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Tran N, Mills EL. Redox regulation of macrophages. Redox Biol 2024; 72:103123. [PMID: 38615489 PMCID: PMC11026845 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Redox signaling, a mode of signal transduction that involves the transfer of electrons from a nucleophilic to electrophilic molecule, has emerged as an essential regulator of inflammatory macrophages. Redox reactions are driven by reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) and redox-sensitive metabolites such as fumarate and itaconate, which can post-translationally modify specific cysteine residues in target proteins. In the past decade our understanding of how ROS, RNS, and redox-sensitive metabolites control macrophage function has expanded dramatically. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence of how ROS, RNS, and metabolites regulate macrophage function and how this is dysregulated with disease. We highlight the key tools to assess redox signaling and important questions that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhien Tran
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Evanna L Mills
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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2
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Xia W, Veeragandham P, Cao Y, Xu Y, Rhyne TE, Qian J, Hung CW, Zhao P, Jones Y, Gao H, Liddle C, Yu RT, Downes M, Evans RM, Rydén M, Wabitsch M, Wang Z, Hakozaki H, Schöneberg J, Reilly SM, Huang J, Saltiel AR. Obesity causes mitochondrial fragmentation and dysfunction in white adipocytes due to RalA activation. Nat Metab 2024; 6:273-289. [PMID: 38286821 PMCID: PMC10896723 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-00978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic trait of human and rodent obesity, insulin resistance and fatty liver disease. Here we show that high-fat diet (HFD) feeding causes mitochondrial fragmentation in inguinal white adipocytes from male mice, leading to reduced oxidative capacity by a process dependent on the small GTPase RalA. RalA expression and activity are increased in white adipocytes after HFD. Targeted deletion of RalA in white adipocytes prevents fragmentation of mitochondria and diminishes HFD-induced weight gain by increasing fatty acid oxidation. Mechanistically, RalA increases fission in adipocytes by reversing the inhibitory Ser637 phosphorylation of the fission protein Drp1, leading to more mitochondrial fragmentation. Adipose tissue expression of the human homolog of Drp1, DNM1L, is positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance. Thus, chronic activation of RalA plays a key role in repressing energy expenditure in obese adipose tissue by shifting the balance of mitochondrial dynamics toward excessive fission, contributing to weight gain and metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Xia
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Preethi Veeragandham
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yu Cao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Yayun Xu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Torrey E Rhyne
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jiaxin Qian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Chao-Wei Hung
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Peng Zhao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ying Jones
- Electron Microscopy Core, Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher Liddle
- Storr Liver Centre, Westmead Institute for Medical Research and Westmead Hospital, University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruth T Yu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Downes
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Evans
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine (H7), Karolinska Institute (C2-94), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Zichen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Hakozaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Johannes Schöneberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Shannon M Reilly
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Weill Center for Metabolic Health, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Zhao J, Han X, Li H, Luo Y, Fang Y, Wang Y, Gao J, Zhao Y, Han J, Qian F. Analysis of the Immune Response by Standardized Whole-Blood Stimulation with Metabolism Modulation. Phenomics 2024; 4:81-89. [PMID: 38605904 PMCID: PMC11003932 DOI: 10.1007/s43657-023-00114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The immune system defends the body from infection and plays a vital role in a wide range of health conditions. Metabolism affects a series of physiological processes, including those linked to the function of human immune system. Cellular metabolism modulates immune cell activation and cytokine production. Understanding the relationship between metabolism and immune response has important implications for the development of immune-based therapeutics. However, the deployment of large-scale functional assays to investigate the metabolic regulation of immune response has been limited by the lack of standardized procedures. Here, we present a protocol for the analysis of immune response using standardized whole-blood stimulation with metabolism modulation. Diverse immune stimuli including pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands and microbial stimuli were incubated with fresh human whole blood. The metabolic inhibitors were used to modulate metabolic status in the immune cells. The variable immune responses after metabolic interventions were evaluated. We described in detail the main steps involved in the whole-blood stimulation and cytokines quantification, namely, collection and treatment of whole blood, preparation of samples and controls, cytokines detection, and stimulation with metabolic interventions. The metabolic inhibitors for anabolic pathways and catabolic pathways exert selective effects on the production of cytokines from immune cells. In addition to a robust and accurate assessment of immune response in cohort studies, the standardized whole-blood stimulation with metabolic regulation might provide new insights for modulating immunity. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43657-023-00114-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xuling Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Helian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yali Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yiran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jingxuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
- Institute of Immunophenome, International Human Phenome Institutes (Shanghai), Shanghai, 200433 China
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4
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Shah DS, McNeilly AD, McCrimmon RJ, Hundal HS. The C5aR1 complement receptor: A novel immunomodulator of insulin action in skeletal muscle. Cell Signal 2024; 113:110944. [PMID: 37890688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The complement system constitutes an integral component of the innate immune system and plays a critical role in adaptive immunity. Activation of this system engenders the production of complement peptide fragments, including C5a, which engage G-protein coupled receptors predominantly expressed in immune-associated cells, such as neutrophils, initiating pro-inflammatory responses. Intriguingly, our investigation has unveiled the presence of C5a receptor 1 (C5aR1) expression within skeletal muscle, a key metabolic tissue and primary target of insulin. Herein, we demonstrate that C5aR1 activation by C5a in differentiated human skeletal muscle cells elicits acute suppression of insulin signalling. This suppression manifests as impaired insulin-dependent association between IRS1 and the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase, a 50% reduction in Akt phosphorylation, and a 60% decline in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. This impairment in insulin signalling is associated with a three-fold elevation in intramyocellular diacylglycerol (DAG) levels and a two-fold increase in cytosolic calcium content, which promote PKC-mediated IRS1 inhibition via enhanced phosphorylation at IRS1 Ser1101. Significantly, our findings demonstrate that structurally diverse C5aR1 antagonists, along with genetic deletion or stable silencing of C5aR1 by 80% using short-hairpin RNA, effectively attenuate repression of insulin signalling by C5a in LHCN-M2 human skeletal myotubes. These results underscore the potential of heightened C5aR1 activation, characteristic of obesity and chronic inflammatory conditions, to detrimentally impact insulin function within skeletal muscle cells. Additionally, the study suggests that agents targeting the C5a-C5aR axis, originally devised for mitigating complement-dependent inflammatory conditions, may offer therapeutic avenues to ameliorate immune-driven insulin resistance in key peripheral metabolic tissues, including skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Shah
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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5
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Bailin SS, Koethe JR, Rebeiro PF. The pathogenesis of obesity in people living with HIV. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:6-13. [PMID: 37934696 PMCID: PMC10842175 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The public health challenge of overweight and obesity increasingly affects people living with HIV (PWH). These effects have also accelerated as the prevalence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) use has increased among PWH. It is therefore also critical that we examine and understand the pathogenesis of obesity among PWH.This review will aim to summarize relevant and recent literature related to the risks of weight gain and obesity associated with HIV disease progression, cardiometabolic disease, and multimorbidity among PWH. Further, we will discuss adipose tissue changes associated with weight gain and obesity and how these changes relate to metabolic complications. RECENT FINDINGS Several observational and experimental studies in recent years have evaluated the role of contemporary ART regimens, particularly integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and tenofovir alafenamide (TAF), as contributors to weight gain, obesity, and cardiometabolic disease, though the mechanisms remain unclear. Metabolic dysregulation has also been linked to ectopic fat deposition and alterations in innate and adaptive immune cell populations in adipose tissue that accompany HIV and obesity. These factors continue to contribute to an increasing burden of metabolic diseases in an aging HIV population. SUMMARY Obesity accompanies an increasing burden of metabolic disease among PWH, and understanding the role of fat partitioning and HIV and ART-related adipose tissue dysfunction may guide prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R Koethe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
| | - Peter F Rebeiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medicine, Division of Epidemiology
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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6
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Stenberg K, Novotny GW, Lutz TA, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Bjørnvad CR. Obesity-induced changes in gene expression in feline adipose and skeletal muscle tissue. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1262-1278. [PMID: 36591865 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indoor-confined cats are prone to developing obesity due to a sedentary life and an energy intake exceeding energy requirements. As in humans, feline obesity decreases insulin sensitivity and increases the risk of developing feline diabetes mellitus, but the pathophysiological mechanisms are currently poorly understood. Human obesity-related metabolic alterations seem to relate to changes in the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, insulin action and inflammation. The objective of the current study was to investigate changes in the expression of genes relating to obesity, glucose metabolism and inflammation in cats with non-experimentally induced obesity. Biopsies from the sartorius muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 73 healthy, neutered, indoor-confined domestic shorthaired cats ranging from lean to obese. Quantification of obesity-related gene expression levels relative to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. A negative association between obesity and adiponectin expression was observed in the adipose tissue (mean ± SD; normal weight, 27.30 × 10-3 ± 77.14 × 10-3 ; overweight, 2.89 × 10-3 ± 0.38 × 10-3 and obese, 2.93 × 10-3 ± 4.20 × 10-3 , p < 0.05). In muscle, the expression of peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-γ2 and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was increased in the obese compared to the normal-weight cats, and resistin was increased in the normal-weight compared to the overweight cats. There were no detectable obesity-related changes in the messenger RNA levels of inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, a possible obesity-related low-grade inflammation caused by increased expression of key proinflammatory regulators was not observed. This could imply that the development of feline obesity and ensuing insulin resistance may not be based on tissue-derived inflammation, but caused by several determining factors, many of which still need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Stenberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Guy W Novotny
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Hematology/Pathology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thomas A Lutz
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte Reinhard Bjørnvad
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity are an important public health problem that affects a significant part of the world population and increases the risk of many metabolic diseases. Weight loss is the primary goal in obesity treatment, and many different dietary interventions are tried for this purpose. Intermittent fasting is a diet that has become popular in recent years with the weight loss it provides and includes periods of fasting and feeding. In addition to providing weight loss, intermittent fasting also has positive effects on important risk factors such as glucoregulatory parameters, blood lipids, and oxidative stress. Intermittent fasting appears to be an effective and safe way to achieve weight loss in obesity. It could also have therapeutic effects on obesity-related diseases. The aim of this review was to bring together up-to-date information on the effects of intermittent fasting on obesity and various obesity-related diseases, mechanisms of action, possible benefits and harms, and potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caner Özyildirim
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye -
| | - Asli Uçar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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Xia W, Veeragandham P, Cao Y, Xu Y, Rhyne T, Qian J, Hung CW, Zhao P, Jones Y, Gao H, Liddle C, Yu R, Downes M, Evans R, Ryden M, Wabitsch M, Reilly S, Huang J, Saltiel A. Obesity-dependent increase in RalA activity disrupts mitochondrial dynamics in white adipocytes. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2923510. [PMID: 37398165 PMCID: PMC10312969 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2923510/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a characteristic trait of human and rodent obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease. Here we report that mitochondria undergo fragmentation and reduced oxidative capacity specifically in inguinal white adipose tissue after feeding mice high fat diet (HFD) by a process dependent on the small GTPase RalA. RalA expression and activity are increased in white adipocytes from mice fed HFD. Targeted deletion of Rala in white adipocytes prevents the obesity-induced fragmentation of mitochondria and produces mice resistant to HFD-induced weight gain via increased fatty acid oxidation. As a result, these mice also exhibit improved glucose tolerance and liver function. In vitro mechanistic studies revealed that RalA suppresses mitochondrial oxidative function in adipocytes by increasing fission through reversing the protein kinase A-catalyzed inhibitory Ser637phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1. Active RalA recruits protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Aa) to specifically dephosphorylate this inhibitory site on Drp1, activating the protein, thus increasing mitochondrial fission. Adipose tissue expression of the human homolog of Drp1, DNML1, is positively correlated with obesity and insulin resistance in patients. Thus, chronic activation of RalA plays a key role in repressing energy expenditure in obese adipose tissue by shifting the balance of mitochondrial dynamics towards excessive fission, contributing to weight gain and related metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Cao
- University of California San Diego
| | - Yayun Xu
- University of California San Diego
| | | | | | | | - Peng Zhao
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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Shi Y, Si D, Chen D, Zhang X, Han Z, Yu Q, Liu J, Si J. Bioactive compounds from Polygonatum genus as anti-diabetic agents with future perspectives. Food Chem 2023; 408:135183. [PMID: 36566543 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most serious health problems worldwide. Species in the genus Polygonatum are traditional food and medicinal plants, which play an important role in controlling blood glucose. In this reveiw, we systematically summarized the traditional and modern applications of the genus Polygonatum in DM, focused on the material bases of polysaccharides, flavonoids and saponins. We highlighted their mechanisms of action in preventing obese diabetes, improving insulin resistance, promoting insulin secretion, regulating intestinal microecology, inhibiting advanced glycation end products (AGEs) accumulation, suppressing carbohydrate digestion and obsorption and modulating gluconeogenesis. Based on the safety and efficacy of this 'medicinal food' and its utility in the prevention and treatment of diabetes, we proposed a research and development program that includs diet design (supplementary food), medical nutrition therapy and new drugs, which could provide new pathways for the use of natural plants in prevention and treatment of DM.
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Park MJ, Choi KM. Interplay of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: sarcopenic obesity. Metabolism 2023; 144:155577. [PMID: 37127228 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sarcopenic obesity is becoming a global health concern, owing to the rising older population, causing cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Loss of muscle exceeding normal age-related changes has been revealed to be associated with obesity, aggravating each other through complex interactions. Physiological regeneration and proliferation of muscle tissue are achieved through harmonious processes of regulated inflammation, autophagy, muscle satellite cell proliferation, and signaling molecule function. Adipokines and myokines are signaling molecules from adipose tissue and muscle, respectively, that exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects on fat and muscle tissues. These signaling molecules interact with each other to regulate metabolic homeostasis. However, excessive adiposity creates pro-inflammatory conditions, leading to metabolic disorders and the disorganization of systemic homeostasis. Therefore, obesity impedes muscle tissue regeneration and induces the loss of muscle mass and function. Numerous studies have attempted to demonstrate the pathophysiological interaction between sarcopenia and obesity, but the interwoven matrix of the relationship between myokines and adipokines has made it difficult for researchers to understand them. This review briefly describes updated information about the crosstalk between muscle and adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Park
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Li X, Ren Y, Chang K, Wu W, Griffiths HR, Lu S, Gao D. Adipose tissue macrophages as potential targets for obesity and metabolic diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153915. [PMID: 37153549 PMCID: PMC10154623 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue is a key pathological factor inducing adipose tissue dysfunction and contributing to obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic disorders. In this review, we aim to present the most recent research on macrophage heterogeneity in adipose tissue, with a focus on the molecular targets applied to macrophages as potential therapeutics for metabolic diseases. We begin by discussing the recruitment of macrophages and their roles in adipose tissue. While resident adipose tissue macrophages display an anti-inflammatory phenotype and promote the development of metabolically favorable beige adipose tissue, an increase in pro-inflammatory macrophages in adipose tissue has negative effects on adipose tissue function, including inhibition of adipogenesis, promotion of inflammation, insulin resistance, and fibrosis. Then, we presented the identities of the newly discovered adipose tissue macrophage subtypes (e.g. metabolically activated macrophages, CD9+ macrophages, lipid-associated macrophages, DARC+ macrophages, and MFehi macrophages), the majority of which are located in crown-like structures within adipose tissue during obesity. Finally, we discussed macrophage-targeting strategies to ameliorate obesity-related inflammation and metabolic abnormalities, with a focus on transcriptional factors such as PPARγ, KLF4, NFATc3, and HoxA5, which promote macrophage anti-inflammatory M2 polarization, as well as TLR4/NF-κB-mediated inflammatory pathways that activate pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages. In addition, a number of intracellular metabolic pathways closely associated with glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, nutrient sensing, and circadian clock regulation were examined. Understanding the complexities of macrophage plasticity and functionality may open up new avenues for the development of macrophage-based treatments for obesity and other metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xirong Li
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Yakun Ren
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Kewei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenlong Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Shemin Lu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi’an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
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12
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Artasensi A, Mazzolari A, Pedretti A, Vistoli G, Fumagalli L. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Adiposopathy as a Triggering Factor and Therapeutic Options. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073094. [PMID: 37049856 PMCID: PMC10095867 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are major public health concerns associated with serious morbidity and increased mortality. Both obesity and T2DM are strongly associated with adiposopathy, a term that describes the pathophysiological changes of the adipose tissue. In this review, we have highlighted adipose tissue dysfunction as a major factor in the etiology of these conditions since it promotes chronic inflammation, dysregulated glucose homeostasis, and impaired adipogenesis, leading to the accumulation of ectopic fat and insulin resistance. This dysfunctional state can be effectively ameliorated by the loss of at least 15% of body weight, that is correlated with better glycemic control, decreased likelihood of cardiometabolic disease, and an improvement in overall quality of life. Weight loss can be achieved through lifestyle modifications (healthy diet, regular physical activity) and pharmacotherapy. In this review, we summarized different effective management strategies to address weight loss, such as bariatric surgery and several classes of drugs, namely metformin, GLP-1 receptor agonists, amylin analogs, and SGLT2 inhibitors. These drugs act by targeting various mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of obesity and T2DM, and they have been shown to induce significant weight loss and improve glycemic control in obese individuals with T2DM.
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13
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Liu DF, Zhang XY, Zhou RF, Cai L, Yan DM, Lan LJ, He SH, Tang H. Glucose metabolism continuous deteriorating in male patients with human immunodeficiency virus accepted antiretroviral therapy for 156 weeks. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:299-312. [PMID: 37035225 PMCID: PMC10075030 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamic characteristics of glucose metabolism and its risk factors in patients living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH) who accepted primary treatment with the efavirenz (EFV) plus lamivudine (3TC) plus tenofovir (TDF) (EFV + 3TC + TDF) regimen are unclear and warrant investigation.
AIM To study the long-term dynamic characteristics of glucose metabolism and its contributing factors in male PLWH who accepted primary treatment with the EFV + 3TC + TDF regimen for 156 wk.
METHODS This study was designed using a follow-up design. Sixty-one male treatment-naive PLWH, including 50 cases with normal glucose tolerance and 11 cases with prediabetes, were treated with the EFV + 3TC + TDF regimen for 156 wk. The glucose metabolism dynamic characteristics, the main risk factors and the differences among the three CD4+ count groups were analyzed.
RESULTS In treatment-naive male PLWH, regardless of whether glucose metabolism disorder was present at baseline, who accepted treatment with the EFV + 3TC + TDF regimen for 156 wk, a continuous increase in the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, the rate of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and the glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level were found. These changes were not due to insulin resistance but rather to significantly reduced islet β cell function, according to the homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β). Moreover, the lower the baseline CD4+ T-cell count was, the higher the FPG level and the lower the HOMA-β value. Furthermore, the main risk factors for the FPG levels were the CD3+CD8+ cell count and viral load (VL), and the factors contributing to the HOMA-β values were the alanine aminotransferase level, VL and CD3+CD8+ cell count.
CONCLUSION These findings provide guidance to clinicians who are monitoring FPG levels closely and are concerned about IFG and decreased islet β cell function during antiretroviral therapy with the EFV + 3TC + TDF regimen for long-term application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Feng Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yi Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan University West China Hoapital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Rui-Feng Zhou
- Department of Infectious Disease, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dong-Mei Yan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Lan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sheng-Hua He
- Department of Infectious Disease, Public Health and Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu 610061, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Disease, Sichuan University West China Hoapital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Walpot J, Van Herck P, Van de Heyning CM, Bosmans J, Massalha S, Malbrain ML, Heidbuchel H, Inácio JR. Computed tomography measured epicardial adipose tissue and psoas muscle attenuation: new biomarkers to predict major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and mortality in patients with heart disease and critically ill patients. Part I: Epicardial adipose tissue. Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther 2023; 55:141-157. [PMID: 37728441 PMCID: PMC10496106 DOI: 10.5114/ait.2023.130922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the potential role of epicardial adipocyte tissue (EAT) as a marker for major adverse cardiovascular events has been extensively studied. Unlike other visceral adipocyte tissues (VAT), EAT is not separated from the adjacent myocardium by a fascial layer and shares the same microcirculation with the myocardium. Adipocytokines, secreted by EAT, interact directly with the myocardium through paracrine and vasocrine pathways. The role of the Randle cycle, linking VAT accumulation to insulin resistance, and the relevance of blood flow and mitochondrial function of VAT, are briefly discussed. The three available imaging modalities for the assessment of EAT are discussed. The advantages of echocardiography, cardiac CT, and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) are compared. The last section summarises the current stage of knowledge on EAT as a clinical marker for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The association between EAT volume and coronary artery disease (CAD) has robustly been validated. There is growing evidence that EAT volume is associated with computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) assessed high-risk plaque features. The EAT CT attenuation coefficient predicts coronary events. Many studies have established EAT volume as a predictor of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery. Moreover, EAT thickness has been independently associated with severe aortic stenosis and mitral annular calcification. Studies have demonstrated that EAT volume is associated with heart failure. Finally, we discuss the potential role of EAT in critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit. In conclusion, EAT seems to be a promising new biomarker to predict MACE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Van Herck
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline M. Van de Heyning
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Bosmans
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Manu L.N.G. Malbrain
- International Fluid Academy, Lovenjoel, Belgium
- First Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - João R. Inácio
- Centro Universitario Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, UL, Portugal
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15
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Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a life-threatening cardiovascular disease. Immune-mediated infiltration and a destruction of the aortic wall during AAA development plays significant role in the pathogenesis of this disease. While various immune cells had been found in AAA, the mechanisms of their activation and function are still far from being understood. A better understanding of mechanisms regulating the development of aberrant immune cell activation in AAA is essential for the development of novel preventive and therapeutic approaches. In this review we summarize current knowledge about the role of immune cells in AAA and discuss how pathogenic immune cell activation is regulated in this disease.
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16
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Vakili S, Paneru B, Guerrier CM, Miller J, Baumrin E, Forrestel A, Lynn K, Frank I, Lo Re V, Collman RG, Hill DA. Altered adipose tissue macrophage populations in people with HIV on integrase inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2022; 36:1493-1500. [PMID: 35848549 PMCID: PMC9391287 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antiretroviral therapy (ART) extends the life of people with HIV (PWH), but these individuals are at increased risk for obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. These comorbidities may be a consequence of HIV-related chronic inflammation and/or adverse effects of ART on tissue regulatory adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). We sought to determine the effects of HIV/ART on metabolically beneficial ATM populations and functions. DESIGN We examined subcutaneous ATMs from PWH on integrase inhibitor-containing ART ( n = 5) and uninfected persons ( n = 9). We complemented these studies with ex vivo and in vitro analyses of peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and murine macrophage lipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation gene expression. METHODS ATM populations were examined by flow cytometry. Macrophage lipid metabolism and fatty acid oxidation gene expression were examined by Seahorse assay and quantitative PCR. RESULTS Adipose tissue from PWH had reduced populations of metabolically activated CD9 + ATMs compared to that of uninfected controls ( P < 0.001). PBMCs of PWH had lower fatty acid metabolism compared to those of uninfected controls ( P < 0.01). Analysis of murine macrophages revealed that dolutegravir reduced lipid metabolism ( P < 0.001) and increased expression of the fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme enoyl-CoA hydratase, short chain 1 ( P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We report the loss of metabolically beneficial ATM populations in PWH on ART, altered fatty acid metabolism of blood immune cells, and evidence that dolutegravir alters macrophage fatty acid metabolism. Future studies should examine direct or indirect effects and mechanisms of dolutegravir, and other integrase inhibitors and ART classes, on fatty acid beta-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Vakili
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Bam Paneru
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | | | - Jessica Miller
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
| | - Emily Baumrin
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Amy Forrestel
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kenneth Lynn
- Penn Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Ian Frank
- Penn Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Vincent Lo Re
- Penn Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Penn Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine
| | - David A. Hill
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
- Penn Center for AIDS Research, Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Abstract
CONTEXT Monoestolides belonging to the fatty acid-hydroxy fatty acid (FAHFA) family have recently emerged as promising insulin sensitizers. OBJECTIVE To investigate and compare impact of two selected FAHFA isomers, namely 9-hexadecanoyloxy-octadecanoic acid [9-PAHSA] and 9-(9Z-octadecenoyloxy)-octadecanoic acid [9-OAHSA], on intact livers in C57BL/6J mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Short-term in vivo study with intragastric gavage of 13 mg/kg of substances. Morphological, biochemical and high-resolution respirometric assessment of plasma and liver tissue or homogenates thereof. RESULTS The 9-OAHSA-gavaged mice had the highest final total body weight, the lowest free fatty acid circulating levels and the highest plasma activities of both ALT and AST. No significant changes of ambient glycaemia were found, however 9-PAHSA-gavaged mice tended to have lower glycaemia than other animals. Respirometry proved no substance-dependent differences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 9-PAHSA was more metabolically beneficial and less hepatotoxic than 9-OAHSA. Bioenergetic machinery of liver homogenates seemed unaffected at our FAHFA dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rychtrmoc
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Staňková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Otto Kučera
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Červinková
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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18
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Li D, Chen J, Yun C, Li X, Huang Z. MiR-122-5p regulates the pathogenesis of childhood obesity by targeting CPEB1. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:206-213. [PMID: 35680520 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood obesity is strongly associated with inflammation which contributes to the development of several obesity-related disorders. Accumulating evidence has suggested that microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the pathogenesis of multiple human diseases, including childhood obesity. MiR-122-5p was reported to be related to obesity in childhood, however, the detailed function and mechanism of miR-122-5p are still obscure. METHODS Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes were cocultured with macrophage cell line THP-1 or macrophage-conditioned medium (MacCM) to promote cytokine expression. Oil Red O staining was used to detect the accumulation of lipid droplets in SGBS cells. The expression of interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) at mRNA and protein levels was assessed by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Western blotting was used for measuring protein levels of target genes of miR-122-5p. The luciferase reporter assay was applied for detecting the binding relation between miR-122-5p and cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 1 (CPEB1). RESULTS Coculture of SGBS adipocytes and THP-1 macrophages/MacCM promoted IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 expression at mRNA and protein levels. Overexpression of miR-122-5p inhibited IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 expression in SGBS adipocytes, and this inhibitory effect was rescued by CPEB1 upregulation. CPEB1 3'-untranslated region was directly targeted by miR-122-5p. CONCLUSION MiR-122-5p suppresses cytokine expression in SGBS adipocytes by targeting CPEB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan, China.
| | - Jinni Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou 570206, Hainan, China
| | - Chuan Yun
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou 570102, Hainan, China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Respiratory, Hainan Women and Children's Medical Center, Haikou 570206, Hainan, China
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19
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Gao D, Jiao J, Wang Z, Huang X, Ni X, Fang S, Zhou Q, Zhu X, Sun L, Yang Z, Yuan H. The roles of cell-cell and organ-organ crosstalk in the type 2 diabetes mellitus associated inflammatory microenvironment. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 66:15-25. [PMID: 35459618 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2022.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a classic metaflammatory disease, and the inflammatory states of the pancreatic islet and insulin target organs have been well confirmed. However, abundant evidence demonstrates that there are countless connections between these organs in the presence of a low degree of inflammation. In this review, we focus on cell-cell crosstalk among local cells in the islet and organ-organ crosstalk among insulin-related organs. In contrast to that in acute inflammation, macrophages are the dominant immune cells causing inflammation in the islets and insulin target organs in T2DM. In the inflammatory microenvironment (IME) of the islet, cell-cell crosstalk involving local macrophage polarization and proinflammatory cytokine production impair insulin secretion by β-cells. Furthermore, organ-organ crosstalk, including the gut-brain-pancreas axis and interactions among insulin-related organs during inflammation, reduces insulin sensitivity and induces endocrine dysfunction. Therefore, this crosstalk ultimately results in a cascade leading to β-cell dysfunction. These findings could have broad implications for therapies aimed at treating T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China; Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Juan Jiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Seventh Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100700, PR China
| | - Zhaoping Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiuqing Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Ni
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Sihang Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Qi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Xiaoquan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Liang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Ze Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China
| | - Huiping Yuan
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Hospital/National Center of Gerontology of National Health Commission, Beijing 100730, PR China; Peking University Fifth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100730, PR China.
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20
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Subash-Babu P, Mohammed Alowaidh H, Al-Harbi LN, Shamlan G, Aloud AA, AlSedairy SA, Alshatwi AA. Ocimum basilicum L. Methanol Extract Enhances Mitochondrial Efficiency and Decreases Adipokine Levels in Maturing Adipocytes Which Regulate Macrophage Systemic Inflammation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041388. [PMID: 35209178 PMCID: PMC8876186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive storage of lipids in visceral or ectopic sites stimulates adipokine production, which attracts macrophages. This process determines the pro- and anti-inflammatory response regulation in adipose tissue during obesity-associated systemic inflammation. The present study aimed to identify the composition of Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) seed extract and to determine its bio-efficacy on adipocyte thermogenesis or fatty acid oxidation and inhibition of lipid accumulation and adipokine secretion. Ocimum basilicum L. seed methanol extract (BSME) was utilized to analyze the cytotoxicity vs. control; lipid accumulation assay (oil red O and Nile red staining), adipogenesis and mitochondrial-thermogenesis-related gene expression vs. vehicle control were analyzed by PCR assay. In addition, vehicle control and BSME-treated adipocytes condition media were collected and treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced macrophage to identify the macrophage polarization. The results shown that the active components present in BSME did not produce significant cytotoxicity in preadipocytes or macrophages in the MTT assay. Furthermore, oil red O and Nile red staining assay confirmed that 80 and 160 μg/dL concentrations of BSME effectively arrested lipid accumulation and inhibited adipocyte maturation, when compared with tea polyphenols. Gene expression level of adipocyte hyperplasia (CEBPα, PPARγ) and lipogenesis (LPL)-related genes have been significantly (p ≤ 0.05) downregulated, and mitochondrial-thermogenesis-associated genes (PPARγc1α, UCP-1, prdm16) have been significantly (p ≤ 0.001) upregulated. The BSME-treated, maturing, adipocyte-secreted proteins were detected with a decreased protein level of leptin, TNF-α, IL-6 and STAT-6, which are associated with insulin resistance and macrophage recruitment. The “LPS-stimulated macrophage” treated with “BSME-treated adipocytes condition media”, shown with significant (p ≤ 0.001) decrease in metabolic-inflammation-related proteins—such as PGE-2, MCP-1, TNF-α and NF-κB—were majorly associated with the development of foam cell formation and progression of atherosclerotic lesion. The present findings concluded that the availability of active principles in basil seed effectively inhibit adipocyte hypertrophy, macrophage polarization, and the inflammation associated with insulin resistance and thrombosis development. Ocimum basilicum L. seed may be useful as a dietary supplement to enhance fatty acid oxidation, which aids in overcoming metabolic complications.
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21
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Camastra S, Ferrannini E. Role of anatomical location, cellular phenotype and perfusion of adipose tissue in intermediary metabolism: A narrative review. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2022; 23:43-50. [PMID: 35031911 PMCID: PMC8873050 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-021-09708-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that adipose tissue accumulation is associated with insulin resistance through multiple mechanisms. One major metabolic link is the classical Randle cycle: enhanced release of free fatty acids (FFA) from hydrolysis of adipose tissue triglycerides impedes insulin-mediated glucose uptake in muscle tissues. Less well studied are the different routes of this communication. First, white adipose tissue depots may be regionally distant from muscle (i.e., gluteal fat and diaphragm muscle) or contiguous to muscle but separated by a fascia (Scarpa's fascia in the abdomen, fascia lata in the thigh). In this case, released FFA outflow through the venous drainage and merge into arterial plasma to be transported to muscle tissues. Next, cytosolic triglycerides can directly, i.e., within the cell, provide FFA to myocytes (but also pancreatic ß-cells, renal tubular cells, etc.). Finally, adipocyte layers or lumps may be adjacent to, but not anatomically segregated, from muscle, as is typically the case for epicardial fat and cardiomyocytes. As regulation of these three main delivery paths is different, their separate contribution to substrate competition at the whole-body level is uncertain. Another important link between fat and muscle is vascular. In the resting state, blood flow is generally higher in adipose tissue than in muscle. In the insulinized state, fat blood flow is directly related to whole-body insulin resistance whereas muscle blood flow is not; consequently, fractional (i.e., flow-adjusted) glucose uptake is stimulated in muscle but not fat. Thus, reduced blood supply is a major factor for the impairment of in vivo insulin-mediated glucose uptake in both subcutaneous and visceral fat. In contrast, the insulin resistance of glucose uptake in resting skeletal muscle is predominantly a cellular defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Camastra
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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22
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Levine JA, Sarrafan-Chaharsoughi Z, Patel TP, Brady SM, Chivukula KK, Miller E, Han JM, Periwal V, Wolska A, Remaley AT, Dagur PK, Biancotto A, Babyak A, Fantoni G, Yanovski JA, Demidowich AP. Effects of colchicine on lipolysis and adipose tissue inflammation in adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2022; 30:358-368. [PMID: 34978374 PMCID: PMC8799499 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine whether colchicine's anti-inflammatory effects would improve measures of lipolysis and distribution of leukocyte populations in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted for a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study in which 40 adults with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) were randomized to colchicine 0.6 mg or placebo twice daily for 3 months. Non-insulin-suppressible (l0 ), insulin-suppressible (l2 ), and maximal (l0 +l2 ) lipolysis rates were calculated by minimal model analysis. Body composition was determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. SAT leukocyte populations were characterized by flow cytometry analysis from biopsied samples obtained before and after the intervention. RESULTS Colchicine treatment significantly decreased l2 and l0 +l2 versus placebo (p < 0.05). These changes were associated with a significant reduction in markers of systemic inflammation, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, resistin, and circulating monocytes and neutrophils (p < 0.01). Colchicine did not significantly alter SAT leukocyte population distributions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In adults with obesity and MetS, colchicine appears to improve insulin regulation of lipolysis and reduce markers of systemic inflammation independent of an effect on local leukocyte distributions in SAT. Further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which colchicine affects adipose tissue metabolic pathways in adults with obesity and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A Levine
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahra Sarrafan-Chaharsoughi
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tushar P Patel
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sheila M Brady
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - K Karthik Chivukula
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Clinical Endocrinology Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Emily Miller
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jung Min Han
- Computational Medicine Section, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Vipul Periwal
- Computational Medicine Section, Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pradeep K Dagur
- Flow Cytometry Core, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Angelique Biancotto
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ashley Babyak
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanna Fantoni
- Center for Human Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack A Yanovski
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew P Demidowich
- Section on Growth and Obesity, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Johns Hopkins Community Physicians at Howard County General Hospital, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Columbia, Maryland, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Cataldi S, Aprile M, Melillo D, Mucel I, Giorgetti-Peraldi S, Cormont M, Italiani P, Blüher M, Tanti JF, Ciccodicola A, Costa V. TNFα Mediates Inflammation-Induced Effects on PPARG Splicing in Adipose Tissue and Mesenchymal Precursor Cells. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010042. [PMID: 35011604 PMCID: PMC8750445 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-grade chronic inflammation and reduced differentiation capacity are hallmarks of hypertrophic adipose tissue (AT) and key contributors of insulin resistance. We identified PPARGΔ5 as a dominant-negative splicing isoform overexpressed in the AT of obese/diabetic patients able to impair adipocyte differentiation and PPARγ activity in hypertrophic adipocytes. Herein, we investigate the impact of macrophage-secreted pro-inflammatory factors on PPARG splicing, focusing on PPARGΔ5. We report that the epididymal AT of LPS-treated mice displays increased PpargΔ5/cPparg ratio and reduced expression of Pparg-regulated genes. Interestingly, pro-inflammatory factors secreted from murine and human pro-inflammatory macrophages enhance the PPARGΔ5/cPPARG ratio in exposed adipogenic precursors. TNFα is identified herein as factor able to alter PPARG splicing—increasing PPARGΔ5/cPPARG ratio—through PI3K/Akt signaling and SRp40 splicing factor. In line with in vitro data, TNFA expression is higher in the SAT of obese (vs. lean) patients and positively correlates with PPARGΔ5 levels. In conclusion, our results indicate that inflammatory factors secreted by metabolically-activated macrophages are potent stimuli that modulate the expression and splicing of PPARG. The resulting imbalance between canonical and dominant negative isoforms may crucially contribute to impair PPARγ activity in hypertrophic AT, exacerbating the defective adipogenic capacity of precursor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cataldi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’’, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Marianna Aprile
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’’, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Daniela Melillo
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (P.I.)
| | - Inès Mucel
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm UMR1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity, 06204 Nice, France; (I.M.); (S.G.-P.); (M.C.); (J.-F.T.)
| | - Sophie Giorgetti-Peraldi
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm UMR1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity, 06204 Nice, France; (I.M.); (S.G.-P.); (M.C.); (J.-F.T.)
| | - Mireille Cormont
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm UMR1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity, 06204 Nice, France; (I.M.); (S.G.-P.); (M.C.); (J.-F.T.)
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (D.M.); (P.I.)
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Medical Department III-Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jean-François Tanti
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm UMR1065, C3M, Team Cellular and Molecular Pathophysiology of Obesity, 06204 Nice, France; (I.M.); (S.G.-P.); (M.C.); (J.-F.T.)
| | - Alfredo Ciccodicola
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’’, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.); (A.C.)
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Naples ‘‘Parthenope’’, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ‘‘Adriano Buzzati-Traverso’’, CNR, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Naples, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0816132617
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Nichols JM, Crelli CV, Liu L, Pham HV, Janjic JM, Shepherd AJ. Tracking macrophages in diabetic neuropathy with two-color nanoemulsions for near-infrared fluorescent imaging and microscopy. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:299. [PMID: 34949179 PMCID: PMC8697472 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy continues to rise, and studies have shown that macrophages play an important role in their pathogenesis. To date, macrophage tracking has largely been achieved using genetically-encoded fluorescent proteins. Here we present a novel two-color fluorescently labeled perfluorocarbon nanoemulsion (PFC-NE) designed to monitor phagocytic macrophages in diabetic neuropathy in vitro and in vivo using non-invasive near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging and fluorescence microscopy. Methods Presented PFC-NEs were formulated with perfluorocarbon oil surrounded by hydrocarbon shell carrying two fluorescent dyes and stabilized with non-ionic surfactants. In vitro assessment of nanoemulsions was performed by measuring fluorescent signal stability, colloidal stability, and macrophage uptake and subsequent viability. The two-color PFC-NE was administered to Leprdb/db and wild-type mice by tail vein injection, and in vivo tracking of the nanoemulsion was performed using both NIRF imaging and confocal microscopy to assess its biodistribution within phagocytic macrophages along the peripheral sensory apparatus of the hindlimb. Results In vitro experiments show two-color PFC-NE demonstrated high fluorescent and colloidal stability, and that it was readily incorporated into RAW 264.7 macrophages. In vivo tracking revealed distribution of the two-color nanoemulsion to macrophages within most tissues of Leprdb/db and wild-type mice which persisted for several weeks, however it did not cross the blood brain barrier. Reduced fluorescence was seen in sciatic nerves of both Leprdb/db and wild-type mice, implying that the nanoemulsion may also have difficulty crossing an intact blood nerve barrier. Additionally, distribution of the nanoemulsion in Leprdb/db mice was reduced in several tissues as compared to wild-type mice. This reduction in biodistribution appears to be caused by the increased number of adipose tissue macrophages in Leprdb/db mice. Conclusions The nanoemulsion in this study has the ability to identify phagocytic macrophages in the Leprdb/db model using both NIRF imaging and fluorescence microscopy. Presented nanoemulsions have the potential for carrying lipophilic drugs and/or fluorescent dyes, and target inflammatory macrophages in diabetes. Therefore, we foresee these agents becoming a useful tool in both imaging inflammation and providing potential treatment in diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Nichols
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Caitlin V Crelli
- School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Hoang Vu Pham
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jelena M Janjic
- School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Andrew J Shepherd
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6565 MD Anderson Blvd., Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Man K, Kallies A, Vasanthakumar A. Resident and migratory adipose immune cells control systemic metabolism and thermogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34837070 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-021-00804-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is a vital source of energy for all mammals. The balance between glucose uptake, metabolism and storage determines the energy status of an individual, and perturbations in this balance can lead to metabolic diseases. The maintenance of organismal glucose metabolism is a complex process that involves multiple tissues, including adipose tissue, which is an endocrine and energy storage organ that is critical for the regulation of systemic metabolism. Adipose tissue consists of an array of different cell types, including specialized adipocytes and stromal and endothelial cells. In addition, adipose tissue harbors a wide range of immune cells that play vital roles in adipose tissue homeostasis and function. These cells contribute to the regulation of systemic metabolism by modulating the inflammatory tone of adipose tissue, which is directly linked to insulin sensitivity and signaling. Furthermore, these cells affect the control of thermogenesis. While lean adipose tissue is rich in type 2 and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10, obesity tips the balance in favor of a proinflammatory milieu, leading to the development of insulin resistance and the dysregulation of systemic metabolism. Notably, anti-inflammatory immune cells, including regulatory T cells and innate lymphocytes, protect against insulin resistance and have the characteristics of tissue-resident cells, while proinflammatory immune cells are recruited from the circulation to obese adipose tissue. Here, we review the key findings that have shaped our understanding of how immune cells regulate adipose tissue homeostasis to control organismal metabolism.
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Pahk K, Lee SG, Joung C, Kim EO, Kwon HW, Kim DH, Hwang JI, Kim S, Kim WK. SP-1154, a novel synthetic TGF-β inhibitor, alleviates obesity and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-induced mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112441. [PMID: 34813997 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity-induced inflamed visceral adipose tissue (VAT) secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines thereby promoting systemic inflammation and insulin resistance which further exacerbate obesity-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β /Smad3 signaling plays a crucial role in the inflammatory events within the VAT. Here, we investigate whether SP-1154, a novel synthetic verbenone derivative, can inhibit TGF-β/Smad3 signaling thereby exhibiting a therapeutic effect against obesity-induced inflamed VAT and subsequent NAFLD in high-fat diet-induced mice. METHODS NAFLD was induced by a high-fat diet (60% fat) for 20 weeks using the male C57BL/6 mice. SP-1154 (50 mg/kg) was orally given daily for 20 weeks. In vivo VAT- and systemic inflammation were measured by using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and C-reactive protein levels. Both insulin tolerance- and glucose tolerance test were performed to assess the status of insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Histological and molecular analyses were performed on harvested liver and VAT. KEY FINDINGS SP-1154 inhibited TGF-β/Smad3 signaling pathway and remarkably suppressed high-fat diet-induced VAT inflammation and its related systemic inflammation. Furthermore, SP-1154 significantly improved insulin sensitivity with glucose homeostasis and reduced hepatic steatosis. SP-1154 significantly improves VAT inflammation and obesity-related NAFLD. CONCLUSION Our novel findings support the potential use of SP-1154 as a therapeutic drug for obesity and its related NAFLD by targeting the inflamed VAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Gil Lee
- Institute for Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea; College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chanmin Joung
- Institute for Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Ok Kim
- Medcial Science Research Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hwi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Ik Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Won-Ki Kim
- Institute for Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
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27
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Liang YF, Song F, Liu H, Liu J, Zhang YY, Lin WD, Liao HT, Guo HM, Tse G, Liu FZ, Lin Z. Clinical Characteristics and Long-Term Prognosis of Elderly Valvular Heart Disease Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Five-Year Experience from a Single-Center Study of Southern China. Cardiol Res Pract 2021; 2021:2558639. [PMID: 34745659 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2558639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a prognostic marker in elderly patients with cardiovascular diseases, but its predictive value in elderly valvular heart disease (VHD) patients is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effect of DM on the long-term outcome of elderly VHD patients. Methods This single-center, observational study enrolled patients aged 65 and older consecutively with confirmed VHD using echocardiography. Patients, divided into the DM group and non-DM group, were followed up for major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), including all-cause death, ischemic stroke, and heart failure rehospitalization. Results Our study consisted of 532 patients over a median follow-up of 52.9 months. Compared with the non-DM group (n = 377), the DM group (n = 155) had higher incidences of ischemic stroke (25.2% vs. 13.5%, P=0.001), heart failure rehospitalization (37.4% vs. 20.7%, P < 0.001), and MACCEs (60.0% vs. 35.8%, P < 0.001). After adjustment of confounders by the multivariable cox regression, DM appeared as an independent predictor for MACCEs (adjusted hazard ratio, aHR: 1.88; 95% confidence interval 1.42–2.48; P < 0.001). In the subgroup analysis of VHD etiology and functional style, conversely, DM was a protective factor for MACCEs in the patients with rheumatic VHD compared with those without rheumatic VHD (aHR: 0.43 vs. 2.27, P=0.004). Conclusions DM was an independent predictor for ischemic stroke and heart failure rehospitalization in elderly VHD patients undergoing conservative treatment.
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28
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Ludzki AC, Schleh MW, Krueger EM, Taylor NM, Ryan BJ, Baldwin TC, Gillen JB, Ahn C, Varshney P, Horowitz JF. Inflammation and metabolism gene sets in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue are altered 1 hour after exercise in adults with obesity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1380-1389. [PMID: 34410849 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00943.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the health benefits of exercise in adults with obesity are well described, the direct effects of exercise on adipose tissue that may lead to improved metabolic health are poorly understood. The primary aims of this study were to perform an unbiased analysis of the subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue transcriptomic response to acute exercise in adults with obesity, and to compare the effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise versus high-intensity interval exercise on this response. Twenty-nine adults with obesity performed a session of either high-intensity interval exercise (HI; 10 × 1 min at 90%HRpeak, 1 min recovery between intervals; n = 14) or moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MI; 45 min at 70%HRpeak; n = 15). Groups were well matched for BMI (HI 33 ± 3 vs. MI 33 ± 4 kg/m2), sex (HI: 9 women vs. MI: 10 women), and age (HI: 32 ± 6 vs. MI: 29 ± 5). Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected before and 1 h after the session of HI or MI, and samples were processed for RNA sequencing. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed 7 of 21 gene sets enriched postexercise overlapped between HI and MI. Interestingly, both HI and MI upregulated gene sets involved in inflammation (IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling, allograft rejection, TNFα signaling via NFκB, and inflammatory response; FDR q value < 0.25). Exercise also downregulated adipogenic and oxidative metabolism gene sets in both groups. Overall, these data suggest genes involved in subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation may be an important part of the initial response after a session of exercise.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study compared the effects of a single session of high-intensity interval exercise versus moderate-intensity continuous exercise on transcriptional changes in subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue collected from adults with obesity. Our novel findings indicate exercise upregulated inflammation-related gene sets, while it downregulated metabolism-related gene sets - after both high-intensity and moderate-intensity exercise. These data suggest exercise can alter the adipose tissue transcriptome 1 h after exercise in ways that may impact inflammation and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Ludzki
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M W Schleh
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - E M Krueger
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - N M Taylor
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - B J Ryan
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - T C Baldwin
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J B Gillen
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Ahn
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - P Varshney
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - J F Horowitz
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Gao H, Luo Z, Jin Z, Ji Y, Ying W. Adipose Tissue Macrophages Modulate Obesity-Associated β Cell Adaptations through Secreted miRNA-Containing Extracellular Vesicles. Cells 2021; 10:2451. [PMID: 34572101 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity induces an adaptive expansion of β cell mass and insulin secretion abnormality. Expansion of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) is a hallmark of obesity. Here, we assessed a novel role of ATMs in mediating obesity-induced β cell adaptation through the release of miRNA-containing extracellular vesicles (EVs). In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, we show that ATM EVs derived from obese mice notably suppress insulin secretion and enhance β cell proliferation. We also observed similar phenotypes from human islets after obese ATM EV treatment. Importantly, depletion of miRNAs blunts the effects of obese ATM EVs, as evidenced by minimal effects of obese DicerKO ATM EVs on β cell responses. miR-155 is a highly enriched miRNA within obese ATM EVs and miR-155 overexpressed in β cells impairs insulin secretion and enhances β cell proliferation. In contrast, knockout of miR-155 attenuates the regulation of obese ATM EVs on β cell responses. We further demonstrate that the miR-155-Mafb axis plays a critical role in controlling β cell responses. These studies show a novel mechanism by which ATM-derived EVs act as endocrine vehicles delivering miRNAs and subsequently mediating obesity-associated β cell adaptation and dysfunction.
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Dipta P, Sarsenbayeva A, Shmuel M, Forno F, Eriksson JW, Pereira MJ, Abalo XM, Wabitsch M, Thaysen-Andersen M, Tirosh B. Macrophage-derived secretome is sufficient to confer olanzapine-mediated insulin resistance in human adipocytes. Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 7:100073. [PMID: 35757056 PMCID: PMC9216267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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Michailidou Z, Gomez-Salazar M, Alexaki VI. Innate Immune Cells in the Adipose Tissue in Health and Metabolic Disease. J Innate Immun 2021; 14:4-30. [PMID: 33849008 DOI: 10.1159/000515117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are characterized by chronic low-grade tissue and systemic inflammation. During obesity, the adipose tissue undergoes immunometabolic and functional transformation. Adipose tissue inflammation is driven by innate and adaptive immune cells and instigates insulin resistance. Here, we discuss the role of innate immune cells, that is, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid type 2 cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells, in the adipose tissue in the healthy (lean) and diseased (obese) state and describe how their function is shaped by the obesogenic microenvironment, and humoral, paracrine, and cellular interactions. Moreover, we particularly outline the role of hypoxia as a central regulator in adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, we discuss the long-lasting effects of adipose tissue inflammation and its potential reversibility through drugs, caloric restriction, or exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Michailidou
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mario Gomez-Salazar
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Reilly SM, Abu-Odeh M, Ameka M, DeLuca JH, Naber MC, Dadpey B, Ebadat N, Gomez AV, Peng X, Poirier B, Walk E, Potthoff MJ, Saltiel AR. FGF21 is required for the metabolic benefits of IKKε/TBK1 inhibition. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145546. [PMID: 33822771 DOI: 10.1172/jci145546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinases IKKε and TBK1 are activated in liver and fat in mouse models of obesity. We have previously demonstrated that treatment with the IKKε/TBK1 inhibitor amlexanox produces weight loss and relieves insulin resistance in obese animals and patients. While amlexanox treatment caused a transient reduction in food intake, long-term weight loss was attributable to increased energy expenditure via FGF21-dependent beiging of white adipose tissue (WAT). Amlexanox increased FGF21 synthesis and secretion in several tissues. Interestingly, although hepatic secretion determined circulating levels, it was dispensable for regulating energy expenditure. In contrast, adipocyte-secreted FGF21 may have acted as an autocrine factor that led to adipose tissue browning and weight loss in obese mice. Moreover, increased energy expenditure was an important determinant of improved insulin sensitivity by amlexanox. Conversely, the immediate reductions in fasting blood glucose observed with acute amlexanox treatment were mediated by the suppression of hepatic glucose production via activation of STAT3 by adipocyte-secreted IL-6. These findings demonstrate that amlexanox improved metabolic health via FGF21 action in adipocytes to increase energy expenditure via WAT beiging and that adipocyte-derived IL-6 has an endocrine role in decreasing gluconeogenesis via hepatic STAT3 activation, thereby producing a coordinated improvement in metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Reilly
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammad Abu-Odeh
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Magdalene Ameka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Julia H DeLuca
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Meghan C Naber
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Benyamin Dadpey
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nima Ebadat
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew V Gomez
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Xiaoling Peng
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - BreAnne Poirier
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Elyse Walk
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology and.,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Alan R Saltiel
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, UCSD, La Jolla, California, USA.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Pahk K, Kim EJ, Kwon HW, Joung C, Seo HS, Kim S. Association of Inflammatory Metabolic Activity of Psoas Muscle and Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Preliminary Observational Study with 18F-FDG PET/CT. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11030511. [PMID: 33805700 PMCID: PMC7999462 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflamed skeletal muscle promotes chronic inflammation in atherosclerotic plaques, thereby contributing to the increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In this study, we evaluated the metabolic activity of psoas muscle, using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), and its association with carotid artery inflammation and acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In total, 90 participants (32 AMI, 33 chronic stable angina (CSA), and 25 control) were enrolled in this prospective study. Metabolic activity of skeletal muscle (SM) was measured by using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of psoas muscle, and corresponding psoas muscle area (SM area) was also measured. Carotid artery inflammation was evaluated by using the target-to background ratio (TBR) of carotid artery. SM SUVmax was highest in AMI, intermediate in CSA, and lowest in control group. SM SUVmax was significantly correlated with carotid artery TBR and systemic inflammatory surrogate markers. Furthermore, SM SUVmax was independently associated with carotid artery TBR and showed better predictability than SM area for the prediction of AMI. Metabolic activity of psoas muscle assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT was associated with coronary plaque vulnerability and synchronized with the carotid artery inflammation in the participants with CAD. Furthermore, it may also be useful to predict AMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.P.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Eung Ju Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea;
| | - Hyun Woo Kwon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.P.); (H.W.K.)
| | - Chanmin Joung
- Institute for Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.S.S.); (S.K.); Tel.:+82-2-2626-3018 (H.S.S.); +82-2-920-5540 (S.K.)
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul 02841, Korea; (K.P.); (H.W.K.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.S.); (S.K.); Tel.:+82-2-2626-3018 (H.S.S.); +82-2-920-5540 (S.K.)
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Wu C, Yu P, Sun R. Adipose tissue and age‑dependent insulin resistance: New insights into WAT browning (Review). Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:71. [PMID: 33693956 PMCID: PMC7952244 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is defined as impaired insulin function, reduced glucose uptake and increased glucose production, which can result in type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome and even bone metabolic disorders. A possible reason for the increasing incidence of IR is population aging. Adipose tissue (AT) is an important endocrine organ that serves a crucial role in whole-body energy homeostasis. AT can be divided into white AT (WAT), beige AT and brown AT (BAT). Several mechanisms have been previously associated with age-dependent IR in WAT. However, BAT, a metabolically active tissue, controls the levels of plasma glucose and triglyceride metabolism. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the mechanisms of age-dependent IR induced by AT and to determine the role of WAT browning in achieving positive therapeutic outcomes in age-dependent IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Pei Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Ruixin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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Zhu B, Guo X, Xu H, Jiang B, Li H, Wang Y, Yin Q, Zhou T, Cai JJ, Glaser S, Meng F, Francis H, Alpini G, Wu C. Adipose tissue inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in mice with diet-induced obesity is possibly associated with disruption of PFKFB3 in hematopoietic cells. J Transl Med 2021; 101:328-340. [PMID: 33462362 PMCID: PMC7897240 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-00523-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated inflammation in white adipose tissue (WAT) is a causal factor of systemic insulin resistance; however, precisely how immune cells regulate WAT inflammation in relation to systemic insulin resistance remains to be elucidated. The present study examined a role for 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in hematopoietic cells in regulating WAT inflammation and systemic insulin sensitivity. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) for 12 weeks and examined for WAT inducible 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (iPFK2) content, while additional HFD-fed mice were treated with rosiglitazone and examined for PFKFB3 mRNAs in WAT stromal vascular cells (SVC). Also, chimeric mice in which PFKFB3 was disrupted only in hematopoietic cells and control chimeric mice were also fed an HFD and examined for HFD-induced WAT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance. In vitro, adipocytes were co-cultured with bone marrow-derived macrophages and examined for adipocyte proinflammatory responses and insulin signaling. Compared with their respective levels in controls, WAT iPFK2 amount in HFD-fed mice and WAT SVC PFKFB3 mRNAs in rosiglitazone-treated mice were significantly increased. When the inflammatory responses were analyzed, peritoneal macrophages from PFKFB3-disrputed mice revealed increased proinflammatory activation and decreased anti-inflammatory activation compared with control macrophages. At the whole animal level, hematopoietic cell-specific PFKFB3 disruption enhanced the effects of HFD feeding on promoting WAT inflammation, impairing WAT insulin signaling, and increasing systemic insulin resistance. In vitro, adipocytes co-cultured with PFKFB3-disrupted macrophages revealed increased proinflammatory responses and decreased insulin signaling compared with adipocytes co-cultured with control macrophages. These results suggest that PFKFB3 disruption in hematopoietic cells only exacerbates HFD-induced WAT inflammation and systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilian Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong, Jinan, China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Boxiong Jiang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Honggui Li
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yina Wang
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiongli Yin
- Department of VIP Medical Service Center, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - James J Cai
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
| | - Fanyin Meng
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Heather Francis
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Chaodong Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of metabolic diseases, especially obesity and other diseases caused by it, has shown a dramatic increase in incidence. A great deal of attention has been focused on the underlying mechanisms of these pathological processes and potential strategies to solve these problems. Chronic inflammation initiated by abdominal adipose tissues and immune cell activation in obesity is the major cause of the consequent development of complications. In addition to adipocytes, macrophages and monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells have been verified to be vital components involved in shaping the inflammatory microenvironment, thereby leading to various obesity-related metabolic diseases. Here, we provide an overview of the roles of NK cells and the interactions of these cells with other immune and nonimmune cells in the pathological processes of metabolic diseases. Finally, we also discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting NK cells to treat metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Student Brigade, Preclinical School of Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fangjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Department of Wound Infection and Drug, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Youcai Deng
- Institute of Materia Medica, College of Pharmacy, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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37
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Wanjalla CN, McDonnell WJ, Ram R, Chopra A, Gangula R, Leary S, Mashayekhi M, Simmons JD, Warren CM, Bailin S, Gabriel CL, Guo L, Furch BD, Lima MC, Woodward BO, Hannah L, Pilkinton MA, Fuller DT, Kawai K, Virmani R, Finn AV, Hasty AH, Mallal SA, Kalams SA, Koethe JR. Single-cell analysis shows that adipose tissue of persons with both HIV and diabetes is enriched for clonal, cytotoxic, and CMV-specific CD4+ T cells. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100205. [PMID: 33665640 PMCID: PMC7897802 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Persons with HIV are at increased risk for diabetes mellitus compared with individuals without HIV. Adipose tissue is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, and adipose tissue T cells modulate local inflammatory responses and, by extension, adipocyte function. Persons with HIV and diabetes have a high proportion of CX3CR1+ GPR56+ CD57+ (C-G-C+) CD4+ T cells in adipose tissue, a subset of which are cytomegalovirus specific, whereas individuals with diabetes but without HIV have predominantly CD69+ CD4+ T cells. Adipose tissue CD69+ and C-G-C+ CD4+ T cell subsets demonstrate higher receptor clonality compared with the same cells in blood, potentially reflecting antigen-driven expansion, but C-G-C+ CD4+ T cells have a more inflammatory and cytotoxic RNA transcriptome. Future studies will explore whether viral antigens have a role in recruitment and proliferation of pro-inflammatory C-G-C+ CD4+ T cells in adipose tissue of persons with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestine N Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,10x Genomics, Pleasanton, CA, USA
| | - Ramesh Ram
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rama Gangula
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Shay Leary
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua D Simmons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christian M Warren
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samuel Bailin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Curtis L Gabriel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Liang Guo
- CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Briana D Furch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Morgan C Lima
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Beverly O Woodward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mark A Pilkinton
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alyssa H Hasty
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,VANTAGE, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Spyros A Kalams
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John R Koethe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Disease, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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38
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Keshavjee SH, Schwenger KJP, Yadav J, Jackson TD, Okrainec A, Allard JP. Factors Affecting Metabolic Outcomes Post Bariatric Surgery: Role of Adipose Tissue. J Clin Med 2021; 10:714. [PMID: 33670215 PMCID: PMC7916950 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an ever-growing public health crisis, and bariatric surgery (BS) has become a valuable tool in ameliorating obesity, along with comorbid conditions such as diabetes, dyslipidemia and hypertension. BS techniques have come a long way, leading to impressive improvements in the health of the majority of patients. Unfortunately, not every patient responds optimally to BS and there is no method that is sufficient to pre-operatively predict who will receive maximum benefit from this surgical intervention. This review focuses on the adipose tissue characteristics and related parameters that may affect outcomes, as well as the potential influences of insulin resistance, BMI, age, psychologic and genetic factors. Understanding the role of these factors may help predict who will benefit the most from BS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H. Keshavjee
- Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Katherine J. P. Schwenger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada;
| | - Jitender Yadav
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Timothy D. Jackson
- Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (T.D.J.); (A.O.)
| | - Allan Okrainec
- Division of General Surgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (T.D.J.); (A.O.)
| | - Johane P. Allard
- Division of Gastroenterology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2N2, Canada;
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Filippov MA, Tatarnikova OG, Pozdnyakova NV, Vorobyov VV. Inflammation/bioenergetics-associated neurodegenerative pathologies and concomitant diseases: a role of mitochondria targeted catalase and xanthophylls. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:223-233. [PMID: 32859768 PMCID: PMC7896239 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.290878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Various inflammatory stimuli are able to modify or even "re-program" the mitochondrial metabolism that results in generation of reactive oxygen species. In noncommunicable chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular pathologies, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome, these modifications become systemic and are characterized by chronic inflammation and, in particular, "neuroinflammation" in the central nervous system. The processes associated with chronic inflammation are frequently grouped into "vicious circles" which are able to stimulate each other constantly amplifying the pathological events. These circles are evidently observed in Alzheimer's disease, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and, possibly, other associated pathologies. Furthermore, chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues is frequently concomitant to Alzheimer's disease. This is supposedly associated with some common genetic polymorphisms, for example, Apolipoprotein-E ε4 allele carriers with Alzheimer's disease can also develop atherosclerosis. Notably, in the transgenic mice expressing the recombinant mitochondria targeted catalase, that removes hydrogen peroxide from mitochondria, demonstrates the significant pathology amelioration and health improvements. In addition, the beneficial effects of some natural products from the xanthophyll family, astaxanthin and fucoxanthin, which are able to target the reactive oxygen species at cellular or mitochondrial membranes, have been demonstrated in both animal and human studies. We propose that the normalization of mitochondrial functions could play a key role in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and other noncommunicable diseases associated with chronic inflammation in ageing. Furthermore, some prospective drugs based on mitochondria targeted catalase or xanthophylls could be used as an effective treatment of these pathologies, especially at early stages of their development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vasily V. Vorobyov
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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40
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Rivera P, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Barrios V, Suárez J, Pavón FJ, Chowen JA, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Argente J. A combination of circulating chemokines as biomarkers of obesity-induced insulin resistance at puberty. Pediatr Obes 2021; 16:e12711. [PMID: 32856418 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In obesity adipose tissue undergoes structural re-modelling leading to a chronic low-grade inflammatory state linked to insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVE We aimed to develop a clinically relevant biomarker model for stratifying IR in adolescents with obesity. METHODS Cytokines [tumour cell derived factor 1α, monocyte chemoattract protein (MCP) 1, eotaxin and fractalkine], growth factors [brain-derived neurotrophic factor, pro-fibrotic platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor 1] and biochemical/metabolic factors were analysed in serum of 143 pubertal patients with obesity (50% IR; 50% non-IR) and 33 controls. Factor analysis, correlation, binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis were used to evaluate combinations of these biomarkers as possible diagnostic tools for IR. RESULTS Two biomarker IR models combining levels of triglycerides (TG)/HDL, eotaxin, MCP-1 and PDGF-BB in pubertal patients with obesity of both sexes were defined. Altered levels of MCP-1, eotaxin, and PDGF-BB constitute a main component that determines 27.7% of the variance explaining IR. Growth and inflammatory factors comprise two other components linked to the first, together accounting for 59.2% of the variance determining IR. CONCLUSIONS PDGF-BB, MCP-1, eotaxin, TG and cholesterol concentrations constitute a solid panel of biomarkers associated with IR in pubertal children with obesity that could be useful in their stratification in a clinical setting for stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital de la Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital de la Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Corazón, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital de la Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), UGC Salud Mental, Universidad de Málaga, Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.,Department of Psychobiology, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital de la Princesa Research Institute, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutriciόn (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA Food Institute, CEIUAM+CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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41
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Yu YY, Cui SC, Zheng TN, Ma HJ, Xie ZF, Jiang HW, Li YF, Zhu KX, Huang CG, Li J, Li JY. Sarsasapogenin improves adipose tissue inflammation and ameliorates insulin resistance in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2021; 42:272-281. [PMID: 32699264 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0427-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a major cause of type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Macrophage infiltration into obese adipose tissue promotes inflammatory responses that contribute to the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Suppression of adipose tissue inflammatory responses is postulated to increase insulin sensitivity in obese patients and animals. Sarsasapogenin (ZGY) is one of the metabolites of timosaponin AIII in the gut, which has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory action. In this study, we investigated the effects of ZGY treatment on obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice. We showed that pretreatment with ZGY (80 mg·kg-1·d-1, ig, for 18 days) significantly inhibited acute adipose tissue inflammatory responses in LPS-treated mice. In high-fat diet (HFD)-fed obese mice, oral administration of ZGY (80 mg·kg-1·d-1, for 6 weeks) ameliorated insulin resistance and alleviated inflammation in adipose tissues by reducing the infiltration of macrophages. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ZGY not only directly inhibited inflammatory responses in macrophages and adipocytes, but also interrupts the crosstalk between macrophages and adipocytes in vitro, improving adipocyte insulin resistance. The insulin-sensitizing and anti-inflammatory effects of ZGY may result from inactivation of the IKK /NF-κB and JNK inflammatory signaling pathways in adipocytes. Collectively, our findings suggest that ZGY ameliorates insulin resistance and alleviates the adipose inflammatory state in HFD mice, suggesting that ZGY may be a potential agent for the treatment of insulin resistance and obesity-related metabolic diseases.
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Pahk K, Kim EJ, Joung C, Kwon HW, Seo HS, Kim S. Effect of Exercise on Inflamed Psoas Muscle in Women with Obesity: A Pilot Prospective 18F-FDG PET/CT Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:164. [PMID: 33498898 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases inflammation in skeletal muscle thereby promoting systemic inflammation which leads to increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. This prospective study aimed to evaluate whether the metabolic activity of psoas muscle (PM) was associated with systemic inflammation, and whether physical exercise could reduce the PM metabolic activity evaluated by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in women with obesity. A total of 23 women with obesity who participated in a 3-month physical exercise program were enrolled. 18F-FDG PET/CT was performed before the start of the program (baseline) and after completion of the program. The maximum standardized uptake value of psoas muscle (PM SUVmax) was used for the PM metabolic activity. The SUVmax of spleen and bone marrow, and the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were used to evaluate the systemic inflammation. At baseline, PM SUVmax was strongly correlated with the systemic inflammation. The exercise program significantly reduced the PM SUVmax, in addition to adiposity and systemic inflammation. Furthermore, we found that the association between PM SUVmax and the systemic inflammation disappeared after completion of the exercise program. In women with obesity, PM SUVmax, assessed by 18F-FDG PET/CT, was associated with obesity-induced systemic inflammation and exercise reduced the PM SUVmax and eliminated its association with systemic inflammation.
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Abstract
Adipose, or fat, tissue (AT) was once considered an inert tissue that primarily existed to store lipids, and was not historically recognized as an important organ in the regulation and maintenance of health. With the rise of obesity and more rigorous research, AT is now recognized as a highly complex metabolic organ involved in a host of important physiological functions, including glucose homeostasis and a multitude of endocrine capabilities. AT dysfunction has been implicated in several disease states, most notably obesity, metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. The study of AT has provided useful insight in developing strategies to combat these highly prevalent metabolic diseases. This review highlights the major functions of adipose tissue and the consequences that can occur when disruption of these functions leads to systemic metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocence Harvey
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Anik Boudreau
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Orliaguet L, Ejlalmanesh T, Alzaid F. Metabolic and Molecular Mechanisms of Macrophage Polarisation and Adipose Tissue Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5731. [PMID: 32785109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the development and progression of type-2 diabetes (T2D), a disease characterised by peripheral insulin resistance and systemic glucolipotoxicity. Visceral adipose tissue (AT) is the main source of inflammation early in the disease course. Macrophages are innate immune cells that populate all peripheral tissues, including AT. Dysregulated AT macrophage (ATM) responses to microenvironmental changes are at the root of aberrant inflammation and development of insulin resistance, locally and systemically. The inflammatory activation of macrophages is regulated at multiple levels: cell surface receptor stimulation, intracellular signalling, transcriptional and metabolic levels. This review will cover the main mechanisms involved in AT inflammation and insulin resistance in T2D. First, we will describe the physiological and pathological changes in AT that lead to inflammation and insulin resistance. We will next focus on the transcriptional and metabolic mechanisms described that lead to the activation of ATMs. We will discuss more novel metabolic mechanisms that influence macrophage polarisation in other disease or tissue contexts that may be relevant to future work in insulin resistance and T2D.
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Pahk K, Kim EJ, Joung C, Seo HS, Kim S. Exercise training reduces inflammatory metabolic activity of visceral fat assessed by 18 F-FDG PET/CT in obese women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 93:127-134. [PMID: 32369215 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Obesity plays pivotal roles in the increased risk of cardiometabolic disease via induction of the inflammatory reaction from macrophages in visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which may elevate the inflammatory activity of VAT. This prospective study aimed to evaluate whether the inflammatory activity of VAT existed in association with systemic inflammation, and whether exercise could ameliorate the inflammatory activity of VAT assessed by 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in obese women. DESIGN AND PATIENTS A total of 23 obese women who participated in an exercise program were included. Subjects underwent 18 F-FDG PET/CT before the start of the exercise program (baseline) and after the completion of the 3-month exercise program. For the assessment of VAT metabolic activity, the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) and the mean standardized uptake value (SUVmean) were measured. The SUVmax of spleen, bone marrow (BM) and the high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were used as a surrogate marker for systemic inflammation. RESULTS Baseline SUVmax of VAT was positively correlated with the SUVmax of spleen, BM and hsCRP, whereas VAT SUVmean was not correlated. Exercise reduced SUVmax of VAT in addition to adiposity, the SUVmax of spleen, BM and hsCRP. However, VAT SUVmean was not significantly changed. Furthermore, the association of SUVmax of VAT, and the SUVmax of spleen, BM and hsCRP was no longer relevant after exercise. CONCLUSION In obese women, the SUVmax of VAT assessed by 18 F-FDG PET/CT was associated with systemic inflammation and exercise reduced the SUVmax of VAT and abrogated its association with systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisoo Pahk
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eung Ju Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chanmin Joung
- Institute for Inflammation Control, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong Seog Seo
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungeun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Pyrina I, Chung KJ, Michailidou Z, Koutsilieris M, Chavakis T, Chatzigeorgiou A. Fate of Adipose Progenitor Cells in Obesity-Related Chronic Inflammation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:644. [PMID: 32760729 PMCID: PMC7372115 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose progenitor cells, or preadipocytes, constitute a small population of immature cells within the adipose tissue. They are a heterogeneous group of cells, in which different subtypes have a varying degree of commitment toward diverse cell fates, contributing to white and beige adipogenesis, fibrosis or maintenance of an immature cell phenotype with proliferation capacity. Mature adipocytes as well as cells of the immune system residing in the adipose tissue can modulate the function and differentiation potential of preadipocytes in a contact- and/or paracrine-dependent manner. In the course of obesity, the accumulation of immune cells within the adipose tissue contributes to the development of a pro-inflammatory microenvironment in the tissue. Under such circumstances, the crosstalk between preadipocytes and immune or parenchymal cells of the adipose tissue may critically regulate the differentiation of preadipocytes into white adipocytes, beige adipocytes, or myofibroblasts, thereby influencing adipose tissue expansion and adipose tissue dysfunction, including downregulation of beige adipogenesis and development of fibrosis. The present review will outline the current knowledge about factors shaping cell fate decisions of adipose progenitor cells in the context of obesity-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna Pyrina
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kyoung-Jin Chung
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Zoi Michailidou
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of the Helmholtz Center Munich, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antonios Chatzigeorgiou
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Koethe JR, Lagathu C, Lake JE, Domingo P, Calmy A, Falutz J, Brown TT, Capeau J. HIV and antiretroviral therapy-related fat alterations. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020; 6:48. [PMID: 32555389 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-020-0181-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early in the HIV epidemic, lipodystrophy, characterized by subcutaneous fat loss (lipoatrophy), with or without central fat accumulation (lipohypertrophy), was recognized as a frequent condition among people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving combination antiretroviral therapy. The subsequent identification of thymidine analogue nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors as the cause of lipoatrophy led to the development of newer antiretroviral agents; however, studies have demonstrated continued abnormalities in fat and/or lipid storage in PLWH treated with newer drugs (including integrase inhibitor-based regimens), with fat gain due to restoration to health in antiretroviral therapy-naive PLWH, which is compounded by the rising rates of obesity. The mechanisms of fat alterations in PLWH are complex, multifactorial and not fully understood, although they are known to result in part from the direct effects of HIV proteins and antiretroviral agents on adipocyte health, genetic factors, increased microbial translocation, changes in the adaptive immune milieu after infection, increased tissue inflammation and accelerated fibrosis. Management includes classical lifestyle alterations with a role for pharmacological therapies and surgery in some patients. Continued fat alterations in PLWH will have an important effect on lifespan, healthspan and quality of life as patients age worldwide, highlighting the need to investigate the critical uncertainties regarding pathophysiology, risk factors and management.
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Huttala O, Sarkanen JR, Mannerström M, Toimela T, Heinonen T, Ylikomi T. Development of novel human in vitro vascularized adipose tissue model with functional macrophages. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:665-83. [PMID: 32524217 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has been proven significant factor in development of type 2 diabetes. So far, most of the adipose tissue related research has been performed in animals, mainly rodent models. The relevance of translation of animal results to humans is questionable. However, in vitro model with relevant human cell source, such as human adipose tissue stromal cells (hASC), can be developed and should be utilized for human adipose tissue research. We developed in vitro models of human adipose tissue utilizing hASC, endothelial cells and monocytes/macrophages. By isolating endothelial cells and macrophages from same adipose tissue as hASC, we were able to provide method for constructing personalized models of adipose tissue. With these models, we studied the effect of macrophages on adipogenesis and protein secretion, with and without vasculature. The models were analyzed for immunocytochemical markers, cell number, triglyceride accumulation and protein secretion. We found that lipid accumulation was greater in adipocytes in the presence of macrophages. Interferon gamma increased this difference between adipocyte culture and Adipocyte-Macrophage co-culture. Protein secretion was affected more by macrophages when vasculature was not present compared to the mild effect when vasculature was present. The vascularized adipose model with macrophages is valuable tool for human adipose tissue research, especially for the personalized medicine approaches; for choosing the right treatments and for studying rare medical conditions.
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Li X, Frazier JA, Spahiu E, McPherson M, Miller RA. Muscle-dependent regulation of adipose tissue function in long-lived growth hormone-mutant mice. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:8766-8789. [PMID: 32464603 PMCID: PMC7288969 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Altered adipose tissue may contribute to the longevity of Snell dwarf and growth hormone receptor (GHR) knock-out mice. We report here that white (WAT) and brown (BAT) fat have elevated UCP1 in both kinds of mice, and that adipocytes in WAT depots turn beige/brown. These imply increased thermogenesis and are expected to lead to improved glucose control. Both kinds of long-lived mice show lower levels of inflammatory M1 macrophages and higher levels of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in BAT and WAT, with correspondingly lower levels of TNFα, IL-6, and MCP1. Experiments with mice with tissue-specific disruption of GHR showed that these adipocyte and macrophage changes were not due to hepatic IGF1 production nor to direct GH effects on adipocytes, but instead reflect GH effects on muscle. Muscles deprived of GH signals, either globally (GKO) or in muscle only (MKO), produce higher levels of circulating irisin and its precursor FNDC5. The data thus suggest that the changes in adipose tissue differentiation and inflammatory status seen in long-lived mutant mice reflect interruption of GH-dependent irisin inhibition, with consequential effects on metabolism and thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinna Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A. Frazier
- College of Literature, Sciences, and The Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Edward Spahiu
- College of Literature, Sciences, and The Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Madaline McPherson
- College of Literature, Sciences, and The Arts, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Richard A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA,University of Michigan Geriatrics Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Gallagher L, Cregan S, Biniecka M, Cunningham C, Veale DJ, Kane DJ, Fearon U, Mullan RH. Insulin-Resistant Pathways Are Associated With Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Are Subject to Disease Modification Through Metabolic Reprogramming: A Potential Novel Therapeutic Approach. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:896-902. [PMID: 31840936 DOI: 10.1002/art.41190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate a role for insulin-resistant pathways in inflammation and therapeutic targeting for disease modification in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS RA disease activity and cardiovascular risk factors, including insulin resistance and body mass index (BMI), were assessed in an Irish RA cohort. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) and GLUT-4 activity in RA and osteoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue was examined using immunohistochemistry. Spontaneous release of proinflammatory mediators from ex vivo RA synovial explants and primary synovial fibroblast (SF) cell culture supernatants was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) and GLUT-1 protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting. Cellular glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation was assessed using extracellular flux analysis. RESULTS Insulin resistance was independently associated with both BMI (unstandardized coefficient B 0.113 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.059-0.167]; P < 0.001) (n = 61) and swollen joint count in 28 joints (SJC28) (B 0.114 [95% CI 0.032-0.197]; P = 0.008) (n = 61). Increased GLUT-1 expression in RA synovium (n = 26) versus OA synovium (n = 16) was demonstrated (P = 0.0003), with increased expression in the lining, sublining, and vascular regions. In contrast, decreased GLUT-4 expression in the RA lining layer (n = 21) versus the OA lining layer (n = 8) was observed (P = 0.0358). Decreased GLUT-1 protein expression was observed in parallel with increased p-AMPK protein expression in SFs in the presence of metformin (n = 4). Metformin increased glycolytic activity and decreased oxidative phosphorylation in RASFs (n = 7) (P < 0.05 for both). Metformin or aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide presence decreased spontaneous production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 in RA synovial explants and SFs (n = 5-7). CONCLUSION Insulin resistance is significantly associated with BMI and synovitis in RA, suggesting distinct interplay between glucose availability and inflammation in RA. Furthermore, the effect of metformin on proinflammatory mechanisms suggests a role for AMPK-modifying compounds in the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna Gallagher
- Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sian Cregan
- Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Monika Biniecka
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Douglas J Veale
- St. Vincent's University Hospital, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David J Kane
- Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Ronan H Mullan
- Trinity College Dublin and Tallaght Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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