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Berthaume M, Elton S. Biomechanics in anthropology. Evol Anthropol 2024; 33:e22019. [PMID: 38217465 DOI: 10.1002/evan.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Biomechanics is the set of tools that explain organismal movement and mechanical behavior and links the organism to the physicality of the world. As such, biomechanics can relate behaviors and culture to the physicality of the organism. Scale is critical to biomechanical analyses, as the constitutive equations that matter differ depending on the scale of the question. Within anthropology, biomechanics has had a wide range of applications, from understanding how we and other primates evolved to understanding the effects of technologies, such as the atlatl, and the relationship between identity, society, culture, and medical interventions, such as prosthetics. Like any other model, there is great utility in biomechanical models, but models should be used primarily for hypothesis testing and not data generation except in the rare case where models can be robustly validated. The application of biomechanics within anthropology has been extensive, and holds great potential for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Elton
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Durham, UK
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2
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Prang TC. The relative size of the calcaneal tuber reflects heel strike plantigrady in African apes and humans. Am J Biol Anthropol 2024; 183:e24865. [PMID: 38058279 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The positional repertoire of the human-chimpanzee last common ancestor is critical for reconstructing the evolution of bipedalism. African apes and humans share a heel strike plantigrade foot posture associated with terrestriality. Previous research has established that modern humans have a relatively large and intrinsically robust calcaneal tuber equipped to withstand heel strike forces associated with bipedal walking and running. However, it is unclear whether African apes have a relatively larger calcaneal tuber than non-heel-striking primates, and how this trait might have evolved among anthropoids. Here, I test the hypothesis that heel-striking primates have a relatively larger calcaneal tuber than non-heel-striking primates. METHODS The comparative sample includes 331 individuals and 53 taxa representing hominoids, cercopithecoids, and platyrrhines. Evolutionary modeling was used to test for the effect of foot posture on the relative size of the calcaneal tuber in a phylogenetic framework that accounts for adaptation and inertia. Bayesian evolutionary modeling was used to identify selective regime shifts in the relative size of the calcaneal tuber among anthropoids. RESULTS The best fitting evolutionary model was a Brownian motion model with regime-dependent trends characterized by relatively large calcaneal tubers among African apes and humans. Evolutionary modeling provided support for an evolutionary shift toward a larger calcaneal tuber at the base of the African ape and human clade. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study support the view that African apes and humans share derived traits related to heel strike plantigrady, which implies that humans evolved from a semi-terrestrial quadrupedal ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Prang
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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3
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Panagiotopoulou O, Robinson D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Ackland D, Taylor AB, Ross CF. Dynamic finite element modelling of the macaque mandible during a complete mastication gape cycle. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220549. [PMID: 37839457 PMCID: PMC10577025 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional finite element models (FEMs) are powerful tools for studying the mechanical behaviour of the feeding system. Using validated, static FEMs we have previously shown that in rhesus macaques the largest food-related differences in strain magnitudes during unilateral postcanine chewing extend from the lingual symphysis to the endocondylar ridge of the balancing-side ramus. However, static FEMs only model a single time point during the gape cycle and probably do not fully capture the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during mastication. Bone strain patterns and moments applied to the mandible are known to vary during the gape cycle owing to variation in the activation peaks of the jaw-elevator muscles, suggesting that dynamic models are superior to static ones in studying feeding biomechanics. To test this hypothesis, we built dynamic FEMs of a complete gape cycle using muscle force data from in vivo experiments to elucidate the impact of relative timing of muscle force on mandible biomechanics. Results show that loading and strain regimes vary across the chewing cycle in subtly different ways for different foods, something which was not apparent in static FEMs. These results indicate that dynamic three-dimensional FEMs are more informative than static three-dimensional FEMs in capturing the mechanical behaviour of the jaw during feeding by reflecting the asymmetry in jaw-adductor muscle activations during a gape cycle. This article is part of the theme issue 'Food processing and nutritional assimilation in animals'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Dale Robinson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN 37383, USA
| | - David Ackland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Andrea B. Taylor
- Department of Foundational Biomedical Sciences, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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4
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Byron C, Reed D, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wang Q, Strait D, Laird MF, Ross CF. Sagittal suture strain in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus and Cebus) during feeding. Am J Biol Anthropol 2023; 180:633-654. [PMID: 36790169 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Morphological variation in cranial sutures is used to infer aspects of primate feeding behavior, including diet, but strain regimes across sutures are not well documented. Our aim is to test hypotheses about sagittal suture morphology, strain regime, feeding behavior, and muscle activity relationships in robust Sapajus and gracile Cebus capuchin primates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Morphometrics of sinuosity in three regions of the sagittal suture were compared among museum specimens of Sapajus and Cebus, as well as in robust and gracile lab specimens. In vivo strains and bilateral electromyographic (EMG) activity were recorded from these regions in the temporalis muscles of capuchin primates while they fed on mechanically-varying foods. RESULTS Sapajus and the anterior suture region exhibited greater sinuosity than Cebus and posterior regions. In vivo data reveal minor differences in strain regime between robust and gracile phenotypes but show higher strain magnitudes in the middle suture region and higher tensile strains anteriorly. After gage location, feeding behavior has the most consistent and strongest impact on strain regime in the sagittal suture. Strain in the anterior suture has a high tension to compression ratio compared to the posterior region, especially during forceful biting in the robust Sapajus-like individual. DISCUSSION Sagittal suture complexity in robust capuchins likely reflects feeding behaviors associated with mechanically challenging foods. Sutural strain regimes in other anthropoid primates may also be affected by activity in feeding muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
| | - David Reed
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - David Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Myra F Laird
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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5
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Sharp AC, Dutel H, Watson PJ, Gröning F, Crumpton N, Fagan MJ, Evans SE. Assessment of the mechanical role of cranial sutures in the mammalian skull: Computational biomechanical modelling of the rat skull. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21555. [PMID: 36630615 PMCID: PMC10107956 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cranial sutures are fibrocellular joints between the skull bones that are progressively replaced with bone throughout ontogeny, facilitating growth and cranial shape change. This transition from soft tissue to bone is reflected in the biomechanical properties of the craniofacial complex. However, the mechanical significance of cranial sutures has only been explored at a few localised areas within the mammalian skull, and as such our understanding of suture function in overall skull biomechanics is still limited. Here, we sought to determine how the overall strain environment is affected by the complex network of cranial sutures in the mammal skull. We combined two computational biomechanical methods, multibody dynamics analysis and finite element analysis, to simulate biting in a rat skull and compared models with and without cranial sutures. Our results show that including complex sutures in the rat model does not substantially change overall strain gradients across the cranium, particularly strain magnitudes in the bones overlying the brain. However, local variations in strain magnitudes and patterns can be observed in areas close to the sutures. These results show that, during feeding, sutures may be more important in some regions than others. Sutures should therefore be included in models that require accurate local strain magnitudes and patterns of cranial strain, particularly if models are developed for analysis of specific regions, such as the temporomandibular joint or zygomatic arch. Our results suggest that, for mammalian skulls, cranial sutures might be more important for allowing brain expansion during growth than redistributing biting loads across the cranium in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana C Sharp
- Department of Musculoskeletal and Ageing Sciences, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Hugo Dutel
- Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Hull, UK.,Faculty of Science, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Flora Gröning
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Nick Crumpton
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Susan E Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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6
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Smith AL, Davis J, Panagiotopoulou O, Taylor AB, Robinson C, Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Alemseged Z, Ross CF. Does the model reflect the system? When two-dimensional biomechanics is not 'good enough'. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220536. [PMID: 36695017 PMCID: PMC9874278 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Models are mathematical representations of systems, processes or phenomena. In biomechanics, finite-element modelling (FEM) can be a powerful tool, allowing biologists to test form-function relationships in silico, replacing or extending results of in vivo experimentation. Although modelling simplifications and assumptions are necessary, as a minimum modelling requirement the results of the simplified model must reflect the biomechanics of the modelled system. In cases where the three-dimensional mechanics of a structure are important determinants of its performance, simplified two-dimensional modelling approaches are likely to produce inaccurate results. The vertebrate mandible is one among many three-dimensional anatomical structures routinely modelled using two-dimensional FE analysis. We thus compare the stress regimes of our published three-dimensional model of the chimpanzee mandible with a published two-dimensional model of the chimpanzee mandible and identify several fundamental differences. We then present a series of two-dimensional and three-dimensional FE modelling experiments that demonstrate how three key modelling parameters, (i) dimensionality, (ii) symmetric geometry, and (iii) constraints, affect deformation and strain regimes of the models. Our results confirm that, in the case of the primate mandible (at least), two-dimensional FEM fails to meet this minimum modelling requirement and should not be used to draw functional, ecological or evolutionary conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA,Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 90981, USA
| | - Julian Davis
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Blvd, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Chris Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY 10453, USA,Doctoral Program in Anthropology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology & Anatomical Sciences, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William H. Kimbel
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA
| | - Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 90981, USA
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7
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Ledogar JA, Senck S, Villmoare BA, Smith AL, Weber GW, Richmond BG, Dechow PC, Ross CF, Grosse IR, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Benazzi S, Carlson KJ, Carlson KB, Pryor McIntosh LC, van Casteren A, Strait DS. Mechanical compensation in the evolution of the early hominin feeding apparatus. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220711. [PMID: 35703052 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Australopiths, a group of hominins from the Plio-Pleistocene of Africa, are characterized by derived traits in their crania hypothesized to strengthen the facial skeleton against feeding loads and increase the efficiency of bite force production. The crania of robust australopiths are further thought to be stronger and more efficient than those of gracile australopiths. Results of prior mechanical analyses have been broadly consistent with this hypothesis, but here we show that the predictions of the hypothesis with respect to mechanical strength are not met: some gracile australopith crania are as strong as that of a robust australopith, and the strength of gracile australopith crania overlaps substantially with that of chimpanzee crania. We hypothesize that the evolution of cranial traits that increased the efficiency of bite force production in australopiths may have simultaneously weakened the face, leading to the compensatory evolution of additional traits that reinforced the facial skeleton. The evolution of facial form in early hominins can therefore be thought of as an interplay between the need to increase the efficiency of bite force production and the need to maintain the structural integrity of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Health Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN 37614, USA
| | - Sascha Senck
- Research Group Computed Tomography, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Brian A Villmoare
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria.,Human Evolution and Archaeological Sciences (HEAS), University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66106, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna 48121, Italy
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Integrative Anatomical Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Keely B Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Leslie C Pryor McIntosh
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine South Georgia, Moultrie, GA 31768, USA
| | - Adam van Casteren
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA.,Palaeo-Research Institute, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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8
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Mitchell DR, Wroe S, Ravosa MJ, Menegaz RA. More Challenging Diets Sustain Feeding Performance: Applications Toward the Captive Rearing of Wildlife. Integr Org Biol 2021; 3:obab030. [PMID: 34888486 PMCID: PMC8653637 DOI: 10.1093/iob/obab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The rescue and rehabilitation of young fauna is of substantial importance to conservation. However, it has been suggested that incongruous diets offered in captive environments may alter craniofacial morphology and hinder the success of reintroduced animals. Despite these claims, to what extent dietary variation throughout ontogeny impacts intrapopulation cranial biomechanics has not yet been tested. Here, finite element models were generated from the adult crania of 40 rats (n = 10 per group) that were reared on 4 different diet regimes and stress magnitudes compared during incisor bite simulations. The diets consisted of (1) exclusively hard pellets from weaning, (2) exclusively soft ground pellet meal from weaning, (3) a juvenile switch from pellets to meal, and (4) a juvenile switch from meal to pellets. We hypothesized that a diet of exclusively soft meal would result in the weakest adult skulls, represented by significantly greater stress magnitudes at the muzzle, palate, and zygomatic arch. Our hypothesis was supported at the muzzle and palate, indicating that a diet limited to soft food inhibits bone deposition throughout ontogeny. This finding presents a strong case for a more variable and challenging diet during development. However, rather than the "soft" diet group resulting in the weakest zygomatic arch as predicted, this region instead showed the highest stress among rats that switched as juveniles from hard pellets to soft meal. We attribute this to a potential reduction in number and activity of osteoblasts, as demonstrated in studies of sudden and prolonged disuse of bone. A shift to softer foods in captivity, during rehabilitation after injury in the wild for example, can therefore be detrimental to healthy development of the skull in some growing animals, potentially increasing the risk of injury and impacting the ability to access full ranges of wild foods upon release. We suggest captive diet plans consider not just nutritional requirements but also food mechanical properties when rearing wildlife to adulthood for reintroduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rex Mitchell
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Matthew J Ravosa
- Departments of Biological Sciences, Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, and Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Rachel A Menegaz
- Center for Anatomical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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9
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Mehari Abraha H, Iriarte‐Diaz J, Reid RR, Ross CF, Panagiotopoulou O. Fracture Fixation Technique and Chewing Side Impact Jaw Mechanics in Mandible Fracture Repair. JBMR Plus 2021; 6:e10559. [PMID: 35079674 PMCID: PMC8770999 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower jaw (mandible) fractures significantly impact patient health and well‐being due to pain and difficulty eating, but the best technique for repairing the most common subtype—angle fractures—and rehabilitating mastication is unknown. Our study is the first to use realistic in silico simulation of chewing to quantify the effects of Champy and biplanar techniques of angle fracture fixation. We show that more rigid, biplanar fixation results in lower strain magnitudes in the miniplates, the bone around the screws, and in the fracture zone, and that the mandibular strain regime approximates the unfractured condition. Importantly, the strain regime in the fracture zone is affected by chewing laterality, suggesting that both fixation type and the patient's post‐fixation masticatory pattern—ipsi‐ or contralateral to the fracture— impact the bone healing environment. Our study calls for further investigation of the impact of fixation technique on chewing behavior. Research that combines in vivo and in silico approaches can link jaw mechanics to bone healing and yield more definitive recommendations for fixation, hardware, and postoperative rehabilitation to improve outcomes. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash University Melbourne Australia
| | | | - Russell R Reid
- Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery The University of Chicago Medical Centre Chicago IL USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology Monash University Melbourne Australia
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10
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Holmes M, Taylor AB. The influence of jaw-muscle fibre-type phenotypes on estimating maximum muscle and bite forces in primates. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20210009. [PMID: 34938437 PMCID: PMC8361599 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous anthropological studies have been aimed at estimating jaw-adductor muscle forces, which, in turn, are used to estimate bite force. While primate jaw adductors show considerable intra- and intermuscular heterogeneity in fibre types, studies generally model jaw-muscle forces by treating the jaw adductors as either homogeneously slow or homogeneously fast muscles. Here, we provide a novel extension of such studies by integrating fibre architecture, fibre types and fibre-specific tensions to estimate maximum muscle forces in the masseter and temporalis of five anthropoid primates: Sapajus apella (N = 3), Cercocebus atys (N = 4), Macaca fascicularis (N = 3), Gorilla gorilla (N = 1) and Pan troglodytes (N = 2). We calculated maximum muscle forces by proportionally adjusting muscle physiological cross-sectional areas by their fibre types and associated specific tensions. Our results show that the jaw adductors of our sample ubiquitously express MHC α-cardiac, which has low specific tension, and hybrid fibres. We find that treating the jaw adductors as either homogeneously slow or fast muscles potentially overestimates average maximum muscle forces by as much as approximately 44%. Including fibre types and their specific tensions is thus likely to improve jaw-muscle and bite force estimates in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Holmes
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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11
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Cook RW, Vazzana A, Sorrentino R, Benazzi S, Smith AL, Strait DS, Ledogar JA. The cranial biomechanics and feeding performance of Homo floresiensis. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20200083. [PMID: 34938433 PMCID: PMC8361579 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2020.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homo floresiensis is a small-bodied hominin from Flores, Indonesia, that exhibits plesiomorphic dentognathic features, including large premolars and a robust mandible, aspects of which have been considered australopith-like. However, relative to australopith species, H. floresiensis exhibits reduced molar size and a cranium with diminutive midfacial dimensions similar to those of later Homo, suggesting a reduction in the frequency of forceful biting behaviours. Our study uses finite-element analysis to examine the feeding biomechanics of the H. floresiensis cranium. We simulate premolar (P3) and molar (M2) biting in a finite-element model (FEM) of the H. floresiensis holotype cranium (LB1) and compare the mechanical results with FEMs of chimpanzees, modern humans and a sample of australopiths (MH1, Sts 5, OH5). With few exceptions, strain magnitudes in LB1 resemble elevated levels observed in modern Homo. Our analysis of LB1 suggests that H. floresiensis could produce bite forces with high mechanical efficiency, but was subject to tensile jaw joint reaction forces during molar biting, which perhaps constrained maximum postcanine bite force production. The inferred feeding biomechanics of H. floresiensis closely resemble modern humans, suggesting that this pattern may have been present in the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens and H. floresiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca W Cook
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Antonino Vazzana
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Sorrentino
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, WA, USA
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Abstract
In recent decades, funding agencies, institutes and professional bodies have recognized the profound benefits of transdisciplinarity in tackling targeted research questions. However, once questions are answered, the previously abundant support often dissolves. As such, the long-term benefits of these transdisciplinary approaches are never fully achieved. Over the last several decades, the integration of anthropology and engineering through inter- and multidisciplinary work has led to advances in fields such as design, human evolution and medical technologies. The lack of formal recognition, however, of this transdisciplinary approach as a unique entity rather than a useful tool or a subfield makes it difficult for researchers to establish laboratories, secure permanent jobs, fund long-term research programmes and train students in this approach. To facilitate the growth and development and witness the long-term benefits of this approach, we propose the integration of anthropology and engineering be recognized as a new, independent field known as anthroengineering. We present a working definition for anthroengineering and examples of how anthroengineering has been used. We discuss the necessity of recognizing anthroengineering as a unique field and explore potential novel applications. Finally, we discuss the future of anthroengineering, highlighting avenues for moving the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Berthaume
- Division of Mechanical Engineering and Design, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK
| | - Patricia Ann Kramer
- Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3100, USA.,Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-3100, USA
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13
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Smith AL, Robinson C, Taylor AB, Panagiotopoulou O, Davis J, Ward CV, Kimbel WH, Alemseged Z, Ross CF. Comparative biomechanics of the Pan and Macaca mandibles during mastication: finite element modelling of loading, deformation and strain regimes. Interface Focus 2021; 11:20210031. [PMID: 34938438 PMCID: PMC8361577 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2021.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of the mandibles of Pan and Macaca during mastication was compared using finite element modelling. Muscle forces were calculated using species-specific measures of physiological cross-sectional area and scaled using electromyographic estimates of muscle recruitment in Macaca. Loading regimes were compared using moments acting on the mandible and strain regimes were qualitatively compared using maps of principal, shear and axial strains. The enlarged and more vertically oriented temporalis and superficial masseter muscles of Pan result in larger sagittal and transverse bending moments on both working and balancing sides, and larger anteroposterior twisting moments on the working side. The mandible of Pan experiences higher principal strain magnitudes in the ramus and mandibular prominence, higher transverse shear strains in the top of the symphyseal region and working-side corpus, and a predominance of sagittal bending-related strains in the balancing-side mandible. This study lays the foundation for a broader comparative study of Hominidae mandibular mechanics in extant and fossil hominids using finite element modelling. Pan's larger and more vertical masseter and temporalis may make it a more suitable model for hominid mandibular biomechanics than Macaca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anatomy, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, 200 University Parkway, Yakima, WA 98901, USA
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chris Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bronx Community College, Bronx, NY 10453, USA
| | | | - Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Julian Davis
- Department of Engineering, University of Southern Indiana, 8600 University Boulevard, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - Carol V. Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William H. Kimbel
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-4101, USA
| | - Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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14
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Dutel H, Gröning F, Sharp AC, Watson PJ, Herrel A, Ross CF, Jones MEH, Evans SE, Fagan MJ. Comparative cranial biomechanics in two lizard species: impact of variation in cranial design. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb.234831. [PMID: 33504585 PMCID: PMC7970069 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.234831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cranial morphology in lepidosaurs is highly disparate and characterised by the frequent loss or reduction of bony elements. In varanids and geckos, the loss of the postorbital bar is associated with changes in skull shape, but the mechanical principles underlying this variation remain poorly understood. Here, we sought to determine how the overall cranial architecture and the presence of the postorbital bar relate to the loading and deformation of the cranial bones during biting in lepidosaurs. Using computer-based simulation techniques, we compared cranial biomechanics in the varanid Varanus niloticus and the teiid Salvator merianae, two large, active foragers. The overall strain magnitude and distribution across the cranium were similar in the two species, despite lower strain gradients in V. niloticus. In S. merianae, the postorbital bar is important for resistance of the cranium to feeding loads. The postorbital ligament, which in varanids partially replaces the postorbital bar, does not affect bone strain. Our results suggest that the reduction of the postorbital bar impaired neither biting performance nor the structural resistance of the cranium to feeding loads in V. niloticus. Differences in bone strain between the two species might reflect demands imposed by feeding and non-feeding functions on cranial shape. Beyond variation in cranial bone strain related to species-specific morphological differences, our results reveal that similar mechanical behaviour is shared by lizards with distinct cranial shapes. Contrary to the situation in mammals, the morphology of the circumorbital region, calvaria and palate appears to be important for withstanding high feeding loads in these lizards. Summary:In vivo measurements and computer-based simulations of the cranial mechanics of two large lizards indicate that similar mechanical behaviour is shared by lizards with distinct cranial architecture, and show the importance of the postorbital bar in resisting the feeding loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Dutel
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK .,Department of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Flora Gröning
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Alana C Sharp
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK.,Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Peter J Watson
- Department of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- UMR 7179 MECADEV, MNHN - CNRS, Département Adaptations du Vivant, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Callum F Ross
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Marc E H Jones
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Susan E Evans
- Centre for Integrative Anatomy, Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Anatomy Building, Gower Street, London, WCIE 6BT, UK
| | - Michael J Fagan
- Department of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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15
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Laird MF, Wright BW, Rivera AO, Fogaça MD, van Casteren A, Fragaszy DM, Izar P, Visalberghi E, Scott RS, Strait DS, Ross CF, Wright KA. Ingestive behaviors in bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus). Sci Rep 2020; 10:20850. [PMID: 33257755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomechanical and adaptive significance of variation in craniodental and mandibular morphology in fossil hominins is not always clear, at least in part because of a poor understanding of how different feeding behaviors impact feeding system design (form–function relationships). While laboratory studies suggest that ingestive behaviors produce variable loading, stress, and strain regimes in the cranium and mandible, understanding the relative importance of these behaviors for feeding system design requires data on their use in wild populations. Here we assess the frequencies and durations of manual, ingestive, and masticatory behaviors from more than 1400 observations of feeding behaviors video-recorded in a wild population of bearded capuchins (Sapajus libidinosus) at Fazenda Boa Vista in Piauí, Brazil. Our results suggest that ingestive behaviors in wild Sapajus libidinosus were used for a range of food material properties and typically performed using the anterior dentition. Coupled with previous laboratory work indicating that ingestive behaviors are associated with higher mandibular strain magnitudes than mastication, these results suggest that ingestive behaviors may play an important role in craniodental and mandibular design in capuchins and may be reflected in robust adaptations in fossil hominins.
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16
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Zmuda Trzebiatowski MA, Kłosowski P, Skorek A, Żerdzicki K, Lemski P, Koberda M. Nonlinear dynamic analysis of the pure "buckling" mechanism during blow-out trauma of the human orbit. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15275. [PMID: 32943736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72186-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the interplay between orbital bones and intraorbital soft tissues, commonly accepted patterns of the blow-out type of trauma within the human orbit require more thorough investigation to assess the minimal health-threatening impact value. Two different three-dimensional finite element method (FEM) models of the human orbital region were developed to simulate the pure “buckling” mechanism of orbital wall fracture in two variants: the model of orbital bone elements and the model of orbital bone, orbit and intraorbital tissue elements. The mechanical properties of the so-defined numerical skull fragment were applied to the model according to the unique laboratory tensile stress tests performed on small and fragile specimens of orbital bones as well as using the data available in the literature. The nonlinear transient analysis of the contact problem between bodies that differ substantially in terms of the Young’s modulus was carried out to investigate the interaction of different bodies within an instant injury. Potential damage areas were found within the lower orbital wall as well as the destructive load values for both FEM skull models (7,660 N and 8,520 N). Moreover, numerical simulations were validated by comparing them with computed tomography scans of real injuries.
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17
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Mehari Abraha H, Taylor AB, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Ross CF. Biomechanics of the mandible of Macaca mulatta during the power stroke of mastication: Loading, deformation, and strain regimes and the impact of food type. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102865. [PMID: 32905895 PMCID: PMC7541691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mandible morphology has yet to yield definitive information on primate diet, probably because of poor understanding of mandibular loading and strain regimes, and overreliance on simple beam models of mandibular mechanics. We used a finite element model of a macaque mandible to test hypotheses about mandibular loading and strain regimes and relate variation in muscle activity during chewing on different foods to variation in strain regimes. The balancing-side corpus is loaded primarily by sagittal shear forces and sagittal bending moments. On the working side, sagittal bending moments, anteroposterior twisting moments, and lateral transverse bending moments all reach similar maxima below the bite point; sagittal shear is the dominant loading regime behind the bite point; and the corpus is twisted such that the mandibular base is inverted. In the symphyseal region, the predominant loading regimes are lateral transverse bending and negative twisting about a mediolateral axis. Compared with grape and dried fruit chewing, nut chewing is associated with larger sagittal and transverse bending moments acting on balancing- and working-side mandibles, larger sagittal shear on the working side, and larger twisting moments about vertical and transverse axes in the symphyseal region. Nut chewing is also associated with higher minimum principal strain magnitudes in the balancing-side posterior ramus; higher sagittal shear strain magnitudes in the working-side buccal alveolar process and the balancing-side oblique line, recessus mandibulae, and endocondylar ridge; and higher transverse shear strains in the symphyseal region, the balancing-side medial prominence, and the balancing-side endocondylar ridge. The largest food-related differences in maximum principal and transverse shear strain magnitudes are in the transverse tori and in the balancing-side medial prominence, extramolar sulcus, oblique line, and endocondylar ridge. Food effects on the strain regime are most salient in areas not traditionally investigated, suggesting that studies seeking dietary effects on mandible morphology might be looking in the wrong places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Jose Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Biology, University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Simon Wilshin
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Herts, AL97TA, UK
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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18
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Ip KK, You P, Moore CC, Ferreira LM. Bite Force Simulator: A Novel Technique to Simulate Craniofacial Strain In Vitro. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:838-42. [DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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19
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Morales-García NM, Burgess TD, Hill JJ, Gill PG, Rayfield EJ. The use of extruded finite-element models as a novel alternative to tomography-based models: a case study using early mammal jaws. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20190674. [PMID: 31822222 PMCID: PMC6936041 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2019.0674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Finite-element (FE) analysis has been used in palaeobiology to assess the mechanical performance of the jaw. It uses two types of models: tomography-based three-dimensional (3D) models (very accurate, not always accessible) and two-dimensional (2D) models (quick and easy to build, good for broad-scale studies, cannot obtain absolute stress and strain values). Here, we introduce extruded FE models, which provide fairly accurate mechanical performance results, while remaining low-cost, quick and easy to build. These are simplified 3D models built from lateral outlines of a relatively flat jaw and extruded to its average width. There are two types: extruded (flat mediolaterally) and enhanced extruded (accounts for width differences in the ascending ramus). Here, we compare mechanical performance values resulting from four types of FE models (i.e. tomography-based 3D, extruded, enhanced extruded and 2D) in Morganucodon and Kuehneotherium. In terms of absolute values, both types of extruded model perform well in comparison to the tomography-based 3D models, but enhanced extruded models perform better. In terms of overall patterns, all models produce similar results. Extruded FE models constitute a viable alternative to the use of tomography-based 3D models, particularly in relatively flat bones.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas D Burgess
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
| | - Jennifer J Hill
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.,Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20013-7012, USA
| | - Pamela G Gill
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK.,Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, Bristol BS8 1RJ, UK
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20
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Abstract
Finite element (FE) models have become increasingly popular in comparative biomechanical studies, with researchers continually developing methods such as 'warping' preexisting models to facilitate analyses. However, few studies have investigated how well FE models can predict biologically crucial whole-structure performance or whether 'warped' models can provide useful information about the mechanical behavior of actual specimens. This study addresses both of these issues through a validation of warped FE models of turtle shells. FE models for 40 turtle specimens were built using 3D landmark coordinates and thin-plate spline interpolations to warp preexisting turtle shell models. Each actual turtle specimen was loaded to failure, and the load at failure and mode of fracture were then compared with the behavior predicted by the models. Overall, the models performed very well, despite the fact that many simplifying assumptions were made for analysis. Regressions of observed on predicted loads were significant for the dataset as a whole, as well as in separate analyses within two turtle species, and the direction of fracture was generally consistent with the patterns of stresses observed in the models. This was true even when size (an important factor in determining strength) was removed from analyses - the models were also able to predict which shells would be relatively stronger or weaker. Although some residual variation remains unexplained, this study supports the idea that warped FE models run with simplifying assumptions at least can provide useful information for comparative biomechanical studies.
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21
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Püschel TA, Marcé-Nogué J, Kaiser TM, Brocklehurst RJ, Sellers WI. Analyzing the sclerocarpy adaptations of the Pitheciidae mandible. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22759. [PMID: 29664191 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Primates are interpreted to be ancestrally adapted to frugivory, although some modern groups show clear adaptations to other diets. Among them, pitheciids stand out for specifically predating seeds. This dietary specialization is known as sclerocarpy and refers to the extraction of seeds from surrounding hard tissues using the anterior dentition followed by the mastication of seeds by the molars. It has been proposed that Callicebus-Pithecia-Chiropotes-Cacajao represent a morphocline of increasingly specialized anatomical traits for sclerocarpic foraging. This study addresses whether there is a sclerocarpic specialization gradient in the mandibular morphology of pitheciids. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate two biting scenarios and the obtained stress values were compared between different pitheciids. Geometric morphometrics (GM) were used to display the morphological variation of this group. No support was found for the morphocline hypothesis from a biomechanical viewpoint since all pitheciins showed similar stress values and on average Chiropotes rather than Cacajao exhibited the strongest mandible. From a morphological perspective, it was found that there is indeed relative "robusticity" continuum in the pitheciid mandible for some aspects of shape as expected for the morphocline hypothesis, but this gradient could be related to other factors rather than sclerocarpic specialization. The present results are expected to contribute to a better insight regarding the ecomorphological relationship between mandibular morphology and mechanical performance among pitheciids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Püschel
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mancheste, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jordi Marcé-Nogué
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,Institut Català de Paleontologia M. Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas M Kaiser
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert J Brocklehurst
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mancheste, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - William I Sellers
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Mancheste, Manchester, United Kingdom
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22
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Tseng ZJ, Flynn JJ. Structure-function covariation with nonfeeding ecological variables influences evolution of feeding specialization in Carnivora. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao5441. [PMID: 29441363 PMCID: PMC5810607 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao5441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Skull shape convergence is pervasive among vertebrates. Although this is frequently inferred to indicate similar functional underpinnings, neither the specific structure-function linkages nor the selective environments in which the supposed functional adaptations arose are commonly identified and tested. We demonstrate that nonfeeding factors relating to sexual maturity and precipitation-related arboreality also can generate structure-function relationships in the skulls of carnivorans (dogs, cats, seals, and relatives) through covariation with masticatory performance. We estimated measures of masticatory performance related to ecological variables that covary with cranial shape in the mammalian order Carnivora, integrating geometric morphometrics and finite element analyses. Even after accounting for phylogenetic autocorrelation, cranial shapes are significantly correlated to both feeding and nonfeeding ecological variables, and covariation with both variable types generated significant masticatory performance gradients. This suggests that mechanisms of obligate shape covariation with nonfeeding variables can produce performance changes resembling those arising from feeding adaptations in Carnivora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Jack Tseng
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - John J. Flynn
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Richard Gilder Graduate School, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
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23
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Dickinson E, Stark H, Kupczik K. Non-Destructive Determination of Muscle Architectural Variables Through the Use of DiceCT. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:363-377. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Dickinson
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
| | - Heiko Stark
- Institute of Systematic Zoology and Evolutionary Biology with Phyletic Museum; Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena; Jena Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology; Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology; Leipzig Germany
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24
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Ledogar JA, Luk THY, Perry JMG, Neaux D, Wroe S. Biting mechanics and niche separation in a specialized clade of primate seed predators. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190689. [PMID: 29324822 PMCID: PMC5764286 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed feeding biomechanics in pitheciine monkeys (Pithecia, Chiropotes, Cacajao), a clade that specializes on hard-husked unripe fruit (sclerocarpy) and resistant seeds (seed predation). We tested the hypothesis that pitheciine crania are well-suited to generate and withstand forceful canine and molar biting, with the prediction that they generate bite forces more efficiently and better resist masticatory strains than the closely-related Callicebus, which does not specialize on unripe fruits and/or seeds. We also tested the hypothesis that Callicebus-Pithecia-Chiropotes-Cacajao represent a morphocline of increasing sclerocarpic specialization with respect to biting leverage and craniofacial strength, consistent with anterior dental morphology. We found that pitheciines have higher biting leverage than Callicebus and are generally more resistant to masticatory strain. However, Cacajao was found to experience high strain magnitudes in some facial regions. We therefore found limited support for the morphocline hypothesis, at least with respect to the mechanical performance metrics examined here. Biting leverage in Cacajao was nearly identical (or slightly less than) in Chiropotes and strain magnitudes during canine biting were more likely to follow a Cacajao-Chiropotes-Pithecia trend of increasing strength, in contrast to the proposed morphocline. These results could indicate that bite force efficiency and derived anterior teeth were selected for in pitheciines at the expense of increased strain magnitudes. However, our results for Cacajao potentially reflect reduced feeding competition offered by allopatry with other pitheciines, which allows Cacajao species to choose from a wider variety of fruits at various stages of ripeness, leading to reduction in the selection for robust facial features. We also found that feeding biomechanics in sympatric Pithecia and Chiropotes are consistent with data on food structural properties and observations of dietary niche separation, with the former being well-suited for the regular molar crushing of hard seeds and the latter better adapted for breaching hard fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Theodora H. Y. Luk
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. G. Perry
- Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dimitri Neaux
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Ross CF, Porro LB, Herrel A, Evans SE, Fagan MJ. Bite force and cranial bone strain in four species of lizards. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:jeb.180240. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.180240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In vivo bone strain data provide direct evidence of strain patterns in the cranium during biting. Compared to mammals, in vivo bone strains in lizard skulls are poorly documented. This paper presents strain data from the skulls of Anolis equestris, Gekko gecko, Iguana iguana and Salvator merianae during transducer biting. Analysis of variance was used to investigate effects of bite force, bite point, diet, cranial morphology and cranial kinesis on strain magnitudes. Within individuals the most consistent determinants of variance in bone strain magnitudes are gage location and bite point, with the importance of bite force varying between individuals. Inter-site variance in strain magnitudes—strain gradient—is present in all individuals, and varies with bite point. Between individuals within species, variance in strain magnitude is driven primarily by variation in bite force, not gage location or bite point, suggesting that inter-individual variation in patterns of strain magnitude is minimal. Between species, variation in strain magnitudes is significantly impacted by bite force and species membership, as well as by interactions between gage location, species, and bite point. Independent of bite force, species differences in cranial strain magnitudes may reflect selection for different cranial morphology in relation to feeding function, but what these performance criteria are is not clear. The relatively low strain magnitudes in Iguana and Uromastyx compared to other lizards may be related to their herbivorous diet. Cranial kinesis and the presence or absence of postorbital and supratemporal bars are not important determinants of inter-specific variation in strain magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum F. Ross
- Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Laura B. Porro
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Sorbonne Universités, Département Adaptations du Vivant, UMR 7179, C.N.R.S/M.N.H.N., Paris, France
| | - Susan E. Evans
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Michael J. Fagan
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK
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26
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Ledogar JA, Benazzi S, Smith AL, Weber GW, Carlson KB, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Carlson KJ, De Ruiter DJ, Pryor Mcintosh LC, Strait DS. The Biomechanics of Bony Facial "Buttresses" in South African Australopiths: An Experimental Study Using Finite Element Analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 300:171-195. [PMID: 28000396 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Australopiths exhibit a number of derived facial features that are thought to strengthen the face against high and/or repetitive loads associated with a diet that included mechanically challenging foods. Here, we use finite element analysis (FEA) to test hypotheses related to the purported strengthening role of the zygomatic root and "anterior pillar" in australopiths. We modified our previously constructed models of Sts 5 (Australopithecus africanus) and MH1 (A. sediba) to differ in the morphology of the zygomatic root, including changes to both the shape and positioning of the zygomatic root complex, in addition to creating variants of Sts 5 lacking anterior pillars. We found that both an expanded zygomatic root and the presence of "anterior pillars" reinforce the face against feeding loads. We also found that strain orientations are most compatible with the hypothesis that the pillar evolved to resist loads associated with premolar loading, and that this morphology has an ancillary effect of strengthening the face during all loading regimes. These results provide support for the functional hypotheses. However, we found that an anteriorly positioned zygomatic root increases strain magnitudes even in models with an inflated/reinforced root complex. These results suggest that an anteriorly placed zygomatic root complex evolved to enhance the efficiency of bite force production while facial reinforcement features, such as the anterior pillar and the expanded zygomatic root, may have been selected for in part to compensate for the weakening effect of this facial configuration. Anat Rec, 300:171-195, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.,Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Ravenna, 48121, Italy.,Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Gerhard W Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, A-1090, Austria
| | - Keely B Carlson
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Paul C Dechow
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - Ian R Grosse
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian G Richmond
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Barth W Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia
| | - Kristian J Carlson
- Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Darryl J De Ruiter
- Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas.,Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Leslie C Pryor Mcintosh
- School of Science and Mathematics, Abraham Baldwin Agricultural College, Tifton, Georgia 30605
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York.,Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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27
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Panagiotopoulou O, Iriarte-Diaz J, Wilshin S, Dechow PC, Taylor AB, Mehari Abraha H, Aljunid SF, Ross CF. In vivo bone strain and finite element modeling of a rhesus macaque mandible during mastication. ZOOLOGY 2017; 124:13-29. [PMID: 29037463 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a commonly used tool in musculoskeletal biomechanics and vertebrate paleontology. The accuracy and precision of finite element models (FEMs) are reliant on accurate data on bone geometry, muscle forces, boundary conditions and tissue material properties. Simplified modeling assumptions, due to lack of in vivo experimental data on material properties and muscle activation patterns, may introduce analytical errors in analyses where quantitative accuracy is critical for obtaining rigorous results. A subject-specific FEM of a rhesus macaque mandible was constructed, loaded and validated using in vivo data from the same animal. In developing the model, we assessed the impact on model behavior of variation in (i) material properties of the mandibular trabecular bone tissue and teeth; (ii) constraints at the temporomandibular joint and bite point; and (iii) the timing of the muscle activity used to estimate the external forces acting on the model. The best match between the FEA simulation and the in vivo experimental data resulted from modeling the trabecular tissue with an isotropic and homogeneous Young's modulus and Poisson's value of 10GPa and 0.3, respectively; constraining translations along X,Y, Z axes in the chewing (left) side temporomandibular joint, the premolars and the m1; constraining the balancing (right) side temporomandibular joint in the anterior-posterior and superior-inferior axes, and using the muscle force estimated at time of maximum strain magnitude in the lower lateral gauge. The relative strain magnitudes in this model were similar to those recorded in vivo for all strain locations. More detailed analyses of mandibular strain patterns during the power stroke at different times in the chewing cycle are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Panagiotopoulou
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - José Iriarte-Diaz
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Simon Wilshin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, 3302 Gaston Ave., Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Andrea B Taylor
- Department of Basic Science, Touro University, 1310 Club Drive, Mare Island, Vellejo, CA 94592, USA
| | - Hyab Mehari Abraha
- Moving Morphology & Functional Mechanics Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Sharifah F Aljunid
- Materialise Unit 5-01, Menara OBYU, No. 4, Jalan PJU 8/8A, Damansara Perdana, 47820 Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E. 57th St., Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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28
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Abstract
The mammalian jaw is often modelled as a third-class lever for the purposes of biomechanical analyses, owing to the position of the resultant muscle force between the jaw joint and the teeth. However, it has been proposed that in some rodents the jaws operate as a second-class lever during distal molar bites, owing to the rostral position of the masticatory musculature. In particular, the infraorbital portion of the zygomatico-mandibularis (IOZM) has been suggested to be of major importance in converting the masticatory system from a third-class to a second-class lever. The presence of the IOZM is diagnostic of the hystricomorph rodents, and is particularly well-developed in Pedetes capensis, the South African springhare. In this study, finite element analysis (FEA) was used to assess the lever mechanics of the springhare masticatory system, and to determine the function of the IOZM. An FE model of the skull of P. capensis was constructed and loaded with all masticatory muscles, and then solved for biting at each tooth in turn. Further load cases were created in which each masticatory muscle was removed in turn. The analyses showed that the mechanical advantage of the springhare jaws was above one at all molar bites and very close to one during the premolar bite. Removing the IOZM or masseter caused a drop in mechanical advantage at all bites, but affected strain patterns and cranial deformation very little. Removing the ZM had only a small effect on mechanical advantage, but produced a substantial reduction in strain and deformation across the skull. It was concluded that the masticatory system of P. capensis acts as a second class lever during bites along almost the entire cheek tooth row. The IOZM is clearly a major contributor to this effect, but the masseter also has a part to play. The benefit of the IOZM is that it adds force without substantially contributing to strain or deformation of the skull. This may help explain why the hystricomorphous morphology has evolved multiple times independently within Rodentia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Cox
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
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29
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Gharpure P, Kontogiorgos ED, Opperman LA, Ross CF, Strait DS, Smith A, Pryor LC, Wang Q, Dechow PC. Elastic Properties of Chimpanzee Craniofacial Cortical Bone. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 299:1718-1733. [PMID: 27870344 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relatively few assessments of cranial biomechanics formally take into account variation in the material properties of cranial cortical bone. Our aim was to characterize the elastic properties of chimpanzee craniofacial cortical bone and compare these to the elastic properties of dentate human craniofacial cortical bone. From seven cranial regions, 27 cylindrical samples were harvested from each of five chimpanzee crania. Assuming orthotropy, axes of maximum stiffness in the plane of the cortical plate were derived using modified equations of Hooke's law in a Mathcad program. Consistent orientations among individuals were observed in the zygomatic arch and alveolus. The density of cortical bone showed significant regional variation (P < 0.001). The elastic moduli demonstrated significant differences between sites, and a distinct pattern where E3 > E2 > E1 . Shear moduli were significantly different among regions (P < 0.001). The pattern by which chimpanzee cranial cortical bone varies in elastic properties resembled that seen in humans, perhaps suggesting that the elastic properties of craniofacial bone in fossil hominins can be estimated with at least some degree of confidence. Anat Rec, 299:1718-1733, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poorva Gharpure
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elias D Kontogiorgos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Lynne A Opperman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David S Strait
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Amanda Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Leslie C Pryor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
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30
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Prado FB, Freire AR, Cláudia Rossi A, Ledogar JA, Smith AL, Dechow PC, Strait DS, Voigt T, Ross CF. Review of In Vivo Bone Strain Studies and Finite Element Models of the Zygomatic Complex in Humans and Nonhuman Primates: Implications for Clinical Research and Practice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2017; 299:1753-1778. [PMID: 27870351 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The craniofacial skeleton is often described in the clinical literature as being comprised of vertical bony pillars, which transmit forces from the toothrow to the neurocranium as axial compressive stresses, reinforced transversely by buttresses. Here, we review the literature on bony microarchitecture, in vivo bone strain, and finite-element modeling of the facial skeleton of humans and nonhuman primates to address questions regarding the structural and functional existence of facial pillars and buttresses. Available bone material properties data do not support the existence of pillars and buttresses in humans or Sapajus apella. Deformation regimes in the zygomatic complex emphasize bending and shear, therefore conceptualizing the zygomatic complex of humans or nonhuman primates as a pillar obscures its patterns of stress, strain, and deformation. Human fossil relatives and chimpanzees exhibit strain regimes corroborating the existence of a canine-frontal pillar, but the notion of a zygomatic pillar has no support. The emerging consensus on patterns of strain and deformation in finite element models (FEMs) of the human facial skeleton corroborates hypotheses in the clinical literature regarding zygomatic complex function, and provide new insights into patterns of failure of titanium and resorbable plates in experimental studies. It is suggested that the "pillar and buttress" model of human craniofacial skeleton function be replaced with FEMs that more accurately and precisely represent in vivo function, and which can serve as the basis for future research into implants used in restoration of occlusal function and fracture repair. Anat Rec, 299:1753-1778, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felippe Bevilacqua Prado
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rodrigues Freire
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Cláudia Rossi
- Department of Morphology, Anatomy Area, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Justin A Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Amanda L Smith
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Paul C Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences Texas A&M University, College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - David S Strait
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Tilman Voigt
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Callum F Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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31
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Glowacka H, McFarlin SC, Vogel ER, Stoinski TS, Ndagijimana F, Tuyisingize D, Mudakikwa A, Schwartz GT. Toughness of the Virunga mountain gorilla (
Gorilla beringei beringei
) diet across an altitudinal gradient. Am J Primatol 2017; 79. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Halszka Glowacka
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
| | - Shannon C. McFarlin
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Human PaleobiologyThe George Washington UniversityWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | - Erin R. Vogel
- Department of Anthropology, RutgersThe State University of New JerseyNew BrunswickNew Jersey
| | | | - Felix Ndagijimana
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund InternationalKarisoke Research CenterMusanzeRwanda
| | - Deo Tuyisingize
- Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund InternationalKarisoke Research CenterMusanzeRwanda
| | - Antoine Mudakikwa
- Department of Tourism and ConservationRwanda Development BoardKigaliRwanda
| | - Gary T. Schwartz
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Institute of Human OriginsArizona State UniversityTempeArizona
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32
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Abstract
Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of the calvarial sutures that is associated with a number of physical and intellectual disabilities spanning from pediatric to adult years. Over the past two decades, techniques in molecular genetics and more recently, advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have been used to examine the underlying pathogenesis of this disease. To date, mutations in 57 genes have been identified as causing craniosynostosis and the number of newly discovered genes is growing rapidly as a result of the advances in genomic technologies. While contributions from both genetic and environmental factors in this disease are increasingly apparent, there remains a gap in knowledge that bridges the clinical characteristics and genetic markers of craniosynostosis with their signaling pathways and mechanotransduction processes. By linking genotype to phenotype, outlining the role of cell mechanics may further uncover the specific mechanotransduction pathways underlying craniosynostosis. Here, we present a brief overview of the recent findings in craniofacial genetics and cell mechanics, discussing how this information together with animal models is advancing our understanding of craniofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Al-Rekabi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine and the, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Nathan J Sniadecki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, 3720 15 Ave NE, Seattle WA, 98105, USA
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33
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Herring SW, Ochareon P. The Periosteum of the Zygomatic Arch: Vascularization and Growth. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1661-1670. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan W. Herring
- Department of Orthodontics; University of Washington; Seattle Washington
| | - Pannee Ochareon
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
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34
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Pryor Mcintosh L, Strait DS, Ledogar JA, Smith AL, Ross CF, Wang Q, Opperman LA, Dechow PC. Internal Bone Architecture in the Zygoma of Human and Pan: INTERNAL ZYGOMATIC BONE ARCHITECTURE OF HUMAN AND PAN. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1704-17. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Orr CM. Functional Morphology of the Primate Hand: Recent Approaches Using Biomedical Imaging, Computer Modeling, and Engineering Methods. In: Kivell TL, Lemelin P, Richmond BG, Schmitt D, editors. The Evolution of the Primate Hand. New York: Springer; 2016. pp. 227-57. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3646-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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36
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Ledogar JA, Dechow PC, Wang Q, Gharpure PH, Gordon AD, Baab KL, Smith AL, Weber GW, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Byron C, Wroe S, Strait DS. Human feeding biomechanics: performance, variation, and functional constraints. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2242. [PMID: 27547550 PMCID: PMC4975005 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the modern human (Homo sapiens) cranium is characterized by a reduction in the size of the feeding system, including reductions in the size of the facial skeleton, postcanine teeth, and the muscles involved in biting and chewing. The conventional view hypothesizes that gracilization of the human feeding system is related to a shift toward eating foods that were less mechanically challenging to consume and/or foods that were processed using tools before being ingested. This hypothesis predicts that human feeding systems should not be well-configured to produce forceful bites and that the cranium should be structurally weak. An alternate hypothesis, based on the observation that humans have mechanically efficient jaw adductors, states that the modern human face is adapted to generate and withstand high biting forces. We used finite element analysis (FEA) to test two opposing mechanical hypotheses: that compared to our closest living relative, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), the modern human craniofacial skeleton is (1) less well configured, or (2) better configured to generate and withstand high magnitude bite forces. We considered intraspecific variation in our examination of human feeding biomechanics by examining a sample of geographically diverse crania that differed notably in shape. We found that our biomechanical models of human crania had broadly similar mechanical behavior despite their shape variation and were, on average, less structurally stiff than the crania of chimpanzees during unilateral biting when loaded with physiologically-scaled muscle loads. Our results also show that modern humans are efficient producers of bite force, consistent with previous analyses. However, highly tensile reaction forces were generated at the working (biting) side jaw joint during unilateral molar bites in which the chewing muscles were recruited with bilateral symmetry. In life, such a configuration would have increased the risk of joint dislocation and constrained the maximum recruitment levels of the masticatory muscles on the balancing (non-biting) side of the head. Our results do not necessarily conflict with the hypothesis that anterior tooth (incisors, canines, premolars) biting could have been selectively important in humans, although the reduced size of the premolars in humans has been shown to increase the risk of tooth crown fracture. We interpret our results to suggest that human craniofacial evolution was probably not driven by selection for high magnitude unilateral biting, and that increased masticatory muscle efficiency in humans is likely to be a secondary byproduct of selection for some function unrelated to forceful biting behaviors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a shift to softer foods and/or the innovation of pre-oral food processing techniques relaxed selective pressures maintaining craniofacial features that favor forceful biting and chewing behaviors, leading to the characteristically small and gracile faces of modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. Ledogar
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Poorva H. Gharpure
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Adam D. Gordon
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
| | - Karen L. Baab
- Department of Anatomy, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, United States
| | - Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
| | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Brian G. Richmond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri, United States
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, United States
| | - Stephen Wroe
- Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, New York, United States
- Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States
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37
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Toro-Ibacache V, O'Higgins P. The Effect of Varying Jaw-elevator Muscle Forces on a Finite Element Model of a Human Cranium. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:828-39. [PMID: 27111484 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Finite element analyses simulating masticatory system loading are increasingly undertaken in primates, hominin fossils and modern humans. Simplifications of models and loadcases are often required given the limits of data and technology. One such area of uncertainty concerns the forces applied to cranial models and their sensitivity to variations in these forces. We assessed the effect of varying force magnitudes among jaw-elevator muscles applied to a finite element model of a human cranium. The model was loaded to simulate incisor and molar bites using different combinations of muscle forces. Symmetric, asymmetric, homogeneous, and heterogeneous muscle activations were simulated by scaling maximal forces. The effects were compared with respect to strain distribution (i.e., modes of deformation) and magnitudes; bite forces and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reaction forces. Predicted modes of deformation, strain magnitudes and bite forces were directly proportional to total applied muscle force and relatively insensitive to the degree of heterogeneity of muscle activation. However, TMJ reaction forces and mandibular fossa strains decrease and increase on the balancing and working sides according to the degree of asymmetry of loading. These results indicate that when modes, rather than magnitudes, of facial deformation are of interest, errors in applied muscle forces have limited effects. However the degree of asymmetric loading does impact on TMJ reaction forces and mandibular fossa strains. These findings are of particular interest in relation to studies of skeletal and fossil material, where muscle data are not available and estimation of muscle forces from skeletal proxies is prone to error. Anat Rec, 299:828-839, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
- Facultad De Odontología, Universidad De Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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Toro-ibacache V, Zapata Muñoz V, O’higgins P. The relationship between skull morphology, masticatory muscle force and cranial skeletal deformation during biting. Ann Anat 2016; 203:59-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Sharif F, Ur Rehman I, Muhammad N, MacNeil S. Dental materials for cleft palate repair. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2015; 61:1018-28. [PMID: 26838929 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous bone and soft tissue grafting techniques are followed to repair cleft of lip and palate (CLP) defects. In addition to the gold standard surgical interventions involving the use of autogenous grafts, various allogenic and xenogenic graft materials are available for bone regeneration. In an attempt to discover minimally invasive and cost effective treatments for cleft repair, an exceptional growth in synthetic biomedical graft materials have occurred. This study gives an overview of the use of dental materials to repair cleft of lip and palate (CLP). The eligibility criteria for this review were case studies, clinical trials and retrospective studies on the use of various types of dental materials in surgical repair of cleft palate defects. Any data available on the surgical interventions to repair alveolar or palatal cleft, with natural or synthetic graft materials was included in this review. Those datasets with long term clinical follow-up results were referred to as particularly relevant. The results provide encouraging evidence in favor of dental and other related biomedical materials to fill the gaps in clefts of lip and palate. The review presents the various bones and soft tissue replacement strategies currently used, tested or explored for the repair of cleft defects. There was little available data on the use of synthetic materials in cleft repair which was a limitation of this study. In conclusion although clinical trials on the use of synthetic materials are currently underway the uses of autologous implants are the preferred treatment methods to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Sharif
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, UK; Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Ihtesham Ur Rehman
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nawshad Muhammad
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sheila MacNeil
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, UK
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Toro-Ibacache V, Fitton LC, Fagan MJ, O'Higgins P. Validity and sensitivity of a human cranial finite element model: implications for comparative studies of biting performance. J Anat 2015; 228:70-84. [PMID: 26398104 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) is a modelling technique increasingly used in anatomical studies investigating skeletal form and function. In the case of the cranium this approach has been applied to both living and fossil taxa to (for example) investigate how form relates to function or infer diet or behaviour. However, FE models of complex musculoskeletal structures always rely on simplified representations because it is impossible completely to image and represent every detail of skeletal morphology, variations in material properties and the complexities of loading at all spatial and temporal scales. The effects of necessary simplifications merit investigation. To this end, this study focuses on one aspect, model geometry, which is particularly pertinent to fossil material where taphonomic processes often destroy the finer details of anatomy or in models built from clinical CTs where the resolution is limited and anatomical details are lost. We manipulated the details of a finite element (FE) model of an adult human male cranium and examined the impact on model performance. First, using digital speckle interferometry, we directly measured strains from the infraorbital region and frontal process of the maxilla of the physical cranium under simplified loading conditions, simulating incisor biting. These measured strains were then compared with predicted values from FE models with simplified geometries that included modifications to model resolution, and how cancellous bone and the thin bones of the circum-nasal and maxillary regions were represented. Distributions of regions of relatively high and low principal strains and principal strain vector magnitudes and directions, predicted by the most detailed FE model, are generally similar to those achieved in vitro. Representing cancellous bone as solid cortical bone lowers strain magnitudes substantially but the mode of deformation of the FE model is relatively constant. In contrast, omitting thin plates of bone in the circum-nasal region affects both mode and magnitude of deformation. Our findings provide a useful frame of reference with regard to the effects of simplifications on the performance of FE models of the cranium and call for caution in the interpretation and comparison of FEA results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Toro-Ibacache
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, UK.,Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Independencia, Región Metropolitana, Chile
| | - Laura C Fitton
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
| | - Michael J Fagan
- School of Engineering, Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Paul O'Higgins
- Centre for Anatomical and Human Sciences, Department of Archaeology and Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York, UK
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McCurry MR, Mahony M, Clausen PD, Quayle MR, Walmsley CW, Jessop TS, Wroe S, Richards H, McHenry CR. The relationship between cranial structure, biomechanical performance and ecological diversity in varanoid lizards. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130625. [PMID: 26106889 PMCID: PMC4479569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skull structure is intimately associated with feeding ability in vertebrates, both in terms of specific performance measures and general ecological characteristics. This study quantitatively assessed variation in the shape of the cranium and mandible in varanoid lizards, and its relationship to structural performance (von Mises strain) and interspecific differences in feeding ecology. Geometric morphometric and linear morphometric analyses were used to evaluate morphological differences, and finite element analysis was used to quantify variation in structural performance (strain during simulated biting, shaking and pulling). This data was then integrated with ecological classes compiled from relevant scientific literature on each species in order to establish structure-function relationships. Finite element modelling results showed that variation in cranial morphology resulted in large differences in the magnitudes and locations of strain in biting, shaking and pulling load cases. Gracile species such as Varanus salvadorii displayed high strain levels during shaking, especially in the areas between the orbits. All models exhibit less strain during pull back loading compared to shake loading, even though a larger force was applied (pull =30N, shake = 20N). Relationships were identified between the morphology, performance, and ecology. Species that did not feed on hard prey clustered in the gracile region of cranial morphospace and exhibited significantly higher levels of strain during biting (P = 0.0106). Species that fed on large prey clustered in the elongate area of mandible morphospace. This relationship differs from those that have been identified in other taxonomic groups such as crocodiles and mammals. This difference may be due to a combination of the open 'space-frame' structure of the varanoid lizard skull, and the 'pull back' behaviour that some species use for processing large prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. McCurry
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- Geosciences, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Mahony
- School of Environmental and Life Science, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | | | - Michelle R. Quayle
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Tim S. Jessop
- Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephen Wroe
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- The Function, Evolution & Anatomy Research Lab, Zoology Division, School of Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Heather Richards
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Colin R. McHenry
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
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Abstract
The pelvis is a critical link in the hindlimb locomotor system and has a central role in resisting loads associated with locomotion, but our understanding of its structural biomechanics is quite limited. Empirical data on how the pelvis responds to the loads it encounters are important for understanding pelvic adaptation to locomotion, and for testing hypotheses regarding how the pelvis is adapted to its mechanical demands. This paper presents in vitro strain gauge data on a sample of monkey and ape cadaveric specimens (Macaca, Papio, Ateles, Hylobates), and assesses strain magnitudes and distributions through the bones of the pelvis: the ilium, ischium and pubis. Pelves were individually mounted in a materials testing system, loads were applied across three hindlimb angular positions, and strains were recorded from 18 locations on the pelvic girdle. Peak principal strains range from 2000 to 3000 με, similar to peak strains recorded from other mammals in vivo. Although previous work has suggested that the bones of the pelvis may act as bent beams, this study suggests that there are likely additional loading regimes superimposed on bending. Specifically, these data suggest that the ilium is loaded in axial compression and torsion, the ischium in torsion, the pubic rami in mediolateral bending, and the pubic symphysis is loaded in a combination of compression and torsion. Compressive strains dominate the pelves of all species representatives. Shear strains change with limb position; hip flexion at 45° induces smaller shear strains than mid-stance (90°) or hip extension (105°). The pelvic girdle is a complex structure that does not lend itself easily to modeling, but finite element analyses may prove useful to generate and refine hypotheses of pelvic biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Lewton
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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Porro LB, Rayfield EJ, Clack JA. Descriptive anatomy and three-dimensional reconstruction of the skull of the early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari Jarvik, 1952. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118882. [PMID: 25760343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The early tetrapod Acanthostega gunnari is an iconic fossil taxon exhibiting skeletal morphology reflecting the transition of vertebrates from water onto land. Computed tomography data of two Acanthostega skulls was segmented using visualization software to digitally separate bone from matrix and individual bones of the skull from each other. A revised description of cranial and lower jaw anatomy in this taxon based on CT data includes new details of sutural morphology, the previously undescribed quadrate and articular bones, and the mandibular symphysis. Sutural morphology is used to infer loading regime in the skull during feeding, and suggests Acanthostega used its anterior jaws to initially seize prey while smaller posterior teeth were used to restrain struggling prey during ingestion. Novel methods were used to repair and retrodeform the skull, resulting in a three-dimensional digital reconstruction that features a longer postorbital region and more strongly hooked anterior lower jaw than previous attempts while supporting the presence of a midline gap between the nasals and median rostrals.
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Abstract
Feeding is the set of behaviors whereby organisms acquire and process the energy required for survival and reproduction. Thus, feeding system morphology is presumably subject to selection to maintain or improve feeding performance. Relationships among feeding system morphology, feeding behavior, and diet not only explain the morphological diversity of extant primates, but can also be used to reconstruct feeding behavior and diet in fossil taxa. Dental morphology has long been known to reflect aspects of feeding behavior and diet but strong relationships of craniomandibular morphology to feeding behavior and diet have yet to be defined.
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Smith AL, Benazzi S, Ledogar JA, Tamvada K, Pryor Smith LC, Weber GW, Spencer MA, Lucas PW, Michael S, Shekeban A, Al-Fadhalah K, Almusallam AS, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Madden RH, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Wood S, Dzialo C, Berthaume MA, Casteren AV, Strait DS. The feeding biomechanics and dietary ecology of Paranthropus boisei. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:145-67. [PMID: 25529240 PMCID: PMC4420635 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The African Plio-Pleistocene hominins known as australopiths evolved derived craniodental features frequently interpreted as adaptations for feeding on either hard, or compliant/tough foods. Among australopiths, Paranthropus boisei is the most robust form, exhibiting traits traditionally hypothesized to produce high bite forces efficiently and strengthen the face against feeding stresses. However, recent mechanical analyses imply that P. boisei may not have been an efficient producer of bite force and that robust morphology in primates is not necessarily strong. Here we use an engineering method, finite element analysis, to show that the facial skeleton of P. boisei is structurally strong, exhibits a strain pattern different from that in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and Australopithecus africanus, and efficiently produces high bite force. It has been suggested that P. boisei consumed a diet of compliant/tough foods like grass blades and sedge pith. However, the blunt occlusal topography of this and other species suggests that australopiths are adapted to consume hard foods, perhaps including grass and sedge seeds. A consideration of evolutionary trends in morphology relating to feeding mechanics suggests that food processing behaviors in gracile australopiths evidently were disrupted by environmental change, perhaps contributing to the eventual evolution of Homo and Paranthropus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, Ravenna 48121, Italy
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Kelli Tamvada
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
| | - Leslie C. Pryor Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark A. Spencer
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
- Department of Biology, South Mountain Community College, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Peter W. Lucas
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
| | - Shaji Michael
- Nanotechnology Research Facility, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Ali Shekeban
- Nanotechnology Research Facility, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Khaled Al-Fadhalah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Abdulwahab S. Almusallam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering and Petroleum, Kuwait University, Safat 13060, Kuwait
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richard H. Madden
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Brian G. Richmond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, NW, Washington, District of Columbia
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, Georgia
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia
| | - Dennis E. Slice
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- School of Computational Science & Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Dirac Science Library, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Sarah Wood
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Dzialo
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Michael A. Berthaume
- Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Medical and Biological Engineering Research Group, Department of Engineering, University of Hull, Cottingham Road, Kingston-Upon-Hull, HU6 7RX, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Van Casteren
- Department of Bioclinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait
- Max Planck Weizman Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, Albany, New York
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Tseng ZJ, Flynn JJ. Convergence analysis of a finite element skull model of Herpestes javanicus (Carnivora, Mammalia): Implications for robust comparative inferences of biomechanical function. J Theor Biol 2015; 365:112-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Smith AL, Benazzi S, Ledogar JA, Tamvada K, Smith LCP, Weber GW, Spencer MA, Dechow PC, Grosse IR, Ross CF, Richmond BG, Wright BW, Wang Q, Byron C, Slice DE, Strait DS. Biomechanical implications of intraspecific shape variation in chimpanzee crania: moving toward an integration of geometric morphometrics and finite element analysis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:122-44. [PMID: 25529239 PMCID: PMC4274755 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In a broad range of evolutionary studies, an understanding of intraspecific variation is needed in order to contextualize and interpret the meaning of variation between species. However, mechanical analyses of primate crania using experimental or modeling methods typically encounter logistical constraints that force them to rely on data gathered from only one or a few individuals. This results in a lack of knowledge concerning the mechanical significance of intraspecific shape variation that limits our ability to infer the significance of interspecific differences. This study uses geometric morphometric methods (GM) and finite element analysis (FEA) to examine the biomechanical implications of shape variation in chimpanzee crania, thereby providing a comparative context in which to interpret shape-related mechanical variation between hominin species. Six finite element models (FEMs) of chimpanzee crania were constructed from CT scans following shape-space Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of a matrix of 709 Procrustes coordinates (digitized onto 21 specimens) to identify the individuals at the extremes of the first three principal components. The FEMs were assigned the material properties of bone and were loaded and constrained to simulate maximal bites on the P(3) and M(2) . Resulting strains indicate that intraspecific cranial variation in morphology is associated with quantitatively high levels of variation in strain magnitudes, but qualitatively little variation in the distribution of strain concentrations. Thus, interspecific comparisons should include considerations of the spatial patterning of strains rather than focus only on their magnitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Smith
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Stefano Benazzi
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz, 6 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Bologna, Via degli Ariani 1, Ravenna 48121, Italy
| | - Justin A. Ledogar
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Kelli Tamvada
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
| | - Leslie C. Pryor Smith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark A. Spencer
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Box 874101, Tempe, AZ, 85287-4104
- Biology, South Mountain Community College, 7050 S. 24 Street, Phoenix, AZ, 85042
| | - Paul C. Dechow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX, 75246, USA
| | - Ian R. Grosse
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts, 160 Governor's Drive, Amherst, MA, 01003-2210
| | - Callum F. Ross
- Department of Organismal Biology & Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 East 57th 30 Street, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Brian G. Richmond
- Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, 2110 G St. NW, Washington, D. C., 20052, USA
- Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C., 20560, USA
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 Street, New York, NY 10024-5192
| | - Barth W. Wright
- Department of Anatomy, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, 1750 Independence Avenue, Kansas City, MO, 64106-1453, USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1550 College Street, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Craig Byron
- Department of Biology, Mercer University, 1400 Coleman Avenue, Macon, GA, 31207, USA
| | - Dennis E. Slice
- Department of Anthropology, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
- School of Computational Science & Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Dirac Science Library, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4120
| | - David S. Strait
- Department of Anthropology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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Lewton KL. Pelvic Form and Locomotor Adaptation in Strepsirrhine Primates. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:230-48. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Lewton
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology; Boston University School of Medicine; Boston Massachusetts
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; Harvard University; Cambridge Massachusetts
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49
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Gabutti M, Draper-Rodi J. Osteopathic decapitation: Why do we consider the head differently from the rest of the body? New perspectives for an evidence-informed osteopathic approach to the head. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard W. Weber
- Department of Anthropology; University of Vienna; A-1090 Vienna Austria
- Core Facility for Micro-Computed Tomography; University of Vienna; A-1090 Vienna Austria
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