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Tao B, Ma Y, Wang L, He C, Chen J, Ge X, Zhao L, Wen J, Yi B, Tu J, Fu T, Shen J. Developmental pleiotropy of SDP1 from seedling to mature stages in B. napus. Plant Mol Biol 2024; 114:49. [PMID: 38642182 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-024-01447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Rapeseed, an important oil crop, relies on robust seedling emergence for optimal yields. Seedling emergence in the field is vulnerable to various factors, among which inadequate self-supply of energy is crucial to limiting seedling growth in early stage. SUGAR-DEPENDENT1 (SDP1) initiates triacylglycerol (TAG) degradation, yet its detailed function has not been determined in B. napus. Here, we focused on the effects of plant growth during whole growth stages and energy mobilization during seedling establishment by mutation in BnSDP1. Protein sequence alignment and haplotypic analysis revealed the conservation of SDP1 among species, with a favorable haplotype enhancing oil content. Investigation of agronomic traits indicated bnsdp1 had a minor impact on vegetative growth and no obvious developmental defects when compared with wild type (WT) across growth stages. The seed oil content was improved by 2.0-2.37% in bnsdp1 lines, with slight reductions in silique length and seed number per silique. Furthermore, bnsdp1 resulted in lower seedling emergence, characterized by a shrunken hypocotyl and poor photosynthetic capacity in the early stages. Additionally, impaired seedling growth, especially in yellow seedlings, was not fully rescued in medium supplemented with exogenous sucrose. The limited lipid turnover in bnsdp1 was accompanied by induced amino acid degradation and PPDK-dependent gluconeogenesis pathway. Analysis of the metabolites in cotyledons revealed active amino acid metabolism and suppressed lipid degradation, consistent with the RNA-seq results. Finally, we proposed strategies for applying BnSDP1 in molecular breeding. Our study provides theoretical guidance for understanding trade-off between oil accumulation and seedling energy mobilization in B. napus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolong Tao
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yina Ma
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liqin Wang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao He
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junlin Chen
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ge
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lun Zhao
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jing Wen
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxing Tu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Tingdong Fu
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- Huazhong Agricultural University, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of Rapeseed, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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2
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Hong L, Fletcher JC. Stem Cells: Engines of Plant Growth and Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14889. [PMID: 37834339 PMCID: PMC10573764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of both animals and plants relies on populations of pluripotent stem cells that provide the cellular raw materials for organ and tissue formation. Plant stem cell reservoirs are housed at the shoot and root tips in structures called meristems, with the shoot apical meristem (SAM) continuously producing aerial leaf, stem, and flower organs throughout the life cycle. Thus, the SAM acts as the engine of plant development and has unique structural and molecular features that allow it to balance self-renewal with differentiation and act as a constant source of new cells for organogenesis while simultaneously maintaining a stem cell reservoir for future organ formation. Studies have identified key roles for intercellular regulatory networks that establish and maintain meristem activity, including the KNOX transcription factor pathway and the CLV-WUS stem cell feedback loop. In addition, the plant hormones cytokinin and auxin act through their downstream signaling pathways in the SAM to integrate stem cell activity and organ initiation. This review discusses how the various regulatory pathways collectively orchestrate SAM function and touches on how their manipulation can alter stem cell activity to improve crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Hong
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jennifer C. Fletcher
- Plant Gene Expression Center, United States Department of Agriculture—Agricultural Research Service, Albany, CA 94710, USA;
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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3
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Gandhi A, Oelmüller R. Emerging Roles of Receptor-like Protein Kinases in Plant Response to Abiotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14762. [PMID: 37834209 PMCID: PMC10573068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The productivity of plants is hindered by unfavorable conditions. To perceive stress signals and to transduce these signals to intracellular responses, plants rely on membrane-bound receptor-like kinases (RLKs). These play a pivotal role in signaling events governing growth, reproduction, hormone perception, and defense responses against biotic stresses; however, their involvement in abiotic stress responses is poorly documented. Plant RLKs harbor an N-terminal extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain, and a C-terminal intracellular kinase domain. The ectodomains of these RLKs are quite diverse, aiding their responses to various stimuli. We summarize here the sub-classes of RLKs based on their domain structure and discuss the available information on their specific role in abiotic stress adaptation. Furthermore, the current state of knowledge on RLKs and their significance in abiotic stress responses is highlighted in this review, shedding light on their role in influencing plant-environment interactions and opening up possibilities for novel approaches to engineer stress-tolerant crop varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Department of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University, 07743 Jena, Germany;
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4
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Wang P, Wu T, Jiang C, Huang B, Li Z. Brt9SIDA/IDALs as peptide signals mediate diverse biological pathways in plants. Plant Sci 2023; 330:111642. [PMID: 36804389 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As signal molecules, plant peptides play key roles in intercellular communication during growth and development, as well as stress responses. The 14-amino-acid (aa) INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION (IDA) peptide was originally identified to play an essential role in the floral organ abscission of Arabidopsis. It is synthesized from its precursor, a small protein containing 77-aa residues with an N-terminal signal peptide sequence. Recently, the IDA/IDA-like (IDLs) genes are isolated in several angiosperms and are highly conserved in land plants. In addition, IDA/IDLs are not only involved in organ abscission but also function in multiple biological processes, including biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we summarize the post-translational modification and proteolytic processing, the evolutionary conservation, and the potential regulatory function of IDA/IDLs, and also present future perspectives to investigate the IDA/IDLs signaling pathway. We anticipate that this detailed knowledge will help to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanism of plant peptide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Ting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Baowen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China.
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5
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Wang Q. The role of forkhead-associated (FHA)-domain proteins in plant biology. Plant Mol Biol 2023; 111:455-472. [PMID: 36849846 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-023-01338-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The forkhead-associated (FHA) domain, a well-characterized small protein module that mediates protein-protein interactions by targeting motifs containing phosphothreonine, is present in many regulatory molecules like protein kinase, phosphatases, transcription factors, and other functional proteins. FHA-domain containing proteins in yeast and human are involved in a large variety of cellular processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle arrest, or pre-mRNA processing. Since the first FHA-domain protein, kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) was found in plants, the interest in plant FHA-containing proteins has increased dramatically, mainly due to the important role of FHA domain-containing proteins in plant growth and development. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the fundamental properties of FHA domain-containing proteins in plants, and systematically summarized and analyzed the research progress of proteins containing the FHA domain in plants. We also emphasized that AT5G47790 and its homologs may play an important role as the regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Wang
- Institute of Future Agriculture, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Naranjo-Arcos M, Srivastava M, Deligne F, Bhagat PK, Mansi M, Sadanandom A, Vert G. SUMO/deSUMOylation of the BRI1 brassinosteroid receptor modulates plant growth responses to temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217255120. [PMID: 36652487 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217255120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of steroid molecules perceived at the cell surface that act as plant hormones. The BR receptor BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1) offers a model to understand receptor-mediated signaling in plants and the role of post-translational modifications. Here we identify SUMOylation as a new modification targeting BRI1 to regulate its activity. BRI1 is SUMOylated in planta on two lysine residues, and the levels of BRI1 SUMO conjugates are controlled by the Desi3a SUMO protease. Loss of Desi3a leads to hypersensitivity to BRs, indicating that Desi3a acts as a negative regulator of BR signaling. Besides, we demonstrate that BRI1 is deSUMOylated at elevated temperature by Desi3a, leading to increased BRI1 interaction with the negative regulator of BR signaling BIK1 and to enhanced BRI1 endocytosis. Loss of Desi3a or BIK1 results in increased response to temperature elevation, indicating that BRI1 deSUMOylation acts as a safety mechanism necessary to keep temperature responses in check. Altogether, our work establishes BRI1 deSUMOylation as a molecular crosstalk mechanism between temperature and BR signaling, allowing plants to translate environmental inputs into growth response.
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7
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Sang Q, Vayssières A, Ó'Maoiléidigh DS, Yang X, Vincent C, Bertran Garcia de Olalla E, Cerise M, Franzen R, Coupland G. MicroRNA172 controls inflorescence meristem size through regulation of APETALA2 in Arabidopsis. New Phytol 2022; 235:356-371. [PMID: 35318684 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The APETALA2 (AP2) transcription factor regulates flower development, floral transition and shoot apical meristem (SAM) maintenance in Arabidopsis. AP2 is also regulated at the post-transcriptional level by microRNA172 (miR172), but the contribution of this to SAM maintenance is poorly understood. We generated transgenic plants carrying a form of AP2 that is resistant to miR172 (rAP2) or carrying a wild-type AP2 susceptible to miR172. Phenotypic and genetic analyses were performed on these lines and mir172 mutants to study the role of AP2 regulation by miR172 on meristem size and the rate of flower production. We found that rAP2 enlarges the inflorescence meristem by increasing cell size and cell number. Misexpression of rAP2 from heterologous promoters showed that AP2 acts in the central zone (CZ) and organizing center (OC) to increase SAM size. Furthermore, we found that AP2 is negatively regulated by AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 3 (ARF3). However, genetic analyses indicated that ARF3 also influences SAM size and flower production rate independently of AP2. The study identifies miR172/AP2 as a regulatory module controlling inflorescence meristem size and suggests that transcriptional regulation of AP2 by ARF3 fine-tunes SAM size determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Sang
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Alice Vayssières
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Diarmuid S Ó'Maoiléidigh
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Institute of Systems, Integrative, and Molecular Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Coral Vincent
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | | | - Martina Cerise
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Rainer Franzen
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - George Coupland
- Department of Plant Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
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8
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Yang L, Gao C, Jiang L. Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase AtORPK1 promotes oxidative stress resistance in an AtORPK1-AtKAPP mediated module in Arabidopsis. Plant Sci 2022; 315:111147. [PMID: 35067310 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Signal perception and transduction by the cell surface receptors are essential for cell-cell communication and plant response to abiotic stress. In this work, a previously uncharacterized leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase (LRR-RLK), Oxidative-stress Related Protein Kinase 1 (AtORPK1), was isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana, and its biological function was investigated in protoplasts, BY-2 cells and transgenic Arabidopsis plants. AtORPK1 is ubiquitously expressed in various tissues and organs of Arabidopsis at different developmental stages. Loss-of-function of AtORPK1 reduced, whereas overexpression of AtORPK1 increased, the oxidative stress resistance and oxidative stress responsive gene expression in orpk1 mutant and AtORPK1 transgenic Arabidopsis. Sub-cellular localization analyses revealed that AtORPK1 is localized to plasma membrane and endosomes, and the specific localization was significantly affected by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) treatment. Further GFP, CFP, YFP and RFP fusion protein co-localization and FRET analyses demonstrated that AtORPK1 interacted and co-localized with AtKAPP, a common downstream phosphatase, in the enlarged endosomes such as prevacuolar compartments. Our results indicate that AtORPK1 functions as a positive molecular link between the oxidative stress signaling and antioxidant stress in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- The Engineering Research Institute of Agriculture and Forestry, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China; School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
| | - Liwen Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Centre for Cell and Developmental Biology and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518057, PR China.
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9
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Wu L, Wang H, Liu S, Liu M, Liu J, Wang Y, Sun L, Yang W, Shen H. Mapping of CaPP2C35 involved in the formation of light-green immature pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits via GWAS and BSA. Theor Appl Genet 2022; 135:591-604. [PMID: 34762177 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-021-03987-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association study, bulked segregant analysis, and genetic analysis delimited the LG locus controlling light-green immature pepper fruits into a 35.07 kbp region on chromosome 10. A strong candidate gene, CaPP2C35, was identified in this region. In pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), the common colors of immature fruits are yellowish white, milky yellow, green, purple, and purplish black. Genes related to dark green, white, and purple immature fruits have been cloned; however, only a few studies have investigated light-green immature fruits. Here, we performed a genetic study using light-green (17C827) and green (17C658) immature fruits. The light-green color of immature fruits was controlled by a single locus-dominant genetic trait compared with the green color of immature fruits. We also performed a genome-wide association study and bulked segregant analysis of immature-fruit color and mapped the LG locus to a 35.07 kbp region on chromosome 10. Only one gene, Capana10g001710, was found in this region. A G-A substitution occurred at the 313th base of the Capana10g001710 coding sequence in 17C827, resulting in the conversion of the α-helix of its encoded PP2C35 protein into a β-fold. The expression of Capana10g001710 (termed CaPP2C35) in 17C827 was significantly higher than in 17C658. Silencing CaPP2C35 in 17C827 resulted in an increase in chlorophyll content in the exocarp and the appearance of green stripes on the surface of the fruit. These results indicate that CaPP2C35 may be involved in the formation of light-green immature fruits by regulating the accumulation of chlorophyll content in the exocarp. Thus, these findings lay the foundation for further studies and genetic improvement of immature-fruit color in pepper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lang Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sujun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinkui Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yihao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liang Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Huolin Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Wang G, Zhang X, Huang W, Xu P, Lv Z, Zhao L, Wen J, Yi B, Ma C, Tu J, Fu T, Shen J. Increased seed number per silique in Brassica juncea by deleting cis-regulatory region affecting BjCLV1 expression in carpel margin meristem. Plant Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2333-2348. [PMID: 34260131 PMCID: PMC8541781 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mustard yield per plant is severely restricted by the seed number per silique. The seed number per silique in the Brassica juncea trilocular mutant J163-4 is significantly greater than that in normal bilocular plants. However, how the trilocular silique of J163-4 is formed remains unclear. Here, we studied the gene structure and function of mc2 in B. juncea and Arabidopsis using comparative morphology and molecular genetic experiments. We found that mc2 is a CLV1 ortholog, BjA7.CLV1. The deletion of cis-regulatory region in mc2 promoter, which affects Mc2 expression in carpel margin meristem (CMM), led to trilocular silique formation. The BjCLV1 sequence with its complete promoter containing the cis-regulatory region can restore the Bjclv1 and clv1 mutant phenotypes in B. juncea and Arabidopsis, respectively. Additionally, this cis-regulatory region had a collinear segment in the promoter of CLV1 homologous gene in most Brassicaceae species. Our results are consistent with the report that BjCLV1 represents a conserved pleiotropic role in shoot meristem and CMM development, which contains a cis-regulatory sequence specifically expressed BjCLV1 in CMM in its promoter, and this cis-regulatory region is conserved in Brassicaceae species. These results offer a reliable approach for fine-tuning the traits of seed yield in Brassicaceae crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiangxiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wei Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zewen Lv
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Lun Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Bin Yi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chaozhi Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinxing Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Tingdong Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/National Engineering Research Center of RapeseedHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhanChina
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11
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Li L, Li B, Zhu S, Wang L, Song L, Chen J, Ming Z, Liu X, Li X, Yu F. TMK4 receptor kinase negatively modulates ABA signaling by phosphorylating ABI2 and enhancing its activity. J Integr Plant Biol 2021; 63:1161-1178. [PMID: 33811744 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, clade A type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2CAs) have emerged as major players in abscisic acid (ABA)-regulated stress responses by inhibiting protein kinase activity. However, how different internal and external environmental signals modulate the activity of PP2CAs are not well known. The transmembrane kinase (TMK) protein 4 (TMK4), one member of a previously identified receptor kinase subfamily on the plasma membrane that plays vital roles in plant cell growth, directly interacts with PP2CAs member (ABA-Insensitive 2, ABI2). tmk4 mutant is hypersensitive to ABA in both ABA-inhibited seed germination and primary root growth, indicating that TMK4 is a negative regulator in ABA signaling pathway. Further analyses indicate that TMK4 phosphorylates ABI2 at three conserved Ser residues, thus enhancing the activity of ABI2. The phosphorylation-mimic ABI2S139DS140DS266D can complement but non-phosphorylated form ABI2S139AS140AS266A cannot complement ABA hypersensitive phenotype of the loss-of-function mutant abi1-2abi2-2. This study provides a previously unidentified mechanism for positively regulating ABI2 by a plasma membrane protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Limei Song
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Jia Chen
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhenhua Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, College of Life Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Xuanming Liu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiushan Li
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Feng Yu
- College of Biology, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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12
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Feng H, Li C, Zhou J, Yuan Y, Feng Z, Shi Y, Zhao L, Zhang Y, Wei F, Zhu H. A cotton WAKL protein interacted with a DnaJ protein and was involved in defense against Verticillium dahliae. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:633-643. [PMID: 33275973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that plant cell wall-associated receptor-like kinases (WAKs) involve in defense against pathogen attack, but their related signaling processes and regulatory mechanism remain largely unknown. We identified a WAK-like kinase (GhWAKL) from upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and characterized its functional mechanism. Expression of GhWAKL in cotton plants was induced by Verticillium dahliae infection and responded to the application of salicylic acid (SA). Knockdown of GhWAKL expression results in the reduction of SA content and suppresses the SA-mediated defense response, enhancing cotton plants susceptibility to V. dahliae. And, ecotopic overexpression of GhWAKL in Arabidopsis thaliana conferred plant resistance to the pathogen. Further analysis demonstrated that GhWAKL interacted with a cotton DnaJ protein (GhDNAJ1) on the cell membrane. Silencing GhDNAJ1 also enhanced cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae. Moreover, the mutation of GhWAKL at site Ser628 with the phosphorylation decreased the interaction with GhDNAJ1 and compromised the plant resistance to V. dahliae. We propose that GhWAKL is a potential molecular target for improving resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Jinglong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Zili Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yalin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Feng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Heqin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, Henan 455000, China; Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
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13
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Fan K, Chen Y, Mao Z, Fang Y, Li Z, Lin W, Zhang Y, Liu J, Huang J, Lin W. Pervasive duplication, biased molecular evolution and comprehensive functional analysis of the PP2C family in Glycine max. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:465. [PMID: 32631220 PMCID: PMC7339511 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max) is an important oil provider and ecosystem participant. The protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) plays important roles in key biological processes. Molecular evolution and functional analysis of the PP2C family in soybean are yet to be reported. RESULTS The present study identified 134 GmPP2Cs with 10 subfamilies in soybean. Duplication events were prominent in the GmPP2C family, and all duplicated gene pairs were involved in the segmental duplication events. The legume-common duplication event and soybean-specific tetraploid have primarily led to expanding GmPP2C members in soybean. Sub-functionalization was the main evolutionary fate of duplicated GmPP2C members. Meanwhile, massive genes were lost in the GmPP2C family, especially from the F subfamily. Compared with other genes, the evolutionary rates were slower in the GmPP2C family. The PP2C members from the H subfamily resembled their ancestral genes. In addition, some GmPP2Cs were identified as the putative key regulator that could control plant growth and development. CONCLUSIONS A total of 134 GmPP2Cs were identified in soybean, and their expansion, molecular evolution and putative functions were comprehensively analyzed. Our findings provided the detailed information on the evolutionary history of the GmPP2C family, and the candidate genes can be used in soybean breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Fan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Yunrui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Mao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Yao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Zhaowei Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Jianping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Jinwen Huang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Agroecological Processing and Safety Monitoring, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecology and Molecular Physiology (Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University), Fujian Province University, Fuzhou, 35002 P. R. China
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Abstract
CLEs are small non-cell autonomous signalling peptides that regulate cell division rate and orientation in a variety of developmental contexts. Recent years have generated a huge amount of research on CLE function across land plants, characterising their role across the whole plant; they control stem cell division in the shoot, root and cambial meristems, balance developmental investment into symbiosis, regulate leaf development, pattern stomata and control axillary branching. They have even been co-opted by parasitic nematodes to mediate infection. This review synthesises these recent findings and embeds them in an evolutionary context, outlining the likely evolution of the CLE signalling pathway. I use this framework to infer common mechanistic themes and pose key future questions for the field.
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Liu XS, Liang CC, Hou SG, Wang X, Chen DH, Shen JL, Zhang W, Wang M. The LRR-RLK Protein HSL3 Regulates Stomatal Closure and the Drought Stress Response by Modulating Hydrogen Peroxide Homeostasis. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:548034. [PMID: 33329622 PMCID: PMC7728693 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.548034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells shrink in response to drought stress and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling, thereby reducing stomatal aperture. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an important signaling molecule acting to induce stomatal closure. As yet, the molecular basis of control over the level of H2O2 in the guard cells remains largely unknown. Here, the leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like kinase (RLK) protein HSL3 has been shown to have the ability to negatively regulate stomatal closure by modulating the level of H2O2 in the guard cells. HSL3 was markedly up-regulated by treating plants with either ABA or H2O2, as well as by dehydration. In the loss-of-function hsl3 mutant, both stomatal closure and the activation of anion currents proved to be hypersensitive to ABA treatment, and the mutant was more tolerant than the wild type to moisture deficit; the overexpression of HSL3 had the opposite effect. In the hsl3 mutant, the transcription of NADPH oxidase gene RbohF involved in H2O2 production showed marked up-regulation, as well as the level of catalase activity was weakly inducible by ABA, allowing H2O2 to accumulate in the guard cells. HSL3 was concluded to participate in the regulation of the response to moisture deficit through ABA-induced stomatal closure triggered by the accumulation of H2O2 in the guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan-shan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao-chao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shu-guo Hou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong-hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Mei Wang,
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaption Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
- Wei Zhang,
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Lu K, Zhang YD, Zhao CF, Zhou LH, Zhao QY, Chen T, Wang CL. The Arabidopsis kinase-associated protein phosphatase KAPP, interacting with protein kinases SnRK2.2/2.3/2.6, negatively regulates abscisic acid signaling. Plant Mol Biol 2020; 102:199-212. [PMID: 31813113 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The kinase-associated protein phosphatase, KAPP, is negatively involved in abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. KAPP interacts physically with SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6, and functionally acts upstream of SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3. The kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) has been reported to be involved in the regulation of many developmental and signaling events, but it remains unknown whether KAPP is involved in ABA signaling. Here, we report that KAPP is negatively involved in ABA-mediated seed germination and early seedling growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. The two loss-of-function mutants of KAPP, kapp-1 and kapp-2, exhibit increased ABA sensitivity in ABA-induced seed germination inhibition and post-germination growth arrest. The three closely-related protein kinase, (SNF1)-related protein kinase SnRK2.2, SnRK2.3 and SnRK2.6, which play critical roles in ABA signaling, interact and co-localize with KAPP. Genetic evidence showed that the ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes caused by KAPP mutation were suppressed by the double mutation of SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3, indicating that KAPP functions upstream of SnRK2.2 and SnRK2.3 in ABA signaling. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that KAPP mutation affects expression of multiple ABA-responsive genes. These results demonstrated that KAPP is negatively involved in plant response to ABA, which help to understand the complicated ABA signaling mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Ya-Dong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Chun-Fang Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Li-Hui Zhou
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Qing-Yong Zhao
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Cai-Lin Wang
- Institute of Food Crops, Provincial Key Laboratory of Agrobiology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Jiangsu High Quality Rice Research and Development Center / Nanjing Branch of China National Center for Rice Improvement, Nanjing, 210014, China.
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17
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Bhaskara GB, Wong MM, Verslues PE. The flip side of phospho-signalling: Regulation of protein dephosphorylation and the protein phosphatase 2Cs. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:2913-2930. [PMID: 31314921 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a key signalling mechanism and has myriad effects on protein function. Phosphorylation by protein kinases can be reversed by protein phosphatases, thus allowing dynamic control of protein phosphorylation. Although this may suggest a straightforward kinase-phosphatase relationship, plant genomes contain five times more kinases than phosphatases. Here, we examine phospho-signalling from a protein phosphatase centred perspective and ask how relatively few phosphatases regulate many phosphorylation sites. The most abundant class of plant phosphatases, the protein phosphatase 2Cs (PP2Cs), is surrounded by a web of regulation including inhibitor and activator proteins as well as posttranslational modifications that regulate phosphatase activity, control phosphatase stability, or determine the subcellular locations where the phosphatase is present and active. These mechanisms are best established for the Clade A PP2Cs, which are key components of stress and abscisic acid signalling. We also describe other PP2C clades and illustrate how these phosphatases are highly regulated and involved in a wide range of physiological functions. Together, these examples of multiple layers of phosphatase regulation help explain the unbalanced kinase-phosphatase ratio. Continued use of phosphoproteomics to examine phosphatase targets and phosphatase-kinase relationships will be important for deeper understanding of phosphoproteome regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Min May Wong
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Paul E Verslues
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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18
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Sehgal N, Singh S. Progress on deciphering the molecular aspects of cell-to-cell communication in Brassica self-incompatibility response. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:347. [PMID: 30073132 PMCID: PMC6066494 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1372-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The sporophytic system of self-incompatibility is a widespread genetic phenomenon in plant species, promoting out-breeding and maintaining genetic diversity. This phenomenon is of commercial importance in hybrid breeding of Brassicaceae crops and is controlled by single S locus with multiple S haplotypes. The molecular genetic studies of Brassica 'S' locus has revealed the presence of three tightly linked loci viz. S-receptor kinase (SRK), S-locus cysteine-rich protein/S-locus protein 11 (SCR/SP11), and S-locus glycoprotein (SLG). On self-pollination, the allele-specific ligand-receptor interaction activates signal transduction in stigma papilla cells and leads to rejection of pollen tube on stigmatic surface. In addition, arm-repeat-containing protein 1 (ARC1), M-locus protein kinase (MLPK), kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP), exocyst complex subunit (Exo70A1) etc. has been identified in Brassica crops and plays a key role in self-incompatibility signaling pathway. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic calcium (Ca2+) influx in papilla cells also mediates self-incompatibility response in Brassicaceae, but how this cytoplasmic Ca2+ influx triggers signal transduction to inhibit pollen hydration is still obscure. There are many other signaling components which are not well characterized yet. Much progress has been made in elucidating the downstream multiple pathways of Brassica self-incompatibility response. Hence, in this review, we have made an effort to describe the recent advances made on understanding the molecular aspects of genetic mechanism of self-incompatibility in Brassicaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sehgal
- Department of Vegetable Science, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, 125 004 India
| | - Saurabh Singh
- Division of Vegetable Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, 110 012 India
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19
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Han S, Cho H, Noh J, Qi J, Jung HJ, Nam H, Lee S, Hwang D, Greb T, Hwang I. BIL1-mediated MP phosphorylation integrates PXY and cytokinin signalling in secondary growth. Nat Plants 2018; 4:605-614. [PMID: 29988154 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vascular cambium proliferation in plants is crucial for the generation of vascular tissues and for mechanical strength. Phytohormones and mobile peptides are key regulators of vascular cambial activity during secondary growth; however, the signalling cross-talk underlying their coordinated action is largely unknown. Here, we reveal that BIN2-LIKE 1 (BIL1), a glycogen synthase kinase 3, integrates the PHLOEM INTERCALATED WITH XYLEM/tracheary element differentiation inhibitory factor (TDIF) RECEPTOR (PXY/TDR) module into MONOPTEROS/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 5 (MP/ARF5) transcription factor action during secondary growth. BIL1-mediated phosphorylation of MP/ARF5 enhances its negative effect on vascular cambial activity, which upregulates the negative regulators of cytokinin signalling ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 7 (ARR7) and ARR15. PXY/TDR inhibits BIL1 activity, which attenuates the effect of MP/ARF5 on ARR7 and ARR15 expression, thus increasing vascular cambial activity. Together, these results suggest that BIL1 is a key mediator that links peptide signalling with auxin-cytokinin signalling for the maintenance of cambial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeun Han
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Cho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jaegyun Noh
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jiyan Qi
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hee-Jung Jung
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Heejae Nam
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Seungchul Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea.
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20
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Xiao L, Li X, Liu F, Zhao Z, Xu L, Chen C, Wang Y, Shang G, Du D. Mutations in the CDS and promoter of BjuA07.CLV1 cause a multilocular trait in Brassica juncea. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5339. [PMID: 29593311 PMCID: PMC5871799 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multilocular trait has recently attracted considerable attention for its potential to increase yield. Our previous studies indicated that two genes (Bjln1 and Bjln2) are responsible for multilocular siliques in Brassica juncea and the Bjln1 gene has been delimited to a 208-kb region. In present study, the Bjln1 gene was successfully isolated using the map-based cloning method. Complementation test indicated that the BjuA07.CLV1 (equivalent to BjLn1) could rescue the multilocular phenotype and generate bilocular siliques. Two amino acids changes at positions 28 and 63 in BjuA07.clv1 as well as a 702-bp deletion in its promoter have been proved to affect the carpel numbers. Microscopic analyses suggested that BjuA07.CLV1 is involved in the maintenance of shoot and floral meristem size. The expression level of BjuA07.clv1 was significantly reduced in the SAM. Furthermore, WUS, CLV2, CLV3, RPK2 and POL, key genes in the CLV/WUS signal pathway, showed lower expression level in the multilocular plants. These data suggest that the mutations in the CDS and promoter of BjuA07.clv1 reduced its function and expression level, which disturbed CLV/WUS signal pathway, thereby leading to the enlargement of the shoot and floral meristem and resulting in the multilocular siliques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Fei Liu
- National Key Lab of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement in Wuhan, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Liang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Cuiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Guoxia Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Dezhi Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture of Qinghai University, Key Laboratory of Qinghai Province for Spring Rapeseed Genetic Improvement, The Qinghai Research Branch of the National Rapeseed Genetic Improvement Center, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China.
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21
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Li M, Zhong W, Yang F, Zhang Z. Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms of Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Maize Inflorescence Architecture. Plant Cell Physiol 2018; 59:448-457. [PMID: 29420811 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcy022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of inflorescence architecture is critical for the reproduction of flowering plant species. The maize plant generates two types of inflorescences, the tassel and the ear, and their architectures have a large effect on grain yield and yield-related traits that are genetically controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Since ear and tassel architecture are deeply affected by the activity of inflorescence meristems, key QTLs and genes regulating meristematic activity have important impacts on inflorescence development and show great potential for optimizing grain yield. Isolation of yield trait-related QTLs is challenging, but these QTLs have direct application in maize breeding. Additionally, characterization and functional dissection of QTLs can provide genetic and molecular knowledge of quantitative variation in inflorescence architecture. In this review, we summarize currently identified QTLs responsible for the establishment of ear and tassel architecture and discuss the potential genetic control of four ear-related and four tassel-related traits. In recent years, several inflorescence architecture-related QTLs have been characterized at the gene level. We review the mechanisms of these characterized QTLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Wanshun Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, PR China
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22
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Liu J, Liu B, Chen S, Gong BQ, Chen L, Zhou Q, Xiong F, Wang M, Feng D, Li JF, Wang HB, Wang J. A Tyrosine Phosphorylation Cycle Regulates Fungal Activation of a Plant Receptor Ser/Thr Kinase. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 23:241-253.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Shoot meristems are maintained by pluripotent stem cells that are controlled by CLAVATA-WUSCHEL feedback signaling. This pathway, which coordinates stem cell proliferation with differentiation, was first identified in Arabidopsis, but appears to be conserved in diverse higher plant species. In this Review, we highlight the commonalities and differences between CLAVATA-WUSCHEL pathways in different species, with an emphasis on Arabidopsis, maize, rice and tomato. We focus on stem cell control in shoot meristems, but also briefly discuss the role of these signaling components in root meristems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - Byoung Il Je
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf D-40225, Germany
| | - David Jackson
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
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24
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Kumar D, Kumar R, Baek D, Hyun TK, Chung WS, Yun DJ, Kim JY. Arabidopsis thaliana RECEPTOR DEAD KINASE1 Functions as a Positive Regulator in Plant Responses to ABA. Mol Plant 2017; 10:223-243. [PMID: 27923613 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is a major phytohormone involved in important stress-related and developmental plant processes. Membrane-delimited ABA signal transduction plays an important role in early ABA signaling, but the molecular mechanisms connecting core signaling components to the plasma membrane remain unclear. Plants have evolved a large number of receptor-like kinases (RLKs) to modulate diverse biological processes by perceiving extracellular stimuli and activating downstream signaling responses. In this study, a putative leucine-rich repeat-RLK gene named RECEPTOR DEAD KINASE1 (AtRDK1) was identified and characterized in Arabidopsis thaliana. RDK1 promoter-GUS analysis revealed that RDK1 is expressed ubiquitously in the various tissues in Arabidopsis, and its expression is mainly induced by ABA. In the presence of ABA, RDK1-deficient rdk1-1 and rdk1-2 lines showed significant resistance in cotyledon greening and root growth, whereas RDK1-overexpressing lines showed enhanced sensitivity. Consistently, the expression of ABA-responsive genes was significantly downregulated in rdk1 mutant seedlings, which were also hypersensitive to drought stress with increased water loss. Interestingly, RDK1 was found to be an atypical kinase localized to the plasma membrane and did not require its kinase activity during ABA-mediated inhibition of seedling development. Accordingly, RDK1 interacted in the plasma membrane with type 2C protein phosphatase ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE1 (ABI1); this interaction was further enhanced by exogenous application of ABA, suggesting that RDK1-mediated recruitment of ABI1 onto the plasma membrane is important for ABA signaling. Taken together, these results reveal an important role for RDK1 in plant responses to abiotic stress conditions in an ABA-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhinesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Dongwon Baek
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Hyun
- Department of Industrial Plant Science and Technology, College of Agricultural, Life and Environmental Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Korea.
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25
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Somssich M, Bleckmann A, Simon R. Shared and distinct functions of the pseudokinase CORYNE (CRN) in shoot and root stem cell maintenance of Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:4901-15. [PMID: 27229734 PMCID: PMC4983110 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell maintenance in plants depends on the activity of small secreted signaling peptides of the CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (CLE) family, which, in the shoot, act through at least three kinds of receptor complexes, CLAVATA1 (CLV1) homomers, CLAVATA2 (CLV2) / CORYNE (CRN) heteromers, and CLV1/CLV2/CRN multimers. In the root, the CLV2/CRN receptor complexes function in the proximal meristem to transmit signals from the CLE peptide CLE40. While CLV1 consists of an extracellular receptor domain and an intracellular kinase domain, CLV2, a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) receptor-like protein, and CRN, a protein kinase, have to interact to form a receptor-kinase complex. The kinase domain of CRN has been reported to be catalytically inactive, and it is not yet known how the CLV2/CRN complex can relay the perceived signal into the cells, and whether the kinase domain is necessary for signal transduction at all. In this study we show that the kinase domain of CRN is actively involved in CLV3 signal transduction in the shoot apical meristem of Arabidopsis, but it is dispensable for CRN protein function in root meristem maintenance. Hence, we provide an example of a catalytically inactive pseudokinase that is involved in two homologous pathways, but functions in distinctively different ways in each of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Abstract
A fundamental aspect of plant development is the coordination of growth through endogenous signals and its integration with environmental inputs. Similar to animals, plants frequently use cell surface-localized receptors to monitor such stimuli, for instance through plasma membrane-integral receptor-like kinases (RLKs). Compared to other organisms, plants possess a large number of RLKs (more than 600 in Arabidopsis thaliana), which implies that ligand-receptor-mediated molecular mechanisms regulate a wide range of processes during plant development. Here, we focus on A. thaliana RLKs of the CLAVATA 1 (CLV1) type, which orchestrate key steps during plant development, including the regulation of meristem maintenance, anther development, vascular tissue formation, and root system architecture. These receptors are regulated by small signalling peptides that belong to the family of CLE (CLV3 / EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION) ligands. We discuss different aspects of plant development that are regulated by these receptors in light of their molecular mechanism of action. As so often, the intensive research on this group of plant RLKs has raised many intriguing questions, which remain to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ora Hazak
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian S Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Hanemian M, Barlet X, Sorin C, Yadeta KA, Keller H, Favery B, Simon R, Thomma BPHJ, Hartmann C, Crespi M, Marco Y, Tremousaygue D, Deslandes L. Arabidopsis CLAVATA1 and CLAVATA2 receptors contribute to Ralstonia solanacearum pathogenicity through a miR169-dependent pathway. New Phytol 2016; 211:502-15. [PMID: 26990325 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is one of the most destructive bacterial plant diseases. Although many molecular determinants involved in R. solanacearum adaptation to hosts and pathogenesis have been described, host components required for disease establishment remain poorly characterized. Phenotypical analysis of Arabidopsis mutants for leucine-rich repeat (LRR)-receptor-like proteins revealed that mutations in the CLAVATA1 (CLV1) and CLAVATA2 (CLV2) genes confer enhanced disease resistance to bacterial wilt. We further investigated the underlying mechanisms using genetic, transcriptomic and molecular approaches. The enhanced resistance of both clv1 and clv2 mutants to the bacteria did not require the well characterized CLV signalling modules involved in shoot meristem homeostasis, and was conditioned by neither salicylic acid nor ethylene defence-related hormones. Gene expression microarray analysis performed on clv1 and clv2 revealed deregulation of genes encoding nuclear transcription factor Y subunit alpha (NF-YA) transcription factors whose post-transcriptional regulation is known to involve microRNAs from the miR169 family. Both clv mutants showed a defect in miR169 accumulation. Conversely, overexpression of miR169 abrogated the resistance phenotype of clv mutants. We propose that CLV1 and CLV2, two receptors involved in CLV3 perception during plant development, contribute to bacterial wilt through a signalling pathway involving the miR169/NF-YA module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Hanemian
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), INRA, UMR441, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), CNRS, UMR2594, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Xavier Barlet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), INRA, UMR441, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), CNRS, UMR2594, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Céline Sorin
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Saclay Plant Sciences, UPR2355, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Koste A Yadeta
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harald Keller
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Bruno Favery
- INRA, Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06900, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institut für Entwicklungsgenetik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Caroline Hartmann
- Université Paris Diderot, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Martin Crespi
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences du Végétal, Saclay Plant Sciences, UPR2355, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Yves Marco
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), INRA, UMR441, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), CNRS, UMR2594, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Tremousaygue
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), INRA, UMR441, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), CNRS, UMR2594, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Laurent Deslandes
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), INRA, UMR441, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes-Microorganismes (LIPM), CNRS, UMR2594, Chemin de Borde Rouge, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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28
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Abstract
Formative cell divisions generate new cell types and tissues during development, and are controlled by receptor kinase signalling pathways. The phosphatase PP2A has now been shown to be both a target and positive regulator of the receptor kinase ACR4, thus creating a feed-forward loop that serves to establish new cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Berckmans
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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29
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Gramegna G, Modesti V, Savatin DV, Sicilia F, Cervone F, De Lorenzo G. GRP-3 and KAPP, encoding interactors of WAK1, negatively affect defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides and local response to wounding. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:1715-29. [PMID: 26748394 PMCID: PMC4783359 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. These molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. Oligogalacturonides (OGs), DAMPs released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local signals in the response to wounding. The Arabidopsis Wall-Associated Kinase 1 (WAK1), a receptor of OGs, has been described to form a complex with a cytoplasmic plasma membrane-localized kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) and a glycine-rich protein (GRP-3) that we find localized mainly in the cell wall and, in a small part, on the plasma membrane. By using Arabidopsis plants overexpressing WAK1, and both grp-3 and kapp null insertional mutant and overexpressing plants, we demonstrate a positive function of WAK1 and a negative function of GRP-3 and KAPP in the OG-triggered expression of defence genes and the production of an oxidative burst. The three proteins also affect the local response to wounding and the basal resistance against the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. GRP-3 and KAPP are likely to function in the phasing out of the plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Gramegna
- Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Vanessa Modesti
- Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Sicilia
- Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Istituto Pasteur-Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'C. Darwin', Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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30
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Hartmann J, Linke D, Bönniger C, Tholey A, Sauter M. Conserved phosphorylation sites in the activation loop of the Arabidopsis phytosulfokine receptor PSKR1 differentially affect kinase and receptor activity. Biochem J 2015; 472:379-91. [PMID: 26472115 DOI: 10.1042/BJ20150147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytosulfokine is perceived by a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase with auto- and trans-phosphorylation activity. Phosphosite mapping indicated that multisite serine/threonine autophosphorylation probably occurs within the activation loop of the kinase. Phosphoablative mutations differentially impair kinase activity in vitro and receptor function in planta. PSK (phytosulfokine) is a plant peptide hormone perceived by a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase. Phosphosite mapping of epitope-tagged PSKR1 (phytosulfokine receptor 1) from Arabidopsis thaliana plants identified Ser696 and Ser698 in the JM (juxtamembrane) region and probably Ser886 and/or Ser893 in the AL (activation loop) as in planta phosphorylation sites. In vitro-expressed kinase was autophosphorylated at Ser717 in the JM, and at Ser733, Thr752, Ser783, Ser864, Ser911, Ser958 and Thr998 in the kinase domain. The LC–ESI–MS/MS spectra provided support that up to three sites (Thr890, Ser893 and Thr894) in the AL were likely to be phosphorylated in vitro. These sites are evolutionarily highly conserved in PSK receptors, indicative of a conserved function. Site-directed mutagenesis of the four conserved residues in the activation segment, Thr890, Ser893, Thr894 and Thr899, differentially altered kinase activity in vitro and growth-promoting activity in planta. The T899A and the quadruple-mutated TSTT-A (T890A/S893A/T894A/T899A) mutants were both kinase-inactive, but PSKR1(T899A) retained growth-promoting activity. The T890A and S893A/T894A substitutions diminished kinase activity and growth promotion. We hypothesize that phosphorylation within the AL activates kinase activity and receptor function in a gradual and distinctive manner that may be a means to modulate the PSK response.
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31
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Xiao D, Cui Y, Xu F, Xu X, Gao G, Wang Y, Guo Z, Wang D, Wang NN. SENESCENCE-SUPPRESSED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE Directly Interacts with the Cytoplasmic Domain of SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE and Negatively Regulates Leaf Senescence in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2015; 169:1275-91. [PMID: 26304848 PMCID: PMC4587474 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation mediated by protein kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in the regulation of leaf senescence. We previously reported that the leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase SENESCENCE-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE (AtSARK) positively regulates leaf senescence in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Here, we report the involvement of a protein serine/threonine phosphatase 2C-type protein phosphatase, SENESCENCE-SUPPRESSED PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE (SSPP), in the negative regulation of Arabidopsis leaf senescence. SSPP transcript levels decreased greatly during both natural senescence and SARK-induced precocious senescence. Overexpression of SSPP significantly delayed leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Protein pull-down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays demonstrated that the cytosol-localized SSPP could interact with the cytoplasmic domain of the plasma membrane-localized AtSARK. In vitro assays showed that SSPP has protein phosphatase function and can dephosphorylate the cytosolic domain of AtSARK. Consistent with these observations, overexpression of SSPP effectively rescued AtSARK-induced precocious leaf senescence and changes in hormonal responses. All our results suggested that SSPP functions in sustaining proper leaf longevity and preventing early senescence by suppressing or perturbing SARK-mediated senescence signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Xiao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yanjiao Cui
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fan Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinxin Xu
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guanxiao Gao
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhaoxia Guo
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ning Ning Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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32
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Boyer F, Simon R. Asymmetric cell divisions constructing Arabidopsis stem cell niches: the emerging role of protein phosphatases. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2015; 17:935-45. [PMID: 26012742 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant stem cell niches (SCNs) can be maintained in time through asymmetric cell divisions (ACDs) that allow the production of new cell types while constantly renewing the pools of stem cells (SCs). ACDs in plants require the asymmetric distribution of molecular components inside the cells as well as external asymmetric positional information. These two types of asymmetric information are controlled by inter- and intracellular signalling events. Phosphorylation of proteins is a major intermediate step in these signalling events, serving either as an activator or repressor of signalling, via fast auto- and trans-phosphorylation mechanisms. Whereas protein kinases, which phosphorylate proteins on serine, threonine or tyrosine residues, have been thoroughly studied, less attention has been given to protein phosphatases, which de-phosphorylate their protein targets on these same residues. Phosphatases modulate the activity of signalling pathways by balancing the action of kinases, and are therefore critical in the regulation of ACDs in plants. In this review, we first present the different types of ACDs that operate during Arabidopsis embryonic and post-embryonic development and participate in the construction and maintenance of its root and shoot SCNs; we then give a brief description of the main protein phosphatases so far described in the Arabidopsis genome; and finally discuss their functions toward the regulation of the ACDs introduced in the first part of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Boyer
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - R Simon
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Somssich M, Ma Q, Weidtkamp-Peters S, Stahl Y, Felekyan S, Bleckmann A, Seidel CAM, Simon R. Real-time dynamics of peptide ligand-dependent receptor complex formation in planta. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra76. [PMID: 26243190 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab0598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA (CLV) and flagellin (flg) signaling pathways act through peptide ligands and closely related plasma membrane-localized receptor-like kinases (RLKs). The plant peptide CLV3 regulates stem cell homeostasis, whereas the bacterial flg22 peptide elicits defense responses. We applied multiparameter fluorescence imaging spectroscopy (MFIS) to characterize the dynamics of RLK complexes in the presence of ligand in living plant cells expressing receptor proteins fused to fluorescent proteins. We found that the CLV and flg pathways represent two different principles of signal transduction: flg22 first triggered RLK heterodimerization and later assembly into larger complexes through homomerization. In contrast, CLV receptor complexes were preformed, and ligand binding stimulated their clustering. This different behavior likely reflects the nature of these signaling pathways. Pathogen-triggered flg signaling impedes plant growth and development; therefore, receptor complexes are formed only in the presence of ligand. In contrast, CLV3-dependent stem cell homeostasis continuously requires active signaling, and preformation of receptor complexes may facilitate this task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Qijun Ma
- Chair for Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne Stahl
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Suren Felekyan
- Chair for Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andrea Bleckmann
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus A M Seidel
- Chair for Molecular Physical Chemistry, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany. Center for Advanced Imaging, Heinrich-Heine University, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Butenko MA, Simon R. Beyond the meristems: similarities in the CLAVATA3 and INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION peptide mediated signalling pathways. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:5195-203. [PMID: 26105996 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants form new organs throughout their lives; this requires a balance between cell proliferation and differentiation, and between the generation and loss of organs. To do this, plants must maintain a population of stem cells within the meristems, and at the same time, closely control the identity and position of cells at the meristem boundaries as they differentiate to new leaf or flower primordia. Once developed, organs may need to be shed, either as a controlled developmental decision-such as floral abscission after pollination, or as a response to disease, environmental stress, and predators. Cell wall degradation at specialized abscission zone (AZ) cells needs to occur for this to take place, but since there is little cell rearrangement in plants, cell separation events are also important for plant architecture. In this Opinion paper we discuss the role of two peptide ligand signalling systems that control stem cell homeostasis and cell separation, respectively. We draw parallels between the signalling pathways and explore on the commonalities of the downstream components activated and controlled by the signalling peptides. We provide evidence for AZ cells having a meristem identity and discuss the role of identical KNOTTED-LIKE HOMEOBOX (KNOX) transcription factors in meristem maintenance and abscission. Lastly we explore the evolutionary relationship between the pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinka A Butenko
- Department of Biosciences, Section for Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute for Developmental Genetics and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Universitätsstr. 1, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Liu CP, Yang L, Shen HL. Proteomic Analysis of Immature Fraxinus mandshurica Cotyledon Tissues during Somatic Embryogenesis: Effects of Explant Browning on Somatic Embryogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13692-713. [PMID: 26084048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) is a valuable hardwood species in Northeast China. In cultures of F. mandshurica, somatic embryos were produced mainly on browned explants. Therefore, we studied the mechanism of explant browning and its relationship with somatic embryogenesis (SE). We used explants derived from F. mandshurica immature zygotic embryo cotyledons as materials. Proteins were extracted from browned embryogenic explants, browned non-embryogenic explants, and non-brown explants, and then separated by 2-dimensional electrophoresis. Differentially and specifically expressed proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify proteins involved in the browning of explants and SE. Some stress response and defense proteins such as chitinases, peroxidases, aspartic proteinases, and an osmotin-like protein played important roles during SE of F. mandshurica. Our results indicated that explant browning might not be caused by the accumulation and oxidation of polyphenols only, but also by some stress-related processes, which were involved in programmed cell death (PCD), and then induced SE.
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Meyer MR, Shah S, Zhang J, Rohrs H, Rao AG. Evidence for intermolecular interactions between the intracellular domains of the arabidopsis receptor-like kinase ACR4, its homologs and the Wox5 transcription factor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118861. [PMID: 25756623 PMCID: PMC4355418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis CRINKLY4 (ACR4) is a receptor-like kinase (RLK) involved in the global development of the plant. The Arabidopsis genome encodes four homologs of ACR4 that contain sequence similarity and analogous architectural elements to ACR4, termed Arabidopsis CRINKLY4 Related (AtCRRs) proteins. Additionally, a signaling module has been previously proposed including a postulated peptide ligand, CLE40, the ACR4 RLK, and the WOX5 transcription factor that engage in a possible feedback mechanism controlling stem cell differentiation. However, little biochemical evidence is available to ascertain the molecular aspects of receptor heterodimerization and the role of phosphorylation in these interactions. Therefore, we have undertaken an investigation of the in vitro interactions between the intracellular domains (ICD) of ACR4, the CRRs and WOX5. We demonstrate that interaction can occur between ACR4 and all four CRRs in the unphosphorylated state. However, phosphorylation dependency is observed for the interaction between ACR4 and CRR3. Furthermore, sequence analysis of the ACR4 gene family has revealed a conserved ‘KDSAF’ motif that may be involved in protein-protein interactions among the receptor family. We demonstrate that peptides harboring this conserved motif in CRR3 and CRK1are able to bind to the ACR4 kinase domain. Our investigations also indicate that the ACR4 ICD can interact with and phosphorylate the transcription factor WOX5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Meyer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
| | - Shweta Shah
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
| | - J. Zhang
- NIH NCRR Center for Biomedical and Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
| | - Henry Rohrs
- NIH NCRR Center for Biomedical and Bio-Organic Mass Spectrometry, Dept. of Chemistry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States of America
| | - A. Gururaj Rao
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kwak SH, Woo S, Lee MM, Schiefelbein J. Distinct signaling mechanisms in multiple developmental pathways by the SCRAMBLED receptor of Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 2014; 166:976-87. [PMID: 25136062 PMCID: PMC4213122 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.247288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
SCRAMBLED (SCM), a leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), is required for positional signaling in the root epidermis and for tissue/organ development in the shoot. To further understand SCM action, we generated a series of kinase domain variants and analyzed their ability to complement scm mutant defects. We found that the SCM kinase domain, but not kinase activity, is required for its role in root epidermal patterning, supporting the view that SCM is an atypical receptor kinase. We also describe a previously uncharacterized role for SCM in fruit dehiscence, because mature siliques from scm mutants fail to open properly. Interestingly, the kinase domain of SCM appears to be dispensable for this developmental process. Furthermore, we found that most of the SCM kinase domain mutations dramatically inhibit inflorescence development. Because this process is not affected in scm null mutants, it is likely that SCM acts redundantly to regulate inflorescence size. The importance of distinct kinase residues for these three developmental processes provides an explanation for the maintenance of the conserved kinase domain in the SCM protein, and it may generally explain its conservation in other atypical kinases. Furthermore, these results indicate that individual leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases may participate in multiple pathways using distinct signaling mechanisms to mediate diverse cellular communication events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kwak
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
| | - Sooah Woo
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
| | - Myeong Min Lee
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Biology Department, Long Island University, Brooklyn, New York 11201 (S.-H.K.);Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea (S.W., M.M.L.); andDepartment of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 (J.S.)
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Kondo Y, Ito T, Nakagami H, Hirakawa Y, Saito M, Tamaki T, Shirasu K, Fukuda H. Plant GSK3 proteins regulate xylem cell differentiation downstream of TDIF–TDR signalling. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3504. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Kondo Y, Hirakawa Y, Fukuda H. Peptide ligands in plants. Enzymes 2014; 35:85-112. [PMID: 25740716 DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801922-1.00004-X] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved small peptide ligands as intercellular signaling molecules. Previous studies have uncovered pairs of ligands and receptors in cell-cell communications. This review focuses on signaling and function of key plant peptide ligands.
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Jiang J, Zhang C, Wang X. Ligand perception, activation, and early signaling of plant steroid receptor brassinosteroid insensitive 1. J Integr Plant Biol 2013; 55:1198-211. [PMID: 23718739 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinases (LRR-RLKs) belong to a large group of cell surface proteins involved in many aspects of plant development and environmental responses in both monocots and dicots. Brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), a member of the LRR X subfamily, was first identified through several forward genetic screenings for mutants insensitive to brassinosteroids (BRs), which are a class of plant-specific steroid hormones. Since its identification, BRI1 and its homologs had been proved as receptors perceiving BRs and initiating BR signaling. The co-receptor BRI1-associated kinase 1 and its homologs, and other BRI1 interacting proteins such as its inhibitor BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 (BKI1) were identified by genetic and biochemical approaches. The detailed mechanisms of BR perception by BRI1 and the activation of BRI1 receptor complex have also been elucidated. Moreover, several mechanisms for termination of the activated BRI1 signaling were also discovered. In this review, we will focus on the recent advances on the mechanism of BRI1 phosphorylation and activation, the regulation of its receptor complex, the structure basis of BRI1 ectodomain and BR recognition, its direct substrates, and the termination of the activated BRI1 receptor complex. [Figure: see text] Xuelu Wang (Corresponding author).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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Abstract
Plants contain numerous CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) (CLE) genes encoding small secreted peptide hormones that function in a variety of developmental and physiological processes. The first known Arabidopsis CLE gene was originally discovered through the analysis of clv3 mutants, which exhibit fasciated stems and an increased number of floral organs. In total, 32 CLE genes have been identified in Arabidopsis. Amongst these are CLV3 and CLE40, which repress the expression of homeobox-containing genes WUSCHEL (WUS) and WUSCHEL-related homeobox 5 (WOX5) to control shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root columella initial cell activity, respectively. Interestingly, the CLE signaling pathway appears to be conserved amongst plants. In this review, we discuss the latest research uncovering the diverse functions and activities of CLE peptides in plants; especially during shoot, root and vascular development. In addition, we discuss the important role of CLE peptides during infection by phytoparasitic nematodes. Understanding the molecular properties of CLE peptides and their modes of action will provide further insight into plant cell-cell communication, which could also be applied to manipulate plant-nematode interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syunsuke Kiyohara
- Kumamoto University, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kurokami 2-39-1, Kumamoto, 860-8555 Japan
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Wang WM, Ma XF, Zhang Y, Luo MC, Wang GL, Bellizzi M, Xiong XY, Xiao SY. PAPP2C interacts with the atypical disease resistance protein RPW8.2 and negatively regulates salicylic acid-dependent defense responses in Arabidopsis. Mol Plant 2012; 5:1125-37. [PMID: 22334594 DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Many fungal and oomycete pathogens differentiate a feeding structure named the haustorium to extract nutrition from the plant epidermal cell. The atypical resistance (R) protein RPW8.2 activates salicylic acid (SA)-dependent, haustorium-targeted defenses against Golovinomyces spp., the causal agents of powdery mildew diseases on multiple plant species. How RPW8.2 activates defense remains uncharacterized. Here, we report that RPW8.2 interacts with the phytochrome-associated protein phosphatase type 2C (PAPP2C) in yeast and in planta as evidenced by co-immunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Down-regulation of PAPP2C by RNA interference (RNAi) in Col-0 plants lacking RPW8.2 leads to leaf spontaneous cell death and enhanced disease resistance to powdery mildew via the SA-dependent signaling pathway. Moreover, down-regulation of PAPP2C by RNAi in the RPW8.2 background results in strong HR-like cell death, which correlates with elevated RPW8.2 expression. We further demonstrate that hemagglutinin (HA)-tagged PAPP2C prepared from tobacco leaf cells transiently transformed with HA-PAPP2C possesses phosphatase activity. In addition, silencing a rice gene (Os04g0452000) homologous to PAPP2C also results in spontaneous cell death in rice. Combined, our results suggest that RPW8.2 is functionally connected with PAPP2C and that PAPP2C negatively regulates SA-dependent basal defense against powdery mildew in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ming Wang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research and Department of Plant Sciences and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
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Abstract
Restricted availability of nitrogen compounds in soils is often a major limiting factor for plant growth and productivity. Legumes circumvent this problem by establishing a symbiosis with soil-borne bacteria, called rhizobia that fix nitrogen for the plant. Nitrogen fixation and nutrient exchange take place in specialized root organs, the nodules, which are formed by a coordinated and controlled process that combines bacterial infection and organ formation. Because nodule formation and nitrogen fixation are energy-consuming processes, legumes develop the minimal number of nodules required to ensure optimal growth. To this end, several mechanisms have evolved that adapt nodule formation and nitrogen fixation to the plant's needs and environmental conditions, such as nitrate availability in the soil. In this review, we give an updated view on the mechanisms that control nodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Mortier
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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Greeff C, Roux M, Mundy J, Petersen M. Receptor-like kinase complexes in plant innate immunity. Front Plant Sci 2012; 3:209. [PMID: 22936944 PMCID: PMC3426755 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) are surface localized, transmembrane receptors comprising a large family of well-studied kinases. RLKs signal through their transmembrane and juxtamembrane domains with the aid of various interacting partners and downstream components. The N-terminal extracellular domain defines ligand specificity, and RLK families are sub-classed according to this domain. The most studied of these subfamilies include those with (1) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains, (2) LysM domains (LYM), and (3) the Catharanthus roseus RLK1-like (CrRLK1L) domain. These proteins recognize distinct ligands of microbial origin or ligands derived from intracellular protein/carbohydrate signals. For example, the pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) AtFLS2 recognizes flg22 from flagellin, and the PRR AtEFR recognizes elf18 from elongation factor (EF-Tu). Upon binding of their cognate ligands, the aforementioned RLKs activate generic immune responses termed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). RLKs can form complexes with other family members and engage a variety of intracellular signaling components and regulatory pathways upon stimulation. This review focuses on interesting new data about how these receptors form protein complexes to exert their function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Morten Petersen
- *Correspondence: Morten Petersen, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University, Biocenter 3.1.45, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen, Denmark. e-mail:
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Betsuyaku S, Sawa S, Yamada M. The Function of the CLE Peptides in Plant Development and Plant-Microbe Interactions. Arabidopsis Book 2011; 9:e0149. [PMID: 22303273 PMCID: PMC3268505 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) (CLE) peptides consist of 12 or 13 amino acids, including hydroxylated proline residues that may or may not contain sugar modifications, and function in a non-cell-autonomous fashion. The CLE gene was first reported in Zea mays (maize) as an endosperm-specific gene, ESR, in 1997 (Opsahl-Ferstad et al., 1997). CLE genes encode secreted peptides that function in the extracellular space as intercellular signaling molecules and bind to cellular surface receptor-like proteins to transmit a signal. CLE peptides regulate various physiological and developmental processes and its signaling pathway are conserved in diverse land plants. Recent CLE functional studies have pointed to their significance in regulating meristematic activity in plant meristems, through the CLE-receptor kinase-WOX signaling node. CLV3 and CLE40 are responsible for maintenance of shoot apical meristem (SAM) and root apical meristem (RAM) function, regulating homeodomain transcription factors, WUSCHEL (WUS) and WUSCHEL-related homeobox 5 (WOX5), respectively. CLE and WOX form an interconnected and self-correcting feedback loop to provide robustness to stem cell homeostasis. CLE peptides are required for certain plant-microbe interactions, such as those that occur during legume symbiosis and phytopathogenic nematode infection. Understanding the molecular properties of CLE peptides may provide insight into plant cell-cell communication, and therefore also into plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Division of Life Sciences, Komaba Organization for Educational Excellence, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba 3-8-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kurokami 2-39-1, 860-8555 Kumamoto Japan
| | - Masashi Yamada
- Department of Biology and Institute for Genome Science and Policy Center for Systems Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Abstract
CORYNE (CRN) plays important roles in stem cell division and differentiation of shoot apical meristem (SAM) in Arabidopsis thaliana. The cytoplasmic kinase domain of CRN has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli, and further purified by two consecutive steps of affinity chromatography. By using this purified CRN as a ligand, a 12-mer random-peptide library was used to determine the specific amino acid sequences binding with the recombinant CRN molecule. After four rounds of biopanning, positive phage clones were isolated and sequenced, and further tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for their binding ability and specificity. Two positive clones that specifically bind to the intracellular protein kinase domain of CRN have been identified. Alignment of these peptides and the kinase-associated protein phosphatase (KAPP) shows high similarity, indicating that KAPP might interact with the cytoplasmic kinase domain of CRN and negatively regulate the CLV signal. Our current study would be helpful to better understand the CLV3 signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Jo Y, Cho WK, Rim Y, Moon J, Chen XY, Chu H, Kim CY, Park ZY, Lucas WJ, Kim JY. Plasmodesmal receptor-like kinases identified through analysis of rice cell wall extracted proteins. Protoplasma 2011; 248:191-203. [PMID: 21161304 PMCID: PMC3111878 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-010-0251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In plants, plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular channels that function in both metabolite exchange and the transport of proteins and RNAs. Currently, many of the PD structural and regulatory components remain to be elucidated. Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) belonging to a notably expanded protein family in plants compared to the animal kingdom have been shown to play important roles in plant growth, development, pathogen resistance, and cell death. In this study, cell biological approaches were used to identify potential PD-associated RLK proteins among proteins contained within cell walls isolated from rice callus cultured cells. A total of 15 rice RLKs were investigated to determine their subcellular localization, using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system. Of these six PD-associated RLKs were identified based on their co-localization with a viral movement protein that served as a PD marker, plasmolysis experiments, and subcellular localization at points of wall contact between spongy mesophyll cells. These findings suggest potential PD functions in apoplasmic signaling in response to environmental stimuli and developmental inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonhwa Jo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyong Cho
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonggil Rim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Moon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Xiong-Yan Chen
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosub Chu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Bioindustrial Process Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute of Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, 580-185 Republic of Korea
| | - Cha Young Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
- Present Address: Bioindustrial Process Center, Jeonbuk Branch Institute of Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeonbuk, 580-185 Republic of Korea
| | - Zee-Yong Park
- Department of Life Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 500-712 Republic of Korea
| | - William J. Lucas
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
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Betsuyaku S, Takahashi F, Kinoshita A, Miwa H, Shinozaki K, Fukuda H, Sawa S. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulated by the CLAVATA receptors contributes to shoot apical meristem homeostasis. Plant Cell Physiol 2011; 52:14-29. [PMID: 20965998 PMCID: PMC3023851 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcq157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the CLAVATA (CLV) pathway operates in the regulation of the size of the stem cell population in the shoot apical meristem (SAM). CLV3 functions as a small peptide ligand to negatively regulate the expression of the WUSCHEL (WUS) transcription factor through three major receptor kinase complexes of CLV1, CLV2-SUPPRESSOR OF LLP1-2 (SOL2)/CORYNE (CRN) and recently identified RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASE 2 (RPK2)/TOADSTOOL 2 (TOAD2). Aiming to understand the precise molecular details of CLV3 signaling, we investigated the contribution of phospho-signaling, potentially regulated by these kinase complexes, to the CLV pathway. We detected CLV3-triggered CLV1 phosphorylation, which is also conditioned by the rest of the CLV receptors, presumably by their direct association. Our comprehensive analysis of the activities of the respective CLV receptors on mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) suggested that the precise balanced regulation of MAPK activity by the CLV receptors is likely to be key for SAM homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Betsuyaku
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Komaba, Tokyo, Japan.
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Hu X, Liu L, Xiao B, Li D, Xing X, Kong X, Li D. Enhanced tolerance to low temperature in tobacco by over-expression of a new maize protein phosphatase 2C, ZmPP2C2. J Plant Physiol 2010; 167:1307-15. [PMID: 20580122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature is one of the most common environmental stresses affecting plant growth and agricultural production. Serine/threonine protein phosphatases 2C (PP2Cs) have been suggested to play an important role in stress signaling. To identify potential new member of the PP2C proteins in maize and investigate its functions for stress responses, the ZmPP2C2 gene, encoding a new PP2C protein from maize roots, was cloned by RT-PCR and RACE-PCR. Its constitutive expression in roots, stems and leaves of maize seedlings was detected by RNA gel blot, and its regulation in response to cold stress was also examined. To further evaluate its function in the cold stress response, we over-expressed the ZmPP2C2 gene in tobacco under the control of the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, and assessed a series of physiological changes in wild type and transgenic plants under low temperatures. Compared with wild type tobacco under cold stress, plants that over-expressed ZmPP2C2 displayed higher germination speed and rate, higher antioxidant enzyme (SOD, POD, CAT) activities, with lower cold-induced electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. These results show that over-expression of ZmPP2C2 in tobacco enhanced tolerance to cold stress, suggesting that this new gene, ZmPP2C2, may act as a positive regulator of cold resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, PR China
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Abstract
In the early 1970s, the Xa21 gene from the wild rice species Oryza longistaminata drew attention of rice breeders because of its broad-spectrum resistance to diverse strains of a serious bacterial disease of rice in Asia and Africa, called 'bacterial blight disease', caused by the Gram-negative bacterium, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). In 1995, we isolated the gene controlling this resistance and in 2009 demonstrated that XA21 recognizes a highly conserved peptide, called 'Ax21' (activator of XA21-mediated immunity). Tyrosine sulfation of Ax21 is required for recognition by rice XA21. A decade of genetic, molecular and biochemical studies have uncovered key components of the XA21-mediated signalling cascade. Ax21 recognition by XA21 at the cell surface induces phosphorylation-mediated events, which are predicted to alter subcellular localization and/or DNA-binding activity of a WRKY family of transcription factors. Because XA21 is representative of the large number of predicted pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in rice (n = 328), Arabidopsis (n = 35) and other plant species, further characterization of XA21-mediated signalling pathways will contribute to elucidation of these important defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jin Park
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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