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Tourdot E, Martin PGP, Maza E, Mauxion JP, Djari A, Gévaudant F, Chevalier C, Pirrello J, Gonzalez N. Ploidy-specific transcriptomes shed light on the heterogeneous identity and metabolism of developing tomato pericarp cells. Plant J 2024; 118:997-1015. [PMID: 38281284 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, during which cells increase their DNA content through successive rounds of full genome replication without cell division, is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. Endoreduplication plays pivotal roles in plant growth and development and is associated with the activation of specific transcriptional programmes that are characteristic of each cell type, thereby defining their identity. In plants, endoreduplication is found in numerous organs and cell types, especially in agronomically valuable ones, such as the fleshy fruit (pericarp) of tomato presenting high ploidy levels. We used the tomato pericarp tissue as a model system to explore the transcriptomes associated with endoreduplication progression during fruit growth. We confirmed that expression globally scales with ploidy level and identified sets of differentially expressed genes presenting only developmental-specific, only ploidy-specific expression patterns or profiles resulting from an additive effect of ploidy and development. When comparing ploidy levels at a specific developmental stage, we found that non-endoreduplicated cells are defined by cell division state and cuticle synthesis while endoreduplicated cells are mainly defined by their metabolic activity changing rapidly over time. By combining this dataset with publicly available spatiotemporal pericarp expression data, we proposed a map describing the distribution of ploidy levels within the pericarp. These transcriptome-based predictions were validated by quantifying ploidy levels within the pericarp tissue. This in situ ploidy quantification revealed the dynamic progression of endoreduplication and its cell layer specificity during early fruit development. In summary, the study sheds light on the complex relationship between endoreduplication, cell differentiation and gene expression patterns in the tomato pericarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Tourdot
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Pascal G P Martin
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Elie Maza
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Mauxion
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Anis Djari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Frédéric Gévaudant
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Julien Pirrello
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales-Génomique et Biotechnologie des Fruits-UMR5546, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse-INP, F-31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Nathalie Gonzalez
- Université de Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Mawassy Z, Henner P, Avellan A, Rose J. Comprehensive framework for overcoming scientific challenges related to assessing radioactive ultra-fine (nano/micro) particles transfer at the atmosphere-leaf interface. J Hazard Mater 2024; 467:133346. [PMID: 38320349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Food products are prone into contamination after a nuclear emission of radionuclides. While the mechanisms of emission and deposition of ultrafine radioactive particles are well documented, the transfer of these species from the atmosphere into plants is poorly assessed. This is evident in the lack of quantification of particles distributed within plants, especially regarding particles physical-chemical criteria to plant of different properties. Such knowledge gaps raise the concern about the representativeness of risk assessment tools designed for the transfer evaluation of ionic/soluble species to be qualified for simulating insoluble species exposure and proposes a possible underestimation. This highlights the possible need for special particle codes development to be implemented in models for future emissions. In addition, the later tools utilize transfer factors aggregating relevant sub-processes, suggesting another weak point in their overall reliability. As researchers specialized in the nuclear safety and protection, we intend in this perspective, to develop a compressive analysis of the interaction of ultrafine particles with plants of different specificities at different level processes starting from particles retention and gradual translocation to sink organs. This analysis is leveraged in providing insights for possible improvements in the current modeling tools for better real-life scenarios representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Mawassy
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SPDR/LT2S, F-13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Pascale Henner
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-ENV/SPDR/LT2S, F-13115 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France.
| | - Astrid Avellan
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse - CNRS-CNES-IRD-Université Toulouse III Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées, 14 av. Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jerome Rose
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université (AMU), iRD, INRAE, OSU Pytheas, CEREGE UM34, BP 80, 13545 Aix-en-Provence, Cedex 4, France
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3
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Liu GS, Huang H, Grierson D, Gao Y, Ji X, Peng ZZ, Li HL, Niu XL, Jia W, He JL, Xiang LT, Gao HY, Qu GQ, Zhu HL, Zhu BZ, Luo YB, Fu DQ. NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 plays a dual regulatory role in tomato fruit cuticle formation. J Exp Bot 2024; 75:1903-1918. [PMID: 37856192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an important protective barrier on the plant surface, constructed mainly by polymerized cutin matrix and a complex wax mixture. Although the pathway of plant cuticle biosynthesis has been clarified, knowledge of the transcriptional regulation network underlying fruit cuticle formation remains limited. In the present work, we discovered that tomato fruits of the NAC transcription factor SlNOR-like1 knockout mutants (nor-like1) produced by CRISPR/Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9] displayed reduced cutin deposition and cuticle thickness, with a microcracking phenotype, while wax accumulation was promoted. Further research revealed that SlNOR-like1 promotes cutin deposition by binding to the promoters of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase6 (SlGPAT6; a key gene for cutin monomer formation) and CUTIN DEFICIENT2 (SlCD2; a positive regulator of cutin production) to activate their expression. Meanwhile, SlNOR-like1 inhibits wax accumulation, acting as a transcriptional repressor by targeting wax biosynthesis, and transport-related genes 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase1 (SlKCS1), ECERIFERUM 1-2 (SlCER1-2), SlWAX2, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored lipid transfer protein 1-like (SlLTPG1-like). In conclusion, SlNOR-like1 executes a dual regulatory effect on tomato fruit cuticle development. Our results provide a new model for the transcriptional regulation of fruit cuticle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang-Shuai Liu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Key Laboratory of South Subtropical Fruit Biology and Genetic Resource Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Tree Research, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Ying Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Hormones and Development Regulation of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Peng
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Li Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Niu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wen Jia
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jian-Lin He
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lan-Ting Xiang
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hai-Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handing of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Postharvest and Processing Technology Research of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Postharvest Preservation and Processing of Fruits and Vegetables, China National Light Industry, Food Science Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Gui-Qin Qu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ben-Zhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yun-Bo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
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4
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Fernández V, Almonte L, Bahamonde HA, Galindo-Bernabeu A, Sáenz-Arce G, Colchero J. Chemical and structural heterogeneity of olive leaves and their trichomes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:352. [PMID: 38519601 PMCID: PMC10960044 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Many biological surfaces have hairs, known as trichomes in plants. Here, the wettability and macro- and micro-scale features of olive leaves are analyzed. The upper leaf side has few trichomes, while the lower side has a high trichome density. By combining different techniques including electron and atomic force microscopy, trichome surfaces are found to be chemically (hydrophilic-hydrophobic) heterogeneous at the nano-scale. Both olive leaf surfaces are wettable by water, having a high water contact angle hysteresis and great drop adhesion. The ultra-structural pattern observed for epidermal pavement cells differs from the reticulate cuticle structure of trichomes which shows that leaf surface areas may be substantially different despite being located nearby. Our study provides evidence for the nano-scale chemical heterogeneity of a trichome which may influence the functional properties of biological surfaces, such as water and solute permeability or water capture as discussed here for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Nováis, 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Centro para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad y el Desarrollo Sostenible, E.T.S.I. Montes, Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lisa Almonte
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Applied Physics Department, Universidad de Alicante, 03080, Alicante, Spain
| | - Héctor Alejandro Bahamonde
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 No 469, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana Galindo-Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Universidad Técnica Nacional (UTN), Alajuela, Costa Rica
| | - Giovanni Sáenz-Arce
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, 86-3000, Costa Rica
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica, Departamento de Física, Campus Espinardo, Universidad de Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
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Di H, Zhang C, Zhou A, Huang H, Tang Y, Li H, Huang Z, Zhang F, Sun B. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Mechanism by Which Exogenous Melatonin Treatment Delays Leaf Senescence of Postharvest Chinese Kale ( Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2250. [PMID: 38396927 PMCID: PMC10889248 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin, a pleiotropic small molecule, is employed in horticultural crops to delay senescence and preserve postharvest quality. In this study, 100 µM melatonin treatment delayed a decline in the color difference index h* and a*, maintaining the content of chlorophyll and carotenoids, thereby delaying the yellowing and senescence of Chinese kale. Transcriptome analysis unequivocally validates melatonin's efficacy in delaying leaf senescence in postharvest Chinese kale stored at 20 °C. Following a three-day storage period, the melatonin treatment group exhibited 1637 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) compared to the control group. DEG analysis elucidated that melatonin-induced antisenescence primarily governs phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism, plant signal transduction, and calcium signal transduction. Melatonin treatment up-regulated core enzyme genes associated with general phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, and the α-linolenic acid biosynthesis pathway. It influenced the redirection of lignin metabolic flux, suppressed jasmonic acid and abscisic acid signal transduction, and concurrently stimulated auxin signal transduction. Additionally, melatonin treatment down-regulated RBOH expression and up-regulated genes encoding CaM, thereby influencing calcium signal transduction. This study underscores melatonin as a promising approach for delaying leaf senescence and provides insights into the mechanism of melatonin-mediated antisenescence in postharvest Chinese kale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.D.); (C.Z.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (H.D.); (C.Z.); (A.Z.); (H.H.); (Y.T.); (H.L.); (Z.H.)
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Jorrin-Novo JV, Aroca R, Rey MD, Truniger V, Martínez-Gómez P. State-of-the-Art Molecular Plant Biology Research in Spain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16557. [PMID: 38068878 PMCID: PMC10706402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular plant biology is the study of the molecular basis of plant life [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús V. Jorrin-Novo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba (UCO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional A3 (CeiA3), E-14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.V.J.-N.); (M.-D.R.)
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, EEZ-CSIC (Estación Experimental del Zaidin-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), E-18100 Granada, Spain;
| | - María-Dolores Rey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba (UCO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional A3 (CeiA3), E-14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.V.J.-N.); (M.-D.R.)
| | - Verónica Truniger
- Department of Stress Biology and Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Iqbal U, Rehman FU, Aslam MU, Gul MF, Farooq U, Ameer A, Asghar N, Mehmood A, Ahmad KS. Survival tactics of an endangered species Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal to arid environments. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1363. [PMID: 37874418 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Withania coagulans is a valuable medicinal plant with high demand, but its wild growth and local usage pose a threat to its natural habitat. This study aims to understand the plant's growth, anatomy, and physiology in different environmental conditions to aid in conservation and re-vegetation efforts. Fifteen differently adapted populations of Withania coagulans were collected from diverse ecological regions, viz., (i) along the roadside, (ii) hilly areas, (iii) barren land, and (iv) wasteland to unravel the adaptive mechanisms that are responsible for their ecological success across heterogenic environments of Punjab, Pakistan. The roadside populations had high values of photosynthetic pigments, total soluble proteins, root endodermis thickness, stem and leaf cortical thickness, and its cell area. The populations growing in hilly areas showed better growth performance such as vigorous growth and biomass production. Additionally, there was enhanced accumulation of organic osmolytes (glycine betaine and proline), chlorophyll content (chl a/b), and enlarged epidermal cells, cortical cells, vascular bundles, metaxylem vessels, and phloem region in roots. In case of stem area, epidermal thickness, cortical thickness, vascular bundle, and pith area showed improved growth. However, the barren land population showed significant increase in carotenoid contents, vascular bundle area, and metaxylem area in roots, and xylem vessels and phloem area in stems and leaves. The wasteland population surpassed the rest of the populations in having greater root dry weight, higher shoot ionic contents, increased root area, thick cortical, and vascular bundle area in roots. Likewise, cortical thickness and its cell area, and pith area in stems, whereas large vascular bundles, phloem region, and high stomatal density were recorded in leaves. Subsequently, natural populations showed the utmost behavior related to tissue organization and physiology in response to varied environmental conditions that would increase the distribution and survival of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummar Iqbal
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Ur Rehman
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usama Aslam
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Faisal Gul
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan Campus, Punjab, 64200, Pakistan
| | - Amina Ameer
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Naila Asghar
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Ansar Mehmood
- Department of Botany, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, 12350, AJK, Pakistan
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Garrido A, Conde A, Serôdio J, De Vos RCH, Cunha A. Fruit Photosynthesis: More to Know about Where, How and Why. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:2393. [PMID: 37446953 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Not only leaves but also other plant organs and structures typically considered as carbon sinks, including stems, roots, flowers, fruits and seeds, may exhibit photosynthetic activity. There is still a lack of a coherent and systematized body of knowledge and consensus on the role(s) of photosynthesis in these "sink" organs. With regard to fruits, their actual photosynthetic activity is influenced by a range of properties, including fruit anatomy, histology, physiology, development and the surrounding microclimate. At early stages of development fruits generally contain high levels of chlorophylls, a high density of functional stomata and thin cuticles. While some plant species retain functional chloroplasts in their fruits upon subsequent development or ripening, most species undergo a disintegration of the fruit chloroplast grana and reduction in stomata functionality, thus limiting gas exchange. In addition, the increase in fruit volume hinders light penetration and access to CO2, also reducing photosynthetic activity. This review aimed to compile information on aspects related to fruit photosynthesis, from fruit characteristics to ecological drivers, and to address the following challenging biological questions: why does a fruit show photosynthetic activity and what could be its functions? Overall, there is a body of evidence to support the hypothesis that photosynthesis in fruits is key to locally providing: ATP and NADPH, which are both fundamental for several demanding biosynthetic pathways (e.g., synthesis of fatty acids); O2, to prevent hypoxia in its inner tissues including seeds; and carbon skeletons, which can fuel the biosynthesis of primary and secondary metabolites important for the growth of fruits and for spreading, survival and germination of their seed (e.g., sugars, flavonoids, tannins, lipids). At the same time, both primary and secondary metabolites present in fruits and seeds are key to human life, for instance as sources for nutrition, bioactives, oils and other economically important compounds or components. Understanding the functions of photosynthesis in fruits is pivotal to crop management, providing a rationale for manipulating microenvironmental conditions and the expression of key photosynthetic genes, which may help growers or breeders to optimize development, composition, yield or other economically important fruit quality aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Garrido
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Artur Conde
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - João Serôdio
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ric C H De Vos
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Wageningen University and Research Centre (Wageningen-UR), P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Cunha
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Ji D, Liu W, Jiang L, Chen T. Cuticles and postharvest life of tomato fruit: A rigid cover for aerial epidermis or a multifaceted guard of freshness? Food Chem 2023; 411:135484. [PMID: 36682164 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Fruit cuticle is a specialized cell wall hydrophobic architecture covering the aerial surfaces of fruit, which forms the interface between the fruit and its environment. As a specialized seed-bearing organ, fruit utilize cuticles as physical barriers, water permeation regulator and resistance to pathogens, thus appealing extensive research interests for its potential values in developing postharvest freshness-keeping strategies. Here, we provide an overview for the composition and functions of fruit cuticles, mainly focusing on its functions in mechanical support, water permeability barrier and protection over pathogens, further introduce key mechanisms implicated in fruit cuticle biosynthesis. Moreover, currently available state-of-art techniques for examining compositional diversity and architecture of fruit are also compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongchao Ji
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Libo Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zhangdian District, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan Road 19(A), Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing 100093, China.
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, D'Orlando A, Petit J, Mathurin J, Deniset-Besseau A, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. Cuticle architecture and mechanical properties: a functional relationship delineated through correlated multimodal imaging. New Phytol 2023; 238:2033-2046. [PMID: 36869436 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cuticles are multifunctional hydrophobic biocomposites that protect the aerial organs of plants. During plant development, plant cuticles must accommodate different mechanical constraints combining extensibility and stiffness, and the corresponding relationships with their architecture are unknown. Recent data showed a fine-tuning of cuticle architecture during fruit development, with several chemical clusters which raise the question of how they impact the mechanical properties of cuticles. We investigated the in-depth nanomechanical properties of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit cuticle from early development to ripening, in relation to chemical and structural heterogeneities by developing a correlative multimodal imaging approach. Unprecedented sharps heterogeneities were evidenced including an in-depth mechanical gradient and a 'soft' central furrow that were maintained throughout the plant development despite the overall increase in elastic modulus. In addition, we demonstrated that these local mechanical areas are correlated to chemical and structural gradients. This study shed light on fine-tuning of mechanical properties of cuticles through the modulation of their architecture, providing new insight for our understanding of structure-function relationships of plant cuticles and for the design of bioinspired material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Angelina D'Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE Research Infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F-44300, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jeremie Mathurin
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Ariane Deniset-Besseau
- Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR8000, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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11
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Tessmer MA, Ribeiro BG, Kluge RA, Salvador A, Appezzato-da-Glória B. Characterization of the Epidermis and Cuticle of the Cashew Pseudofruit during Its Development and Maturation. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:293. [PMID: 36679007 PMCID: PMC9866660 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis and cuticle play an important role in reducing dehydration and protecting the cashew pseudofruit in both the production environment and the postharvest stage. This study analyzes the alterations on the epidermis and cuticle of CCP 76 cashew pseudofruits harvested in five developmental and maturation stages (S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5). The epidermis and cuticle of the samples were analyzed under light microscopy (LM) (quantitative analysis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The epidermal cells at S3 reached maximum outer periclinal wall thickness, which reduced during ripening (S4 and S5), while the cuticle increased in thickness during the same period. These changes coincided with the rapid initial growth of the cashew pseudofruit when the epidermis and cuticle need to accompany the expansion of internal tissues. At the ultrastructural level, lipid material is transported via vesicles through the cell wall to the cuticle, increasing its thickness. Epicuticular waxes, previously deposited as plates and globules, began to develop an amorphous shape during maturation. This process possibly occurs due to changes in wax composition that can be related to the development of greasiness on the fruit skin. These findings provide a better understanding of cashew pseudofruit skin, which will aid future studies and strategies to preserve quality during the postharvest stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Andréia Tessmer
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Geraldelli Ribeiro
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Alfredo Kluge
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Alejandra Salvador
- Postharvest Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Appezzato-da-Glória
- Biological Science Department, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
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12
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González Moreno A, Domínguez E, Mayer K, Xiao N, Bock P, Heredia A, Gierlinger N. 3D (x-y-t) Raman imaging of tomato fruit cuticle: Microchemistry during development. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:219-232. [PMID: 35972400 PMCID: PMC9806558 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective extracellular matrix that covers the above-ground epidermis of land plants. Here, we studied the cuticle of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruits in situ using confocal Raman microscopy. Microsections from cuticles isolated at different developmental stages were scanned to visualize cuticle components with a spatial resolution of 342 nm by univariate and multivariate data analysis. Three main components, cutin, polysaccharides, and aromatics, were identified, with the latter exhibiting the strongest Raman scattering intensity. Phenolic acids and flavonoids were differentiated within the cuticle, and three schematic cuticle models were identified during development. Phenolic acids were found across the entire cuticle at the earliest stage of development, i.e. during the formation of the procuticle layer. Based on a mixture analysis with reference component spectra, the phenolic acids were identified as mainly esterified p-coumaric acid together with free p-hydroxybenzoic acid. During the cell expansion period of growth, phenolic acids accumulated in an outermost layer of the cuticle and in the middle region of the pegs. In these stages of development, cellulose and pectin were detected next to the inner cuticle region, close to the epidermal cell where flavonoid impregnation started during ripening. In the first ripening stage, chalconaringenin was observed, while methoxylated chalcones were chosen by the algorithm to fit the mature cuticle spectra. The colocation of carbohydrates, esterified p-coumaric acid, and methoxylated chalconaringenin suggests that the latter two link polysaccharide and cutin domains. Elucidating the different distribution of aromatics within the cuticle, suggests important functions: (1) overall impregnation conferring mechanical and thermal functions (2) the outermost phenolic acid layer displaying UV-B protection of the plant tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM-UMA-CSIC La Mayora, Plant breeding and Biotechnology, CSIC, 29750 Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain
| | - Konrad Mayer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nannan Xiao
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bock
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, BOKU-University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM-UMA-CSIC La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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13
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Mani M, Mathiyazhagan C, Dey A, Faisal M, Alatar AA, Alok A, Shekhawat MS. Micro-morpho-anatomical transitions at various stages of in vitro development of Crinum malabaricum Lekhak and Yadav: A critically endangered medicinal plant. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2023; 25:142-151. [PMID: 36040406 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Crinum malabaricum Lekhak & Yadav is a recently discovered and critically endangered aquatic bulbous plant of the family Amaryllidaceae. It gained attention as a wild source of the acetylcholinesterase inhibiting alkaloid 'galanthamine' used to treat Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. The bulbs of this plant contain the highest amount of galanthamine among Crinum species. In vitro regeneration systems were developed to produce quality uniform plantlets of C. malabaricum. Bright field light microscopy was used to analyse micro-morpho-anatomical developments taking place in the leaves and roots during in vitro, ex vitro and in vivo transitions of plantlets. Leaves and roots of plants raised in vitro possessed a higher degree of microscopic structural anomalies, such as underdeveloped epicuticular wax deposition, immature and non-functional stomata, more aquiferous parenchyma with a reduced lumen. Roots developed in vitro were characterized by extremely large, uneven cortical cells and reduced intercellular spaces. The vascular tissues were under-developed and only primary vascular tissues were observed. As a result of ex vitro acclimation, there was a significant acceleration in the improvement of tissue systems in leaves and roots. Such plantlets can tolerate elevated temperatures and light under in vivo conditions. Thus, the microscopic evaluation of the structural trajectory in different stages of plantlet development provides an understanding of the acclimation process and structural adaptations, which could help enhance survival of in vitro raised plantlets under ex vitro and in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mani
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, India
- Department of Botany, Siddha Clinical Research Unit, Central Council for Research in Siddha, Palayamkottai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C Mathiyazhagan
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, India
| | - A Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | - M Faisal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A A Alatar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A Alok
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, Twin cities, Saint Paul, USA
| | - M S Shekhawat
- Biotechnology Unit, Kanchi Mamunivar Government Institute for Postgraduate Studies and Research, Puducherry, India
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14
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Reynoud N, Geneix N, Petit J, D’Orlando A, Fanuel M, Marion D, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Bakan B. The cutin polymer matrix undergoes a fine architectural tuning from early tomato fruit development to ripening. Plant Physiol 2022; 190:1821-1840. [PMID: 36018278 PMCID: PMC9614491 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a complex polymer matrix that protects all aerial organs of plants, fulfills multiple roles in plant-environment interactions, and is critical for plant development. These functions are associated with the structural features of cuticles, and the architectural modeling of cuticles during plant development is crucial for understanding their physical properties and biological functions. In this work, the in-depth architecture of the cutin polymer matrix during fruit development was investigated. Using cherry tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model from the beginning of the cell expansion phase to the red ripe stage, we designed an experimental scheme combining sample pretreatment, Raman mapping, multivariate data analyses, and biochemical analyses. These approaches revealed clear chemical areas with different contributions of cutin, polysaccharides, and phenolics within the cutin polymer matrix. Besides, we demonstrated that these areas are finely tuned during fruit development, including compositional and macromolecular rearrangements. The specific spatiotemporal accumulation of phenolic compounds (p-coumaric acid and flavonoids) suggests that they fulfill distinct functions during fruit development. In addition, we highlighted an unexpected dynamic remodeling of the cutin-embedded polysaccharides pectin, cellulose, and hemicellulose. Such structural tuning enables consistent adaption of the cutin-polysaccharide continuum and the functional performance of the fruit cuticle at the different developmental stages. This study provides insights into the plant cuticle architecture and in particular into the organization of the epidermal cell wall-cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, F-33140, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Angelina D’Orlando
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Mathieu Fanuel
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
- INRAE PROBE research infrastructure, BIBS Facility, F- 44300, Nantes, France
| | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | | | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, BP71627 44316, Nantes Cedex3, France
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15
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Zhai X, Wu H, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Shan L, Zhao X, Wang R, Liu C, Weng Y, Wang Y, Liu X, Ren H. The fruit glossiness locus, dull fruit ( D), encodes a C 2H 2-type zinc finger transcription factor, CsDULL, in cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhac146. [PMID: 36072836 PMCID: PMC9437717 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fruit glossiness is an important external fruit quality trait for fresh-consumed cucumber fruit, affecting its marketability. Dull fruit appearance is mainly controlled by a single gene, D (for dull fruit) that is dominant to glossy fruit (dd), but the molecular mechanism controlling fruit glossiness is unknown. In the present study, we conducted map-based cloning of the D locus in cucumber and identified a candidate gene (Csa5G577350) that encodes a C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factor, CsDULL. A 4895-bp deletion including the complete loss of CsDULL resulted in glossy fruit. CsDULL is highly expressed in the peel of cucumber fruit, and its expression level is positively correlated with the accumulation of cutin and wax in the peel. Through transcriptome analysis, yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays, we identified two genes potentially targeted by CsDULL for regulation of cutin and wax biosynthesis/transportation that included CsGPAT4 and CsLTPG1. The possibility that CsDULL controls both fruit glossiness and wart development in cucumber is discussed. The present work advances our understanding of regulatory mechanisms of fruit epidermal traits, and provides a useful tool for molecular breeding to improve external fruit quality in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuling Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haoying Wu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongren Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Shan
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruijia Wang
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education for Horticultural Crops Breeding and Propagation, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- USDA-ARS, Vegetable Crops Research Unit, Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, 1575 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Heze Agricultural and Rural Bureau, 1021 Shuanghe Road, Mudan District, Heze, Shandong, 274000, China
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16
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Wang Y, Yang X, Chen Z, Zhang J, Si K, Xu R, He Y, Zhu F, Cheng Y. Function and transcriptional regulation of CsKCS20 in the elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids and wax biosynthesis in Citrus sinensis flavedo. Hortic Res 2022; 9:uhab027. [PMID: 35039844 PMCID: PMC8824539 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cuticular wax on plant aerial surfaces plays a vital role in the defense against various stresses, and the genes related to wax metabolism have been well documented in several model plants. However, there is very limited research on the key enzymes and transcription factors (TFs) associated with carbon chain distribution and wax biosynthesis in citrus fruit. In this study, an analysis of wax metabolites indicated that even carbon-chain (C24-C28) metabolites are the dominant wax components in citrus fruit, and a 3-ketoacyl-CoA synthase (KCS) family gene (CsKCS20) plays an important role in the carbon chain distribution during wax biosynthesis in a wax-deficient mutant (MT). Expression of CsKCS20 in yeast indicated that CsKCS20 can catalyze the biosynthesis of C22 and C24 very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). In addition, transcriptome and sequence analysis indicated that the differential expression of CsKCS20 between the wild-type (WT) and MT fruit can be partly attributed to the regulation of CsMYB96, which was further confirmed by yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) and dual luciferase assays. The functions of CsMYB96 and CsKCS20 in wax biosynthesis were further validated by heterologous expression in Arabidopsis. In summary, this study elucidates the important roles of CsKCS20 and CsMYB96 in regulating VLCFA elongation and cuticular wax biosynthesis, which provides new directions for the improvement of citrus fruit wax quality in genetic breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianpeng Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhaoxing Chen
- Institute of Citrus Science Research of Ganzhou, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Si
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yizhong He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- National R&D Center for Citrus Postharvest Technology, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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17
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Bock P, Felhofer M, Mayer K, Gierlinger N. A Guide to Elucidate the Hidden Multicomponent Layered Structure of Plant Cuticles by Raman Imaging. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:793330. [PMID: 34975980 PMCID: PMC8718554 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.793330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle covers almost all plant organs as the outermost layer and serves as a transpiration barrier, sunscreen, and first line of defense against pathogens. Waxes, fatty acids, and aromatic components build chemically and structurally diverse layers with different functionality. So far, electron microscopy has elucidated structure, while isolation, extraction, and analysis procedures have revealed chemistry. With this method paper, we close the missing link by demonstrating how Raman microscopy gives detailed information about chemistry and structure of the native cuticle on the microscale. We introduce an optimized experimental workflow, covering the whole process of sample preparation, Raman imaging experiment, data analysis, and interpretation and show the versatility of the approach on cuticles of a spruce needle, a tomato peel, and an Arabidopsis stem. We include laser polarization experiments to deduce the orientation of molecules and multivariate data analysis to separate cuticle layers and verify their molecular composition. Based on the three investigated cuticles, we discuss the chemical and structural diversity and validate our findings by comparing models based on our spectroscopic data with the current view of the cuticle. We amend the model by adding the distribution of cinnamic acids and flavonoids within the cuticle layers and their transition to the epidermal layer. Raman imaging proves as a non-destructive and fast approach to assess the chemical and structural variability in space and time. It might become a valuable tool to tackle knowledge gaps in plant cuticle research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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18
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Pérez-soto E, Badillo-solis KI, Cenobio-galindo ADJ, Ocampo-lópez J, Ludeña-urquizo FE, Reyes-munguía A, Pérez-ríos SR, Campos-montiel R. Coating of Tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Employing Nanoemulsions Containing the Bioactive Compounds of Cactus Acid Fruits: Quality and Shelf Life. Processes (Basel) 2021; 9:2173. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of a nanoemulsion containing the bioactive compounds of orange essential oil and xoconostle (Opuntia oligacantha C.F. Först) on maintaining and improving the quality of the shelf life of tomato fruits. The nanoemulsion was applied as a coating on the whole fruits during physiological maturity; the treatments were thus: Control 1 without coating (C1); Control 2 with food-grade mineral oil coating (C2); and nanoemulsions that were diluted with mineral oil at 2.5% (DN2.5), 5% (DN5), 10% (DN10), and 20% (DN20). Further, the following parameters were determined for 21 days: the percentage weight loss, firmness, colour, pH, titratable acidity, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid content, total phenols, flavonoids, tannins, antioxidant activities DPPH and ABTS, and the histological evaluation of the pericarp of the fruits. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed during the treatments; DN10 and DN20 obtained the best weight loss results (3.27 ± 0.31% and 3.71 ± 0.30%, respectively) compared with C1 and C2. The DN5 and DN20 textures exhibited the highest firmness (11.56 ± 0.33 and 11.89 ± 1.04 N, respectively). The antioxidant activity (DPPH on Day 21) was higher in the DN20 treatment (48.19 ± 0.95%) compared with in C1 (39.52 ± 0.30%) and C2 (38.14 ± 0.76%). Histological evaluation revealed that the nanoemulsion coating allowed a slower maturation of the cells in the pericarp of the fruits. The nanoemulsion, as a coat, improved the quality and valuable life of the tomato regarding its physicochemical and antioxidant properties, thus availing an effective alternative for conserving this fruit.
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19
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Almonte L, Pimentel C, Rodríguez‐Cañas E, Abad J, Fernández V, Colchero J. Rose petal effect: A subtle combination of nano‐scale roughness and chemical variability. Nano Select 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Almonte
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica Departamento de Física Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
| | - Carlos Pimentel
- Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra (CSIC‐UGR) Armilla Spain
| | - Enrique Rodríguez‐Cañas
- Laboratorio de Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido Instituto de Investigación Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) Universidad Miguel Hernández Elche Spain
| | - José Abad
- Applied Physics Department Technical University of Cartagena Cartagena Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Department of Systems and Natural Resources School of Forest Engineering Technical University of Madrid Madrid Spain
| | - Jaime Colchero
- Centro de Investigación en Óptica y Nanofísica Departamento de Física Universidad de Murcia Murcia Spain
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20
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Gupta SK, Vishwakarma A, Kenea HD, Galsurker O, Cohen H, Aharoni A, Arazi T. CRISPR/Cas9 mutants of tomato MICRORNA164 genes uncover their functional specialization in development. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:1636-1652. [PMID: 34618074 PMCID: PMC8566253 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant MICRORNA164 (miR164) plays diverse regulatory functions by post-transcriptional repression of certain NAM/ATAF/CUC-domain transcription factors. However, the involvement of miR164 in fleshy fruit development and ripening remains poorly understood. Here, de novo prediction of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) MIR164 genes identified four genes (SlMIR164a-d), of which SlMIR164d has an atypically long pre-miRNA. The roles of the fruit expressed SlMIR164a, b, and d were studied by analysis of their Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats mutants. The slmir164bCR mutant plants exhibited shoot and flower abnormalities characteristic of ectopic boundary specification, whereas the shoot and flower development of slmir164aCR and slmir164dCR mutants were indistinguishable from wild-type. Strikingly, the knockout of SlMIR164a practically eliminated sly-miR164 from the developing and ripening fruit pericarp. The sly-miR164-deficient slmir164aCR fruits were smaller than the wild-type, due to reduced pericarp cell division and expansion, and displayed intense red color and matte, instead of glossy appearance, upon ripening. We found that the fruit skin phenotypes were associated with morphologically abnormal outer epidermis and thicker cuticle. Quantitation of sly-miR164 target transcripts in slmir164aCR ripening fruits demonstrated the upregulation of SlNAM3 and SlNAM2. Specific expression of their miR164-resistant versions in the pericarp resulted in the formation of extremely small fruits with abnormal epidermis, highlighting the importance of their negative regulation by sly-miR164a. Taken together, our results demonstrate that SlMIR164a and SlMIR164b play specialized roles in development: SlMIR164b is required for shoot and flower boundary specification, and SlMIR164a is required for fruit growth including the expansion of its outer epidermis, which determines the properties of the fruit skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | | | - Hawi Deressa Kenea
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
- Department of Plant Science, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ortal Galsurker
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tzahi Arazi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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21
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Vega C, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Gil L, Fernández V. Water Sorption and Desorption of Isolated Cuticles From Three Woody Species With Focus on Ilex aquifolium. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:728627. [PMID: 34671373 PMCID: PMC8522496 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.728627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a lipid-rich layer that protects aerial plant organs against multiple stress factors such as dehydration. In this study, cuticle composition and structure in relation to water loss are examined in a broad ecophysiological context, taking into consideration leaf age and side from Ilex aquifolium (holly) in comparison with Eucalyptus globulus (eucalypt) and Prunus laurocerasus (cherry laurel). Enzymatically isolated cuticular membranes from holly leaves were studied under three treatment conditions: natural (no chemical treatment), after dewaxing, and after methanolysis, and the rate of water loss was assessed. Structural and chemical changes were evaluated using different microscopy techniques and by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The potential mechanisms of solute absorption by holly leaves were additionally evaluated, also testing if its prickly leaf margin may facilitate uptake. The results indicate that the treatment conditions led to structural changes, and that chemical composition was hardly affected because of the occurrence of cutan. Structural changes led to more hydrophilic adaxial surfaces, which retained more water and were more efficient than natural cuticles, while changes were not significant for abaxial surfaces. Across natural cuticles, age was a significant factor for eucalypt but not for holly. Young eucalypt cuticles were the group that absorbed more water and had the lowest water loss rate. When comparing older leaf cuticles of the three species, cherry laurel was found to absorb more water, which was, however, lost more slowly, compared with the other species. Evidence was gained that holly leaves can absorb foliar-applied solutes (traced after calcium chloride application) through the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, the adaxial mid veins, and to a lower extent, the spines. In conclusion, for the species examined, the results show variations in leaf cuticle composition and structure in relation to leaf ontogeny, and water sorption and desorption capacity.
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22
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Chang BM, Keller M. Cuticle and skin cell walls have common and unique roles in grape berry splitting. Hortic Res 2021; 8:168. [PMID: 34333518 PMCID: PMC8325674 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The skin protects a fruit from environmental stresses and supports the fruit's structure. Failure of the skin leads to fruit splitting and may compromise commercial production for fruit growers. The mechanical properties of the cuticle and skin cell walls might influence the splitting susceptibility of fleshy fruits. Thin shell theory and fracture mechanics were utilized in this study to target the potential factors contributing to splitting susceptibility. The study analyzed the structure of the cuticle and epidermis in ripening grape berries and examined the temporal dynamics of berry splitting. Cuticular waxes were partially removed, and skin cell walls were manipulated using wall stiffening and loosening solutions that altered reactions involving hydrogen peroxide. A more than twofold difference in cuticle thickness among grape cultivars did not account for their differences in splitting resistance. However, while removing predominantly epicuticular wax did not alter the berries' splitting resistance, their surface appearance and increasing yield strength following partial wax removal support the notion that cuticular waxes contribute to berry mechanical properties. Immersing berries in H2O2-based cell wall loosening solutions increased the splitting probability and accelerated berry splitting, whereas cell wall stiffening solutions decreased the splitting probability and delayed berry splitting. These results showed that both cuticle and skin cell walls contribute to the mechanical properties of grape berries and to their splitting resistance. The results also suggest that the two current explanations for fruit splitting, the critical turgor model and the zipper model, should be viewed as complementary rather than incompatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Min Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, USA.
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23
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Liu Z, Li W, Zhai X, Li X. Combination of precooling with ozone fumigation or low fluctuation of temperature for the quality modifications of postharvest sweet cherries. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.15504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Wenhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xuqing Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
| | - Xihong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology Tianjin University of Science and Technology Tianjin China
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Elejalde-Palmett C, Martinez San Segundo I, Garroum I, Charrier L, De Bellis D, Mucciolo A, Guerault A, Liu J, Zeisler-Diehl V, Aharoni A, Schreiber L, Bakan B, Clausen MH, Geisler M, Nawrath C. ABCG transporters export cutin precursors for the formation of the plant cuticle. Curr Biol 2021; 31:2111-2123.e9. [PMID: 33756108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is deposited on the surface of primary plant organs, such as leaves, fruits, and floral organs, forming a diffusion barrier and protecting the plant against various abiotic and biotic stresses. Cutin, the structural polyester of the plant cuticle, is synthesized in the apoplast. Plasma-membrane-localized ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters of the G family have been hypothesized to export cutin precursors. Here, we characterize SlABCG42 of tomato representing an ortholog of AtABCG32 in Arabidopsis. SlABCG42 expression in Arabidopsis complements the cuticular deficiencies of the Arabidopsis pec1/abcg32 mutant. RNAi-dependent downregulation of both tomato genes encoding proteins highly homologous to AtABCG32 (SlABCG36 and SlABCG42) leads to reduced cutin deposition and formation of a thinner cuticle in tomato fruits. By using a tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) protoplast system, we show that AtABCG32 and SlABCG42 have an export activity for 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecanoyl-2-glycerol, a cutin precursor in vivo. Interestingly, also free ω-hydroxy hexadecanoic acid as well as hexadecanedioic acid were exported, furthering the research on the identification of cutin precursors in vivo and the respective mechanisms of their integration into the cutin polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ignacio Martinez San Segundo
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Imène Garroum
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Charrier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Damien De Bellis
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Mucciolo
- Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurore Guerault
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Asaph Aharoni
- Department of Plant Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies UR1268, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mads H Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Nawrath
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Wilson LA, Deligey F, Wang T, Cosgrove DJ. Saccharide analysis of onion outer epidermal walls. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:66. [PMID: 33722273 PMCID: PMC7962260 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01923-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidermal cell walls have special structural and biological roles in the life of the plant. Typically they are multi-ply structures encrusted with waxes and cutin which protect the plant from dehydration and pathogen attack. These characteristics may also reduce chemical and enzymatic deconstruction of the wall for sugar analysis and conversion to biofuels. We have assessed the saccharide composition of the outer epidermal wall of onion scales with different analytical methods. This wall is a particularly useful model for cell wall imaging and mechanics. RESULTS Epidermal walls were depolymerized by acidic methanolysis combined with 2M trifluoracetic acid hydrolysis and the resultant sugars were analyzed by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD). Total sugar yields based on wall dry weight were low (53%). Removal of waxes with chloroform increased the sugar yields to 73% and enzymatic digestion did not improve these yields. Analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of per-O-trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of the sugar methyl glycosides produced by acidic methanolysis gave a high yield for galacturonic acid (GalA) but glucose (Glc) was severely reduced. In a complementary fashion, GC/MS analysis of methyl alditols produced by permethylation gave substantial yields for glucose and other neutral sugars, but GalA was severely reduced. Analysis of the walls by 13C solid-state NMR confirmed and extended these results and revealed 15% lipid content after chloroform extraction (potentially cutin and unextractable waxes). CONCLUSIONS Although exact values vary with the analytical method, our best estimate is that polysaccharide in the outer epidermal wall of onion scales is comprised of homogalacturonan (~ 50%), cellulose (~ 20%), galactan (~ 10%), xyloglucan (~ 10%) and smaller amounts of other polysaccharides. Low yields of specific monosaccharides by some methods may be exaggerated in epidermal walls impregnated with waxes and cutin and call for cautious interpretation of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza A Wilson
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Fabien Deligey
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Tuo Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 133 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Daniel J Cosgrove
- Center for Lignocellulose Structure and Formation, Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Lab, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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26
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Sasani N, Bock P, Felhofer M, Gierlinger N. Raman imaging reveals in-situ microchemistry of cuticle and epidermis of spruce needles. Plant Methods 2021; 17:17. [PMID: 33557869 PMCID: PMC7871409 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-021-00717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cuticle is a protective layer playing an important role in plant defense against biotic and abiotic stresses. So far cuticle structure and chemistry was mainly studied by electron microscopy and chemical extraction. Thus, analysing composition involved sample destruction and the link between chemistry and microstructure remained unclear. In the last decade, Raman imaging showed high potential to link plant anatomical structure with microchemistry and to give insights into orientation of molecules. In this study, we use Raman imaging and polarization experiments to study the native cuticle and epidermal layer of needles of Norway spruce, one of the economically most important trees in Europe. The acquired hyperspectral dataset is the basis to image the chemical heterogeneity using univariate (band integration) as well as multivariate data analysis (cluster analysis and non-negative matrix factorization). RESULTS Confocal Raman microscopy probes the cuticle together with the underlying epidermis in the native state and tracks aromatics, lipids, carbohydrates and minerals with a spatial resolution of 300 nm. All three data analysis approaches distinguish a waxy, crystalline layer on top, in which aliphatic chains and coumaric acid are aligned perpendicular to the surface. Also in the lipidic amorphous cuticle beneath, strong signals of coumaric acid and flavonoids are detected. Even the unmixing algorithm results in mixed endmember spectra and confirms that lipids co-locate with aromatics. The underlying epidermal cell walls are devoid of lipids but show strong aromatic Raman bands. Especially the upper periclinal thicker cell wall is impregnated with aromatics. At the interface between epidermis and cuticle Calcium oxalate crystals are detected in a layer-like fashion. Non-negative matrix factorization gives the purest component spectra, thus the best match with reference spectra and by this promotes band assignments and interpretation of the visualized chemical heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Results sharpen our view about the cuticle as the outermost layer of plants and highlight the aromatic impregnation throughout. In the future, developmental studies tracking lipid and aromatic pathways might give new insights into cuticle formation and comparative studies might deepen our understanding why some trees and their needle and leaf surfaces are more resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Sasani
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 11-II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Bock
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 11-II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Felhofer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 11-II, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology (DNBT), Institute for Biophysics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 11-II, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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27
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Abstract
The absorption of water and solutes by plant leaves has been recognised since more than two centuries. Given the polar nature of water and solutes, the mechanisms of foliar uptake have been proposed to be similar for water and electrolytes, including nutrient solutions. Research efforts since the 19th century focussed on characterising the properties of cuticles and applying foliar sprays to crop plants as a tool for improving crop nutrition. This was accompanied by the development of hundreds of studies aimed at characterising the chemical and structural nature of plant cuticles from different species and the mechanisms of cuticular and, to a lower extent, stomatal penetration of water and solutes. The processes involved are complex and will be affected by multiple environmental, physico-chemical and physiological factors which are only partially clear to date. During the last decades, the body of evidence that water transport across leaf surfaces of native species may contribute to water balances (absorption and loss) at an ecosystem level has grown. Given the potential importance of foliar water absorption for many plant species and ecosystems as shown in recent studies, the aim of this review is to first integrate current knowledge on plant surface composition, structure, wettability and physico-chemical interactions with surface-deposited matter. The different mechanisms of foliar absorption of water and electrolytes and experimental procedures for tracing the uptake process are discussed before posing several outstanding questions which should be tackled in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, 50059, Spain
| | - Thomas Eichert
- University of Applied Sciences Erfurt, Erfurt, 99051, Germany
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28
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Xu T, Qin D, Muhae Ud Din G, Liu T, Chen W, Gao L. Characterization of histological changes at the tillering stage (Z21) in resistant and susceptible wheat plants infected by Tilletia controversa Kühn. BMC Plant Biol 2021; 21:49. [PMID: 33461490 PMCID: PMC7814547 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02819-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dwarf bunt, which is caused by Tilletia controversa Kühn, is a soilborne and seedborne disease that occurs worldwide and can lead to 70% or even total losses of wheat crops. However, very little information is available about the histological changes that occur in dwarf bunt-resistant and dwarf bunt-susceptible wheat plants at the tillering stage (Z21). In this study, we used scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to characterize the histological changes at this stage in resistant and susceptible wheat cultivars infected by T. controversa. RESULTS Using scanning electron microscopy, the root, stem, and leaf structures of resistant and susceptible cultivars were examined after T. controversa infection. The root epidermal and vascular bundles were more severely damaged in the susceptible T. controversa-infected plants than in the resistant plants. The stem cell and longitudinal sections were much more extensively affected in susceptible plants than in resistant plants after pathogen infection. However, slightly deformed mesophyll cells were observed in the leaves of susceptible plants. With transmission electron microscopy, we found that the cortical bundle cells and the cell contents and nuclei in the roots were more severely affected in the susceptible plants than in the resistant plants; in the stems and leaves, the nuclei, chloroplasts, and mesophyll cells changed significantly in the susceptible plants after fungal infection. Moreover, we found that infected susceptible and resistant plants were affected much more severely at the tillering stage (Z21) than at the seedling growth stage (Z13). CONCLUSION Histological changes in the wheat roots, stems and leaves were much more severe in T. controversa-infected susceptible plants than in infected resistant plants at the tillering stage (Z21).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongshuo Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dandan Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ghulam Muhae Ud Din
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Taiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wanquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China.
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29
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Reynoud N, Petit J, Bres C, Lahaye M, Rothan C, Marion D, Bakan B. The Complex Architecture of Plant Cuticles and Its Relation to Multiple Biological Functions. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:782773. [PMID: 34956280 PMCID: PMC8702516 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrialization of vascular plants, i.e., Angiosperm, is associated with the development of cuticular barriers that prevent biotic and abiotic stresses and support plant growth and development. To fulfill these multiple functions, cuticles have developed a unique supramolecular and dynamic assembly of molecules and macromolecules. Plant cuticles are not only an assembly of lipid compounds, i.e., waxes and cutin polyester, as generally presented in the literature, but also of polysaccharides and phenolic compounds, each fulfilling a role dependent on the presence of the others. This mini-review is focused on recent developments and hypotheses on cuticle architecture-function relationships through the prism of non-lipid components, i.e., cuticle-embedded polysaccharides and polyester-bound phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reynoud
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Johann Petit
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Cécile Bres
- INRAE, University of Bordeaux, UMR BFP, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | | | - Didier Marion
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- INRAE, Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, Nantes, France
- *Correspondence: Bénédicte Bakan,
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30
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Fich EA, Fisher J, Zamir D, Rose JKC. Transpiration from Tomato Fruit Occurs Primarily via Trichome-Associated Transcuticular Polar Pores. Plant Physiol 2020; 184:1840-1852. [PMID: 33051266 PMCID: PMC7723074 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nonstomatal water loss by transpiration through the hydrophobic cuticle is ubiquitous in land plants, but the pathways along which this occurs have not been identified. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) provides an excellent system in which to study this phenomenon, as its fruit are astomatous and a major target for desiccation resistance to enhance shelf life. We screened a tomato core collection of 398 accessions from around the world and selected seven cultivars that collectively exhibited the lowest and highest degrees of transpirational water loss for a more detailed study. The transpirational differences between these lines reflected the permeances of their isolated cuticles, but this did not correlate with various measures of cuticle abundance or composition. Rather, we found that fruit cuticle permeance has a strong dependence on the abundance of microscopic polar pores. We further observed that these transcuticular pores are associated with trichomes and are exposed when the trichomes are dislodged, revealing a previously unreported link between fruit trichome density and transpirational water loss. During postharvest storage, limited self-sealing of the pores was detected for certain cultivars, in contrast with the stem scar, which healed relatively rapidly. The abundance of trichome-associated pores, together with their self-sealing capacity, presents a promising target for breeding or engineering efforts to reduce fruit transpirational water loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Fich
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Josef Fisher
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Dani Zamir
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jocelyn K C Rose
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Moreira CJS, Bento A, Pais J, Petit J, Escórcio R, Correia VG, Pinheiro Â, Haliński ŁP, Mykhaylyk OO, Rothan C, Silva Pereira C. An Ionic Liquid Extraction That Preserves the Molecular Structure of Cutin Shown by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Plant Physiol 2020; 184:592-606. [PMID: 32788301 PMCID: PMC7536654 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The biopolyester cutin is ubiquitous in land plants, building the polymeric matrix of the plant's outermost defensive barrier, the cuticle. Cutin influences many biological processes in planta; however, due to its complexity and highly branched nature, the native structure remains partially unresolved. Our aim was to define an original workflow for the purification and systematic characterization of the molecular structure of cutin. To purify cutin we tested the ionic liquids cholinium hexanoate and 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium acetate. The ensuing polymeric materials are highly esterified, amorphous, and have a typical monomeric composition as demonstrated by solid-state NMR, complemented by spectroscopic, thermal, and x-ray scattering analyses. We performed a systematic study by solution-state NMR of cryogenically milled cutins extracted from tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum 'Micro-Tom'; the wild type and the GLYCEROL-3-PHOSPHATE ACYLTRANSFERASE [GPAT6] and CUTIN SYNTHASE [CUS1] mutants). We resolved their molecular structures, relative distribution of ester aliphatics, free acid end-groups and free hydroxyl groups, differentiating between those derived from primary and secondary esters. Our data demonstrate the existence of free hydroxyl groups in cutin and provide insight into how the mutations affect the esterification arrangement of cutin. The usage of ionic liquids for studying plant polyesters has advantages over conventional approaches, since simple modifications can be applied to recover a biopolymer carrying distinct types/degrees of modifications (e.g. preservation of esters or cuticular polysaccharides), which in combination with the solution NMR methodologies developed here, constitutes essential tools to fingerprint the multifunctionality and the structure of cutin in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J S Moreira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Artur Bento
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Joana Pais
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Johann Petit
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Rita Escórcio
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Vanessa G Correia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ângela Pinheiro
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Łukasz P Haliński
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Oleksandr O Mykhaylyk
- Soft Matter Analytical Laboratory, Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Rothan
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, University of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Bao Y, Reddivari L, Huang J. Development of cold plasma pretreatment for improving phenolics extractability from tomato pomace. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020; 65:102445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Segado P, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Cutinsomes and CUTIN SYNTHASE1 Function Sequentially in Tomato Fruit Cutin Deposition. Plant Physiol 2020; 183:1622-1637. [PMID: 32457092 PMCID: PMC7401130 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aerial parts of plants, including the leaves, fruits and non-lignified stems, are covered with a protective cuticle, largely composed of the polyester cutin. Two mechanisms of cutin deposition have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit. The contribution of each mechanism to cutin synthesis and deposition has shown a temporal and coordinated sequence that correlates with the two periods of organ growth, cell division and cell expansion. Cutinsomes, self-assembled particles composed of esterified cutin monomers, are involved in the synthesis of the procuticle during cell division and provide a template for further cutin deposition. CUTIN SYNTHASE1 (CUS1), an acyl transferase enzyme that links cutin monomers, contributes to massive cuticle deposition during the early stages of the cell expansion period by incorporating additional cutin to the procuticle template. However, cutin deposition and polymerization appear to be part of a more complex biological scenario, which is yet not fully understood. CUS1 is also associated with the coordinated growth of the cutinized and non-cutinized domains of the outer epidermal wall, and affects cell size. A dynamic and complex interplay linking cutin synthesis with cell wall development and epidermal cell size has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Segado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - José Alejandro Heredia-Guerrero
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Estación Experimental La Mayora, Algarrobo-Costa, E-29750 Málaga, Spain
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Stępiński D, Kwiatkowska M, Wojtczak A, Polit JT, Domínguez E, Heredia A, Popłońska K. The Role of Cutinsomes in Plant Cuticle Formation. Cells 2020; 9:E1778. [PMID: 32722473 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuticle commonly appears as a continuous lipophilic layer located at the outer epidermal cell walls of land plants. Cutin and waxes are its main components. Two methods for cutin synthesis are considered in plants. One that is based on enzymatic biosynthesis, in which cutin synthase (CUS) is involved, is well-known and commonly accepted. The other assumes the participation of specific nanostructures, cutinsomes, which are formed in physicochemical self-assembly processes from cutin precursors without enzyme involvement. Cutinsomes are formed in ground cytoplasm or, in some species, in specific cytoplasmic domains, lipotubuloid metabolons (LMs), and are most probably translocated via microtubules toward the cuticle-covered cell wall. Cutinsomes may additionally serve as platforms transporting cuticular enzymes. Presumably, cutinsomes enrich the cuticle in branched and cross-linked esterified polyhydroxy fatty acid oligomers, while CUS1 can provide both linear chains and branching cutin oligomers. These two systems of cuticle formation seem to co-operate on the surface of aboveground organs, as well as in the embryo and seed coat epidermis. This review focuses on the role that cutinsomes play in cuticle biosynthesis in S. lycopersicum, O. umbellatum and A. thaliana, which have been studied so far; however, these nanoparticles may be commonly involved in this process in different plants.
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Vega C, González G, Bahamonde HA, Valbuena-Carabaña M, Gil L, Fernández V. Effect of irradiation and canopy position on anatomical and physiological features of Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea leaves. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 152:232-242. [PMID: 32449682 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing conditions at different tree canopy positions may significantly vary and lead to foliar changes even within the same tree. An assessment of foliar anatomy, including also epidermal features, can help us understand how plants respond to environmental factors. Working with two model tree species (i.e., Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica) grown at their southernmost European distribution area in Central Spain, the influence of irradiation and canopy height was examined by sampling lower canopy leaves and comparing them with fully irradiated, top canopy leaves and shaded top canopy leaves grown for months within a bag made of shade netting fabric before they sprouted. At the end of the summer, samples were collected, and several parameters were analysed. The results indicate that SLA (specific leaf area) differences are significant both between species and groups. Leaf and cuticle thickness differed significantly between groups while stomatal densities only between species. Regarding mineral concentrations, differences between species were significant for K, Mn, N and N: P ratios. It is concluded that leaf responses to environmental conditions may be variable both within the same tree and between species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vega
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo González
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor A Bahamonde
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Diagonal 113 Nº 469, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - María Valbuena-Carabaña
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Fernández
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Philippe G, Geneix N, Petit J, Guillon F, Sandt C, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Marion D, Bakan B. Assembly of tomato fruit cuticles: a cross-talk between the cutin polyester and cell wall polysaccharides. New Phytol 2020; 226:809-822. [PMID: 31883116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is an essential and ubiquitous biological polymer composite covering aerial plant organs, whose structural component is the cutin polyester entangled with cell wall polysaccharides. The nature of the cutin-embedded polysaccharides (CEPs) and their association with cutin polyester are still unresolved Using tomato fruit as a model, chemical and enzymatic pretreatments combined with biochemical and biophysical methods were developed to compare the fine structure of CEPs with that of the noncutinized polysaccharides (NCPs). In addition, we used tomato fruits from cutin-deficient transgenic lines cus1 (cutin synthase 1) to study the impact of cutin polymerization on the fine structure of CEPs. Cutin-embedded polysaccharides exhibit specific structural features including a high degree of esterification (i.e. methylation and acetylation), a low ramification of rhamnogalacturonan (RGI), and a high crystallinity of cellulose. In addition to decreasing cutin deposition and polymerization, cus1 silencing induced a specific modification of CEPs, especially on pectin content, while NCPs were not affected. This new evidence of the structural specificities of CEPs and of the cross-talk between cutin polymerization and polysaccharides provides new hypotheses concerning the formation of these complex lipopolysaccharide edifices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Philippe
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie - INRAE Bordeaux-Aquitaine Bât, IBVM , 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Ligne SMIS, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie - INRAE Bordeaux-Aquitaine Bât, IBVM , 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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37
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Du B, Zhang Q, Cao Q, Xing Y, Qin L, Fang K. Changes of cell wall components during embryogenesis of Castanea mollissima. J Plant Res 2020; 133:257-270. [PMID: 32036472 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume) 'Huaihuang' was chosen as the experimental material to observe embryogenesis and the dynamic changes of cell wall components during this process. Various developmental stages of embryos, including globular embryos, heart embryos, torpedo embryos and cotyledon embryos, were observed. The results showed that during embryogenesis, cellulose increased, and callose rapidly degraded. In the cell walls of developing embryos, pectic homogalacturonan (HG), especially low-esterified HG, was abundant, suggesting rapid synthesis and de-methyl-esterification of HG. Extensin and galactan increased with the development of the embryos. In contrast, the arabinan epitopes decreased in developing embryos but were more abundant than galactan epitopes at all stages. Xylan epitopes showed explicit boundaries between the outer epidermal wall and the rest of the inner tissues, and the fluorescence intensity of the outer epidermal wall was significantly higher than that of the inner tissues. Furthermore, the results indicated that the outer epidermal wall contained high amounts of cellulose, HG pectin and hemicellulose, especially arabinan and xylan. These results suggested the presence of rapid pectin metabolism, cellulose synthesis, rapid degradation of callose, different distributive patterns and dynamic changes of hemicellulose (galactan, arabinan and xylan) and extensin during embryogenesis. Various cell wall components exist in different tissues of the embryo, and dynamic changes in cell wall components are involved in the embryonic development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingshuai Du
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Road Beinong, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Road Beinong, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qingqin Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Road Beinong, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Road Beinong, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Ling Qin
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Key Laboratory for Agricultural Application and New Technique, College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Road Beinong, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Kefeng Fang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
- College of Landscape Architecture, Beijing University of Agriculture, No. 7 Road Beinong, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, China.
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North China Ministry of Agriculture P. R. China), Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Collins PP, O'donoghue EM, Rebstock R, Tiffin HR, Sutherland PW, Schröder R, McAtee PA, Prakash R, Ireland HS, Johnston JW, Atkinson RG, Schaffer RJ, Hallett IC, Brummell DA. Cell type-specific gene expression underpins remodelling of cell wall pectin in exocarp and cortex during apple fruit development. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:6085-6099. [PMID: 31408160 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In apple (Malus×domestica) fruit, the different layers of the exocarp (cuticle, epidermis, and hypodermis) protect and maintain fruit integrity, and resist the turgor-driven expansion of the underlying thin-walled cortical cells during growth. Using in situ immunolocalization and size exclusion epitope detection chromatography, distinct cell type differences in cell wall composition in the exocarp were revealed during apple fruit development. Epidermal cell walls lacked pectic (1→4)-β-d-galactan (associated with rigidity), whereas linear (1→5)-α-l-arabinan (associated with flexibility) was exclusively present in the epidermal cell walls in expanding fruit and then appeared in all cell types during ripening. Branched (1→5)-α-l-arabinan was uniformly distributed between cell types. Laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) were used to explore transcriptomic differences controlling cell type-specific wall modification. The RNA-seq data indicate that the control of cell wall composition is achieved through cell-specific gene expression of hydrolases. In epidermal cells, this results in the degradation of galactan side chains by possibly five β-galactosidases (BGAL2, BGAL7, BGAL10, BGAL11, and BGAL103) and debranching of arabinans by α-arabinofuranosidases AF1 and AF2. Together, these results demonstrate that flexibility and rigidity of the different cell layers in apple fruit during development and ripening are determined, at least in part, by the control of cell wall pectin remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick P Collins
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ria Rebstock
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather R Tiffin
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Paul W Sutherland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roswitha Schröder
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Peter A McAtee
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roneel Prakash
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hilary S Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Ross G Atkinson
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Schaffer
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Motueka, New Zealand
| | - Ian C Hallett
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David A Brummell
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited (PFR), Mount Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
- PFR, Food Industry Science Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Chechanovsky N, Hovav R, Frenkel R, Faigenboim A, Eselson Y, Petreikov M, Moy M, Shen S, Schaffer AA. Low temperature upregulates cwp expression and modifies alternative splicing patterns, increasing the severity of cwp-induced tomato fruit cuticular microfissures. Hortic Res 2019; 6:122. [PMID: 31728197 PMCID: PMC6838111 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0204-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cwp (cuticular water permeability) gene controls the development of cuticular microfissuring and subsequent fruit dehydration in tomato. The gene underwent silencing in the evolution of the fleshy cultivated tomato but is expressed in the primitive wild tomato relatives. The introgression of the expressed allele from the wild S. habrochaites (cwp h ) into the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leads to the phenotype of fruit water loss during and following ripening. In this report, we show that low temperature impacts on the severity of the cuticular microfissure phenotype via a combination of effects on both expression and alternative splicing of cwp h . The cwp gene, comprising four exons and three introns, undergoes post-transcriptional alternative splicing processes, leading to seven alternative transcripts that differ in reading-frame lengths. Transgenic plants expressing each of the alternative transcripts identified the longest reading frame (VAR1) as the functional splice variant. Low temperature led to a strong upregulation of cwp h expression, compounded by an increase in the relative proportion of the functional VAR1 transcript, leading to increased severity of microfissuring of the cuticle. In summary, we demonstrate the molecular mechanism behind the horticultural phenomenon of the low-temperature effect on cuticular microfissures in the dehydrating tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Chechanovsky
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ran Hovav
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rina Frenkel
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Yelena Eselson
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Marina Petreikov
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Michal Moy
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shmuel Shen
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arthur A. Schaffer
- Department of Vegetable and Field Crops, Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Chang BM, Zhang Y, Keller M. Softening at the onset of grape ripening alters fruit rheological properties and decreases splitting resistance. Planta 2019; 250:1293-1305. [PMID: 31254101 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Applying principles of shell theory, we found that grape berries rapidly change their behavior from thick-walled spheres to pressurized thin-walled spheres and become susceptible to splitting during berry softening. Knowledge of the rheological properties of the skin of berry fruits is needed to make decisions concerning berry splitting prevention. However, how these properties and splitting resistance respond to varietal differences and developmental changes is poorly understood. In a customized injection test, pressurized water was injected into the berries of four grape varieties until they split. In a compression test, the deformation of berries in response to berry softening or dehydration was measured. Shell theory was applied to estimate how the internal pressure translates to tensile stress on the skin. The results suggested that berry softening at the onset of ripening drastically alters berry rheological properties; berries rapidly changed from brittle to ductile materials. The skin became the major stress-bearing structure during berry softening and became vulnerable to tensile stress, which was associated with a rapid decline in splitting resistance. The rate of decline and the absolute extent of the skin's ability to bear stress varied by variety. Dehydration of overripe or water-stressed berries did not alter the skin properties but reduced the risk of berry splitting. These results indicate that the vulnerability to berry splitting is closely related to developmentally regulated changes in fruit rheological properties and water relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Min Chang
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA
| | - Yun Zhang
- Ste. Michelle Wine Estates, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA
| | - Markus Keller
- Department of Horticulture, Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, 24106 N. Bunn Rd, Prosser, WA, 99350, USA.
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Michalska K, Tomczyk A, Łotocka B, Orzechowski S, Studnicki M. Oviposition by the vagrant eriophyoid mite Aculops allotrichus on leaves of black locust tree, Robinia pseudoacacia. Exp Appl Acarol 2019; 79:1-19. [PMID: 31552561 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-019-00412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Leaf-dwelling mites often prefer to feed on young leaves and also are more likely to inhabit the abaxial leaf side. The aim of our study was to examine whether leaf age may affect production and distribution of eggs on black locust leaves by females of Aculops allotrichus. The eriophyoids were tested for 2.5 days on 'trimmed' compound leaves (with only two opposite leaflets left), which were maintained in vials filled with water. For the experiments we used leaves of three categories: (1) the 'youngest', in which both halves of the adaxial side of leaflets still adhered to each other (and usually remained folded for the next few hours), (2) 'young' with already unfolded leaflets, and (3) 'mature' with fully expanded leaflets. The tested females laid significantly more eggs on developing leaves than on 'mature' ones, although they deposited the highest number of eggs on the 'young' leaves. The distribution of eggs on adaxial or abaxial leaf sides also depended on leaf age. On the 'youngest' leaves, eriophyoids placed similar numbers of eggs on both sides of a blade. However, the older the leaf, the more willingly females deposited eggs on the abaxial side. Our biochemical and morphometrical analyses of black locust leaves indicated significant changes in the contents of nutrients and phenols within leaf tissue, and in the density of trichomes and thickness of the outer epidermal cell walls, correlated with leaf age. Their possible effects on the production and distribution of eggs on leaves by A. allotrichus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Michalska
- Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Tomczyk
- Department of Applied Entomology, Faculty of Horticulture, Biotechnology and Landscape Architecture, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Łotocka
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Orzechowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Studnicki
- Department of Experimental Design and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
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42
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Lara I, Heredia A, Domínguez E. Shelf Life Potential and the Fruit Cuticle: The Unexpected Player. Front Plant Sci 2019; 10:770. [PMID: 31244879 PMCID: PMC6581714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The plant cuticle is an extracellular barrier that protects the aerial, non-lignified parts of plants from the surrounding environment, and furthermore plays important functions in organ growth and development. The role of the cuticle in post-harvest quality of fruits is a topic currently driving a lot of interest since an increasing bulk of research data show its modulating influence on a number of important traits determining shelf life and storage potential, including water transpiration and fruit dehydration, susceptibility to rots, pests and disorders, and even firmness. Moreover, the properties of fruit cuticles keep evolving after harvest, and have also been shown to be highly responsive to the external conditions surrounding the fruit. Indeed, common post-harvest treatments will have an impact on cuticle integrity and performance that needs to be evaluated for a deeper understanding of changes in post-harvest quality. In this review, chemical and biophysical properties of fruit cuticles are summarized. An overview is also provided of post-harvest changes in cuticles and the effects thereupon of some post-harvest procedures, with the purpose of offering a comprehensive summary of currently available information. Identification of natural sources of variability in relevant quality traits would allow breeding for the improvement of post-harvest life of fruit commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Lara
- Unitat de Postcollita-XaRTA, AGROTÈCNIO, Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- IHSM La Mayora, Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
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Skolik P, Morais CLM, Martin FL, McAinsh MR. Determination of developmental and ripening stages of whole tomato fruit using portable infrared spectroscopy and Chemometrics. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:236. [PMID: 31164091 PMCID: PMC6549295 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1852-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development and ripening of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit are important processes for the study of crop biology related to industrial horticulture. Versatile uses of tomato fruit lead to its harvest at various points of development from early maturity through to red ripe, traditionally indicated by parameters such as size, weight, colour, and internal composition, according to defined visual 'grading' schemes. Visual grading schemes however are subjective and thus objective classification of tomato fruit development and ripening are needed for 'high-tech' horticulture. To characterize the development and ripening processes in whole tomato fruit (cv. Moneymaker), a biospectroscopy approach is employed using compact portable ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. RESULTS The developmental and ripening processes showed unique spectral profiles, which were acquired from the cuticle-cell wall complex of tomato fruit epidermis in vivo. Various components of the cuticle including Cutin, waxes, and phenolic compounds, among others, as well as from the underlying cell wall such as celluloses, pectin and lignin like compounds among others. Epidermal surface structures including cuticle and cell wall were significantly altered during the developmental process from immature green to mature green, as well as during the ripening process. Changes in the spectral fingerprint region (1800-900 cm- 1) were sufficient to identify nine developmental and six ripening stages with high accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) chemometrics. CONCLUSIONS The non-destructive spectroscopic approach may therefore be especially useful for investigating in vivo biochemical changes occurring in fruit epidermis related to grades of tomato during development and ripening, for autonomous food production/supply chain applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Skolik
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
| | - Camilo L. M. Morais
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Francis L. Martin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE UK
| | - Martin R. McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ UK
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Lemaire-Chamley M, Mounet F, Deborde C, Maucourt M, Jacob D, Moing A. NMR-Based Tissular and Developmental Metabolomics of Tomato Fruit. Metabolites 2019; 9:metabo9050093. [PMID: 31075946 PMCID: PMC6571556 DOI: 10.3390/metabo9050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit is a complex organ containing seeds and several interconnected tissues with dedicated roles. However, most biochemical or molecular studies about fleshy fruit development concern the entire fruit, the fruit without seeds, or pericarp only. We studied tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit at four stages of development (12, 20, 35, and 45 days post-anthesis). We separated the seeds and the other tissues, exocarp, mesocarp, columella with placenta and locular tissue, and analyzed them individually using proton NMR metabolomic profiling for the quantification of major polar metabolites, enzymatic analysis of starch, and LC-DAD analysis of isoprenoids. Pericarp tissue represented about half of the entire fruit mass only. The composition of each fruit tissue changed during fruit development. An ANOVA-PCA highlighted common, and specific metabolite trends between tissues e.g., higher contents of chlorogenate in locular tissue and of starch in columella. Euclidian distances based on compositional data showed proximities within and between tissues. Several metabolic regulations differed between tissues as revealed by the comparison of metabolite networks based on correlations between compounds. This work stressed the role of specific tissues less studied than pericarp but that impact fruit organoleptic quality including its shape and taste, and fruit processing quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Lemaire-Chamley
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Fabien Mounet
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Catherine Deborde
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Mickaël Maucourt
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Daniel Jacob
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
| | - Annick Moing
- UMR1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, INRA, University Bordeaux, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
- Plateforme Métabolome du Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, IBVM, Centre INRA de Nouvelle Aquitaine-Bordeaux, 71 av Edouard Bourlaux, 33140 Villenave d'Ornon, France.
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Leszczuk A, Chylińska M, Zięba E, Skrzypek T, Szczuka E, Zdunek A. Structural network of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) and pectins in apple fruit during ripening and senescence processes. Plant Sci 2018; 275:36-48. [PMID: 30107880 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cell wall is an essential framework determining the overall form of the plant cell. Our study was focused on the distribution of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs), arabinan, and homogalacturonan in fruit cells during ripening and storage with emphasis on quantitative analysis of their presence in particular regions of the cell wall - plasma membrane. The localization of the examined compounds was determined with immunohistochemistry techniques and immunogold labelling. Spatio-temporal colocalization between AGPs epitopes - [βGlcA(1→3)-αGalA(1→2)Rha] recognized by JIM13 and MAC207 antibodies, and arabinan labelled by the LM16 antibody was detected in the inner cell wall layer, in association with the plasma membrane. The specific arrangement of AGP and arabinan epitopes differentiated them from homogalacturonan epitopes, consisting of GalA residues recognized by LM19 and LM20 antibodies in all the examined fruit maturity stages. The disruption of cell wall - plasma membrane continuum, observed during ripening-associated softening process, was associated with both the substantial decrease of AGPs, pectins content and with remodeling of their arrangement. The results indicate that the textural properties of fruit during growth and postharvest storage, an attribute of fruit quality becoming selection criteria for consumers, depend on the existence of dynamic network organizing polysaccharides and glycoproteins in the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Leszczuk
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Chylińska
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Emil Zięba
- Confocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Confocal and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Kraśnicka 102, 20-718, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290, Lublin, Poland.
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46
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Ziv C, Zhao Z, Gao YG, Xia Y. Multifunctional Roles of Plant Cuticle During Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 30090108 PMCID: PMC6068277 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In land plants the cuticle is the outermost layer interacting with the environment. This lipophilic layer comprises the polyester cutin embedded in cuticular wax; and it forms a physical barrier to protect plants from desiccation as well as from diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the cuticle is not merely a passive, mechanical shield. The increasing research on plant leaves has addressed the active roles of the plant cuticle in both local and systemic resistance against a variety of plant pathogens. Moreover, the fruit cuticle also serves as an important determinant of fruit defense and quality. It shares features with those of vegetative organs, but also exhibits specific characteristics, the functions of which gain increasing attention in recent years. This review describes multiple roles of plant cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions and its responses to both leaf and fruit pathogens. These include the dynamic changes of plant cuticle during pathogen infection; the crosstalk of cuticle with plant cell wall and diverse hormone signaling pathways for plant disease resistance; and the major biochemical, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that underlie the roles of cuticle during plant-pathogen interactions. Although research developments in the field have greatly advanced our understanding of the roles of plant cuticle in plant defense, there still remain large gaps in our knowledge. Therefore, the challenges thus presented, and future directions of research also are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Ziv
- Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization – the Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Yu G. Gao
- The Ohio State University South Centers, Piketon, OH, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ye Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Ye Xia,
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47
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Technology and BK 21 Plus Program; Graduate School of Chonnam National University; Gwangju 61186 South Korea
| | - Jong-Bang Eun
- Department of Food Science and Technology and BK 21 Plus Program; Graduate School of Chonnam National University; Gwangju 61186 South Korea
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Stępiński D, Kwiatkowska M, Wojtczak A, Domínguez E, Heredia A, Popłońska K. Cutinsomes as building-blocks of Arabidopsis thaliana embryo cuticle. Physiol Plant 2017; 161:560-567. [PMID: 28767133 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutinsomes, spherical nanoparticles containing cutin mono- and oligomers, are engaged in cuticle formation. Earlier they were revealed to participate in cuticle biosynthesis in Solanum lycopersicum fruit and Ornithogalum umbellatum ovary epidermis. Here, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunogold labeling with antibody against the cutinsomes were applied to aerial cotyledon epidermal cells of Arabidopsis thaliana mature embryos. TEM as well as gold particles conjugated with the cutinsome antibody revealed these structures in the cytoplasm, near the plasmalemma, in the cell wall and incorporated into the cuticle. Thus, the cutinsomes most probably are involved in the formation of A. thaliana embryo cuticle and this model plant is another species in which these specific structures participate in the building of cuticle in spite of the lack of the lipotubuloid metabolon. In addition, a mechanism of plant cuticle lipid biosynthesis based on current knowledge is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Stępiński
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maria Kwiatkowska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtczak
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, Campus d Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, Campus d Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Katarzyna Popłońska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland
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49
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Yang L, Huang W, Xiong F, Xian Z, Su D, Ren M, Li Z. Silencing of SlPL, which encodes a pectate lyase in tomato, confers enhanced fruit firmness, prolonged shelf-life and reduced susceptibility to grey mould. Plant Biotechnol J 2017; 15:1544-1555. [PMID: 28371176 PMCID: PMC5698048 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pectate lyase genes have been documented as excellent candidates for improvement of fruit firmness. However, implementation of pectate lyase in regulating fruit postharvest deterioration has not been fully explored. In this report, 22 individual pectate lyase genes in tomato were identified, and one pectate lyase gene SlPL (Solyc03g111690) showed dominant expression during fruit maturation. RNA interference of SlPL resulted in enhanced fruit firmness and changes in pericarp cells. More importantly, the SlPL-RNAi fruit demonstrated greater antirotting and pathogen-resisting ability. Compared to wild-type, SlPL-RNAi fruit had higher levels of cellulose and hemicellulose, whereas the level of water-soluble pectin was lower. Consistent with this, the activities of peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were higher in SlPL-RNAi fruit, and the malondialdehyde concentration was lower. RNA-Seq results showed large amounts of differentially expressed genes involved in hormone signalling, cell wall modification, oxidative stress and pathogen resistance. Collectively, these data demonstrate that pectate lyase plays an important role in both fruit softening and pathogen resistance. This may advance knowledge of postharvest fruit preservation in tomato and other fleshy fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Fangjie Xiong
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xian
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Deding Su
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life SciencesChongqing UniversityChongqingChina
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50
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Fernández V, Bahamonde HA, Javier Peguero-Pina J, Gil-Pelegrín E, Sancho-Knapik D, Gil L, Goldbach HE, Eichert T. Physico-chemical properties of plant cuticles and their functional and ecological significance. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5293-5306. [PMID: 28992247 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Most aerial plant surfaces are covered with a lipid-rich cuticle, which is a barrier for the bidirectional transport of substances between the plant and the surrounding environment. This review article provides an overview of the significance of the leaf cuticle as a barrier for the deposition and absorption of water and electrolytes. After providing insights into the physico-chemical properties of plant surfaces, the mechanisms of foliar absorption are revised with special emphasis on solutes. Due to the limited information and relative importance of the leaf cuticle of herbaceous and deciduous cultivated plants, an overview of the studies developed with Alpine conifers and treeline species is provided. The significance of foliar water uptake as a phenomenon of ecophysiological relevance in many areas of the world is also highlighted. Given the observed variability in structure and composition among, for example, plant species and organs, it is concluded that it is currently not possible to establish general permeability and wettability models that are valid for predicting liquid-surface interactions and the subsequent transport of water and electrolytes across plant surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Hector A Bahamonde
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), cc 332, 9400 Río Gallegos, Santa Cruz, Argentina
| | - José Javier Peguero-Pina
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Domingo Sancho-Knapik
- Unidad de Recursos Forestales, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Gobierno de Aragón, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis Gil
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, School of Forest Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Heiner E Goldbach
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Eichert
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Department of Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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