERIALS AND METHODS We compared four groups of eight Sprague-Dawley male rats each: sham, control (partially hepatectomized), partial hepatectomy plus preoperative single-dose NAC, and a fourth that received partial hepatectomy with a preoperative single-dose NAC plus treatment with NAC for 2 days. Microorganism counts of tissues, lung injury score, lung tissue glutathione, and malondialdehyde levels and microscopy of intestinal mucosa were studied at the end of 48 h. RESULTS Microorganism count in the lung and mesenteric lymph node cultures and lung injury score were significantly higher in the control group when compared with the sham, third, and fourth groups (lung: 9919.6 versus 0.0, 2912.9, 1550.0 cfu/g tissue; mesenteric lymph nodes: 8458.3 versus 0.0, 89.0, 88.9 cfu/g tissue; lung injury score: 3.25 versus 0.5, 1.13, 1.75). In the control group, the villous height of the distal ileal mucosa was significantly shorter than the sham group (65.25 versus 75.25 microm) and the difference from groups 3 and 4 was not statistically significant. Neutrophil infiltration in the distal ileal mucosa of the control group was significantly higher than the sham, third and fourth groups (3.13 versus 0.25, 0.38 and 1.0). CONCLUSIONS The parenteral use of NAC attenuates bacterial translocation after partial hepatectomy in rats. Attenuation of the lung injury after partial hepatectomy in NAC-treated groups might be attributable to both anti-inflammatory effect and the effect on BT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Okay
- Department of General Surgery, Kocaeli University School of Medicine, Derince/Kocaeli, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ocal K, Avlan D, Cinel I, Unlu A, Ozturk C, Yaylak F, Dirlik M, Camdeviren H, Aydin S. The effect of N-acetylcysteine on oxidative stress in intestine and bacterial translocation after thermal injury. Burns 2005; 30:778-84. [PMID: 15555789 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2004.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia due to transient splanchnic vasoconstriction following major burns causes oxidative and/or nitrosative damage in intestinal tissue followed by reperfusion injury. Thus, burn injury leads to breakdown in the intestinal mucosal barrier which can induce bacterial translocation (BT). As an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are documented in several studies. This study was designed to determine the effect of NAC treatment on the oxidative stress in the intestine and BT after burn injury. To evaluate this, 32 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as sham (n = 8), burn (n = 8), pre-burn, NAC injection (150 mgkg(-1), intraperitoneally) 15 min before thermal injury (n = 8), post-burn, NAC injection (150 mgkg(-1), intraperitoneally) 2h after thermal injury. Under anesthesia, the shaved dorsal skin of rats was exposed to boiling water for 12s to induce burn injury in a standardized manner. Twenty-four hours later, tissue samples from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), spleen, and liver were obtained under sterile conditions for microbiological analysis and ileum samples were harvested for biochemical analysis. In the burn group, the incidence of isolating bacteria in MLN, spleen, and liver specimens was significantly higher than other groups. NAC treatment prevented burn-induced BT in both pre- and post-burn groups. Thermal injury caused a significant decrease in glutathione (GSH) level, significant increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity at post-burn 24th hour. Treatment of rats with NAC significantly elevated the reduced GSH levels while decreasing MDA levels and MPO activity. These data suggested that NAC has a crucial cytoprotective role in intestinal mucosal barrier and preventive effects against burn injury-induced BT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Koray Ocal
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mersin University, Mersin 33010, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Haddad JJ, Harb HL. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and GSH-related enzymes in the regulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines: a signaling transcriptional scenario for redox(y) immunologic sensor(s)? Mol Immunol 2004; 42:987-1014. [PMID: 15829290 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Of the antioxidant/prooxidant mechanisms mediating the regulation of inflammatory mediators, particularly cytokines, oxidative stress-related pathways remain a cornerstone. It is conspicuous that there is a strong association between free radical accumulation (ROS/RNS; oxidative stress) and the evolution of inflammation and inflammatory-related responses. The scenario that upholds a consensus on the aforementioned is still evolving to unravel, from an immunologic perspective, the molecular mechanisms associated with ROS/RNS-dependent inflammation. Cytokines are keynote players when it comes to defining an intimate relationship among reduction-oxidation (redox) signals, oxidative stress and inflammation. How close we are to identifying the molecular basis of this intricate association should be weighed against the involvement of specific signaling molecules and, potentially, transcription factors. L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, or glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant thiol, has shaped, and still is refining, the face of oxidative signaling in terms of regulating the milieu of inflammatory mediators, ostensibly via the modulation (expression/repression) of oxygen- and redox-responsive transcription factors, hence termed redox(y)-sensitive cofactors. When it comes to the arena of oxygen sensing, oxidative stress and inflammation, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) are key players that determine antioxidant/prooxidant responses with oxidative challenge. It is the theme therein to underlie current understanding of the molecular association hanging between oxidative stress and the evolution of inflammation, walked through an elaborate discussion on the role of transcription factors and cofactors. Would that classify glutathione and other redox signaling cofactors as potential anti-inflammatory molecules emphatically remains of particular interest, especially in the light of identifying upstream and downstream molecular pathways for conceiving therapeutic, alleviating strategy for oxidant-mediated, inflammatory-related disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Cağlikülekci M, Pata C, Apa DD, Dirlik M, Tamer L, Yaylak F, Kanik A, Aydin S. The effect of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on liver and renal tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tissue lipid peroxidation in obstructive jaundice stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Pharmacol Res 2004; 49:227-38. [PMID: 14726217 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2003.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality rates are very high in obstructive jaundice when it is associated with sepsis and multiple organ failure. Nitric oxide (NO) formation and increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) also take place in obstructive jaundice (OJ). N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) has a beneficial effect by demonstrating anti-inflammatory activity such as inhibits cytokine expression/release, inhibiting the adhesion molecule expression and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NAC on liver and renal tissue iNOS, and liver tissue lipid peroxidation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced obstructive jaundice. We randomized 48 rats into six groups. Group A: Sham group; group B: OJ group; group C: OJ+NAC; group D: OJ+LPS (Escherichia coli LPS serotype L-2630, 100mg, Sigma) group E: OJ+NAC+LPS; group F: OJ+LPS+NAC. NAC was started subcutaneously 100mg/kg. LPS was injected intraperitoneally and then at the tenth day we sacrificed the rats. Liver malondialdehyde (MDA) increased and liver ATPase decreased in groups B-D when compared to group A. After the administration of NAC (groups C-E), liver MDA levels decreased, tissue ATPase levels increased as compared to other groups. The liver and renal tissue iNOS expression was increased in groups B, D, and F. After the administration of NAC (groups C-E) the liver and renal tissue iNOS expression were decreased. Our results indicated that NAC prevented the deleterious effects of LPS in OJ by reducing iNOS expression via lipid peroxidation in liver and renal tissue; if it was administrated before LPS. But NAC failed to prevent the iNOS expression and lipid peroxidation if there was established endotoxemia in OJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Cağlikülekci
- Department of General Surgery, Mersin University Medical School, Mersin, Turkey.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Remans PHJ, Sont JK, Wagenaar LW, Wouters-Wesseling W, Zuijderduin WM, Jongma A, Breedveld FC, Van Laar JM. Nutrient supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids and micronutrients in rheumatoid arthritis: clinical and biochemical effects. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004; 58:839-45. [PMID: 15164103 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate in a double-blind placebo-controlled, parallel group study, the effects of a nutrient supplement, containing, among other ingredients, the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (1.4 g EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (0.211 g DHA), omega-6 fatty acid gamma-linolenic acid (0.5 g GLA) and micronutrients in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). DESIGN, SUBJECTS AND INTERVENTION RA patients were randomized to receive either daily liquid nutrient supplementation or placebo for 4 months. The primary end point was the change in tender joint count at 2 and 4 months. Other clinical variables included swollen joint count, visual analogue scales for pain and disease activity, grip strength, functionality score and morning stiffness. Biochemical parameters included plasma concentrations of PUFA and vitamins C and E. SETTING Outpatient university clinic. RESULTS In all, 66 patients enrolled, 55 completed the study. No significant change from baseline in tender joint count or any of the other clinical parameters was detected in either group. Patients receiving nutrient supplementation, but not those receiving placebo, had significant increases in plasma concentrations of vitamin E (P=0.015), and EPA, DHA and docosapentaenoic acid concomitant with decreases of arachidonic acid (P=0.01). Intergroup differences for PUFA and vitamin E were significantly different (P=0.01 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This double-blind, placebo-controlled study in RA patients did not show superior clinical benefit of daily nutrient supplementation with EPA, GLA and micronutrients at the doses tested as compared to placebo. The study adds information regarding doses of omega-3 fatty acids, below which anti-inflammatory effects in RA are not seen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P H J Remans
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ozdulger A, Cinel I, Koksel O, Cinel L, Avlan D, Unlu A, Okcu H, Dikmengil M, Oral U. The protective effect of N-acetylcysteine on apoptotic lung injury in cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model. Shock 2003; 19:366-72. [PMID: 12688549 DOI: 10.1097/00024382-200304000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Apoptotic loss of parenchymal cells may lead to organ dysfunctions in critically ill patients with septic states. As an antioxidant, the protective effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) are documented in many experimental and clinical studies. In this experimental study, we investigated the role of chronically used NAC in septic lung injury on a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. To evaluate this, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as sham (n = 7), CLP (n = 8), sham + NAC (n = 7) and CLP + NAC (n = 8) groups. NAC was administered 150 mg kg(-1) day through intramuscular route beginning 6 h after the operations and lasting for a period of 1 week. One week later, histopathology and epithelial apoptosis were assessed by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemically by M30 and caspase 3 staining to demonstrate septic lung injury. Additionally, lung tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrite/nitrate levels were measured. The MPO activity and MDA levels in lung homogenates were found to be increased in CLP group and the administration of NAC prevented their increase significantly (P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences among the groups regarding nitrite/nitrate levels. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly lower in CLP+NAC group than CLP group, and this finding was supported by M30 and caspase 3 expression in lung (P < 0.05). Lung histopathology was also protected by NAC in CLP-induced sepsis. In conclusion, the chronic use of NAC inhibited MPO activity and lipid peroxidation, which resulted in reduction of apoptosis in lung in this CLP model. Because lung tissue nitrite/nitrate levels did not change significantly, organs other than the lungs may be responsible for producing the increased nitric oxide during sepsis. The chronic use of NAC needs further investigation for its possible antiapoptotic potential in septic states besides its documented antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ozdulger
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Haddad JJ. Oxygen-sensing mechanisms and the regulation of redox-responsive transcription factors in development and pathophysiology. Respir Res 2002; 3:26. [PMID: 12537605 PMCID: PMC150511 DOI: 10.1186/rr190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2002] [Revised: 05/20/2002] [Accepted: 07/15/2002] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
How do organisms sense the amount of oxygen in the environment and respond appropriately when the level of oxygen decreases? Oxygen sensing and the molecular stratagems underlying the process have been the focus of an endless number of investigations trying to find an answer to the question: "What is the identity of the oxygen sensor?" Dynamic changes in pO2 constitute a potential signaling mechanism for the regulation of the expression and activation of reduction-oxidation (redox)-sensitive and oxygen-responsive transcription factors, apoptosis-signaling molecules and inflammatory cytokines. The transition from placental to lung-based respiration causes a relatively hyperoxic shift or oxidative stress, which the perinatal, developing lung experiences during birth. This variation in DeltapO2, in particular, differentially regulates the compartmentalization and functioning of the transcription factors hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). In addition, oxygen-evoked regulation of HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB is closely coupled with the intracellular redox state, such that modulating redox equilibrium affects their responsiveness at the molecular level (expression/transactivation). The differential regulation of HIF-1alpha and NF-kappaB in vitro is paralleled by oxygen-sensitive and redox-dependent pathways governing the regulation of these factors during the transition from placental to lung-based respiration ex utero. The birth transition period in vivo and ex utero also regulates apoptosis signaling pathways in a redox-dependent manner, consistent with NF-kappaB being transcriptionally regulated in order to play an anti-apoptotic function. An association is established between oxidative stress conditions and the augmentation of an inflammatory state in pathophysiology, regulated by the oxygen- and redox-sensitive pleiotropic cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Laboratories, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, 94143-0542, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
A progressive rise of oxidative stress due to the altered reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis appears to be one of the hallmarks of the processes that regulate gene transcription in physiology and pathophysiology. Reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species serve as signaling messengers for the evolution and perpetuation of the inflammatory process that is often associated with the condition of oxidative stress, which involves genetic regulation. Changes in the pattern of gene expression through ROS/RNS-sensitive regulatory transcription factors are crucial components of the machinery that determines cellular responses to oxidative/redox conditions. Transcription factors that are directly influenced by reactive species and pro-inflammatory signals include nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha). Here, I describe the basic components of the intracellular oxidative/redox control machinery and its crucial regulation of oxygen- and redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and HIF-1alpha.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Department of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
1. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in the neovascularization of ischaemic retinal diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy. We determined that bucillamine, an anti-rheumatic drug, inhibits the VEGF production induced by hypoxia in bovine retinal microcapillary endothelial cells (BREC). To further clarify the inhibitory mechanism, we investigated the possible mechanism by which bucillamine exerts this inhibitory effect. 2. Bucillamine (100 micro M) decreased the hypoxia-induced increase of VEGF mRNA by 54.5% (P<0.001). Bucillamine (100 micro M) reduced the hypoxia-induced VEGF content in culture media by 29.0% (P<0.001), while monosulfydryl drugs, N-acetylcysteine and D-penicillamine, did not. 3. Bucillamine (100 micro M) did not affect VEGF mRNA half-life (hypoxia, 4.3 h; hypoxia+bucillamine, 3.9 h; normoxia, 2.7 h; normoxia+bucillamine, 2.7 h). 4. Reporter gene studies revealed that bucillamine reduced transcriptional activity in the 5'-flanking region of the VEGF gene by 74.0%. Hypoxia stimulated binding activity of BREC nuclear protein to a hypoxia responsive element (HRE), which was decreased by bucillamine. 5. Bucillamine inhibited hypoxic-induction of HIF-1alpha mRNA by 73.1% (P<0.001). Bucillamine also inhibited spontaneous VEGF mRNA expression by 26.6%. Furthermore, it inhibited activity of VEGF promoter and decreased binding activity to Sp1 and HRE, but did not alter AP1 and AP2 activity in normoxia. 6. These data suggest that bucillamine inhibits hypoxic induction of VEGF through inhibition of HIF-1 induction and binding activity in BREC. Bucillamine also inhibits the spontaneous expression of VEGF mRNA by its effect on Sp1 and HRE binding.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Cattle
- Cell Hypoxia/physiology
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Cysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Cysteine/pharmacology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/drug effects
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endothelial Growth Factors/genetics
- Endothelial Growth Factors/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Lymphokines/drug effects
- Lymphokines/genetics
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- RNA Stability/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/drug effects
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism
- Transcription Factor AP-2
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Koyama
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takagi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Atsushi Otani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Hideyasu Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nishimura
- Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Nara Research and Development Center, Nara, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Honda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Cytokines represent a multi-diverse family of polypeptide regulators; they are relatively low molecular weight (< 30 kDa), pharmacologically active proteins that are secreted by one cell for the purpose of altering either its own functions (autocrine effect) or those of adjacent cells (paracrine effect). Cytokines are small, nonenzymatic glycoproteins whose actions are both diverse and overlapping (specificity/redundancy) and may affect diverse and overlapping target cell populations. In many instances, individual cytokines have multiple biological activities. Different cytokines can also have the same activity, which provides for functional redundancy (network) within the inflammatory and immune systems. As biological cofactors that are released by specific cells, cytokines have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication, and behavior of other cells. As a result, it is infrequent that loss or neutralization of one cytokine will markedly interfere with either of these systems. The biological effect of one cytokine is often modified or augmented by another. Because an interdigitating, redundant network of cytokines is involved in the production of most biological effects, both under physiologic and pathologic conditions, it usually requires more than a single defect in the network to alter drastically the outcome of the process. This fact, therefore, may have crucial significance in the development of therapeutic strategies for biopharmacologic intervention in cytokine-mediated inflammatory processes and infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Haddad
- Severinghaus-Radiometer Research Labs, Molecular Neuroscience Research Division, Dept of Anesthesia and Perioperative Care, University of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143-0542, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rasilainen S, Nieminen JM, Levonen AL, Otonkoski T, Lapatto R. Dose-dependent cysteine-mediated protection of insulin-producing cells from damage by hydrogen peroxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 63:1297-304. [PMID: 11960606 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Oxidative damage is believed to play a key role in the process of pancreatic beta cell destruction leading to type 1 diabetes. The beta cells are sensitive to oxidative stress because their intracellular anti-oxidative defence mechanisms are weak. The defence mechanisms depend heavily on glutathione, the synthesis of which is dependent on the availability of cysteine. We investigated whether an increased amount of cysteine available could protect beta cells from oxidative damage. METHODS Rat insulinoma cells (RINm5F) were exposed to 50 or 100 microM hydrogen peroxide in the presence of three different cysteine concentrations (0.1, 1 and 5mM). Cell viability was analyzed by vital staining and the cellular metabolic status by C,N-diphenyl-N'-4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) analysis. Intracellular insulin, DNA and glutathione contents were measured. The mechanism of death was further clarified by gel electrophoretic DNA fragmentation analysis. RESULTS Hydrogen peroxide decreased cell viability and induced functional impairment. Vital staining indicated that 1mM cysteine effectively protected the cells. The protective effect was confirmed by the MTT assay showing preserved metabolic integrity, and by measurements of intact intracellular insulin and DNA content. Cysteine increased intracellular glutathione. Gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA revealed hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptotic fragmentation. This was also abolished by 1mM cysteine. The therapeutic window of cysteine was narrow: 0.1mM cysteine provided inadequate protection, and 5mM cysteine was already toxic in this setting. CONCLUSION A proper dose of cysteine could provide a safe and effective means to protect beta cells from oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Rasilainen
- Haartman Institute, Transplantation Laboratory, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Whitekus MJ, Li N, Zhang M, Wang M, Horwitz MA, Nelson SK, Horwitz LD, Brechun N, Diaz-Sanchez D, Nel AE. Thiol antioxidants inhibit the adjuvant effects of aerosolized diesel exhaust particles in a murine model for ovalbumin sensitization. J Immunol 2002; 168:2560-7. [PMID: 11859152 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although several epidemiological studies indicate a correlation between exposure to ambient particulate matter and adverse health effects in humans, there is still a fundamental lack of understanding of the mechanisms involved. We set out to test the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species are involved in the adjuvant effects of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) in a murine OVA sensitization model. First, we tested six different antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), bucillamine (BUC), silibinin, luteolin, trolox (vitamin E), and ascorbic acid, for their ability to interfere in DEP-mediated oxidative stress in vitro. Of the six agents tested, only the thiol antioxidants, BUC and NAC, were effective at preventing a decrease in intracellular reduced glutathione:glutathione disulfide ratios, protecting cells from protein and lipid oxidation, and preventing heme oxygenase 1 expression. Therefore, we selected the thiol antioxidants for testing in the murine OVA inhalation sensitization model. Our data demonstrate that NAC and BUC effectively inhibited the adjuvant effects of DEP in the induction of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1 production. Furthermore, NAC and BUC prevented the generation of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation in the lungs of OVA- plus DEP-exposed animals. These findings indicate that NAC and BUC are capable of preventing the adjuvant effects of inhaled DEP and suggest that oxidative stress is a key mechanistic component in the adjuvant effect of DEP. Antioxidant treatment strategies may therefore serve to alleviate allergic inflammation and may provide a rational basis for treating the contribution of particulate matter to asthmatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Whitekus
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California School of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|