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Kurokawa Y, Watanabe A, Kashiwabara Y, Fukuda S, Nomoto S, Kuriki A, Momo K. Identifying causative medications for agranulocytosis: A case report of an older adult with cerebral infarction. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8311. [PMID: 38292220 PMCID: PMC10822778 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Most drugs that cause adverse events are difficult to identify in critically ill patients undergoing polypharmacy. We share our experience in identifying the causative drug among four suspect drugs administered during emergency treatment. Abstract We present the case of a 93-year-old man who was admitted for the treatment of cerebrovascular events. The patient was initially prescribed dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel along with lansoprazole, Hange-koboku-toh, and elobixibat. On day 36 after admission, the patient was found to have developed agranulocytosis. To improve his cerebrovascular prognosis, we first discontinued medications other than the anticoagulant medicines and initiated filgrastim. We discontinued clopidogrel 9 days after the discontinuation of the other medicines considering his low white blood cell count. One day after the discontinuation of clopidogrel, the agranulocytosis was alleviated. Considering the time course, clopidogrel, lansoprazole, Hange-koboku-toh, and elobixibat were suspected as the culprit medicines. This case highlights the considerable challenges encountered in clinical practice when attempting to identify the drugs responsible for agranulocytosis, particularly in patients on intensive medication therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuri Kurokawa
- Department of PharmacyShowa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyShowa UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Ayako Watanabe
- Department of PharmacyShowa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyShowa UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Yuka Kashiwabara
- Department of PharmacyShowa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyShowa UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Saori Fukuda
- Department of NeurologyShowa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Shohei Nomoto
- Department of NeurologyShowa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Ayako Kuriki
- Department of NeurologyShowa University Koto Toyosu HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Kenji Momo
- Department of Hospital Pharmaceutics, School of PharmacyShowa UniversityTokyoJapan
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Duan J, Sun J, Jiang T, Ma X, Li X, Wang Y, Zhang F, Liu C. Podophyllotoxin-mediated neurotoxicity via the microbiota-gut-brain axis in SD rats based on the toxicological evidence chain (TEC) concept. Sci Total Environ 2024; 907:168106. [PMID: 37884145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is a naturally occurring aryltetralin lignan. However, its clinical application has been limited due to its neurotoxicity, the mechanism of which remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential involvement of the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis in PPT-induced neurotoxicity using the toxicological evidence chain concept. Our approach included behavioral testing in rats, evaluation of colon and hippocampal pathological changes, examination of proinflammatory factors, brain-gut peptides, and an in-depth analysis of gut microbiome and metabolic profiles. Our results demonstrated that PPT exposure compromised cognitive functions, induced damage to the colon and hippocampus, and increased intestinal permeability in rats. Furthermore, it elevated proinflammatory factors, particularly TNF-α and IL-6, while causing disruptions in the gut microbiota, favoring Escherichia-Shigella over Lactobacillus. Significant alterations in metabolic profiles in feces, serum, and hippocampus, particularly in tryptophan metabolism with a correlation to inflammatory factors and Escherichia-Shigella, were also observed. Our findings suggest that PPT promotes the enrichment of Escherichia-Shigella leading to inflammatory factor production and alterations in kynurenine metabolism in the hippocampus, potentially contributing to neurotoxicity. The study provides novel insights into the mechanistic pathways of PPT-induced neurotoxicity, emphasizing the role of the MGB axis and offering avenues for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Duan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Xuejiao Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Yuming Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China, 301617
| | - Fangfang Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China, 301617
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003.
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Motyka S, Jafernik K, Ekiert H, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D, Al-Omari B, Szopa A, Cho WC. Podophyllotoxin and its derivatives: Potential anticancer agents of natural origin in cancer chemotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114145. [PMID: 36586242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plant secondary metabolites has gained considerable attention among clinicians in the prevention and treatment of cancer. A secondary metabolite isolated mainly from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species (Berberidaceae) is aryltetralin lignan - podophyllotoxin (PTOX). The purpose of this review is to discuss the therapeutic properties of PTOX as an important anticancer compound of natural origin. The relevant information regarding the antitumor mechanisms of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives were collected and analyzed from scientific databases. The results of the analysis showed PTOX exhibits potent cytotoxic activity; however, it cannot be used in its pure form due to its toxicity and generation of many side effects. Therefore, it practically remains clinically unusable. Currently, high effort is focused on attempts to synthesize analogs of PTOX that have better properties for therapeutic use e.g. etoposide (VP-16), teniposide, etopophos. PTOX derivatives are used as anticancer drugs which are showing additional immunosuppressive, antiviral, antioxidant, hypolipemic, and anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, attention is paid to the high potential of the usefulness of in vitro cultures of P. peltatum which can be a valuable source of lignans, including PTOX. In conclusion, the preclinical pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo confirm the anticancer and chemotherapeutic potential of PTOX and its derivatives. In the future, clinical studies on human subjects are needed to certify the antitumor effects and the anticancer mechanisms to be certified and analyzed in more detail and to validate the experimental pharmacological preclinical studies.
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4
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Jin L, Song Z, Cai F, Ruan L, Jiang R. Chemistry and Biological Activities of Naturally Occurring and Structurally Modified Podophyllotoxins. Molecules 2022; 28. [PMID: 36615496 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28010302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants containing podophyllotoxin and its analogues have been used as folk medicines for centuries. The characteristic chemical structures and strong biological activities of this class of compounds attracted attention worldwide. Currently, more than ninety natural podophyllotoxins were isolated, and structure modifications of these molecules were performed to afford a variety of derivatives, which offered optimized anti-tumor activity. This review summarized up to date reports on natural occurring podophyllotoxins and their sources, structural modification and biological activities. Special attention was paid to both structural modification and optimized antitumor activity. It was noteworthy that etoposide, a derivative of podophyllotoxin, could prevent cytokine storm caused by the recent SARS-CoV-2 viral infection.
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Zhang Q, Li X, Gao X, Cao C, Hu Y, Guo H. Total saponins from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolius L. ameliorate podophyllotoxin-induced myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 36:e5266. [PMID: 34648200 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (POD), a natural lignan distributed in podophyllum species, possesses significant antitumor and antiviral activities. But POD often causes serious side effects, such as myelosuppression, gastrointestinal toxicity, neurotoxicity, hepatic and renal dysfunction, and even death, which not only hinder its clinical application but also threaten the patient's health. Therefore, an effective treatment against POD-induced toxicity is important. Our preliminary study found that the total saponins from the stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolius L. (PQS) could significantly reduce the death of mice caused by POD. To reveal how PQS can alleviate POD-induced toxicity, further study was needed. Peripheral blood cell analysis, diarrhea score, and histological examination demonstrated that PQS could relieve myelosuppression and gastrointestinal side effects induced by POD. Then, metabolomics was performed to investigate the possible protective mechanism of PQS on POD-induced myelosuppression and gastrointestinal toxicity. Metabolomics analysis showed that metabolic changes caused by POD could be reversed by PQS to some extent; 23 metabolites altered significantly after POD exposure, and 11 metabolites significantly reversed by PQS pretreatment. Metabolic pathway analysis suggested that PQS might exhibit its protective effects by rebalancing disordered arginine, glutamine, and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Zhang
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxin Gao
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunran Cao
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchi Hu
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhu Guo
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Evaluation of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine), Beijing Key Laboratory of Analysis and Evaluation on Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Sun D, Gao X, Wang Q, Krausz KW, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Xie C, Gonzalez FJ. Metabolic map of the antiviral drug podophyllotoxin provides insights into hepatotoxicity. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:1047-1059. [PMID: 34319859 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2021.1961920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (POD) is a natural compound with antiviral and anticancer activities. The purpose of the present study was to determine the metabolic map of POD in vitro and in vivo.Mouse and human liver microsomes were employed to identify POD metabolites in vitro and recombinant drug-metabolizing enzymes were used to identify the mono-oxygenase enzymes involved in POD metabolism. All in vitro incubation mixtures and bile samples from mice treated with POD were analysed with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.A total of 38metabolites, including six phase-I metabolites and 32 phase-II metabolites, of POD were identified from bile and faeces samples after oral administration, and their structures were elucidated through interpreting MS/MS fragmentation patterns.Nine metabolites, including two phase-I metabolites, five glucuronide conjugates, and two GSH conjugates were detected in both human and mouse liver microsome incubation systems and the generation of all metabolites were NADPH-dependent. The main phase-I enzymes involved in metabolism of POD in vitro include CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP3A4, and CYP3A5.POD administration to mice caused hepatic and intestinal toxicity, and the cellular damage was exacerbated when 1-aminobenzotriazole, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of CYPs, was administered with POD, indicating that POD, but not its metabolites, induced hepatic and intestinal toxicities.This study elucidated the metabolic map and provides important reference basis for the safety evaluation and rational for the clinical application of POD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxue Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaoxia Gao
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P. R. China
| | - Qiao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P. R. China
| | - Kristopher W Krausz
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zhongze Fang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youbo Zhang
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Natural Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Cen Xie
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Frank J Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Strus P, Borensztejn K, Szczepankiewicz AA, Lisiecki K, Czarnocki Z, Nieznanska H, Wojcik C, Bialy LP, Mlynarczuk-Bialy I. Novel podophyllotoxin and benzothiazole derivative induces transitional morphological and functional changes in HaCaT cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 73:105144. [PMID: 33722735 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (PPT) is an antimitotic drug used topically in the treatment of anogenital warts. Due to its toxicity it cannot be administered systemically as an anticancer agent. However, modified PPT derivatives such as etoposide and teniposide are used clinically as systemic agents. Thus, we invented novel PPT derivative KL3 that was synthesized by photocyclization. Earlier we have shown that KL3 has an anticancer effect in various cell lines. Here we compared the toxicity of KL3 vs PPT on non-cancerous normal human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) showing that KL3 is less toxic than PPT to non-cancerous cells. At concentrations that neither induced cell death, nor affected cell cycle, KL3 in HaCaT cells evoked transient ultrastructural features of ER stress, swelling of mitochondria and elongation of cytoplasmic processes. Those changes partially reversed with prolonged incubation while features of autophagy were induced. PPT in equivalent concentrations induced HaCaT cell death by cell cycle arrest, intrinsic apoptosis and finally disintegration of cell membranes followed by secondary necrosis. In conclusion, we show that the KL3 derivative of PPT in contrast to PPT allows repair of normal keratinocytes and triggers mechanisms that restore non-tumor cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Strus
- Histology and Embryology Students Association at the Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Poland
| | - Karol Borensztejn
- Histology and Embryology Students Association at the Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antoni Szczepankiewicz
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamil Lisiecki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Czarnocki
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Hanna Nieznanska
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Wojcik
- US Cardiovascular, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA
| | - Lukasz P Bialy
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Poland
| | - Izabela Mlynarczuk-Bialy
- Department for Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Warsaw, Chalubinskiego 5, 02-004, Poland.
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Bader A, Bkhaitan MM, Abdalla AN, Abdallah QMA, Ali HI, Sabbah DA, Albadawi G, Abushaikha GM. Design and Synthesis of 4-O-Podophyllotoxin Sulfamate Derivatives as Potential Cytotoxic Agents. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2021; 2021:6672807. [PMID: 33574882 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6672807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
4-O-Podophyllotoxin sulfamate derivatives were prepared using the natural lignan podophyllotoxin. The prepared compounds were afforded by reacting O-sulfonyl chloride podophyllotoxin with ammonia or aminoaryl/heteroaryl motif. Biological evaluation was performed in human breast cancer (MCF7), ovarian cancer (A2780), colon adenocarcinoma (HT29), and normal lung fibroblast (MRC5) cell lines. Compound 3 exhibited potent inhibitory activity and good selectivity margin. Compounds 2, 3, and 7 exerted apoptotic effect in MCF7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The cytotoxicity of the verified compounds was inferior to that of podophyllotoxin.
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9
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Trim SA, Trim CM, Williams HF, Vaiyapuri S. The Failures of Ethnobotany and Phytomedicine in Delivering Novel Treatments for Snakebite Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E774. [PMID: 33291263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Snakebite envenomation (SBE) is a high-priority, neglected tropical disease. This devastating occupational health hazard disproportionately affects rural farming communities in tropical countries. This is exacerbated by the distribution and densities of venomous snakes, incidence of encounters, and limited access to advanced healthcare, including antivenom. Before the development of antivenom, desperation and spiritual beliefs led patients to experiment with a wide range of traditional treatments. Many of these treatments still survive today, particularly in regions where access to healthcare is limited. Plants are a major source of bioactive molecules, including several lifesaving medications that are widely used to this day. However, much of the research into the use of traditional plant treatments for SBE are limited to preliminary analysis or have focused on techniques used to confirm antibody efficacy that are not suitable for non-antibody-containing treatments. Modern drugs are developed through a robust pharmaceutical drug discovery and development process, which applies as much to SBE as it does to any other disease. This review discusses specifically why research into ethnobotanical practices has failed to identify or develop a novel treatment for SBE and proposes specific approaches that should be considered in this area of research in the future.
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Karuppaiya P, Tsay HS. Enhanced production of podophyllotoxin, kaempferol, and quercetin from callus culture of Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson: An endangered medicinal plant. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2019; 67:95-104. [PMID: 31489710 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson is one of the endangered traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, highly valued for its medicinal properties by Taiwan's mountain tribes. The present study aims to develop an efficient protocol for callus biomass by optimizing suitable culture medium, carbon source culture condition, and enhanced production of pharmaceutically important podophyllotoxin, kaempferol, and quercetin from callus culture of D. pleiantha under the influence of different additives. Best callus induction was achieved in Gamborg's medium (B5) with 1 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) along with 0.2 mg/L kinetin under dark condition. Tender leaves of D. pleiantha showed the maximum of 86% callus induction among the different explants tested. Highest leaf callus proliferation was noted in B5 medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D incubated under complete darkness. In addition, it was found that B5 medium with 1 mg/L 2,4-D along with 2 g/L peptone produced more leaf callus biomass and enhanced production of podophyllotoxin (16.3-fold), kaempferol (12.39-fold), and quercetin (5.03-fold) compared to control. Therefore, D. pleiantha callogenesis can provide an alternative source for enhanced production of secondary compounds regardless of the exploitation of its natural plant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Karuppaiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Sheng Tsay
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, 41349, Taiwan
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Jisha N, Vysakh A, Vijeesh V, Latha M. Anti-inflammatory efficacy of methanolic extract of Muntingia calabura L. leaves in Carrageenan induced paw edema model. Pathophysiology 2019; 26:323-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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Yang Z, Guo P, Han R, Gao JM. Preparative separation of flavone dimers from Dysosma versipellis by counter-current chromatography: Trifluoroacetic acid as a solvent system modifier. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3631-3643. [PMID: 30040174 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The separation of natural products is grueling and time-consuming work with repeated isolations needed to obtain purified compounds. However, using counter-current chromatography, a unique liquid-liquid partition chromatography, constituents can usually be purified efficiently. During the separation of flavone dimers from Dysosma versipellis (Hance) by counter-current chromatography, the separation resolution and sample loading was impeded by the emulsification of the sample. By screening, trifluoroacetic acid was selected as the solvent modifier to eliminate the emulsification. Then, a quaternary solvent system of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:5:5 v/v/v/v) with trifluoroacetic acid at a low concentration of 0.5% v/v was used to purify the components from D. versipellis. Compared to that without trifluoroacetic acid, the separation resolution as well as the sample loading both increased greatly. In addition, flavone dimers in low concentrations could be enriched and purified at high sample loading. As a result, five podophyllotoxins and 11 flavonoids were purified and characterized by interpretation of spectroscopic data, in which two of eight flavone dimers were new and a known flavone dimer was first separated from this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Guo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Rui Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products and Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, P. R. China
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Safarpoor M, Ghaedi M, Yousefinejad M, Javadian H, Asfaram A, Ghasemi Z, Jaberi H, Rahimi D. Podophyllotoxin extraction fromLinum usitatissimumplant and its anticancer activity against HT‐29, A‐549 and MDA‐MB‐231 cell lines with and without the presence of gold nanoparticles. Appl Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehrorang Ghaedi
- Department of ChemistryYasouj University Yasouj 75918‐74831 Iran
| | | | - Hamedreza Javadian
- Universitat Politècnica de CatalunyaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, ETSEIB Diagonal 647 08028 Barcelona Spain
| | - Arash Asfaram
- Medicinal Plants Research CenterYasuj University of Medical Sciences Yasuj Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemi
- Department of ChemistryYasouj University Yasouj 75918‐74831 Iran
| | - Hajar Jaberi
- Department of BiochemistryShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz 71348‐57794 Iran
| | - Daruosh Rahimi
- Department of BiochemistryShiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz 71348‐57794 Iran
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Yuan H, Ma Q, Cui H, Liu G, Zhao X, Li W, Piao G. How Can Synergism of Traditional Medicines Benefit from Network Pharmacology? Molecules 2017; 22:E1135. [PMID: 28686181 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Many prescriptions of traditional medicines (TMs), whose efficacy has been tested in clinical practice, have great therapeutic value and represent an excellent resource for drug discovery. Research into single compounds of TMs, such as artemisinin from Artemisia annua L., has achieved great success; however, it has become evident that a TM prescription (which frequently contains various herbs or other components) has a synergistic effect in effecting a cure or reducing toxicity. Network pharmacology targets biological networks and analyzes the links among drugs, targets, and diseases in those networks. Comprehensive, systematic research into network pharmacology is consistent with the perspective of holisticity, which is a main characteristic of many TMs. By means of network pharmacology, research has demonstrated that many a TM show a synergistic effect by acting at different levels on multiple targets and pathways. This approach effectively bridges the gap between modern medicine and TM, and it greatly facilitates studies into the synergistic actions of TMs. There are different kinds of synergistic effects with TMs, such as synergy among herbs, effective parts, and pure compounds; however, for various reasons, new drug discovery should at present focus on synergy among pure compounds.
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Yang LJ, Wang SH, Zhou SY, Zhao F, Chang Q, Li MY, Chen W, Yang XD. Supramolecular system of podophyllotoxin and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin: Characterization, inclusion mode, docking calculation, solubilization, stability and cytotoxic activity. Materials Science and Engineering: C 2017; 76:1136-1145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Satheeshkumar E, Karuppaiya P, Sivashanmugan K, Chao WT, Tsay HS, Yoshimura M. Biocompatible 3D SERS substrate for trace detection of amino acids and melamine. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2017; 181:91-97. [PMID: 28347923 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A novel, low-cost and biocompatible three-dimensional (3D) substrate for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is fabricated using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) loaded on cellulose paper for detection of amino acids and melamine. Dysosma pleiantha rhizome (Dp-Rhi) capped AuNPs (Dp-Rhi_AuNPs) were prepared by in situ using aqueous extract of Dp-Rhi and in situ functionalized Dp-Rhi on AuNPs surface was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and zeta potentials analysis shows a negative (-18.4mV) surface charges, which confirm that presence of Dp-Rhi on AuNPs. The biocompatibility of Dp-Rhi_AuNPs is also examined by cell viability of FaDu cells using MTS assay and compared to control group. In conclusion, the SERS performance of AuNPs@cellulose paper substrates were systematically demonstrated and examined with different excitation wavelengths (i.e. 532, 632.8 and 785nm lasers) and the as-prepared 3D substrates provided an enhancement factor approaching 7 orders of magnitude compared with conventional Raman intensity using para-nitrothiophenol (p-NTP), para-aminothiophenol (p-ATP) and para-mercaptobenzoic acid (p-MBA) as probe molecules. The strong electromagnetic effect was generated at the interface of AuNPs and pre-treated roughened cellulose paper is also investigated by simulation in which the formation of possible Raman hot-spot zone in fiber-like microstructure of cellulose paper decorated with AuNPs. Notably, with optimized condition of as-prepared 3D AuNPs@cellulose paper is highly sensitive in the SERS detection of aqueous tyrosine (10-10M) and melamine (10-9M).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elumalai Satheeshkumar
- Promotion Center for Global Materials Research (PCGMR), Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Kundan Sivashanmugan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ting Chao
- Department of Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Sheng Tsay
- Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Masahiro Yoshimura
- Promotion Center for Global Materials Research (PCGMR), Department of Material Science and Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Roy A, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Szeitz A, Klassen T, Li SD. Selective targeting and therapy of metastatic and multidrug resistant tumors using a long circulating podophyllotoxin nanoparticle. Biomaterials 2017; 137:11-22. [PMID: 28528299 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Treatment options for metastatic and multidrug resistant (MDR) tumors are limited, and most of the chemotherapeutic drugs exhibit low efficacy against MDR cancers. An anti-tubulin agent podophyllotoxin (PPT) displays high potency against MDR tumor cells. However, due to its poor solubility and non-specificity, PPT cannot be used systemically. We have developed a self-assembling nanoparticle dosage form for PPT (named Celludo) by covalently conjugating PPT and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to acetylated carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Ac) via ester linkages. Celludo displayed extended blood circulation with an 18-fold prolonged half-life (t1/2), 9000-fold higher area under the curve (AUC), and 1000-fold reduced clearance compared to free PPT. Tumor delivery was 500-fold higher in the Cellduo group compared to free PPT. Against the lung metastatic model of EMT6-AR1, Celludo showed selective localization in the metastatic nodules and increased the median survival to 20 d compared to 6-8 d with docetaxel and PPT treatment. In the intraperitoneal metastatic model of human ovarian NCI-ADR/RES tumor, Celludo prolonged the median survival from 50 d to 70 d, whereas the standard therapy PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin showed no effect. No major toxicity was detected with the Celludo treatment. These results demonstrate that Celludo is effective against metastatic and MDR tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniruddha Roy
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS)-Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani, Rajasthan, 333031, India
| | - Yucheng Zhao
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andras Szeitz
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tara Klassen
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Jayesh K, Helen LR, Vysakh A, Binil E, Latha MS. In vivo toxicity evaluation of aqueous acetone extract of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:349-355. [PMID: 28389325 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Family: Combretaceae), known as Bhibhitaki in Sanskrit and locally known as Behera in India is one of the oldest medicinal plants which has widely been used in the traditional system of medicine, especially in Ayurveda for centuries. The dried fruit of Terminalia bellirica is used for treating various ailments. Aqueous acetone extract of Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb fruits (AATB), showed antioxidant potential in our screening study is selected for the present in vivo toxicity evaluation. Acute administration of AATB was done in female Wistar Albino rats as a single dose up to 2000 mg/kg body weight. At the end of the study, Blood was collected for biochemical and hematological analyses, while histological examinations were performed on liver and kidney. There was no alteration in the behavioral pattern, food and water intake in the treated animals. The relative organ weight, biochemical parameters, hematological parameters and histopathological analysis were also found normal. All the parameters of the toxicity evaluation were found to be normal and the data suggests aqueous acetone extract of Terminalia bellirica fruit is safe, to be used as a traditional herbal formulation for its antioxidant potential and other health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuriakose Jayesh
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Lal Raisa Helen
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - A Vysakh
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - Eldhose Binil
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - M S Latha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarshini Hills, Kottayam, Kerala, India.
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Teschke R, Larrey D, Melchart D, Danan G. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Herbal Hepatotoxicity: RUCAM and the Role of Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers Such as MicroRNAs. Medicines (Basel) 2016; 3:E18. [PMID: 28930128 PMCID: PMC5456249 DOI: 10.3390/medicines3030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) with its focus on herbal use is popular and appreciated worldwide with increased tendency, although its therapeutic efficacy is poorly established for most herbal TCM products. Treatment was perceived as fairly safe but discussions emerged more recently as to whether herb induced liver injury (HILI) from herbal TCM is a major issue; Methods: To analyze clinical and case characteristics of HILI caused by herbal TCM, we undertook a selective literature search in the PubMed database with the search items Traditional Chinese Medicine, TCM, alone and combined with the terms herbal hepatotoxicity or herb induced liver injury; Results: HILI caused by herbal TCM is rare and similarly to drugs can be caused by an unpredictable idiosyncratic or a predictable intrinsic reaction. Clinical features of liver injury from herbal TCM products are variable, and specific diagnostic biomarkers such as microsomal epoxide hydrolase, pyrrole-protein adducts, metabolomics, and microRNAs are available for only a few TCM herbs. The diagnosis is ascertained if alternative causes are validly excluded and causality levels of probable or highly probable are achieved applying the liver specific RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method) as the most commonly used diagnostic tool worldwide. Case evaluation may be confounded by inappropriate or lacking causality assessment, poor herbal product quality, insufficiently documented cases, and failing to exclude alternative causes such as infections by hepatotropic viruses including hepatitis E virus infections; Conclusion: Suspected cases of liver injury from herbal TCM represent major challenges that deserve special clinical and regulatory attention to improve the quality of case evaluations and ascertain patients' safety and benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, D-63450 Hanau, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main D-63450, Germany.
| | - Dominique Larrey
- Department of Liver and Transplantation-IRB-INSERM (Institut de Recherche Biologique-INstitut de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale) 1183, Saint Eloi Hospital, Montpellier University, 34295 Montpellier, France.
| | - Dieter Melchart
- Competence Centre for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy (CoCoNat), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich D-80801, Germany.
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich CH-8091, Switzerland.
| | - Gaby Danan
- Pharmacovigilance Consultancy, Paris 75020, France.
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Biswas S, Hazra S, Chattopadhyay S. Identification of conserved miRNAs and their putative target genes in Podophyllum hexandrum (Himalayan Mayapple). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plgene.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Karuppaiya P, Tsay HS. Therapeutic values, chemical constituents and toxicity of Taiwanese Dysosma pleiantha--a review. Toxicol Lett 2015; 236:90-7. [PMID: 25957481 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson also called as Bajiaolian belongs to the family Berberidaceae, is widely used in Taiwan as traditional Chinese herbal medicine for more than thousands of years. It is usually recommended by various traditional Chinese medical doctors and herbal pharmacies for general remedies including postpartum recovery, treatment of weakness, neck mass, acne, hepatoma, lumbago, snakebite, tumor growth and dysmenorrhea. In the textbooks of traditional Chinese medicine, there is limited information about the toxicity of Bajiaolian. Podophyllotoxin, a lignan is the main toxic ingredient of Bajiaolian rhizome. Therefore, Bajiaolian is documented as the fifth highest cause of poisoning among the herbal medicine in Taiwan. Since the therapeutic and toxic doses are very close, Bajiaolian poisoning cases are frequently reported in Taiwan. Moreover, Dysosma poisoning cases are difficult to diagnosis because physicians are unfamiliar with this medicine's multiple clinical presentations in different stages of intoxication. Therefore, the objective of this review is to represent the collective information available in literatures regarding D. pleiantha, a cytotoxic lignan containing medicinal plant. Specifically, the literatures have been reviewed for articles pertaining to chemical constituents, properties, therapeutical benefits, toxicity, poisoning symptoms, toxic as well as therapeutic dose and medical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palaniyandi Karuppaiya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Sheng Tsay
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Chaoyang University of Technology, Taichung 41349, Taiwan; Department of Agronomy, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40249, Taiwan.
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Teschke R, Eickhoff A. Herbal hepatotoxicity in traditional and modern medicine: actual key issues and new encouraging steps. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:72. [PMID: 25954198 PMCID: PMC4407580 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are natural producers of chemical substances, providing potential treatment of human ailments since ancient times. Some herbal chemicals in medicinal plants of traditional and modern medicine carry the risk of herb induced liver injury (HILI) with a severe or potentially lethal clinical course, and the requirement of a liver transplant. Discontinuation of herbal use is mandatory in time when HILI is first suspected as diagnosis. Although, herbal hepatotoxicity is of utmost clinical and regulatory importance, lack of a stringent causality assessment remains a major issue for patients with suspected HILI, while this problem is best overcome by the use of the hepatotoxicity specific CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences) scale and the evaluation of unintentional reexposure test results. Sixty five different commonly used herbs, herbal drugs, and herbal supplements and 111 different herbs or herbal mixtures of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) are reported causative for liver disease, with levels of causality proof that appear rarely conclusive. Encouraging steps in the field of herbal hepatotoxicity focus on introducing analytical methods that identify cases of intrinsic hepatotoxicity caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids, and on omics technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and assessing circulating micro-RNA in the serum of some patients with intrinsic hepatotoxicity. It remains to be established whether these new technologies can identify idiosyncratic HILI cases. To enhance its globalization, herbal medicine should universally be marketed as herbal drugs under strict regulatory surveillance in analogy to regulatory approved chemical drugs, proving a positive risk/benefit profile by enforcing evidence based clinical trials and excellent herbal drug quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt MainFrankfurt, Germany
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Sk UH, Patial V, Sharma S. A low toxic synthetic dendrimer conjugated podophyllotoxin nanodevice with potent antitumor activity against the DMBA/TPA induced mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00112a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
D-PODO in tumor-bearing mice revealed a 50%–60% inhibition of skin tumor formation and reduced toxicity compared to PODO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugir Hossain Sk
- Natural Products Chemistry and Process Development Division
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
- Palampur
- India
| | - Vikram Patial
- Regulatory Research Centre
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
- Palampur
- India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- Regulatory Research Centre
- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology
- Palampur
- India
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Manaharan T, Chakravarthi S, Radhakrishnan AK, Palanisamy UD. In vivo toxicity evaluation of a standardized extract of Syzygium aqueum leaf. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:718-25. [PMID: 28962285 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the acute and subchronic toxicity effect of the Syzygium aqueum leaf extract (SA) was evaluated. For the acute toxicity study, a single dose of 2000 mg/kg of the SA was given by oral-gavage to male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The rats were observed for mortality and toxicity signs for 14 days. In the subchronic toxicity study the SA was administered orally at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg per day for 28 days to male SD rats. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment. The parameters measured including food and water intake, body weight, absolute and relative organ weight, blood biochemical tests and histopathology observation. In both the acute and subchronic toxicity studies, SA did not show any visible signs of toxicity. There were also no significant differences between the control and SA treated rats in terms of their food and water intake, body weight, absolute and relative organ weight, biochemical parameters or gross and microscopic appearance of the organs. There were no acute or subchronic toxicity observed and our results indicate that this extract could be devoid of any toxic risk. This is the first in vivo study reported the safety and toxicity of SA.
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Rohilla R, Garg T, Goyal AK, Rath G. Herbal and polymeric approaches for liver-targeting drug delivery: novel strategies and their significance. Drug Deliv 2014; 23:1645-61. [DOI: 10.3109/10717544.2014.945018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
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Abstract
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is popular around the world and encompasses many different practices with particular emphasis on herbal TCM. Using the PubMed database, a literature search was undertaken to assess the extent herbal TCM products exert rare hepatotoxicity. Analysis of reported cases revealed numerous specified herbal TCM products with potential hepatotoxicity. Among these were An Shu Ling, Bai Fang, Bai Xian Pi, Ban Tu Wan, Bo He, Bo Ye Qing Niu Dan, Bofu Tsu Sho San, Boh Gol Zhee, Cang Er Zi, Chai Hu, Chaso, Chi R Yun, Chuan Lian Zi, Ci Wu Jia, Da Chai Hu Tang, Da Huang, Du Huo, Gan Cao, Ge Gen, Ho Shou Wu, Hu Bohe You, Hu Zhang, Huang Qin, Huang Yao Zi, Hwang Geun Cho, Ji Gu Cao, Ji Ji, Ji Xue Cao, Jiguja, Jin Bu Huan, Jue Ming Zi, Kamishoyosan, Kudzu, Lei Gong Teng, Long Dan Xie Gan Tang, Lu Cha, Ma Huang, Mao Guo Tian Jie Cai, Onshido, Polygonum multiflorum, Qian Li Guang, Ren Shen, Sairei To, Shan Chi, Shen Min, Shi Can, Shi Liu Pi, Shou Wu Pian, Tian Hua Fen, White flood, Wu Bei Zi, Xi Shu, Xiao Chai Hu Tang, Yin Chen Hao, Zexie, Zhen Chu Cao, and various unclassified Chinese herbal mixtures. Causality was firmly established for a number of herbal TCM products by a positive reexposure test result, the liver specific scale of CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences), or both. Otherwise, the quality of case data was mixed, especially regarding analysis of the herb ingredients because of adulteration with synthetic drugs, contamination with heavy metals, and misidentification. In addition, non-herbal TCM elements derived from Agaricus blazei, Agkistrodon, Antelope, Bombyx, Carp, Fish gallbladder, Phellinus, Scolopendra, Scorpio, and Zaocys are also known or potential hepatotoxins. For some patients, the clinical course was severe, with risks for acute liver failure, liver transplantation requirement, and lethality. In conclusion, the use of few herbal TCM products may rarely be associated with hepatotoxicity in some susceptible individuals, necessitating a stringent pretreatment evaluation of the risk/benefit ratio, based on results of multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt/ Main, Germany
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Yang Y, Zhang Z, Li S, Ye X, Li X, He K. Synergy effects of herb extracts: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic basis. Fitoterapia 2014; 92:133-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yadav R, Kumar D, Kumari A, Yadav SK. Encapsulation of podophyllotoxin and etoposide in biodegradable poly-d,l-lactide nanoparticles improved their anticancer activity. J Microencapsul 2013; 31:211-9. [DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2013.834988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Karuppaiya P, Satheeshkumar E, Chao WT, Kao LY, Chen ECF, Tsay HS. Anti-metastatic activity of biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles on human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:163-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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30
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Li J, Sun H, Jin L, Cao W, Zhang J, Guo CY, Ding K, Luo C, Ye WC, Jiang RW. Alleviation of podophyllotoxin toxicity using coexisting flavonoids from Dysosma versipellis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72099. [PMID: 23991049 PMCID: PMC3749096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Podophyllotoxin (POD) is a lignan-type toxin existing in many herbs used in folk medicine. Until now, no effective strategy is available for the management of POD intoxication. This study aims to determine the protective effects of flavonoids (quercetin and kaempferol) on POD-induced toxicity. In Vero cells, both flavonoids protected POD-induced cytotoxicity by recovering alleviating G2/M arrest, decreasing ROS generation and changes of membrane potential, and recovering microtubule structure. In Swiss mice, the group given both POD and flavonoids group had significantly lower mortality rate and showed less damages in the liver and kidney than the group given POD alone. As compared to the POD group, the POD plus flavonoids group exhibited decreases in plasma transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, plasma urea, creatinine and malondialdehyde levels, and increases in superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels. Histological examination of the liver and kidney showed less pathological changes in the treatment of POD plus flavonoids group. The protective mechanisms were due to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids against the oxidative stress induced by POD and the competitive binding of flavonoids against POD for the same colchicines-binding sites. The latter binding was confirmed by the tubulin assembly assay in combination with molecular docking analyses. In conclusion, this study for the first time demonstrated that the coexisting flavonoids have great protective effects against the POD toxicity, and results of this study highlighted the great potential of searching for effective antidotes against toxins based on the pharmacological clues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Hubei University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Jin
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong-Yi Guo
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of New Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-Wang Jiang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang Z, Liu X, Wang K, Cao X, Wu S. Novel linear and step-gradient counter-current chromatography for bio-guided isolation and purification of cytotoxic podophyllotoxins from Dysosma versipellis (Hance). J Sep Sci 2013; 36:1022-8. [PMID: 23418155 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201201038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dysosma versipellis (Hance) is a famous traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of snakebite, weakness, condyloma accuminata, lymphadenopathy, and tumors for thousands of years. In this work, four podophyllotoxin-like lignans including 4'-demethylpodophyllotoxin (1), α-peltatin (2), podophyllotoxin (3), β-peltatin (4) as major cytotoxic principles of D. versipellis were successfully isolated and purified by several novel linear and step gradient counter-current chromatography methods using the systems of hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (4:6:3:7 and 4:6:4:6, v/v/v/v). Compared with isocratic elution, linear and step-gradient elution can provide better resolution and save more time for the separation of photophyllotoxin and its congeners. Their cytotoxicities were further evaluated and their structures were validated by high-resolution electrospray TOF MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. All components showed potent anticancer activity against human hepatoma cells HepG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- Research Center of Siyuan Natural Pharmacy and Biotoxicology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Li J, Dai CX, Sun H, Jin L, Guo CY, Cao W, Wu J, Tian HY, Luo C, Ye WC, Jiang RW. Protective effects and mechanisms of curcumin on podophyllotoxin toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 265:190-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbal hepatotoxicity is a field that has rapidly grown over the last few years along with increased use of herbal products worldwide. AIMS To summarize the various facets of this disease, we undertook a literature search for herbs, herbal drugs and herbal supplements with reported cases of herbal hepatotoxicity. METHODS A selective literature search was performed to identify published case reports, spontaneous case reports, case series and review articles regarding herbal hepatotoxicity. RESULTS A total of 185 publications were identified and the results compiled. They show 60 different herbs, herbal drugs and herbal supplements with reported potential hepatotoxicity, additional information including synonyms of individual herbs, botanical names and cross references are provided. If known, details are presented for specific ingredients and chemicals in herbal products, and for references with authors that can be matched to each herbal product and to its effect on the liver. Based on stringent causality assessment methods and/or positive re-exposure tests, causality was highly probable or probable for Ayurvedic herbs, Chaparral, Chinese herbal mixture, Germander, Greater Celandine, green tea, few Herbalife products, Jin Bu Huan, Kava, Ma Huang, Mistletoe, Senna, Syo Saiko To and Venencapsan(®). In many other publications, however, causality was not properly evaluated by a liver-specific and for hepatotoxicity-validated causality assessment method such as the scale of CIOMS (Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences). CONCLUSIONS This compilation presents details of herbal hepatotoxicity, assisting thereby clinical assessment of involved physicians in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
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Giri A, Lakshmi Narasu M. Production of podophyllotoxin from Podophyllum hexandrum: a potential natural product for clinically useful anticancer drugs. Cytotechnology 2011; 34:17-26. [PMID: 19003377 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008138230896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Podophyllum hexandrum Royle of family Berberidaceae is an endangered medicinal plant. Rhizome ofP.hexandrum contains several lignans which posses antitumor activity. Podphyllotoxin is the most active cytotoxic natural product. It is used as starting compound for the synthesis of anticancer drug etoposide and teniposide. Podophyllotoxin acts as an inhibitor of microtubule assembly. These drugs are used for lung cancer, testicular cancer, neuroblastoma, hepatoma and other tumors. Besides this, it also shows antiviral activities by interfering with some critical viral processes. Availabilityof podophyllotoxin from plants has its limitations because of its intense collection from nature and lack of organized cultivation. The chemical synthesis of podophyllotoxin is considered to be very complicated as yet. The use of biotechnological approaches for the production of podophyllotoxin using cell cultures, organ cultures, and biotransformation route or by manipulating biosynthetic pathway proves to be an attractive alternative for production of podophyllotoxin. The present paper discusses the current status of research, limitations and future prospects for theproduction of podophyllotoxinin vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giri
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Mahaveer marg, Hyderabad, 500028, India
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Hooper PL, Hooper PL, Tytell M, Vígh L. Xenohormesis: health benefits from an eon of plant stress response evolution. Cell Stress Chaperones 2010; 15:761-70. [PMID: 20524162 PMCID: PMC3024065 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-010-0206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenohormesis is a biological principle that explains how environmentally stressed plants produce bioactive compounds that can confer stress resistance and survival benefits to animals that consume them. Animals can piggyback off products of plants' sophisticated stress response which has evolved as a result of their stationary lifestyle. Factors eliciting the plant stress response can judiciously be employed to maximize yield of health-promoting plant compounds. The xenohormetic plant compounds can, when ingested, improve longevity and fitness by activating the animal's cellular stress response and can be applied in drug discovery, drug production, and nutritional enhancement of diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L. Hooper
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO USA
- P.O. Box 245, Glen Haven, CO 80532 USA
| | - Paul L. Hooper
- Department of Anthropology and Program in Interdisciplinary Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Michael Tytell
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Lászlo Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
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Chon H, Kim G, Kim S. Comparison of Aqueous Plant Extracts before and after Fermentation with Lactobacillus Paracasei LS-2 on Cytokine Induction and Antioxidant Activity. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000500827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects on the inflammation-related cytokines of plant extracts fermented with Lactobacillus paracasei LS-2 in comparison with the unfermented aqueous plant extract. Attempted have also been made to identify fermented plant extracts that display no cytotoxicity against murine macrophage cells, while still maintaining their biological characteristics. Most of the fermented plant extracts showed reduced cytotoxicity. Among the fourteen plant extracts tested, the fermented plant extract of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi increased the induction of antiinflammatory mediators; however, they were still cytotoxic. Interestingly, the plant extract of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. induced a dramatic increase in the induction of antiinflammatory mediators with no cytotoxicity through fermentation. Our findings suggest that fermented A. capillaris holds promise for use as a valuable natural non-cytotoxic antioxidant and immuno-modulating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heeson Chon
- R&D Center, Milae Resources ML Co., Ltd. 7FL, #24-3 Bangi-dong Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-050, Korea
| | - Gyeomheon Kim
- R&D Center, Milae Resources ML Co., Ltd. 7FL, #24-3 Bangi-dong Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-050, Korea
| | - Sungkwon Kim
- R&D Center, Milae Resources ML Co., Ltd. 7FL, #24-3 Bangi-dong Songpa-gu, Seoul, 138-050, Korea
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Royer DJ, George JN, Terrell DR. Thrombocytopenia as an adverse effect of complementary and alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages. Eur J Haematol 2010; 84:421-9. [PMID: 20525061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2010.01415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is a well-recognized adverse effect of many drugs. However, the association of thrombocytopenia with complementary/alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages has been rarely described, except for reports of thrombocytopenia caused by quinine-containing beverages. OBJECTIVES To systematically identify all published reports of thrombocytopenia associated with these substances and to assess the evidence supporting their causal association with thrombocytopenia. METHODS Eleven databases were searched to identify relevant published reports. A priori criteria were defined for article selection and assessment. Each selected article was independently assessed by the three authors to document the presence of the criteria and determine the level of evidence for a causal association of the reported substance with thrombocytopenia. RESULTS Twenty-seven articles were identified that reported the occurrence of thrombocytopenia with 25 substances (other than quinine). However, only six articles describing five substances (cow's milk, cranberry juice, Jui [Chinese herbal tea], Lupinus termis bean, and tahini [pulped sesame seeds]) reported clinical data supporting definite evidence of a causal association with thrombocytopenia. Four articles provided probable evidence for four additional substances, and five articles provided possible evidence for five additional substances. In the remaining articles, the association with thrombocytopenia was unlikely or the articles were excluded from review. CONCLUSIONS Reports of thrombocytopenia describing definite or probable evidence for an association of a complementary/alternative medicines, herbal remedies, nutritional supplements, foods, and beverages are rare. Whether the occurrence of thrombocytopenia with these substances is uncommon or unrecognized is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Royer
- Department of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Chou SL, Chou MY, Kao WF, Yen DHT, Yen LY, Huang CI, Lee CH. Bajiaolian poisoning-a poisoning with high misdiagnostic rate. Am J Emerg Med 2010; 28:85-9. [PMID: 20006208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2008.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2008] [Revised: 09/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the oldest Chinese herbal medicine, bajiaolian is widely used in traditional therapy. In Taiwan, bajiaolian is the fifth highest cause of poisoning among herbal medicines. The diagnosis is difficult because physicians are unfamiliar with this medicine's multiple presentations in different stages of intoxication. PROCEDURES The records of 4 major poison centers in Taiwan were searched for all bajiaolian intoxication from July 1985 (the opening of first poison center) to March 2003. Two emergency physicians with toxicologic training reviewed the admission charts and visited case patients for follow-up. FINDINGS Seventeen patients were identified, of which 15 (88.2%) had been misdiagnosed initially. In the beginning of their medical care, 14 cases were diagnosed as acute gastroenteritis. CONCLUSION Bajiaolian intoxication is probably misdiagnosed because of early gastrointestinal symptoms followed by neurologic symptoms. A detailed patient history should be taken, and symptoms should be reviewed systemically to improve diagnostic accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Lin Chou
- Institute of Emergency Medicine and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, ROC
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Ko
- Department of Health Services, Food and Drug Branch, Sacramento, California 95899-7413, USA.
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Abstract
Bajiaolian (Dysosma pleianthum), a species in the Mayapple family (Podophyllum pelatum), has been widely used as a traditional Chinese herbal medication for the remedies of snake bite, tumor growth, post-partum recovery, and acne. It has also been used in western medicine, especially topically for various skin lesions. Both oral ingestion and dermal application may result in severe toxicity. The clinical presentations reported after Bajiaolian poisoning include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, paralytic ileus, urinary retention, hepatorenal dysfunction, leukocytosis followed by leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, prolonged areflexia, prolonged paraethesia and sensory ataxia, dizziness, fever, memory impairment, hallucinations, paranoia, convulsion, fainting, and coma. There are no previous reports in the literature about the cessation of nail growth as a clinical presentation following Bajiaolian poisoning. We present a case of nail growth that was halted for more than seven years after a single case of Bajiaolian poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Lin Chou
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Veterans Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Wang TC, Su YP, Hsu TY, Yang CC, Lin CC. 28-Day oral toxicity study of the aqueous extract from spider brake (Pteris multifida Poiret) in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1757-63. [PMID: 17467135 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Revised: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spider brake (Pteris multifida Poiret) is a very important folk herb and a constituent in most of the traditional herbal beverage formulas in Taiwan; however, little toxicological information is available regarding the safety following repeated exposure. The present study was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of aqueous extract from spider brake (SB) in Sprague-Dawley rats on dietary oral gavage at concentrations of 100, 500, and 1000 mg/kg b.w. day for 28 days. There were no adverse effects on general condition, growth, feed and water consumption, feed conversion efficiency, red blood cell and clotting potential parameters, clinical chemistry values, and organ weights except for neutrophils and lymphocytes being slightly diminished in male and female rats at the highest dose, respectively. Necropsy and histopathology findings revealed no treatment-related changes in any of the organs. The results obtained in this study allowed us to conclude that the SB properly utilized in the traditional oral administration could be devoid of any toxic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Wang
- Department of Management and Utilization, Fengshan Tropical Horticultural Experiment Station, TARI, Fengshan, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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43
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Hanje AJ, Fortune B, Song M, Hill D, McClain C. The use of selected nutrition supplements and complementary and alternative medicine in liver disease. Nutr Clin Pract 2006; 21:255-72. [PMID: 16772543 PMCID: PMC4239999 DOI: 10.1177/0115426506021003255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost all patients with liver disease, especially advanced liver disease, have some evidence of malnutrition, including mineral/vitamin deficiency. A major health trend in the United States has been the significant growth in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), including nutrition supplements and herbal agents. In the 1990s, the United States government created the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM), as well as the Office on Dietary Supplements, to extend our knowledge in these areas. CAM users are often highly educated and frequently use CAM therapy for chronic diseases, including chronic liver disease. Indeed, most studies suggest that patients with chronic liver disease frequently use nutrition supplements and CAM agents in addition to their traditional medicines. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the role of nutrition supplements and herbals in liver disease. This article will focus mainly on 7 selected agents (vitamin E, zinc, magnesium, S-adenosylmethionine, betaine, silymarin, and glycyrrhizin), for which there have been not only in vitro and animal studies but also human clinical trials, and we will review both potential efficacy and safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A James Hanje
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Large proportions of patients use herbal medicinal products, and encouraging data in terms of effectiveness exist for some of these. One aspect, however, which is still largely under-investigated is the question of potential harm. AIM To review the recent evidence on hepatotoxic events associated with the use of herbal medicinal products. METHODS Systematic literature searches were performed on Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Amed and Ciscom. To identify additional data, searches were conducted by hand in relevant medical journals and in our own files. The screening and selection of articles and the extraction of data were performed independently by the two authors. There were no restrictions regarding the language of publication. In order to be included articles were required to report data on hepatotoxic events associated with the therapeutic use of herbal medicinal products. RESULTS Single medicinal herbs and combination preparations are associated with hepatotoxic events. Clinically, the spectrum ranges from transient elevations of liver enzyme levels to fulminant liver failure and death. In most instances hepatotoxic herbal constituents are believed to be the cause, while others may be due to herb-drug interactions, contamination and/or adulteration. CONCLUSIONS A number of herbal medicinal products are associated with serious hepatotoxic events. Incidence figures are largely unknown, and in most cases a causal attribution is not established. The challenge for the future is to systematically research this area, educate all parties involved, and minimize patient risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Pittler
- Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, Exeter, UK.
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45
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Abstract
Though some herbal medicines have been shown to protect against or treat experimental liver injury in vitro, and many may possess one or a combination of antioxidant, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, or antiviral activities, they have not been shown effective in human trials. It has been extremely difficult to construct randomized, controlled trials using complementary and alternative medicines because of an incomplete understanding of their modes of action, the lack of standardization in their manufacture, and the complexity of ingredients in any herbal extract. This may become easier once more standardized and broad-based regulatory oversight of marketing and manufacture of these products is achieved. Despite this, the use of complementary and alternative medicines is ever increasing, especially in patients having chronic liver disease. With this growing popularity, it is becoming more apparent that many of these treatments possess the potential for appreciable hepatotoxicity, in some instances resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. Until these products are more closely regulated and their advertising better scrutinized, all physicians and patients should become more familiar with the natural and alternative products that are commonly used, and recognize which can be harmful (Table 4). Better public awareness should be maintained with regard herb and prescription drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Schiano
- Division of Liver Diseases, Box 1633, One Gustave L. Levy Place, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Herbs have been used world-wide, particularly in Chinese society, for thousands of years. Conceptually, herbs are usually considered to be non-toxic by the general public due to their natural origin. However, the consumption of herbs is well-known to be capable of producing prominent adverse health effects. Due to increased morbidity and mortality, poisonings associated with the use of herbs have raised universal attention in the last few years. In daily practice, herbs are dispensed by health professionals, quacks and other non-medical professionals, such as witch doctors, for either therapeutic or tonic purposes. Upon exposure, the clinical toxicity may vary from mild to severe and may even be life-threatening. In the clinical setting, the difficulties involved in handling the poisonings associated with the use of herbs can be categorized as follows: (1) difficulties in the identification of the proprietary substances and active ingredients; (2) problems with characterizing the kinetic pattern and toxicological effects; and (3) the uncertainty of the treatment. A systematic approach, including both clinical and laboratory investigations, is required in handling cases of herbal poisonings. Critical factors for the clinical investigation are the observation and documentation of clinical symptoms and signs, as well as the collection of information concerning prescription, packaging, herbal residues, herbal samples, amount consumed and the processing methods of the herbs. A geographically and culturally oriented data bank of analytical systems should be created to assist in the future laboratory diagnosis of herbal poisonings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jou-Fang Deng
- Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Abstract
External genital warts (EGWs) are visible warts that occur in the perigenital and perianal regions. They are due primarily to non-oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types, usually types 6 and 11. Physical examination assisted by bright light and magnification is the recommended approach for primary diagnosis. Biopsy is indicated when EGWs are fixed to underlying structures or discolored or when standard therapies are not effective. Recurrences are common, and there is no single treatment that is superior to others. Among women with atypical squamous cells, molecular HPV testing may be useful in determining who should be referred for colposcopy. Condoms may provide some protection against HPV-related diseases and thus are recommended in new sexual relationships and when partnerships are not mutually monogamous. Because the efficacy of cesarean section in preventing vertical transmission of HPV infection from women with EGWs to their progeny has not been proved, it is not recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wiley
- Division of Primary Care, School of Nursing, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-6919, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Herbal medicaments are in common use. In general, the judicious use of carefully selected and prepared herbal medications seems to cause few adverse effects and may be beneficial. However, toxic effects of these products have been reported with increasing frequency. Infants and children may be even more susceptible to some of the adverse effects and toxicity of these products because of differences in physiology, immature metabolic enzyme systems, and dose per body weight. Although information promoting the use of herbal medicine is widespread, true evidence-based information about the efficacy and safety of herbal medications is limited. Although the most conservative approach is to recommend against use of herbal medicine until such evidence is available, some patients are not receptive to this approach. A reasonable approach for health care providers may be to follow such use closely, assist in herbal therapeutic decisions, and monitor for adverse effects and interactions. This manuscript discusses general concepts about herbal medicines, public health implications, and a framework for mechanisms of adverse effects from the use of botanicals. Adverse effects and toxicity of selected herbal products, including Chinese herbal medicines, are presented. The authors propose a risk reduction approach in which physicians actively seek information about the use of complementary or alternative medicine while taking medical histories.
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Abstract
A survey of plants used ethnomedically against cancer was undertaken, using the NAPRALERT database currently maintained by the Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois-Chicago. We report over 350 species which are reported to be used against cancer and not cited in the work of Jonathan Hartwell, "Plants used against cancer: a survey", including previously unrepresented genera and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Graham
- Program for Collaborative Research in the Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago IL 60612, USA
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50
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Abstract
Alternative therapies, including herbal remedies, are popular in the general population and even more so among patients with liver disease. The use of such products is now well established in western society and is no longer confined to traditional medicine practitioners in Asia, Africa and the Middle-East. Their perceived benefits remain generally unproven and concern about adverse effects is leading to closer scrutiny of these products. Herbal hepatotoxicity has been recognized for many years, but new agents are constantly being identified. The varied manifestations of liver injury include steatosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, hepatic fibrosis, zonal or diffuse hepatic necrosis, bile duct injury, veno-occlusive disease, acute liver failure requiring liver transplantation and carcinogenesis. Potential interactions between herbal medicines and conventional drugs may interfere with patient management. Concurrent use of such products is not often disclosed unless specifically sought after and can lead to perpetuation of the liver injury. The present review focuses on emerging herbal hepatotoxins, newer patterns of liver injury among the older agents and provides an updated tabulation of the adverse effects of major herbal hepatotoxins. Key issues of diagnosis and prevention of this growing problem are addressed. Continued public education, physician awareness and more stringent licensing are required to tackle this growing problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chitturi
- Storr Liver Unit, University of Sydney at Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
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