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Yoshimura J, Togami Y, Ebihara T, Matsumoto H, Mitsuyama Y, Sugihara F, Hirata H, Okuzaki D, Ogura H. Classification of patients with COVID-19 by blood RNA endotype: a prospective cohort study. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0264523. [PMID: 37966347 PMCID: PMC10715063 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02645-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE In this study, whole-blood RNAs (prolactin and toll-like receptor 3) involved in the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 were identified. The RNA endotypes classified by these important RNAs highlight the possibility of stratifying the COVID-19 patient population and the need for targeted therapy based on these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Yoshimura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuki Togami
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ebihara
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisatake Matsumoto
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Mitsuyama
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Division of Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, Osaka General Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fuminori Sugihara
- Core Instrumentation Facility, Immunology Frontier Research Center and Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Hirata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Okuzaki
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Genomics), WPI Immunology Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Genome Information Research Center, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ogura
- Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Legorreta-Haquet MV, Santana-Sánchez P, Chávez-Sánchez L, Chávez-Rueda AK. The effect of prolactin on immune cell subsets involved in SLE pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016427. [PMID: 36389803 PMCID: PMC9650038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The higher frequency of autoimmune diseases in the female population compared to males suggests that certain hormones, such as prolactin (PRL), play a role in determining the prevalence of autoimmunity in women, particularly during childbearing age. PRL can act not only as a hormone but also as a cytokine, being able to modulate immune responses. Hyperprolactinemia has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases where it may affect disease activity. One of the conditions where PRL has such a role is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). PRL regulates the proliferation and survival of both lymphoid and myeloid cells. It also affects the selection of T-cell repertoires by influencing the thymic microenvironment. In autoimmune conditions, PRL interferes with the activity of regulatory T cells. It also influences B cell tolerance by lowering the activation threshold of anergic B cells. The production of CD40L and cytokines, such as interleukin IL-6, are also promoted by PRL. This, in turn, leads to the production of autoantibodies, one of the hallmarks of SLE. PRL increases the cytotoxic activity of T lymphocytes and the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, particularly those belonging to the type 1 interferon (IFN) family, is part of the SLE characteristic genetic signature. PRL also participates in the maturation and differentiation of dendritic cells, promoting the presentation of autoantigens and high IFNα secretion. It also affects neutrophil function and the production of neutrophil traps. Macrophages and dendritic cells can also be affected by PRL, linking this molecule to the abnormal behavior of both innate and adaptive immune responses.This review aimed to highlight the importance of PRL and its actions on the cells of innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, by elucidating the role of PRL in SLE etiopathogenesis, this work will contribute to a better understanding of the factors involved in SLE development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adriana Karina Chávez-Rueda
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología (UIM) en Inmunología, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México City, Mexico
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Tufa DM, Shank T, Yingst AM, Trahan GD, Shim S, Lake J, Woods R, Jones K, Verneris MR. Prolactin Acts on Myeloid Progenitors to Modulate SMAD7 Expression and Enhance Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation into the NK Cell Lineage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6335. [PMID: 32286456 PMCID: PMC7156717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous cell types modulate hematopoiesis through soluble and membrane bound molecules. Whether developing hematopoietic progenitors of a particular lineage modulate the differentiation of other hematopoietic lineages is largely unknown. Here we aimed to investigate the influence of myeloid progenitors on CD34+ cell differentiation into CD56+ innate lymphocytes. Sorted CD34+ cells cultured in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF) and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (FLT3L) give rise to numerous cell types, including progenitors that expressed the prolactin receptor (PRLR). These CD34+PRLR+ myeloid-lineage progenitors were derived from granulocyte monocyte precursors (GMPs) and could develop into granulocytes in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in vitro. Moreover, CD34+PRLR+ myeloid progenitors lacked lymphoid developmental potential, but when stimulated with prolactin (PRL) they increased the differentiation of other CD34+ cell populations into the NK lineage in a non-contact dependent manner. Both mRNA and protein analyses show that PRL increased mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7 (SMAD7) in CD34+PRLR+ myeloid cells, which reduced the production of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a cytokine known to inhibit CD56+ cell development. Thus, we uncover an axis whereby CD34+PRLR+ GMPs inhibit CD56+ lineage development through TGF-β1 production and PRL stimulation leads to SMAD7 activation, repression of TGF-β1, resulting in CD56+ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejene M Tufa
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tyler Shank
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Ashley M Yingst
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - George Devon Trahan
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Seonhui Shim
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Lake
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Renee Woods
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kenneth Jones
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael R Verneris
- University of Colorado and Children's Hospital of Colorado, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders. Research Complex 1, North Tower, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Mail Stop 8302, Room P18-4108, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Legorreta-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Molecular, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
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Recalde G, Moreno-Sosa T, Yúdica F, Quintero CA, Sánchez MB, Jahn GA, Kalergis AM, Mackern-Oberti JP. Contribution of sex steroids and prolactin to the modulation of T and B cells during autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
The great asymmetry of autoimmune diseases between genders represents one of the most enigmatic observations among the mosaic of autoimmunity. Sex hormones are believed to play a crucial role on this dimorphism. The higher prevalence of autoimmunity among women at childbearing ages, disease onset/relapses during pregnancy, and post-partum are some of the arguments that support this hypothesis. Certainly, motherhood represents one of the most remarkable challenges for the immune system, which not only has to allow for the conceptus, but also has to deal with complex endocrine alterations. Hormonal homeostasis is known to exert a crucial influence in achieving a competent and healthy immune system. Prolactin (PRL) has a bioactive function acting as a hormone and a cytokine. It interferes with immune system modulation, mainly inhibiting the negative selection of autoreactive B lymphocytes. Likewise, hyperprolactinemia has been described in relation to the pathogenesis and activity of several autoimmune disorders. Dopamine is an effective inhibitor of PRL secretion due to either a direct influence on the hypophysis or stimulation of postsynaptic dopamine receptors in the hypothalamus, arousing the release of the PRL inhibitory factor. Hence, dopamine agonists have proven to offer clinical benefits among autoimmune patients and represent a promising therapy to be explored. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the link between PRL, autoimmune diseases, and motherhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vieira Borba
- Department "A" of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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Costanza M, Pedotti R. Prolactin: Friend or Foe in Central Nervous System Autoimmune Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122026. [PMID: 27918427 PMCID: PMC5187826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher prevalence of multiple sclerosis (MS) in females, along with the modulation of disease activity observed during pregnancy and the post-partum period, has suggested a hormonal influence in MS. Even if prolactin (PRL) does not belong to the sex hormones family, its crucial role in female reproduction and lactation has prompted great efforts to understand if PRL could represent a gender factor in the pathogenesis of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the animal model for this disease. Extensive literature has documented a remarkable immune-stimulating potential for this hormone, indicating PRL as a disease-promoting factor in MS and EAE. However, recent work has pointed out that PRL is endowed with important neuroprotective and remyelinating properties and has encouraged a reinterpretation of the involvement of this hormone in MS. In this review we summarize both the protective functions that PRL exerts in central nervous system tissue as well as the inflammatory activity of this hormone in the context of autoimmune responses against myelin. Last, we draw future lines of research that might help to better clarify the impact of PRL on MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Costanza
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Rosetta Pedotti
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Neurological Institute Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Jara EL, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Hormonal Modulation of Dendritic Cells Differentiation, Maturation and Function: Implications for the Initiation and Progress of Systemic Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:123-136. [PMID: 27585815 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal homeostasis is crucial for keeping a competent and healthy immune function. Several hormones can modulate the function of various immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) by influencing the initiation of the immune response and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Hormones, such as estrogens, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids may profoundly affect DCs differentiation, maturation and function leading to either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory (or tolerogenic) phenotype. If not properly regulated, these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. An unbalanced hormonal status may affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of activating/inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules on conventional and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conferring susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling in conventional DCs can promote IFN-α and IL-6 production and induce the expression of CD40, CD86 and MHCII molecules. Furthermore, estrogen modulates the pDCs response to Toll-like receptor ligands enhancing T cell priming. During lupus pathogenesis, ER-α deficiency decreased the expression of MHC II on pDCs from the spleen. In contrast, estradiol administration to lupus-prone female mice increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced the immunogenicity and produced large amounts of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived DCs. These data suggest that estradiol/ER signaling may play an active role during lupus pathology. Similarly, understanding hormonal modulation of DCs may favor the design of new therapeutic strategies based on autologous tolerogenic DCs transfer, especially in sex-biased systemic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent data relative to the role of different hormones (estrogen, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids) in DC function during systemic autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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López-Rincón G, Mancilla R, Pereira-Suárez AL, Martínez-Neri PA, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Estrada-Chávez C. Expression of autocrine prolactin and the short isoform of prolactin receptor are associated with inflammatory response and apoptosis in monocytes stimulated with Mycobacterium bovis proteins. Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 98:517-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Costanza M, Binart N, Steinman L, Pedotti R. Prolactin: A versatile regulator of inflammation and autoimmune pathology. Autoimmun Rev 2015; 14:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ahn JJ, O'Mahony J, Moshkova M, Hanwell HE, Singh H, Zhang MA, Marrie RA, Bar-Or A, Sadovnick DA, Dunn SE, Banwell BL. Puberty in females enhances the risk of an outcome of multiple sclerosis in children and the development of central nervous system autoimmunity in mice. Mult Scler 2014; 21:735-48. [PMID: 25533291 DOI: 10.1177/1352458514551453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For reasons that remain unclear, three times more women develop multiple sclerosis (MS) than men. This preponderance among women is evident only after 12 years of age, implicating pubertal factors in the risk of MS. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of female puberty on central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity. METHODS We examined the relationship between age of menarche on MS outcomes in 116 female children (< 16 years old) whom presented with incident 'acquired demyelinating syndromes' (ADS) and were followed prospectively in the national Canadian Pediatric Demyelinating Disease Study, from 2004-2013. Furthermore, we directly investigated the effects of puberty on susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in two groups of female mice that differed only in their pubertal status. RESULTS In the ADS children, a later age of menarche was associated with a decreased risk of subsequent MS diagnosis. This relationship persisted, after accounting for patient age at ADS presentation and the presence of ≥1 T2 lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.64; and additional factors that associate with MS outcomes in ADS children, including low vitamin D levels. Furthermore, we found female mice that had transitioned through puberty were more susceptible to EAE than age-matched, pre-pubertal mice. CONCLUSION Puberty in females enhances CNS autoimmune mechanisms that lead to MS in humans and EAE in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia O'Mahony
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, the University of Toronto/The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marina Moshkova
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heather E Hanwell
- Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hargurinder Singh
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Ruth Ann Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Dessa A Sadovnick
- Department of Medical Genetics and Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shannon E Dunn
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada/Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada/Women's College Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brenda L Banwell
- Division of Neurology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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López-Rincón G, Pereira-Suárez AL, Del Toro-Arreola S, Sánchez-Hernández PE, Ochoa-Zarzosa A, Muñoz-Valle JF, Estrada-Chávez C. Lipopolysaccharide induces the expression of an autocrine prolactin loop enhancing inflammatory response in monocytes. J Inflamm (Lond) 2013; 10:24. [PMID: 23731754 PMCID: PMC3716533 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-10-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Prolactin from pituitary gland helps maintain homeostasis but it is also released in immune cells where its function is not completely understood. Pleiotropic functions of prolactin (PRL) might be mediated by different isoforms of its receptor (PRLr). Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eventual synthesis of PRL and PRLr isoforms with the inflammatory response in monocytes. We used THP-1 and monocytes isolated from healthy subjects stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Western blot, real time PCR and immunocytochemistry were performed to identify both molecules. The bioactivity of the PRL was assessed using a bioassay and ELISA to detect pro inflammatory cytokines. Results PRLr mRNA and PRL mRNA were synthesized in THP-1 monocytes activated with LPS with peaks of 300-fold and 130-fold, respectively. The long (100 kDa) and the intermediate (50 kDa) isoforms of PRLr and big PRL (60 kDa) were time-dependent upregulated for monocytes stimulated with LPS. This expression was confirmed in monocytes from healthy subjects. The PRLr intermediate isoform and the big PRL were found soluble in the culture media and later in the nucleus in THP-1 monocytes stimulated with LPS. Big PRL released by monocytes showed bioactivity in Nb2 Cells, and both PRL and PRLr, synthesized by monocytes were related with levels of nitrites and proinflammatory citokines. Conclusions Our results suggest the expression of a full-autocrine loop of PRL enhances the inflammatory response in activated monocytes. This response mediated by big PRL may contribute to the eradication of potential pathogens during innate immune response in monocytes but may also contribute to inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo López-Rincón
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A,C, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México.
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Xiong B, Qian H. Effects of Sijunzi decoction and Yupingfeng powder on expression of janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signal pathway in the brain of spleen-deficiency model rats. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2013; 33:78-84. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60105-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for approximately 30% of all deaths globally. The most important cause of CVD is atherothrombosis, in other words, narrowing of the arteries as a result of the deposition of cholesterol and other lipoid substances within the arterial wall. Several endocrine disorders have been linked to this pathological state. Recent clinical and experimental studies have suggested that prolactin, a pleiotropic pituitary hormone, may potentially contribute to CVD, either through direct modulation of local cellular processes within atherosclerotic plaques/thrombi and/or through influencing conventional cardiovascular metabolic risk factors. However, the precise role of prolactin in the pathology of CVD remains largely unknown. Here, the authors speculate whether prolactin-lowering treatment may become a future therapeutic approach in patients with elevated prolactin levels and concomitantly presenting with coexisting vascular disease or a significantly elevated risk for premature atherothrombotic vascular disease. Awareness of these new developments may also change our clinical opinions about therapeutic strategies in patients with prolactinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Q Reuwer
- a Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- b Department of Internal Medicine, Tergooiziekenhuizen, 1201 DA Hilversum, The Netherlands.
| | - Menno Hoekstra
- c Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Touraine
- d Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Pôle Cœur Métabolisme, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- e Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Site Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- f INSERM, Unit 845, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center in Growth and Signaling, Team 'PRL/GH Pathophysiology', University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France
| | - Marcel ThB Twickler
- a Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- g Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Vincent Goffin
- f INSERM, Unit 845, Faculty of Medicine, Research Center in Growth and Signaling, Team 'PRL/GH Pathophysiology', University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine Necker, Paris, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating data point to a potential role of prolactin in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. METHODS We initiated a study including psoriasis patients (n = 15) and healthy volunteers (n = 15) as controls. Psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score was evaluated, and prolactin levels in serum and blister fluid were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Prolactin levels were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated in blister fluid of psoriatic lesional skin. Correlations between PASI score and different serum prolactin levels in lesional and non-lesional skin were insignificant. Significant positive correlations of prolactin level were observed between lesional and non-lesional skin in psoriasis (P < 0.05) and between serum and clinically normal skin in both psoriasis and control subjects (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Locally produced prolactin may be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriatic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy A El-Khateeb
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Andrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Then Bergh F, Kümpfel T, Schumann E, Held U, Schwan M, Blazevic M, Wismüller A, Holsboer F, Yassouridis A, Uhr M, Weber F, Daumer M, Trenkwalder C, Auer DP. Monthly intravenous methylprednisolone in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis - reduction of enhancing lesions, T2 lesion volume and plasma prolactin concentrations. BMC Neurol 2006; 6:19. [PMID: 16719908 PMCID: PMC1501038 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-6-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 05/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intravenous methylprednisolone (IV-MP) is an established treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS) relapses, accompanied by rapid, though transient reduction of gadolinium enhancing (Gd+) lesions on brain MRI. Intermittent IV-MP, alone or with immunomodulators, has been suggested but insufficiently studied as a strategy to prevent relapses. Methods In an open, single-cross-over study, nine patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) underwent cranial Gd-MRI once monthly for twelve months. From month six on, they received a single i.v.-infusion of 500 mg methylprednisolone (and oral tapering for three days) after the MRI. Primary outcome measure was the mean number of Gd+ lesions during treatment vs. baseline periods; T2 lesion volume and monthly plasma concentrations of cortisol, ACTH and prolactin were secondary outcome measures. Safety was assessed clinically, by routine laboratory and bone mineral density measurements. Soluble immune parameters (sTNF-RI, sTNF-RII, IL1-ra and sVCAM-1) and neuroendocrine tests (ACTH test, combined dexamethasone/CRH test) were additionally analyzed. Results Comparing treatment to baseline periods, the number of Gd+ lesions/scan was reduced in eight of the nine patients, by a median of 43.8% (p = 0.013, Wilcoxon). In comparison, a pooled dataset of 83 untreated RR-MS patients from several studies, selected by the same clinical and MRI criteria, showed a non-significant decrease by a median of 14% (p = 0.32). T2 lesion volume decreased by 21% during treatment (p = 0.001). Monthly plasma prolactin showed a parallel decline (p = 0.027), with significant cross-correlation with the number of Gd+ lesions. Other hormones and immune system variables were unchanged, as were ACTH test and dexamethasone-CRH test. Treatment was well tolerated; routine laboratory and bone mineral density were unchanged. Conclusion Monthly IV-MP reduces inflammatory activity and T2 lesion volume in RR-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Then Bergh
- Section of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Section of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Erina Schumann
- Section of Neuroradiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
| | - Ulrike Held
- Sylvia Lawry Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research, München, Germany
| | - Michaela Schwan
- Section of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
| | - Mirjana Blazevic
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Axel Wismüller
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Florian Holsboer
- Section of Neuroendocrinology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Uhr
- Section of Clinical Chemistry, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
| | - Frank Weber
- Section of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
| | - Martin Daumer
- Sylvia Lawry Center for Multiple Sclerosis Research, München, Germany
| | - Claudia Trenkwalder
- Section of Neurology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
- Paracelsus-Klinik, Kassel, Germany
| | - Dorothee P Auer
- Section of Neuroradiology, Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, München, Germany
- Department of Neuroradiology, University of Nottingham, UK
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18
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Abstract
Beside its pivotal role in reproduction, the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) has been attributed an immunomodulatory function. Here we report that cAMP is an important stimulator of PRL transcription in primary human T lymphocytes. Inhibition of both protein kinase A (PKA) and p38 MAPK partially abrogated cAMP-induced PRL expression. In addition, cAMP-induced phosphorylation of p38 was shown to occur independently of PKA and could be mimicked by a methylated cAMP analogue which specifically activates the recently discovered cAMP receptor EPAC (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP). Our findings suggest that cAMP induces PRL expression in T lymphocytes via cooperation of at least two different signaling pathways: a PKA-dependent pathway leading to the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein, and a PKA-independent pathway leading to p38 phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Gerlo
- Neuroendocrine Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - P. Verdood
- Neuroendocrine Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - E. L. Hooghe-Peters
- Neuroendocrine Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - R. Kooijman
- Neuroendocrine Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Free University of Brussels (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Peeva E, Zouali M. Spotlight on the role of hormonal factors in the emergence of autoreactive B-lymphocytes. Immunol Lett 2005; 101:123-43. [PMID: 16061292 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2005] [Revised: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic autoimmunity requires a combination of inherited and acquired factors. In as much as hormones influence the sexual dimorphism of the immune system, it is possible that they can initiate or accelerate an autoimmune process, and contribute to gender-biased autoimmune disorders. Not only natural hormones, but also endocrine disruptors, such as environmental estrogens, may act in conjunction with other factors to override immune tolerance to self-antigens. In lupus, murine and human studies demonstrate that female sex hormones are implicated in disease pathogenesis. In the B cell compartment, both prolactin and estrogen are immunomodulators that affect maturation, selection and antibody secretion. Their impact may be based on their capacity to allow autoreactive B cells to escape the normal mechanisms of tolerance and to accumulate in sufficient numbers to cause clinically apparent disease. Both hormones lead to the survival and activation of autoreactive B cells, but they skew B cell maturation towards different directions, with prolactin inducing T cell-dependent autoreactive follicular B cells and estrogen eliciting T cell-independent autoreactive marginal zone B cells. Differential modulation of the cytokine milieu by hormones may also affect the development and activation of specific mature B cell subsets. This novel insight suggests that targeted manipulation of these pathways may represent a promising avenue in the treatment of lupus and other gender-biased autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Peeva
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, F717, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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20
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Guzmán EA, Chen YH, Langowski JL, De Guzman A, Lo HL, Walter B, Muller HK, Walker AM, Owen LB. Abrogation of delayed type hypersensitivity response to Candida albicans produced by a molecular mimic of phosphorylated prolactin. J Neuroimmunol 2005; 170:31-40. [PMID: 16169603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2005.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2005] [Accepted: 08/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of two major forms of prolactin (PRL) were examined on delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to Candida albicans. Unmodified PRL (U-PRL) had no effect on the DTH response, whereas a molecular mimic of phosphorylated PRL (S179D PRL) significantly inhibited immune responses to this robust antigen. This effect of S179D PRL was not accompanied by gross alterations in splenic T cell numbers, CD4/CD8 ratios, or T and B cell activation markers, but did produce a decrease in splenocyte apoptosis. Using gld animals, Fas ligand (FasL) was implicated in the suppressive effects of S179D PRL. Circulating IgG1 and IgG2 antibody levels were increased in response to treatment with both forms of PRL, but the effects of S179D PRL were most pronounced. Cytokine changes in the popliteal lymph nodes specific to S179D PRL treatment showed an inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, mice treated with a molecular mimic of phosphorylated prolactin showed a profound inhibition of DTH responses to Candida correlating with an absence of GM-CSF, IL-4, and IL-13 production and a marked reduction in IL-12p70 synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Guzmán
- The University of Texas-Houston, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston Texas 77030, USA
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21
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Horiguchi K, Naito JI, Fujisawa T, Ohashi S, Ishida M, Harigaya T. Identification of Prolactin Synthesis at Early Differentiation Stage of T Cells in the Thymus. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2005. [DOI: 10.1267/ahc.38.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Horiguchi
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Jun-ichiro Naito
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Tomoko Fujisawa
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Satoshi Ohashi
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Michiyo Ishida
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University
| | - Toshio Harigaya
- Laboratory of Functional Anatomy, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Meiji University
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22
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Matera L, Beltramo E, Martinuzzi E, Buttiglieri S. Effect of prolactin on carcinoembryonic antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte response induced by dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:320-8. [PMID: 15270849 PMCID: PMC1809106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine hormone prolactin (PRL) has been shown previously to modulate native cellular responses and maturation of antigen-presenting cells. Here we have addressed its effect on the antigen-specific response of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). CTL were generated from HLA-A2 lymphocytes after three rounds of stimulation with autologous dendritic cells loaded with HLA-A2-restricted carcinoembrionic antigen (CEA) Cap-1 (YLSGANLNL) peptide. Selected cultures were expanded on cytokine-supplemented feeder-layers, enriched for CD8+ lymphocytes and analysed for PRL-receptor (PRL-R) expression and PRL responsiveness. Resting CD8+ lymphocytes were negative for PRL-R, whereas antigen-activated CD8+ lymphocytes derived from long-term cultures were highly positive. Results of a 51Cr release assay showed CTL killing of CEA-loaded, but not unloaded, T2 cell line and the CEA-positive gastric carcinoma cell line KATO, but not of the CEA-negative T leukaemia cell line Jurkat. Interferon (IFN)-gamma release, evaluated in an ELISPOT assay against CEA-loaded T2, was enhanced (P < 0.05) by concentrations of PRL (12-25 ng/ml) very close to the physiological levels (6-20 ng/ml), but was decreased (P < 0.05) by high concentrations (200 ng/ml). Pre-incubation of the stimulators with the anti-MHC class I MoAb W6.32 induced a 40-60% decrease of the PRL-boosted IFN-gamma release, thus proving the MHC restriction of the lymphocyte response. Cytotoxicity against CEA-loaded T2 and KATO cell lines was also increased by 12-25 ng (P < 0.05) and decreased (P < 0.05) by 200 ng PRL. Pre-incubation of CTL with an antibody specific for the PRL-R almost completely abrogated this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matera
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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23
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Carreño PC, Jiménez E, Sacedón R, Vicente A, Zapata AG. Prolactin stimulates maturation and function of rat thymic dendritic cells. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 153:83-90. [PMID: 15265666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2003] [Revised: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 04/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The current study analyses the effect of PRL, a hormone involved in numerous physiological processes, on dendritic cells (DC) of rat thymus. Most thymic DC express prolactin receptors (PRL-R) as demonstrated by both immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. PRL administration during 2 or 6 days to fetal thymus organ cultures (FTOC) does not increase the proportions of DC in cultures but stimulates their differentiation. Furthermore, PRL-treated thymic DC exhibit increased allostimulatory capacity in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) assays in association with increased surface expression of both MHC antigens and the co-stimulatory molecule CD80. PRL-treated DC also produce increased amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, TNFalpha and IL-1beta, but not of IL6 or IL-10. Our data suggest a key role for IL-12 in the observed changes in the allostimulatory capacity of PRL-treated DC. Also, they permit us to hypothesize about the physiological role played by PRL in thymus ontogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz C Carreño
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, Complutense University, Madrid 28040, Spain
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24
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Makarenkova VP, Shurin GV, Tourkova IL, Balkir L, Pirtskhalaishvili G, Perez L, Gerein V, Siegfried JM, Shurin MR. Lung cancer-derived bombesin-like peptides down-regulate the generation and function of human dendritic cells. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 145:55-67. [PMID: 14644031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Development of tumors is regulated by tumor-derived neuroendocrine factors, including bombesin-like peptides (BLP). We have evaluated neuroendocrine regulation of dendritic cell (DC) maturation and function by both tumor-derived and purified bombesin (BOM), neuromedin B (NMB), gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and a BOM antagonist D-Phe-bombesin (DPB). BOM, NMB and GRP dose-dependently inhibited maturation of DC assessed as down-regulation of CD40, CD80 and CD86 expression on DC. BOM and GRP also inhibited interleukin-12 (IL-12) production by DC and their ability to activate T cells. DPB partly abrogated immunosuppressive effect of tumor cells on DC. These data are a first evidence for the role of BLP in the regulation of DC maturation and function, demonstrating that BLP inhibit DC maturation and longevity in the lung cancer microenvironment. This suggests a new mechanism of tumor escape and provides new targets for the immunopharmacological correction of immune effectors in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria P Makarenkova
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center and University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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25
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Suen Y, Lee SM, Aono F, Hou S, Loudovaris M, Ofstein G, Bender JG. Comparison of monocyte enrichment by immuno-magnetic depletion or adherence for the clinical-scale generation of DC. Cytotherapy 2003; 3:365-75. [PMID: 11953016 DOI: 10.1080/146532401753277184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DC generated from monocytes have been used for vaccines. We have developed a monocyte enrichment procedure by depleting T and B cells with anti-CD2 and anti-CD19 Abs using the automated Isolex 300i magnetic cell selector for clinical-scale DC generation in gas permeable SteriCell culture bags. We have also compared DC function, yield and purity of DC generated from adherent monocytes using culture bags in a closed system, with DC generated in conventional tissue culture flasks. METHODS Monocytes were enriched from normal donor apheresis products using CD2/19 depletion with experimental software on the Isolex 300i (ISO), adherence (AD) to SteriCell bags and to T175 flasks and then cultured for 7 days in serum-free X-VIVO 15 media with GM-CSF and IL-4. Phenotype and dextran uptake were analyzed by flow cytometry and allogeneic MLR was also evaluated. RESULTS ISO-DC and AD-DC from SteriCell bags showed similar viability. Higher purity of ISO-DC than AD-DC was measured by forward- and side-scatter flow cytometry. Similar expression of CD1a, CD80, CD86 and CD83 were observed in both ISO-DC and AD-DC. Similar dextran uptake and allo MLR were also observed. DISCUSSION These data indicated that functional DC were generated in gas permeable SteriCell culture bags from both ISO- and AD-monocytes in a closed system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suen
- Nexell Therapeutics, Inc., Cellular Biology, 9 Parker, Irvine, CA 92618, USA
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26
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Berczi I, Szentivanyi A. Growth and lactogenic hormones, insulin-like growth factor and insulin. The Immune-Neuroendocrine Circuitry History and Progress. Elsevier; 2003. pp. 129-53. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(03)80045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Abstract
Monocyte derived macrophages (Mphi) and dendritic cells (DC) play critical roles at the interface between innate and adaptive immunity. Both types of cells can effectively phagocytose exogenous antigens, whereas only DC can process and present them efficiently to antigen-specific T lymphocytes. The hormone PRL is also produced by immune cells and is regarded as a key component of the neuroendocrine--immune loop and a local regulator of lymphocyte response. Its main feature is cooperation with cytokines and hemopoietins. Triggering of monocyte PRL receptors with physiological-to-supraphysiological concentrations of PRL up-regulates the GM-CSF receptors, resulting in synergistic PRL-GM-CSF induced maturation of immature (i)DC. Further incubation induces increased antigen-presenting activity at the highest PRL concentrations studied (200 ng/ml). IFN-gamma, release by allogeneic lymphocytes is dependent on T cell-triggered IL-12 release by PRL-preincubated iDC. This, in turn, may be secondary to increased DC expression of CD40 or IFN-gamma. The permissive action of high PRL concentrations in the antigen presenting process may be of significance in initiation of the response against major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-presented self-antigens and may explain the association of hyperprolactinemia with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Matera
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
The presence of extra-pituitary prolactin and its cognitive receptors in the hematopoietic micro-environment raises the question of whether prolactin plays a role in lympho-hematopoiesis and under what conditions. Current studies suggest that endogenous prolactin does not play a significant role under normal steady-state conditions. Rather, prolactin has been implicated as a 'stress hormone', functioning to restore hematopoietic homeostasis under conditions of dysregulation. The stress response of prolactin as well as its complex relationship with other hormones and factors has resulted in conflicting reports in the literature regarding prolactin's role in lympho-hematopoiesis. A review of this literature is provided as well as discussion of conditions under which lymphohematopoietic activity of prolactin may be evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Welniak
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunoregulation, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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29
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Abstract
Prolactin (PRL) is a pituitary hormone and a cytokine that plays an important role in rodent and human immune responses, including autoimmune diseases. However, many cells and tissues other than the pituitary make PRL, including immune cells. Here, we will present the evidence demonstrating PRL synthesis by different subtypes of immune cells from humans, mice and rats, describe the regulation of PRL gene expression in human lymphocytes, and discuss the functions of PRL made by immune cells. Finally, we will present evidence for involvement of immune cell PRL in human autoimmune disease and suggest how it might play a unique immunoregulatory role.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Montgomery
- Research Service, Southern Arizona VA Health Care System, Tucson 85723, USA.
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30
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth A. Welniak
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NCI‐Frederick and Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC, NCI‐Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rui Sun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NCI‐Frederick and Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC, NCI‐Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
| | - William J. Murphy
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NCI‐Frederick and Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC, NCI‐Frederick, Frederick, Maryland
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Majumder B, Biswas R, Chattopadhyay U. Prolactin regulates antitumor immune response through induction of tumoricidal macrophages and release of IL-12. Int J Cancer 2002; 97:493-500. [PMID: 11802212 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of PRL in regulating monocyte/macrophage functions is suggested by the presence of PRL-Rs in these cells. Here, we show that PRL, though it failed to activate mouse peritoneal resident macrophages (RMs), acted as a second signal and activated mouse peritoneal inflammatory macrophages (EMs) to a tumoricidal state. The cytotoxicity of mouse tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) isolated at day 1 of tumor (Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, EAC) growth was enhanced by PRL. However, with progression of tumor growth, TAMs became nonresponsive to the hormone. PRL-induced killing of P815 target cells by EMs and TAMs was independent of TNF but correlated with the hormone-induced augmentation of NO2(-) and O2(-) release in these macrophages. Administration of PRL in vivo inhibited EAC growth and augmented NO2(-) release by TAMs. PRL synergized with the TH1 cytokine IFN-gamma, a known activator of macrophages, in inducing tumor killing and release of NO2(-) from EMs and TAMs. The hormone might activate macrophages at least partially, through the release of IFN-gamma as anti-IFN-gamma blocked IFN-gamma- as well as PRL-induced cytotoxicity in EMs. The TH2 cytokine IL-4 suppressed PRL-induced activation of macrophages. PRL induced release of IL-12 from EMs also, which suggested that the hormone might drive the TH1 response through IL-12. Our observations further suggest that PRL alone and in synergy with IFN-gamma, released through induction of IL-12, may generate tumoricidal macrophages and thus regulate the antitumor immune response of tumor hosts.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor/pathology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Interleukin-12/metabolism
- Macrophage Activation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/physiology
- Mice
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitrites/metabolism
- Phagocytosis
- Prolactin/pharmacology
- Prolactin/physiology
- Prolactin/therapeutic use
- Recombinant Proteins
- Superoxides/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Biswanath Majumder
- Department of Immunoregulation and Immunodiagnosis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Kolkata, India
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Chattopadhyay U, Biswas R. Prolactin regulates macrophage and NK cell mediated inflammation and cytotoxic response against tumor. Growth and Lactogenic Hormones. Elsevier; 2002. pp. 227-43. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(02)80020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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33
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Stevens A, Ray D, Alansari A, Hajeer A, Thomson W, Donn R, Ollier WE, Worthington J, Davis JR. Characterization of a prolactin gene polymorphism and its associations with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44:2358-66. [PMID: 11665977 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(200110)44:10<2358::aid-art399>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperprolactinemia is associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but the mechanism is unknown. Prolactin is expressed in T lymphocytes and is under the control of an alternative promoter region. We characterized a G/T single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -1149 of this promoter and assessed its prevalence in patients with SLE. METHODS Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) were performed to determine DNA protein complex formation in the prolactin promoter. Transient transfection of reporter gene constructs containing the G/T promoter alleles into the Jurkat T cell line were used to determine transcription activity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) were treated in vitro with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) to determine levels of prolactin messenger RNA (mRNA). RESULTS EMSAs indicated that binding of a GATA-related transcription factor was altered by the G/T SNP at position -1149. Transient transfection studies in Jurkat cells showed that the G allele consistently produced higher promoter activity. PHA treatment of PBLs in vitro induced a greater increment of prolactin mRNA from patients with the GG(-1149) genotype than from those with the TT(-1149) genotype. Disease association studies in a cohort of SLE patients demonstrated an increased frequency of the prolactin -1149 G allele compared with control subjects. CONCLUSION We found a functionally significant polymorphism that alters prolactin promoter activity and mRNA levels in the lymphocytes. Altered local prolactin production by immune cells may contribute to disease progression by affecting T cell function.
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Makarenkova VP, Esche C, Kost NV, Shurin GV, Rabin BS, Zozulya AA, Shurin MR. Identification of delta- and mu-type opioid receptors on human and murine dendritic cells. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 117:68-77. [PMID: 11431006 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate mu- and delta-opioid receptors (OR) on human and murine dendritic cells (DC). Expression of mu- and delta-OR mRNA on DC was demonstrated by RT-PCR. The immunocytochemical and Western blot analyses revealed the expression of OR protein in DC. Radioreceptor assay demonstrated the specific saturated temperature-dependent binding of [3H]-labeled opioid ligand on DC and B(max)=2.8+/-0.3 fmol/10(6) cells and K(D)=4.8+/-1.0 nM were calculated by a Scatchard analysis. Finally, OR ligands DADLE and DAGO dose-dependently modulated the capacity of DC to induce T cell proliferation in an MLR assay. Importantly, expression of functional OR on DC was significantly increased upon TNF-alpha-induced DC maturation. Thus, these data suggest a new mechanism of opioid-dependent neuroendocrine immunomodulation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/chemistry
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, delta/physiology
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/analysis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Makarenkova
- National Research Center for Mental Health, 113152, Moscow, Russia
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