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Wang B, He W, Huang M, Feng J, Li Y, Yu L, Wang Y, Zhou D, Meng C, Cheng D, Tang N, Song B, Chen H. Ralstonia solanacearum type III effector RipAS associates with potato type one protein phosphatase StTOPP6 to promote bacterial wilt. Hortic Res 2023; 10:uhad087. [PMID: 37334181 PMCID: PMC10273071 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (R. solanacearum) delivered type III secretion effectors to inhibit the immune system and cause bacterial wilt on potato. Protein phosphatases are key regulators in plant immunity, which pathogens can manipulate to alter host processes. Here, we show that a type III effector RipAS can reduce the nucleolar accumulation of a type one protein phosphatase (PP1) StTOPP6 to promote bacterial wilt. StTOPP6 was used as bait in the Yeast two-Hybrid (Y2H) assay and acquired an effector RipAS that interacts with it. RipAS was characterized as a virulence effector to contribute to R. solanacearum infection, and stable expression of RipAS in potato impaired plant resistance against R. solanacearum. Overexpression of StTOPP6 showed enhanced disease symptoms when inoculated with wild strain UW551 but not the ripAS deletion mutant, indicating that the expression of StTOPP6 facilitates the virulence of RipAS. RipAS reduced the nucleolar accumulation of StTOPP6, which occurred during R. solanacearum infection. Moreover, the association also widely existed between other PP1s and RipAS. We argue that RipAS is a virulence effector associated with PP1s to promote bacterial wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsen Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Mengshu Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiachen Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yanping Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liu Yu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengzhen Meng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology (HZAU), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430070, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ning Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
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Zheng Y, Li Z, Cui X, Yang Z, Bao C, Pan L, Liu X, Chatel-Innocenti G, Vanacker H, Noctor G, Dard A, Reichheld JP, Issakidis-Bourguet E, Zhou DX. S-Nitrosylation of the histone deacetylase HDA19 stimulates its activity to enhance plant stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. Plant J 2023; 114:836-854. [PMID: 36883867 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis histone deacetylase HDA19 is required for gene expression programs of a large spectrum of plant developmental and stress-responsive pathways. How this enzyme senses cellular environment to control its activity remains unclear. In this work, we show that HDA19 is post-translationally modified by S-nitrosylation at 4 Cysteine (Cys) residues. HDA19 S-nitrosylation depends on the cellular nitric oxide level, which is enhanced under oxidative stress. We find that HDA19 is required for cellular redox homeostasis and plant tolerance to oxidative stress, which in turn stimulates its nuclear enrichment, S-nitrosylation and epigenetic functions including binding to genomic targets, histone deacetylation and gene repression. The Cys137 of the protein is involved in basal and stress-induced S-nitrosylation, and is required for HDA19 functions in developmental, stress-responsive and epigenetic controls. Together, these results indicate that S-nitrosylation regulates HDA19 activity and is a mechanism of redox-sensing for chromatin regulation of plant tolerance to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zheng
- Hubei Province Research Center of Legume Plants, School of Life Science and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Zhenting Li
- Hubei Province Research Center of Legume Plants, School of Life Science and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Xiaoyun Cui
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Zheng Yang
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Chun Bao
- Hubei Province Research Center of Legume Plants, School of Life Science and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Hubei Province Research Center of Legume Plants, School of Life Science and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Hubei Province Research Center of Legume Plants, School of Life Science and Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China
| | - Gilles Chatel-Innocenti
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Hélène Vanacker
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Avilien Dard
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRS, Université Perpignan Via Domitia, 66860, Perpignan, France
| | | | - Dao-Xiu Zhou
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405, Orsay, France
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Máthé C, Freytag C, Kelemen A, M-Hamvas M, Garda T. "B" Regulatory Subunits of PP2A: Their Roles in Plant Development and Stress Reactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065147. [PMID: 36982222 PMCID: PMC10049431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase PP2A is an enzyme complex consisting of C (catalytic), A (scaffold) and B (regulatory) subunits. B subunits are a large family of proteins that regulate activity, substrate specificity and subcellular localization of the holoenzyme. Knowledge on the molecular functions of PP2A in plants is less than for protein kinases, but it is rapidly increasing. B subunits are responsible for the large diversity of PP2A functioning. This paper intends to give a survey on their multiple regulatory mechanisms. Firstly, we give a short description on our current knowledge in terms of "B"-mediated regulation of metabolic pathways. Next, we present their subcellular localizations, which extend from the nucleus to the cytosol and membrane compartments. The next sections show how B subunits regulate cellular processes from mitotic division to signal transduction pathways, including hormone signaling, and then the emerging evidence for their regulatory (mostly modulatory) roles in both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. Knowledge on these issues should be increased in the near future, since it contributes to a better understanding of how plant cells work, it may have agricultural applications, and it may have new insights into how vascular plants including crops face diverse environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
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Freytag C, Garda T, Kónya Z, M-Hamvas M, Tóth-Várady B, Juhász GP, Ujlaky-Nagy L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Máthé C. B" and C subunits of PP2A regulate the levels of reactive oxygen species and superoxide dismutase activities in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 195:182-192. [PMID: 36640685 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The serine-threonine protein phosphatases PP2A regulate many cellular processes, however their role in oxidative stress responses and defence is less known. We show the involvement of its C (catalytic) and B" (a regulatory) subunits. The c3c4 (C subunit) and fass (B") subunit mutants and Col wt of Arabidopsis were used. Controls and treatments with the PP2A inhibitor microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inducer diquat (DQ) were employed. ROS levels of primary roots were largely genotype dependent and both C and B" subunit mutants had increased sensitivity to MCY-LR and DQ indicating the involvement of these subunits in oxidative stress induction. Superoxide dismutases (SOD), mainly the Cu/Zn-SOD isoform, as key enzymes involved in ROS scavenging are also showing altered (mostly increased) activities in both c3c4 and fass mutants and have opposite relations to ROS induction. This indicates that the two types of subunits involved have partially different regulatory roles. In relation to this, control and MCY-LR/DQ treated B" subunit mutants were proven to have altered levels of phosphorylation of histone H2AX. γH2AX, the phosphorylated form indicates double stranded DNA damage during oxidative stress. Overall we point out the probable pivotal role of several PP2A subunits in the regulation of oxidative stress responses in plants and pave the way for future research to reveal the signaling pathways involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Medical Chemisty, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Balázs Tóth-Várady
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gabriella Petra Juhász
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - László Ujlaky-Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Saini LK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Protein phosphatases and their targets: Comprehending the interactions in plant signaling pathways. Adv Protein Chem Struct Biol 2023; 134:307-370. [PMID: 36858740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a vital reversible post-translational modification. This process is established by two classes of enzymes: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins while protein phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphorylated proteins, thus, functioning as 'critical regulators' in signaling pathways. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases are classified as phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) specific phosphatases (STPs) that dephosphorylate Ser and Thr residues. The PTP family dephosphorylates Tyr residues while dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. The composition of these enzymes as well as their substrate specificity are important determinants of their functional significance in a number of cellular processes and stress responses. Their role in animal systems is well-understood and characterized. The functional characterization of protein phosphatases has been extensively covered in plants, although the comprehension of their mechanistic basis is an ongoing pursuit. The nature of their interactions with other key players in the signaling process is vital to our understanding. The substrates or targets determine their potential as well as magnitude of the impact they have on signaling pathways. In this article, we exclusively overview the various substrates of protein phosphatases in plant signaling pathways, which are a critical determinant of the outcome of various developmental and stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Saini
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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Szopińska K, Cienciała A, Bieda A, Kwiecień J, Kulesza Ł, Parzych P. Verification of the Perception of the Local Community concerning Air Quality Using ADMS-Roads Modeling. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10908. [PMID: 36078624 PMCID: PMC9518557 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is one among the sources of air pollution in a city, which results in lowering the comfort of life and increases the occurrence of respiratory diseases. The level of pollutants emitted in the city is variable, and it depends on the type and nature of the source and the manner of land development. For this reason, the purpose of the article is an attempt at a spatial (inner) diversification of a city in terms of air quality, using a study of perception and semantic differentials (SD). The research, which covered the period from June to November 2021, was performed in Kielce-the Polish Smart City-among local experts, people well acquainted with the city and knowledgeable about air quality and the impact of pollution on human health. The results allowed the demarcation of areas with the best and the worst parameters in terms of air quality within the city. Verification of the survey was carried out using the ADMS-Roads (Atmospheric Dispersion Modeling System) software for modeling pollution levels and GIS software, using data on road traffic. The verification allowed checking whether the respondents participating in the research accurately evaluated the city space. The modeling proved that within the two selected areas, the pollution level is similar, and it does not exceed the permitted values. This might indicate that in society there is still low awareness of air quality, particularly in terms of knowing the sources of pollutants and their impact on human health, and perception of areas with the best and the worst air quality was the result of an analysis of the manner of land development and its morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Szopińska
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cienciała
- Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Bieda
- Faculty of Geo-Data Science, Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Janusz Kwiecień
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Łukasz Kulesza
- Faculty of Environmental, Geomatic and Energy Engineering, Kielce University of Technology, 25-314 Kielce, Poland
| | - Piotr Parzych
- Faculty of Geo-Data Science, Geodesy and Environmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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Tao K, Guo L, Hu X, Fitzgerald C, Rouzard K, Healy J, Tamura M, Stock JB, Stock M, Pérez E, Fernández JR. Encapsulated Activated Grape Seed Extract: A Novel Formulation with Anti-Aging, Skin-Brightening, and Hydration Properties. Cosmetics 2022; 9:4. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a master regulatory protein that plays a critical role in oxidative stress signaling. A novel, proprietary grape seed extract called Activated Grape Seed Extract (AGSE), enriched for PP2A-activating flavonoids, was recently developed and demonstrated to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. AGSE is a purple-colored powder, with limited solubility restricting its use in a broad range of formulations. Our aim was to develop a formulation that reduced the color and increased the solubility of AGSE, allowing its skin-health-enhancing properties to be utilized in a wider array of products, and to test it clinically. Encapsulation was performed utilizing a liposome and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin, (HPCD)-based approach to produce Encapsulated AGSE (E-AGSE). Human dermal fibroblasts and epidermal keratinocytes were used to determine expression levels of aging and dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ) markers. EpiDerm™ was UVB-irradiated to measure the effects against cytokine release, DNA damage, apoptosis, and skin barrier. Human melanocytes were used to determine melanin production and mushroom tyrosinase was used for inhibitory activity. A 4-week, 31-subject sensitive-skin clinical was performed with 2% E-AGSE Essence to assess its activity on human skin. We demonstrated that E-AGSE inhibits PP2A demethylation, increases key anti-aging (collagen I, III, elastin) and DEJ markers, protects against UVB-induced DNA damage, reduces inflammation, and promotes filaggrin in vitro. Moreover, E-AGSE reduces melanin production via tyrosinase inhibition. Clinical assessment of E-AGSE showed that it reduces the appearance of wrinkles, brightens the skin, and boosts hydration. E-AGSE is a novel grape seed extract formulation enriched for PP2A-activating flavonoids that is clinically effective in sensitive skin, providing several benefits.
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Huber KL, Fernández JR, Webb C, Rouzard K, Healy J, Tamura M, Stock JB, Stock M, Pérez E. AGSE: A Novel Grape Seed Extract Enriched for PP2A Activating Flavonoids That Combats Oxidative Stress and Promotes Skin Health. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216351. [PMID: 34770760 PMCID: PMC8587015 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental stimuli attack the skin daily resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. One pathway that regulates oxidative stress in skin involves Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A), a phosphatase which has been previously linked to Alzheimer’s Disease and aging. Oxidative stress decreases PP2A methylation in normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Thus, we hypothesize agents that increase PP2A methylation and activity will promote skin health and combat aging. To discover novel inhibitors of PP2A demethylation activity, we screened a library of 32 natural botanical extracts. We discovered Grape Seed Extract (GSE), which has previously been reported to have several benefits for skin, to be the most potent PP2A demethylating extract. Via several fractionation and extraction steps we developed a novel grape seed extract called Activated Grape Seed Extract (AGSE), which is enriched for PP2A activating flavonoids that increase potency in preventing PP2A demethylation when compared to commercial GSE. We then determined that 1% AGSE and 1% commercial GSE exhibit distinct gene expression profiles when topically applied to a 3D human skin model. To begin to characterize AGSE’s activity, we investigated its antioxidant potential and demonstrate it reduces ROS levels in NHDFs and cell-free assays equal to or better than Vitamin C and E. Moreover, AGSE shows anti-inflammatory properties, dose-dependently inhibiting UVA, UVB and chemical-induced inflammation. These results demonstrate AGSE is a novel, multi-functional extract that modulates methylation levels of PP2A and supports the hypothesis of PP2A as a master regulator for oxidative stress signaling and aging in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Huber
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - José R. Fernández
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Corey Webb
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Karl Rouzard
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Jason Healy
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Masanori Tamura
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Jeffry B. Stock
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08852, USA
| | - Maxwell Stock
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
| | - Eduardo Pérez
- Research and Development Department, Signum Biosciences, 11 Deer Park Drive Suite 202, Monmouth Junction, NJ 08852, USA; (K.L.H.); (J.R.F.); (C.W.); (K.R.); (J.H.); (M.T.); (J.B.S.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-732-329-6344; Fax: +1-732-329-8344
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Pascual J, Rahikainen M, Angeleri M, Alegre S, Gossens R, Shapiguzov A, Heinonen A, Trotta A, Durian G, Winter Z, Sinkkonen J, Kangasjärvi J, Whelan J, Kangasjärvi S. ACONITASE 3 is part of theANAC017 transcription factor-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction response. Plant Physiol 2021; 186:1859-1877. [PMID: 34618107 PMCID: PMC8331168 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are tightly embedded within metabolic and regulatory networks that optimize plant performance in response to environmental challenges. The best-known mitochondrial retrograde signaling pathway involves stress-induced activation of the transcription factor NAC DOMAIN CONTAINING PROTEIN 17 (ANAC017), which initiates protective responses to stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Posttranslational control of the elicited responses, however, remains poorly understood. Previous studies linked protein phosphatase 2A subunit PP2A-B'γ, a key negative regulator of stress responses, with reversible phosphorylation of ACONITASE 3 (ACO3). Here we report on ACO3 and its phosphorylation at Ser91 as key components of stress regulation that are induced by mitochondrial dysfunction. Targeted mass spectrometry-based proteomics revealed that the abundance and phosphorylation of ACO3 increased under stress, which required signaling through ANAC017. Phosphomimetic mutation at ACO3-Ser91 and accumulation of ACO3S91D-YFP promoted the expression of genes related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, ACO3 contributed to plant tolerance against ultraviolet B (UV-B) or antimycin A-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. These findings demonstrate that ACO3 is both a target and mediator of mitochondrial dysfunction signaling, and critical for achieving stress tolerance in Arabidopsis leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Pascual
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Martina Angeleri
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Richard Gossens
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alexey Shapiguzov
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Arttu Heinonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku FI-20520, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
| | - Guido Durian
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Zsófia Winter
- Department of Life Technologies, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jari Sinkkonen
- Department of Chemistry, Instrument Centre, University of Turku, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Science, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora 3086, Australia
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Viikki Plant Science Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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10
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He H, Denecker J, Van Der Kelen K, Willems P, Pottie R, Phua SY, Hannah MA, Vertommen D, Van Breusegem F, Mhamdi A. The Arabidopsis mediator complex subunit 8 regulates oxidative stress responses. Plant Cell 2021; 33:2032-2057. [PMID: 33713138 PMCID: PMC8290281 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Signaling events triggered by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) regulate plant growth and defense by orchestrating a genome-wide transcriptional reprogramming. However, the specific mechanisms that govern H2O2-dependent gene expression are still poorly understood. Here, we identify the Arabidopsis Mediator complex subunit MED8 as a regulator of H2O2 responses. The introduction of the med8 mutation in a constitutive oxidative stress genetic background (catalase-deficient, cat2) was associated with enhanced activation of the salicylic acid pathway and accelerated cell death. Interestingly, med8 seedlings were more tolerant to oxidative stress generated by the herbicide methyl viologen (MV) and exhibited transcriptional hyperactivation of defense signaling, in particular salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-related pathways. The med8-triggered tolerance to MV was manipulated by the introduction of secondary mutations in salicylic acid and jasmonic acid pathways. In addition, analysis of the Mediator interactome revealed interactions with components involved in mRNA processing and microRNA biogenesis, hence expanding the role of Mediator beyond transcription. Notably, MED8 interacted with the transcriptional regulator NEGATIVE ON TATA-LESS, NOT2, to control the expression of H2O2-inducible genes and stress responses. Our work establishes MED8 as a component regulating oxidative stress responses and demonstrates that it acts as a negative regulator of H2O2-driven activation of defense gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming He
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Jordi Denecker
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Present address: Illumina Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, CB21 6DF, UK; Present address: Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Katrien Van Der Kelen
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Present address: Illumina Cambridge Ltd, Cambridge, CB21 6DF, UK; Present address: Sciensano, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Willems
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Robin Pottie
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Su Yin Phua
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Matthew A Hannah
- BASF Belgium Coordination Center, Innovation Center Gent, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Didier Vertommen
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Author for correspondence: (A.M.)
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11
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Alegre S, Pascual J, Trotta A, Angeleri M, Rahikainen M, Brosche M, Moffatt B, Kangasjärvi S. Evolutionary conservation and post-translational control of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase in land plants. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227466. [PMID: 32678822 PMCID: PMC7367456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Trans-methylation reactions are intrinsic to cellular metabolism in all living organisms. In land plants, a range of substrate-specific methyltransferases catalyze the methylation of DNA, RNA, proteins, cell wall components and numerous species-specific metabolites, thereby providing means for growth and acclimation in various terrestrial habitats. Trans-methylation reactions consume vast amounts of S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a methyl donor in several cellular compartments. The inhibitory reaction by-product, S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine (SAH), is continuously removed by SAH hydrolase (SAHH), which essentially maintains trans-methylation reactions in all living cells. Here we report on the evolutionary conservation and post-translational control of SAHH in land plants. We provide evidence suggesting that SAHH forms oligomeric protein complexes in phylogenetically divergent land plants and that the predominant protein complex is composed by a tetramer of the enzyme. Analysis of light-stress-induced adjustments of SAHH in Arabidopsis thaliana and Physcomitrella patens further suggests that regulatory actions may take place on the levels of protein complex formation and phosphorylation of this metabolically central enzyme. Collectively, these data suggest that plant adaptation to terrestrial environments involved evolution of regulatory mechanisms that adjust the trans-methylation machinery in response to environmental cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Martina Angeleri
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosche
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Moffatt
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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12
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Momeni E, Dowlatshahi MB, Omidinasab F, Maizir H, Armaghani DJ. Gaussian Process Regression Technique to Estimate the Pile Bearing Capacity. Arab J Sci Eng 2020; 45:8255-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-020-04683-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Zhang T, Ma M, Chen T, Zhang L, Fan L, Zhang W, Wei B, Li S, Xuan W, Noctor G, Han Y. Glutathione-dependent denitrosation of GSNOR1 promotes oxidative signalling downstream of H 2 O 2. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:1175-1191. [PMID: 31990075 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Photorespiratory hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) plays key roles in pathogenesis responses by triggering the salicylic acid (SA) pathway in Arabidopsis. However, factors linking intracellular H2 O2 to activation of the SA pathway remain elusive. In this work, the catalase-deficient Arabidopsis mutant, cat2, was exploited to elucidate the impact of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase 1 (GSNOR1) on H2 O2 -dependent signalling pathways. Introducing the gsnor1-3 mutation into the cat2 background increased S-nitrosothiol levels and abolished cat2-triggered cell death, SA accumulation, and associated gene expression but had little additional effect on the major components of the ascorbate-glutathione system or glycolate oxidase activities. Differential transcriptome profiles between gsnor1-3 and cat2 gsnor1-3 together with damped ROS-triggered gene expression in cat2 gsnor1-3 further indicated that GSNOR1 acts to mediate the SA pathway downstream of H2 O2 . Up-regulation of GSNOR activity was compromised in cat2 cad2 and cat2 pad2 mutants in which glutathione accumulation was genetically prevented. Experiments with purified recombinant GSNOR revealed that the enzyme is posttranslationally regulated by direct denitrosation in a glutathione-dependent manner. Together, our findings identify GSNOR1-controlled nitrosation as a key factor in activation of the SA pathway by H2 O2 and reveal that glutathione is required to maintain this biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Mingyue Ma
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Fan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Bo Wei
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Shengchun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement and MOA Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilization in Lower-Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Yi Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
- Engineering Research Center of Bio-process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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14
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An Y, Xiong L, Hu S, Wang L. PP2A and microtubules function in 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated H 2 O 2 signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells. Physiol Plant 2020; 168:709-724. [PMID: 31381165 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a plant growth regulator with great application potential in agriculture and horticulture, induces stomatal opening and inhibits stomatal closure by decreasing guard cell H2 O2 . However, the mechanisms behind ALA-decreased H2 O2 in guard cells are not fully understood. Here, using type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A) inhibitors, microtubule-stabilizing/disrupting drugs and green fluorescent protein-tagged α-tubulin 6 transgenic Arabidopsis (GFP-TUA6), we find that PP2A and cortical microtubules (MTs) are involved in ALA-regulated stomatal movement. Then, we analyze stomatal responses of Arabidopsis overexpressing C2 catalytic subunit of PP2A (PP2A-C2) and pp2a-c2 mutant to ALA and abscisic acid (ABA) under both light and dark conditions, and show that PP2A-C2 participates in ALA-induced stomatal movement. Furthermore, using pharmacological methods and confocal studies, we reveal that PP2A and MTs function upstream and downstream, respectively, of H2 O2 in guard cell signaling. Finally, we demonstrate the role of H2 O2 -mediated microtubule arrangement in ALA inhibiting ABA-induced stomatal closure. Our findings indicate that MTs regulated by PP2A-mediated H2 O2 decreasing play an important role in ALA guard cell signaling, revealing new insights into stomatal movement regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan An
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Lijun Xiong
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Shu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liangju Wang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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15
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Liu Y, Yan J, Qin Q, Zhang J, Chen Y, Zhao L, He K, Hou S. Type one protein phosphatases (TOPPs) contribute to the plant defense response in Arabidopsis. J Integr Plant Biol 2020; 62:360-377. [PMID: 31125159 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant immunity must be tightly controlled to avoid activation of defense mechanisms in the absence of pathogen attack. Protein phosphorylation is a common mechanism regulating immune signaling. In Arabidopsis thaliana, nine members of the type one protein phosphatase (TOPP) family (also known as protein phosphatase 1, PP1) have been identified. Here, we characterized the autoimmune phenotype of topp4-1, a previously identified dominant-negative mutant of TOPP4. Epistasis analysis showed that defense activation in topp4-1 depended on NON-RACE-SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1, PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4, and the salicylic acid pathway. We generated topp1/4/5/6/7/8/9 septuple mutants to investigate the function of TOPPs in plant immunity. Elevated defense gene expression and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 in the septuple mutant indicate that TOPPs function in plant defense responses. Furthermore, TOPPs physically interacted with mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and affected the MAPK-mediated downstream defense pathway. Thus, our study reveals that TOPPs are important regulators of plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Liu
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jia Yan
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qianqian Qin
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Chen
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kai He
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Suiwen Hou
- MOE Key Laboratoryof Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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16
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Chao J, Huang Z, Yang S, Deng X, Tian W. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the phosphatase 2A family in rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228219. [PMID: 32023282 PMCID: PMC7001923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase 2As (PP2As) play a key role in manipulating protein phosphorylation. Although a number of proteins in the latex of laticifers are phosphorylated during latex regeneration in rubber tree, information about the PP2A family is limited. In the present study, 36 members of the HbPP2A family were genome-wide identified. They were clustered into five subgroups: the subgroup HbPP2AA (4), HbPP2AB' (14), HbPP2AB'' (6), HbPP2AB55 (4), and HbPP2AC (8). The members within the same subgroup shared highly conserved gene structures and protein motifs. Most of HbPP2As possessed ethylene- and wounding-responsive cis-acting elements. The transcripts of 29 genes could be detected in latex by using published high-throughput sequencing data. Of the 29 genes, seventeen genes were significantly down-regulated while HbPP2AA1-1 and HbPP2AB55α/Bα-1were up-regulated by tapping. Of the 17 genes, 14 genes were further significantly down-regulated by ethrel application. The down-regulated expression of a large number of HbPP2As may attribute to the enhanced phosphorylation of the proteins in latex from the tapped trees and the trees treated with ethrel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinquan Chao
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Zhejun Huang
- College of Foresty, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Deng
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree/State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Cultivation and Physiology for Tropical Crops, Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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17
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Rasool B, Karpinska B, Pascual J, Kangasjärvi S, Foyer CH. Catalase, glutathione, and protein phosphatase 2A-dependent organellar redox signalling regulate aphid fecundity under moderate and high irradiance. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:209-222. [PMID: 31702837 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Redox processes regulate plant/insect responses, but the precise roles of environmental triggers and specific molecular components remain poorly defined. Aphid fecundity and plant responses were therefore measured in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants deficient in either catalase 2 (cat2), different protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) subunits or glutathione (cad2, pad2, and clt1) under either moderate (250 μmol m-2 s-1 ) or high (800 μmol m-2 s-1 ) light. Aphid fecundity was decreased in pp2a-b'γ, cat2 and the cat2 pp2a-b'γ double mutants relative to the wild type under moderate irradiance. High light decreased aphid numbers in all genotypes except for cat2. Aphid fecundity was similar in the cat2 and glutathione-, phytoalexin-, and glucosinolate-deficient cat2cad2 double mutants under both irradiances. Aphid-induced increases in transcripts encoding the abscisic acid-related ARABIDOPSIS ZINC-FINGER PROTEIN 1 transcription factor were observed only under moderate light. Conversely, aphid induced increases in transcripts encoding the jasmonate-synthesis enzyme ALLENE OXIDE CYCLASE 3 was observed in all genotypes only under high light. Aphid-induced increases in REDOX RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR 1 mRNAs were observed in all genotypes except pp2a-b'ζ1-1 under both irradiances. Aphid fecundity is therefore regulated by cellular redox signalling that is mediated, at least in part, through PP2A-dependent mitochondria to nucleus signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brwa Rasool
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
- Technical College of Applied Science, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, 46001, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Barbara Karpinska
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, 20500, Turku, Finland
| | - Christine H Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK
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18
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Mäkinen K, De S. The significance of methionine cycle enzymes in plant virus infections. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2019; 50:67-75. [PMID: 30959442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Both biotic and abiotic stresses cause changes in the activities of plant methionine cycle (MTC) enzymes. These changes contribute to the ability of the plant to manage stress. On the other hand, viruses utilize MTC enzymes to promote infection. Here, we review the growing but still limited knowledge of the interactions between plant viral proteins and MTC enzymes. Virus-induced changes in S-adenosyl methionine synthetase and S-adenosyl homocysteine hydrolase activities debilitate transcriptional and post-transcriptional RNA silencing and affect antiviral defense reactions connected to ethylene and polyamine biosynthesis pathways. Viral perturbations of host methionine homeostasis couple trans-sulfuration and gluthathione biosynthesis pathways to MTC functions. Large multiprotein complexes, which contain viral proteins and MTC enzymes, may represent metabolons assembled for specific viral functions or host defense responses. Proper understanding of the MTC-associated metabolic and regulatory interactions will reveal those with potential to create virus resistance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristiina Mäkinen
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Swarnalok De
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Microbiology, Viikki Plant Sciences Center, P.O. Box 56, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Máthé C, Garda T, Freytag C, M-Hamvas M. The Role of Serine-Threonine Protein Phosphatase PP2A in Plant Oxidative Stress Signaling-Facts and Hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123028. [PMID: 31234298 PMCID: PMC6628354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors induce oxidative stress involving the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review is a survey of well-known and possible roles of serine-threonine protein phosphatases in plant oxidative stress signaling, with special emphasis on PP2A. ROS mediated signaling involves three interrelated pathways: (i) perception of extracellular ROS triggers signal transduction pathways, leading to DNA damage and/or the production of antioxidants; (ii) external signals induce intracellular ROS generation that triggers the relevant signaling pathways and (iii) external signals mediate protein phosphorylation dependent signaling pathway(s), leading to the expression of ROS producing enzymes like NADPH oxidases. All pathways involve inactivation of serine-threonine protein phosphatases. The metal dependent phosphatase PP2C has a negative regulatory function during ABA mediated ROS signaling. PP2A is the most abundant protein phosphatase in eukaryotic cells. Inhibitors of PP2A exert a ROS inducing activity as well and we suggest that there is a direct relationship between these two effects of drugs. We present current findings and hypotheses regarding PP2A-ROS signaling connections related to all three ROS signaling pathways and anticipate future research directions for this field. These mechanisms have implications in the understanding of stress tolerance of vascular plants, having applications regarding crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein phosphorylation is an important reversible post-translational modifica-tion, which regulates a number of critical cellular processes. Phosphatases and kinases work in a con-certed manner to act as a "molecular switch" that turns-on or - off the regulatory processes driving the growth and development under normal circumstances, as well as responses to multiple stresses in plant system. The era of functional genomics has ushered huge amounts of information to the framework of plant systems. The comprehension of who's who in the signaling pathways is becoming clearer and the investigations challenging the conventional functions of signaling components are on a rise. Protein phosphatases have emerged as key regulators in the signaling cascades. PP2A phosphatases due to their diverse holoenzyme compositions are difficult to comprehend. CONCLUSION In this review, we highlight the functional versatility of PP2A members, deciphered through the advances in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
| | - Girdhar K. Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi-110021, India
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Yang Z, Mhamdi A, Noctor G. Analysis of catalase mutants underscores the essential role of CATALASE2 for plant growth and day length-dependent oxidative signalling. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:688-700. [PMID: 30291629 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three genes encode catalase in Arabidopsis. Although the role of CAT2 in photorespiration is well established, the importance of the different catalases in other processes is less clear. Analysis of cat1, cat2, cat3, cat1 cat2, and cat2 cat3 T-DNA mutants revealed that cat2 had the largest effect on activity in both roots and leaves. Root growth was inhibited in all cat2-containing lines, but this inhibition was prevented by growing plants at high CO2 , suggesting that it is mainly an indirect effect of stress at the leaf level. Analysis of double mutants suggested some overlap between CAT2 and CAT3 functions in leaves and CAT1 and CAT2 in seeds. When plants had been grown to a similar developmental stage in short days or long days, equal-time exposure to oxidative stress caused by genetic or pharmacological inhibition of catalase produced a much stronger induction of H2 O2 marker genes in short day plants. Together, our data (a) underline the importance of CAT2 in basal H2 O2 processing in Arabidopsis; (b) suggest that CAT1 and CAT3 are mainly "backup" or stress-specific enzymes; and (c) establish that day length-dependent responses to catalase deficiency are independent of the duration of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yang
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris Saclay IPS2, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université Evry, Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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22
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Krasensky-Wrzaczek J, Kangasjärvi J. The role of reactive oxygen species in the integration of temperature and light signals. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:3347-3358. [PMID: 29514325 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable plasticity of the biochemical machinery in plants allows the integration of a multitude of stimuli, enabling acclimation to a wide range of growth conditions. The integration of information on light and temperature enables plants to sense seasonal changes and adjust growth, defense, and transition to flowering according to the prevailing conditions. By now, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as important signaling molecules has been established. Here, we review recent data on ROS as important components in the integration of light and temperature signaling by crosstalk with the circadian clock and calcium signaling. Furthermore, we highlight that different environmental conditions critically affect the interpretation of stress stimuli, and consequently defense mechanisms and stress outcome. For example, day length plays an important role in whether enhanced ROS production under stress conditions is directed towards activation of redox poising mechanisms or triggering programmed cell death (PCD). Furthermore, a mild increase in temperature can cause down-regulation of immunity and render plants more sensitive to biotrophic pathogens. Taken together, the evidence presented here demonstrates the complexity of signaling pathways and outline the importance of their correct interpretation in context with the given environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krasensky-Wrzaczek
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finl
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finl
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Barna B, Gémes K, Domoki M, Bernula D, Ferenc G, Bálint B, Nagy I, Fehér A. Arabidopsis NAP-related proteins (NRPs) contribute to the coordination of plant growth, developmental rate, and age-related pathogen resistance under short days. Plant Sci 2018; 267:124-134. [PMID: 29362091 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant nucleosome assembly protein-related proteins (NRPs) are histone chaperons involved in nucleosome turnover. Despite this basic cellular function, the Arabidopsis nrp1-1 nrp2-1 knock out mutant has been reported to exhibit only mild seedling root phenotypes and to significantly affect the expression of only few hundred genes Zhu et al. (2006). Here we report that NRP loss-of-function as well as the ectopic overexpression of At NRP1 significantly affected the growth, development, and the pathogen response of Arabidopsis plants under short day conditions. The nrp1-1 nrp2-1 mutant grew faster and flowered weeks earlier than the wild type and the overexpressor. The latter developed slower and flowered at a lower number of leaves than the mutant and the wild type. Moreover, the mutant was more sensitive, the overexpressor was more tolerant to pathogen-induced necrosis correlating with their more adult and juvenile character, respectively. Transcriptomic comparison of mature non-bolting plants agreed with the phenotypes. The presented and other published data indicate that although NRPs might not be absolutely required for normal plant growth and development, their level needs to be controlled to allow the epigenetic coordination of metabolic, growth, defence and developmental processes during the acclimation to unfavourable growth conditions such as short days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Barna
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman Ottó út 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Gémes
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary; Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mónika Domoki
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Dóra Bernula
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Ferenc
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary
| | - Balázs Bálint
- SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd, Vállalkozók útja 7, 6782 Mórahalom, Hungary
| | - István Nagy
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary; SeqOmics Biotechnology Ltd, Vállalkozók útja 7, 6782 Mórahalom, Hungary
| | - Attila Fehér
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726, Hungary; Department of Plant Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Trotta A, Pascual J, Kangasjärvi S. Trans-methylation reactions in plants: focus on the activated methyl cycle. Physiol Plant 2018; 162:162-176. [PMID: 28815615 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trans-methylation reactions are vital in basic metabolism, epigenetic regulation, RNA metabolism, and posttranslational control of protein function and therefore fundamental in determining the physiological processes in all living organisms. The plant kingdom is additionally characterized by the production of secondary metabolites that undergo specific hydroxylation, oxidation and methylation reactions to obtain a wide array of different chemical structures. Increasing research efforts have started to reveal the enzymatic pathways underlying the biosynthesis of complex metabolites in plants. Further engineering of these enzymatic machineries offers significant possibilities in the development of bio-based technologies, but necessitates deep understanding of their potential metabolic and regulatory interactions. Trans-methylation reactions are tightly coupled with the so-called activated methyl cycle (AMC), an essential metabolic circuit that maintains the trans-methylation capacity in all living cells. Tight regulation of the AMC is crucial in ensuring accurate trans-methylation reactions in different subcellular compartments, cell types, developmental stages and environmental conditions. This review addresses the organization and posttranslational regulation of the AMC and elaborates its critical role in determining metabolic regulation through modulation of methyl utilization in stress-exposed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Rahikainen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Zhu X, Wang Y, Su Z, Lv L, Zhang Z. Silencing of the Wheat Protein Phosphatase 2A Catalytic Subunit TaPP2Ac Enhances Host Resistance to the Necrotrophic Pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis. Front Plant Sci 2018; 9:1437. [PMID: 30429858 PMCID: PMC6220131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic type 2A protein phosphatases (protein phosphatase 2A, PP2A) consist of a scaffold subunit A, a regulatory subunit B, and a catalytic subunit C. Little is known about the roles of PP2Ac proteins that are involved in plant responses to necrotrophic fungal pathogens. Sharp eyespot, caused by the necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a destructive disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum), an important staple food crop. Here, we isolated TaPP2Ac-4D from wheat, which encodes a catalytic subunit of the heterotrimeric PP2A, and characterized its properties and role in plant defense response to R. cerealis. Based on the sequence alignment of TaPP2Ac-4D with the draft sequences of wheat chromosomes from the International Wheat Genome Sequencing Consortium (IWGSC), it was found that TaPP2Ac-4D gene is located on the long arm of the wheat chromosome 4D and has two homologs assigned on wheat chromosomes 4A and 4B. Sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses revealed that the TaPP2Ac protein is a typical member of the PP2Ac family and belongs to the subfamily II. TaPP2Ac-4B and TaPP2Ac-4D displayed higher transcriptional levels in the R. cerealis-susceptible wheat cultivar Wenmai 6 than those seen in the resistant wheat line CI12633. The transcriptional levels of TaPP2Ac-4B and TaPP2Ac-4D were significantly elevated in wheat R. cerealis after infection and upon H2O2 treatment. Virus-induced gene silencing results revealed that the transcriptional knockdown of TaPP2Ac-4D and TaPP2Ac-4B significantly increased wheat resistance to R. cerealis infection. Meanwhile, the transcriptional levels of certain pathogenesis-related (PR) and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging enzyme encoding genes were increased in TaPP2Ac-silenced wheat plants. These results suggest that TaPP2Ac-4B and TaPP2Ac-4D negatively regulate defense response to R. cerealis infection possibly through modulation of the expression of certain PR and ROS-scavenging enzyme genes in wheat. This study reveals a novel function of the plant PP2Ac genes in plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuliang Zhu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenqi Su
- Institute for Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liangjie Lv
- Institute for Cereal and Oil Crops, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zengyan Zhang
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Zengyan Zhang,
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26
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Noctor G, Mhamdi A. Climate Change, CO 2, and Defense: The Metabolic, Redox, and Signaling Perspectives. Trends Plant Sci 2017; 22:857-870. [PMID: 28811163 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing human-induced changes in the composition of the atmosphere continue to stimulate interest in the effects of high CO2 on plants, but its potential impact on inducible plant defense pathways remains poorly defined. Recently, several studies have reported that growth at elevated CO2 is sufficient to induce defenses such as the salicylic acid pathway, thereby increasing plant resistance to pathogens. These reports contrast with evidence that defense pathways can be promoted by photorespiration, which is inhibited at high CO2. Here, we review signaling, metabolic, and redox processes modulated by CO2 levels and discuss issues to be resolved in elucidating the relationships between primary metabolism, inducible defense, and biotic stress resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), UMR 9213/UMR1403, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, INRA, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Bâtiment 630, 91405 Orsay, France; Current address: Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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27
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Foyer CH, Ruban AV, Noctor G. Viewing oxidative stress through the lens of oxidative signalling rather than damage. Biochem J 2017; 474:877-83. [PMID: 28270560 DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20160814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Concepts of the roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants and animals have shifted in recent years from focusing on oxidative damage effects to the current view of ROS as universal signalling metabolites. Rather than having two opposing activities, i.e. damage and signalling, the emerging concept is that all types of oxidative modification/damage are involved in signalling, not least in the induction of repair processes. Examining the multifaceted roles of ROS as crucial cellular signals, we highlight as an example the loss of photosystem II function called photoinhibition, where photoprotection has classically been conflated with oxidative damage.
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28
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Rahikainen M, Trotta A, Alegre S, Pascual J, Vuorinen K, Overmyer K, Moffatt B, Ravanel S, Glawischnig E, Kangasjärvi S. PP2A-B'γ modulates foliar trans-methylation capacity and the formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves. Plant J 2017; 89:112-127. [PMID: 27598402 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates (GSL) of cruciferous plants comprise a major group of structurally diverse secondary compounds which act as deterrents against aphids and microbial pathogens and have large commercial and ecological impacts. While the transcriptional regulation governing the biosynthesis and modification of GSL is now relatively well understood, post-translational regulatory components that specifically determine the structural variation of indole glucosinolates have not been reported. We show that the cytoplasmic protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B'γ (PP2A-B'γ) physically interacts with indole glucosinolate methyltransferases and controls the methoxylation of indole glucosinolates and the formation of 4-methoxy-indol-3-yl-methyl glucosinolate in Arabidopsis leaves. By taking advantage of proteomic approaches and metabolic analysis we further demonstrate that PP2A-B'γ is required to control the abundance of oligomeric protein complexes functionally linked with the activated methyl cycle and the trans-methylation capacity of leaf cells. These findings highlight the key regulatory role of PP2A-B'γ in methionine metabolism and provide a previously unrecognized perspective for metabolic engineering of glucosinolate metabolism in cruciferous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jesús Pascual
- Plant Physiology Lab, Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Katariina Vuorinen
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirk Overmyer
- Division of Plant Biology, Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Barbara Moffatt
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Stéphane Ravanel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, CNRS UMR5168, INRA UMR1417, CEA, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Department of Plant Sciences, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Str.4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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29
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XU P, YONG B, SHAO HH, SHEN JB, HE B, MA QQ, YUAN XH, WANG Y. Cloning and characterization of a serine/threonine protein phosphatase2A-encoding gene IbPP2A1 from Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Turk J Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/biy-1604-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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30
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Rahikainen M, Pascual J, Alegre S, Durian G, Kangasjärvi S. PP2A Phosphatase as a Regulator of ROS Signaling in Plants. Antioxidants (Basel) 2016; 5:E8. [PMID: 26950157 DOI: 10.3390/antiox5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) carry out vital functions in determining appropriate stress reactions in plants, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the sensing, signaling and response to ROS as signaling molecules are not yet fully understood. Recent studies have underscored the role of Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in ROS-dependent responses involved in light acclimation and pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic studies have demonstrated that trimeric PP2A phosphatases control metabolic changes and cell death elicited by intracellular and extracellular ROS signals. Associated with this, PP2A subunits contribute to transcriptional and post-translational regulation of pro-oxidant and antioxidant enzymes. This review highlights the emerging role of PP2A phosphatases in the regulatory ROS signaling networks in plants.
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31
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Foyer CH, Rasool B, Davey JW, Hancock RD. Cross-tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: a focus on resistance to aphid infestation. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2025-37. [PMID: 26936830 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants co-evolved with an enormous variety of microbial pathogens and insect herbivores under daily and seasonal variations in abiotic environmental conditions. Hence, plant cells display a high capacity to respond to diverse stresses through a flexible and finely balanced response network that involves components such as reduction-oxidation (redox) signalling pathways, stress hormones and growth regulators, as well as calcium and protein kinase cascades. Biotic and abiotic stress responses use common signals, pathways and triggers leading to cross-tolerance phenomena, whereby exposure to one type of stress can activate plant responses that facilitate tolerance to several different types of stress. While the acclimation mechanisms and adaptive responses that facilitate responses to single biotic and abiotic stresses have been extensively characterized, relatively little information is available on the dynamic aspects of combined biotic/abiotic stress response. In this review, we consider how the abiotic environment influences plant responses to attack by phloem-feeding aphids. Unravelling the signalling cascades that underpin cross-tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses will allow the identification of new targets for increasing environmental resilience in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Brwa Rasool
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jack W Davey
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Robert D Hancock
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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Durian G, Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi S. Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress Resistance in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2016; 7:812. [PMID: 27375664 PMCID: PMC4901049 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling, organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception, signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
- *Correspondence: Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi,
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Durian G, Rahikainen M, Alegre S, Brosché M, Kangasjärvi S. Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulatory Network Underlying Biotic Stress Resistance in Plants. Front Plant Sci 2016. [PMID: 27375664 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00812/abstract] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biotic stress factors pose a major threat to plant health and can significantly deteriorate plant productivity by impairing the physiological functions of the plant. To combat the wide range of pathogens and insect herbivores, plants deploy converging signaling pathways, where counteracting activities of protein kinases and phosphatases form a basic mechanism for determining appropriate defensive measures. Recent studies have identified Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) as a crucial component that controls pathogenesis responses in various plant species. Genetic, proteomic and metabolomic approaches have underscored the versatile nature of PP2A, which contributes to the regulation of receptor signaling, organellar signaling, gene expression, metabolic pathways, and cell death, all of which essentially impact plant immunity. Associated with this, various PP2A subunits mediate post-translational regulation of metabolic enzymes and signaling components. Here we provide an overview of protein kinase/phosphatase functions in plant immunity signaling, and position the multifaceted functions of PP2A in the tightly inter-connected regulatory network that controls the perception, signaling and responding to biotic stress agents in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Sara Alegre
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku Turku, Finland
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Konert G, Rahikainen M, Trotta A, Durian G, Salojärvi J, Khorobrykh S, Tyystjärvi E, Kangasjärvi S. Subunits B'γ and B'ζ of protein phosphatase 2A regulate photo-oxidative stress responses and growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Environ 2015; 38:2641-51. [PMID: 26012558 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants survive periods of unfavourable conditions with the help of sensory mechanisms that respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signalling molecules in different cellular compartments. We have previously demonstrated that protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) impacts on organellar cross-talk and associated pathogenesis responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. This was evidenced by drastically enhanced pathogenesis responses and cell death in cat2 pp2a-b'γ double mutants, deficient in the main peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme CATALASE 2 and PP2A regulatory subunit B'γ (PP2A-B'γ). In the present paper, we explored the impacts of PP2A-B'γ and a highly similar regulatory subunit PP2A-B'ζ in growth regulation and light stress tolerance in Arabidopsis. PP2A-B'γ and PP2A-B'ζ display high promoter activities in rapidly growing tissues and are required for optimal growth under favourable conditions. Upon acclimation to a combination of high light, elevated temperature and reduced availability of water, however, pp2a-b'γζ double mutants grow similarly to the wild type and show enhanced tolerance against photo-oxidative stress. We conclude that by controlling ROS homeostasis and signalling, PP2A-B'γ and PP2A-B'ζ may direct acclimation strategies upon environmental perturbations, hence acting as important determinants of defence responses and light acclimation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Konert
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Guido Durian
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarkko Salojärvi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sergey Khorobrykh
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Esa Tyystjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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Suorsa M, Rantala M, Mamedov F, Lespinasse M, Trotta A, Grieco M, Vuorio E, Tikkanen M, Järvi S, Aro EM. Light acclimation involves dynamic re-organization of the pigment-protein megacomplexes in non-appressed thylakoid domains. Plant J 2015; 84:360-73. [PMID: 26332430 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoid energy metabolism is crucial for plant growth, development and acclimation. Non-appressed thylakoids harbor several high molecular mass pigment-protein megacomplexes that have flexible compositions depending upon the environmental cues. This composition is important for dynamic energy balancing in photosystems (PS) I and II. We analysed the megacomplexes of Arabidopsis wild type (WT) plants and of several thylakoid regulatory mutants. The stn7 mutant, which is defective in phosphorylation of the light-harvesting complex (LHC) II, possessed a megacomplex composition that was strikingly different from that of the WT. Of the nine megacomplexes in total for the non-appressed thylakoids, the largest megacomplex in particular was less abundant in the stn7 mutant under standard growth conditions. This megacomplex contains both PSI and PSII and was recently shown to allow energy spillover between PSII and PSI (Nat. Commun., 6, 2015, 6675). The dynamics of the megacomplex composition was addressed by exposing plants to different light conditions prior to thylakoid isolation. The megacomplex pattern in the WT was highly dynamic. Under darkness or far red light it showed low levels of LHCII phosphorylation and resembled the stn7 pattern; under low light, which triggers LHCII phosphorylation, it resembled that of the tap38/pph1 phosphatase mutant. In contrast, solubilization of the entire thylakoid network with dodecyl maltoside, which efficiently solubilizes pigment-protein complexes from all thylakoid compartments, revealed that the pigment-protein composition remained stable despite the changing light conditions or mutations that affected LHCII (de)phosphorylation. We conclude that the composition of pigment-protein megacomplexes specifically in non-appressed thylakoids undergoes redox-dependent changes, thus facilitating maintenance of the excitation balance between the two photosystems upon changes in light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjaana Suorsa
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjaana Rantala
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maija Lespinasse
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Michele Grieco
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Eerika Vuorio
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sari Järvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Mari Aro
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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Sandalio LM, Romero-Puertas MC. Peroxisomes sense and respond to environmental cues by regulating ROS and RNS signalling networks. Ann Bot 2015; 116:475-85. [PMID: 26070643 PMCID: PMC4577995 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcv074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisomes are highly dynamic, metabolically active organelles that used to be regarded as a sink for H2O2 generated in different organelles. However, peroxisomes are now considered to have a more complex function, containing different metabolic pathways, and they are an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). Over-accumulation of ROS and RNS can give rise oxidative and nitrosative stress, but when produced at low concentrations they can act as signalling molecules. SCOPE This review focuses on the production of ROS and RNS in peroxisomes and their regulation by antioxidants. ROS production is associated with metabolic pathways such as photorespiration and fatty acid β-oxidation, and disturbances in any of these processes can be perceived by the cell as an alarm that triggers defence responses. Genetic and pharmacological studies have shown that photorespiratory H2O2 can affect nuclear gene expression, regulating the response to pathogen infection and light intensity. Proteomic studies have shown that peroxisomal proteins are targets for oxidative modification, S-nitrosylation and nitration and have highlighted the importance of these modifications in regulating peroxisomal metabolism and signalling networks. The morphology, size, number and speed of movement of peroxisomes can also change in response to oxidative stress, meaning that an ROS/redox receptor is required. Information available on the production and detection of NO/RNS in peroxisomes is more limited. Peroxisomal homeostasis is critical for maintaining the cellular redox balance and is regulated by ROS, peroxisomal proteases and autophagic processes. CONCLUSIONS Peroxisomes play a key role in many aspects of plant development and acclimation to stress conditions. These organelles can sense ROS/redox changes in the cell and thus trigger rapid and specific responses to environmental cues involving changes in peroxisomal dynamics as well as ROS- and NO-dependent signalling networks, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been established. Peroxisomes can therefore be regarded as a highly important decision-making platform in the cell, where ROS and RNS play a determining role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Sandalio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - M C Romero-Puertas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology of Plants, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, CSIC, Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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Noctor G, Lelarge-Trouverie C, Mhamdi A. The metabolomics of oxidative stress. Phytochemistry 2015; 112:33-53. [PMID: 25306398 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from increased availability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a key component of many responses of plants to challenging environmental conditions. The consequences for plant metabolism are complex and manifold. We review data on small compounds involved in oxidative stress, including ROS themselves and antioxidants and redox buffers in the membrane and soluble phases, and we discuss the wider consequences for plant primary and secondary metabolism. While metabolomics has been exploited in many studies on stress, there have been relatively few non-targeted studies focused on how metabolite signatures respond specifically to oxidative stress. As part of the discussion, we present results and reanalyze published datasets on metabolite profiles in catalase-deficient plants, which can be considered to be model oxidative stress systems. We emphasize the roles of ROS-triggered changes in metabolites as potential oxidative signals, and discuss responses that might be useful as markers for oxidative stress. Particular attention is paid to lipid-derived compounds, the status of antioxidants and antioxidant breakdown products, altered metabolism of amino acids, and the roles of phytohormone pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Noctor
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
| | | | - Amna Mhamdi
- Institut de Biologie des Plantes, UMR8618 CNRS, Université de Paris sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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Konert G, Trotta A, Kouvonen P, Rahikainen M, Durian G, Blokhina O, Fagerstedt K, Muth D, Corthals GL, Kangasjärvi S. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit B'γ interacts with cytoplasmic ACONITASE 3 and modulates the abundance of AOX1A and AOX1D in Arabidopsis thaliana. New Phytol 2015; 205:1250-1263. [PMID: 25307043 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Organellar reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling is a key mechanism that promotes the onset of defensive measures in stress-exposed plants. The underlying molecular mechanisms and feedback regulation loops, however, still remain poorly understood. Our previous work has shown that a specific regulatory B'γ subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is required to control organellar ROS signalling and associated metabolic adjustments in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, we addressed the mechanisms through which PP2A-B'γ impacts on organellar metabolic crosstalk and ROS homeostasis in leaves. Genetic, biochemical and pharmacological approaches, together with a combination of data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) MS techniques, were utilized to assess PP2A-B'γ-dependent adjustments in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that PP2A-B'γ physically interacts with the cytoplasmic form of aconitase, a central metabolic enzyme functionally connected with mitochondrial respiration, oxidative stress responses and regulation of cell death in plants. Furthermore, PP2A-B'γ impacts ROS homeostasis by controlling the abundance of specific alternative oxidase isoforms, AOX1A and AOX1D, in leaf mitochondria. We conclude that PP2A-B'γ-dependent regulatory actions modulate the functional status of metabolic enzymes that essentially contribute to intracellular ROS signalling and metabolic homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Konert
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Andrea Trotta
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kouvonen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Moona Rahikainen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Guido Durian
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Olga Blokhina
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt Fagerstedt
- Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dorota Muth
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Garry L Corthals
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
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Kataya ARA, Heidari B, Lillo C. Protein phosphatase 2A regulatory subunits affecting plant innate immunity, energy metabolism, and flowering time--joint functions among B'η subfamily members. Plant Signal Behav 2015; 10:e1026024. [PMID: 26039486 PMCID: PMC4623507 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1026024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric complex comprising a catalytic, scaffolding, and regulatory subunit. The regulatory subunits are essential for substrate specificity and localization of the complex and are classified into B/B55, B', and B" non-related families in higher plants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the close paralogs B'η, B'θ, B'γ, and B'ζ were further classified into a subfamily of B' called B'η. Here we present results that consolidate the evidence for a role of the B'η subfamily in regulation of innate immunity, energy metabolism and flowering time. Proliferation of the virulent Pseudomonas syringae in B'θ knockout mutant decreased in comparison with wild type plants. Additionally, B'θ knockout plants were delayed in flowering, and this phenotype was supported by high expression of FLC (FLOWERING LOCUS C). B'ζ knockout seedlings showed growth retardation on sucrose-free medium, indicating a role for B'ζ in energy metabolism. This work provides insight into functions of the B'η subfamily members, highlighting their regulation of shared physiological traits while localizing to distinct cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr RA Kataya
- University of Stavanger; Center for Organelle Research; Faculty of Science and Technology; Stavanger, Norway
| | - Behzad Heidari
- University of Stavanger; Center for Organelle Research; Faculty of Science and Technology; Stavanger, Norway
| | - Cathrine Lillo
- University of Stavanger; Center for Organelle Research; Faculty of Science and Technology; Stavanger, Norway
- Correspondence to: Cathrine Lillo;
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40
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McKown AD, Guy RD, Quamme L, Klápště J, La Mantia J, Constabel CP, El-Kassaby YA, Hamelin RC, Zifkin M, Azam MS. Association genetics, geography and ecophysiology link stomatal patterning in Populus trichocarpa with carbon gain and disease resistance trade-offs. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:5771-90. [PMID: 25319679 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Stomata are essential for diffusive entry of gases to support photosynthesis, but may also expose internal leaf tissues to pathogens. To uncover trade-offs in range-wide adaptation relating to stomata, we investigated the underlying genetics of stomatal traits and linked variability in these traits with geoclimate, ecophysiology, condensed foliar tannins and pathogen susceptibility in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) leaf stomatal traits were measured from 454 accessions collected throughout much of the species range. We calculated broad-sense heritability (H(2) ) of stomatal traits and, using SNP data from a 34K Populus SNP array, performed a genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to uncover genes underlying stomatal trait variation. H(2) values for stomatal traits were moderate (average H(2) = 0.33). GWAS identified genes associated primarily with adaxial stomata, including polarity genes (PHABULOSA), stomatal development genes (BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE 2) and disease/wound-response genes (GLUTAMATE-CYSTEINE LIGASE). Stomatal traits correlated with latitude, gas exchange, condensed tannins and leaf rust (Melampsora) infection. Latitudinal trends of greater adaxial stomata numbers and guard cell pore size corresponded with higher stomatal conductance (gs ) and photosynthesis (Amax ), faster shoot elongation, lower foliar tannins and greater Melampsora susceptibility. This suggests an evolutionary trade-off related to differing selection pressures across the species range. In northern environments, more adaxial stomata and larger pore sizes reflect selection for rapid carbon gain and growth. By contrast, southern genotypes have fewer adaxial stomata, smaller pore sizes and higher levels of condensed tannins, possibly linked to greater pressure from natural leaf pathogens, which are less significant in northern ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena D McKown
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, Forest Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Segonzac C, Macho AP, Sanmartín M, Ntoukakis V, Sánchez-Serrano JJ, Zipfel C. Negative control of BAK1 by protein phosphatase 2A during plant innate immunity. EMBO J 2014; 33:2069-79. [PMID: 25085430 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) activates plant innate immunity, mainly through activation of numerous protein kinases. Appropriate induction of immune responses must be tightly regulated, as many of the kinases involved have an intrinsic high activity and are also regulated by other external and endogenous stimuli. Previous evidences suggest that PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) is under constant negative regulation by protein phosphatases but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that protein Ser/Thr phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) controls the activation of PRR complexes by modulating the phosphostatus of the co-receptor and positive regulator BAK1. A potential PP2A holoenzyme composed of the subunits A1, C4, and B'η/ζ inhibits immune responses triggered by several PAMPs and anti-bacterial immunity. PP2A constitutively associates with BAK1 in planta. Impairment in this PP2A-based regulation leads to increased steady-state BAK1 phosphorylation, which can poise enhanced immune responses. This work identifies PP2A as an important negative regulator of plant innate immunity that controls BAK1 activation in surface-localized immune receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Segonzac
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Alberto P Macho
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Maite Sanmartín
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - José Juan Sánchez-Serrano
- Departamento de Genética Molecular de Plantas, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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Abstract
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are ubiquitous metabolites in all aerobic organisms. Traditionally ROS have been considered as harmful, accidental byproducts of cellular functions involving electron transport chains or electron transfer. However, it is now recognized that controlled production of ROS has significant signaling functions, for example, in pathogen defense, in the regulation of stomatal closure, or in cell-to-cell signaling. ROS formation in subcellular compartments is critical to act as “alarm” signal in the response to stress, and the concept of ROS as primarily signaling substances has emerged. The involvement of ROS in several developmental and inducible processes implies that there must be coordinated function of signaling network(s) that govern ROS responses and subsequent processes. The air pollutant ozone can be used as a useful tool to elucidate the function of apoplastic ROS: O3 degrades in cell wall into various ROS which are interpreted as ROS with signaling function inducing downstream responses. We have used ozone as a tool in mutant screens and transcript profiling-reverse genetics to identify genes involved in processes related to the signaling function of ROS. We review here our recent findings in the elucidation of apoplastic ROS sensing, signaling, and interaction with various symplastic components.
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43
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Rasool B, Karpinska B, Konert G, Durian G, Denessiouk K, Kangasjärvi S, Foyer CH. Effects of light and the regulatory B-subunit composition of protein phosphatase 2A on the susceptibility of Arabidopsis thaliana to aphid (Myzus persicae) infestation. Front Plant Sci 2014; 5:405. [PMID: 25191331 PMCID: PMC4140078 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The interactions between biotic and abiotic stress signaling pathways are complex and poorly understood but protein kinase/phosphatase cascades are potentially important components. Aphid fecundity and susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae infection were determined in the low light-grown Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and in mutant lines defective in either the protein phosphatase (PP)2A regulatory subunit B'γ (gamma; pp2a-b'γ) or B'ζ (zeta; pp2a-b'ζ1-1 and pp2a-b'ζ 1-2) and in gamma zeta double mutants (pp2a-b'γζ) lacking both subunits. All the mutants except for pp2a-b'ζ 1-1 had significantly lower leaf areas than the wild type. Susceptibility to P. syringae was similar in all genotypes. In contrast, aphid fecundity was significantly decreased in the pp2a-b'γ mutant relative to the wild type but not in the pp2a-b'γζ double mutant. A high light pre-treatment, which led to a significant increase in rosette growth in all mutant lines but not in the wild type, led to a significant decrease in aphid fecundity in all genotypes. The high light pre-treatment abolished the differences in aphid resistance observed in the pp2a-b'γ mutant relative to the wild type. The light and CO2 response curves for photosynthesis were changed in response to the high light pre-treatment, but the high light effects were similar in all genotypes. These data demonstrate that a pre-exposure to high light and the composition of B-subunits on the trimeric PP2A holoenzymes are important in regulating plant resistance to aphids. The functional specificity for the individual regulatory B-subunits may therefore limit aphid colonization, depending on the prevailing abiotic stress environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brwa Rasool
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Barbara Karpinska
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
| | - Grzegorz Konert
- Molecular Plant Biology, Biocity, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | - Guido Durian
- Molecular Plant Biology, Biocity, University of TurkuTurku, Finland
| | | | | | - Christine H. Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of LeedsLeeds, UK
- *Correspondence: Christine H. Foyer, Centre for Plant Sciences, School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK e-mail:
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