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Gromek W, Kołdej N, Kurowski M, Majsiak E. Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis): Antiallergic Agent or Hidden Allergen? A Literature Review. Foods 2024; 13:1052. [PMID: 38611357 PMCID: PMC11012157 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Presently, there has been an increase in the consumption of the blue-green microalga-spirulina (Arthrospira species), which dominates 99.5% of the total world production of microalgae. Primarily sold as a dietary supplement, it is also incorporated into snacks, pasta, cookies, and bread. Owing to its nutrient abundance, spirulina has a variety of potential applications. Extensive studies have been conducted on the health benefits of spirulina, but its safety in terms of allergy has received limited attention. Therefore, to bridge this knowledge deficit, this review aimed to evaluate the allergenic and antiallergic potential of spirulina. In the PubMed and Scopus databases using words related to allergy, we attempted to detect papers on hypersensitivity to spirulina. A total of 128 records were identified, of which 49 were screened. Ultimately, in this review, we analyzed four case studies, encompassing a total of five patients with allergies to spirulina. We assessed the severity of allergic reactions following World Allergy Organization (WAO) Anaphylaxis Guidance 2020, which varied from mild (grade 2) to severe (grade 4) based on the patient's symptoms. Additionally, our findings indicate that allergy to spirulina is not commonly reported or diagnosed. However, most of the described cases (four of five) regarding allergy to spirulina according to WAO Anaphylaxis Guidance 2020 were classified as anaphylaxis. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that spirulina also possesses antiallergic properties, as evidenced by research studies. Our article delves into both the allergic and antiallergic potential of spirulina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Gromek
- Polish-Ukrainian Foundation of Medicine Development, Nałęczowska 14, 20-701 Lublin, Poland
- Student Scientific Association for Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology at the Department of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Allergy Clinic, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Natalia Kołdej
- Student Scientific Association for Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology at the Department of Immunology, Rheumatology, and Allergy Clinic, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kurowski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | - Emilia Majsiak
- Department of Health Promotion, Faculty of Health of Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 4/6, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
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Alves JLDB, Costa PCTD, Sales LCSD, Silva Luis CC, Bezerra TPT, Souza MLA, Costa BA, de Souza EL. Shedding light on the impacts of Spirulina platensis on gut microbiota and related health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38420934 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2323112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Spirulina (S.) platensis is a blue-green algae with reported nutritional and health-promoting properties, such as immunomodulating, antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering properties, and beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases. Spirulina platensis can improve the function and composition of the gut microbiota and exert systemic beneficial effects. Gut dysbiosis is characterized by an imbalance in the composition and function of gut microbiota and is associated with several diseases. Some dietary bioactive compounds can restore the composition, diversity, and function of the gut microbiota and improve health-related parameters. This review proposes to gather relevant information on the effects of S. platensis supplementation on the modulation of the function and composition of gut microbiota and local and systemic measures related to gut health, such as inflammation, oxidative stress, and glucose and lipid metabolism. The body of evidence conducted with animals and clinical studies shows that S. platensis supplementation increased gut microbiota diversity and improved gut microbiota composition, as reported by a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio, increase in the relative abundance of Prevotella and Lactobacillaceae, increase in short-chain fatty acid production and decrease of gut permeability. Improvements in gut microbiota have been associated with host health benefits such as anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, anti-lipemic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luiz de Brito Alves
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Trindade da Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Cosmo Silva Luis
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Luiza Alves Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo Costa
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Evandro Leite de Souza
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraiba, 58051-900, Brazil
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Moradi S, Bagheri R, Amirian P, Zarpoosh M, Cheraghloo N, Wong A, Zobeiri M, Entezari MH. Effects of Spirulina supplementation in patients with ulcerative colitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:109. [PMID: 38424572 PMCID: PMC10905931 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04400-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM We conducted a randomized placebo-controlled trial to assess the efficacy of Spirulina (SP) supplementation on disease activity, health-related quality of life, antioxidant status, and serum pentraxin 3 (PTX-3) levels in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS Eighty patients with UC were randomly assigned to consume either 1 g/day (two 500 mg capsules/day) of SP (n = 40) or control (n = 40) for 8 weeks. Dietary intakes, physical activity, disease activity, health-related quality of life, antioxidant status, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and serum PTX-3 levels were assessed and compared between groups at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS Seventy-three patients (91.3%) completed the trial. We observed increases in serum total antioxidant capacity levels in the SP supplementation group compared to the control group after 8 weeks of intervention (p ≤ 0.001). A within-group comparison indicated a trend towards a higher health-related quality of life score after 8 weeks of taking two different supplements, SP (p < 0.001) and PL (p = 0.012), respectively. However, there were no significant changes in participant's disease activity score in response to SP administration (p > 0.05). Similarly, changes in ESR and PTX-3 levels were comparable between groups post-intervention (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SP improved antioxidant capacity status and health-related quality of life in patients with UC. Our findings suggest that SP supplementation may be effective as an adjuvant treatment for managing patients with UC. Larger trials with longer interventions periods are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Moradi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Center for Evidence-Based Health Management, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 8174673441, Iran
| | - Parsa Amirian
- General Practitioner, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahsa Zarpoosh
- General Practitioner, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS), Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Neda Cheraghloo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1417613151, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Mehdi Zobeiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Entezari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Prete V, Abate AC, Di Pietro P, De Lucia M, Vecchione C, Carrizzo A. Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases. Nutrients 2024; 16:642. [PMID: 38474769 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, as a result of rising mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), there has been a growing urgency to find alternative approaches to conventional pharmaceutical treatment to prevent the onset of chronic diseases. Arthrospira platensis, commonly known as Spirulina, is a blue-green cyanobacterium, classified as a "superfood", used worldwide as a nutraceutical food supplement due to its remarkable nutritional value, lack of toxicity, and therapeutic effects. Several scientific studies have evaluated the cardioprotective role of Spirulina. This article presents a comprehensive review of the therapeutic benefits of Spirulina in improving cardio- and cerebrovascular health. It focuses on the latest experimental and clinical findings to evaluate its antihypertensive, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties. The objective is to highlight its potential in preventing and managing risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Prete
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Angela Carmelita Abate
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | | | - Carmine Vecchione
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Albino Carrizzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
- Vascular Physiopathology Unit, IRCCS Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy
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Aimaretti E, Porchietto E, Mantegazza G, Gargari G, Collotta D, Einaudi G, Ferreira Alves G, Marzani E, Algeri A, Dal Bello F, Aragno M, Cifani C, Guglielmetti S, Mastrocola R, Collino M. Anti-Glycation Properties of Zinc-Enriched Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) Contribute to Prevention of Metaflammation in a Diet-Induced Obese Mouse Model. Nutrients 2024; 16:552. [PMID: 38398877 PMCID: PMC10892558 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) exert a key pathogenic role in the development of obesity and insulin resistance. Thanks to its abundance in bioactive compounds, the microalga Arthrospira platensis (spirulina, SP) is proposed as a nutritional supplement. Here, we investigated the potential anti-glycating properties of SP enriched with zinc (Zn-SP) and the following impact on diet-induced metabolic derangements. Thirty male C57Bl6 mice were fed a standard diet (SD) or a high-fat high-sugar diet (HFHS) for 12 weeks, and a subgroup of HFHS mice received 350 mg/kg Zn-SP three times a week. A HFHS diet induced obesity and glucose intolerance and increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and transaminases. Zn-SP administration restored glucose homeostasis and reduced hepatic dysfunction and systemic inflammation. In the liver of HFHS mice, a robust accumulation of AGEs was detected, paralleled by increased expression of the main AGE receptor (RAGE) and depletion of glyoxalase-1, whereas Zn-SP administration efficiently prevented these alterations reducing local pro-inflammatory responses. 16S rRNA gene profiling of feces and ileum content revealed altered bacterial community structure in HFHS mice compared to both SD and HFHS + Zn-SP groups. Overall, our study demonstrates relevant anti-glycation properties of Zn-SP which contribute to preventing AGE production and/or stimulate AGE detoxification, leading to the improvement of diet-related dysbiosis and metabolic derangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aimaretti
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Porchietto
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Giacomo Mantegazza
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Giorgio Gargari
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.M.); (G.G.)
| | - Debora Collotta
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Giacomo Einaudi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Alves
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Enrica Marzani
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
| | - Alessandro Algeri
- Italian Union of Biological Spirulin (Unione Spirulina Biologica Italiana, USBI), Curtatone (Mantova), 46010 Mantova, Italy;
| | - Federica Dal Bello
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Manuela Aragno
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (E.P.); (G.E.); (G.F.A.); (C.C.)
| | - Simone Guglielmetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences (BtBs), University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mastrocola
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (E.A.); (M.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Massimo Collino
- Department of Neurosciences “Rita Levi Montalcini”, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy; (D.C.); (E.M.)
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Sokary S, Bawadi H, Zakaria ZZ, Al-Asmakh M. The Effects of Spirulina Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors: A Narrative Review. J Diet Suppl 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38251049 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2023.2301366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a cyanobacterium associated with multiple health benefits. Cardiometabolic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes are prevalent yet usually preventable non-communicable diseases. Modifiable risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases include excessive body weight, body inflammation, atherogenic lipid profile, and imbalanced glucose metabolism. This review explores the effects of spirulina on cardiometabolic diseases risk factors. Spirulina was effective in reducing body weight, body mass index, and waist circumference, with a potential dose-dependent effect. It also decreased interleukin 6, an important biomarker of body inflammation, by inhibiting NADPH oxidase enzyme, and lowering insulin resistance. spirulina supplementation also reduced triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Additionally, spirulina reduced fasting blood sugar and post-prandial blood sugar and increased insulin sensitivity, but no effect was observed on glycated hemoglobin A1c. The diverse nutrients, such as phycocyanin, gamma-linolenic acid, and vitamin B12, present in spirulina contribute to its cardiometabolic benefits. The doses used are heterogeneous for most studies, ranging from 1 to 8 grams daily, but most studies administered spirulina for 3 months to observe an effect. The collective evidence suggests that spirulina supplements may help improve risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases, thus, preventing its development. However, due to the heterogeneity of the results, more randomized clinical trials are needed to draw robust conclusions about spirulina's therapeutic potential in ameliorating risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases and fully elucidate the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sokary
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Science, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hiba Bawadi
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Science, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Zain Zaki Zakaria
- Vice President for Medical and Health Sciences Office, Health Cluster, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Science, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Parvaneh RR, Vajdi M, Shiraz AN, Khani M, Farshbaf SE, Farhangi MA. Prognostic value of circulating macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1-growth differentiation factor 15 (MIC-1/GDF15) in obesity: Relation with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and markers of oxidative stress. Nutr Health 2023; 29:707-713. [PMID: 35549472 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221099716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1-Growth differentiation Factor 15 (MIC-1/GDF15) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are novel regulators of obesity and energy homeostasis and food intake. Aims: In the current cross-sectional study, we aimed to evaluate MIC-1 and VEGF concentrations and their association with serum lipids and biomarkers of oxidative stress in obese individuals. Methods: Fifty six obese subjects, aged between 20-50 years old, participated in the current study. Anthropometric and nutritional parameters were assessed and serum and blood concentrations of MIC-1/GDF15, VEGF, markers of oxidative stress and serum lipids were evaluated. Results: Serum VEGF was strongly associated with serum lipids and MIC-1/GDF15 concentrations while serum MIC-1/GDF15 was associated with total cholesterol (TC) and VEGF levels. In multivariate regression analysis, serum VEGF, appetite and GPX were potent determinants of MIC-1/GDF15 concentrations while VEGF was only associated with serum MIC-1/GDF15. Conclusion: The findings of the current study demonstrated the association between MIC-1/GDF15 and VEGF. Moreover, a positive association between these cytokines and serum lipids, was also observed. The results suggest that MIC-1/GDF15 and VEGF might be considered as prognostic markers in obesity-related metabolic disorders. Although further mechanistic studies are needed to better clarify the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Rahbar Parvaneh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Vajdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ata Nikfam Shiraz
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Khani
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sara Ebadpour Farshbaf
- Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Supriya R, Delfan M, Saeidi A, Samaie SS, Al Kiyumi MH, Escobar KA, Laher I, Heinrich KM, Weiss K, Knechtle B, Zouhal H. Spirulina Supplementation with High-Intensity Interval Training Decreases Adipokines Levels and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Men with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:4891. [PMID: 38068748 PMCID: PMC10707917 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiposity, a state characterized by excessive accumulation of body fat, is closely linked to metabolic complications and the secretion of specific adipokines. This study explores the potential of exercise and Spirulina supplementation to mitigate these complications and modulate adipokine release associated with obesity. The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the impact of a 12-week regimen of high-intensity training combined with Spirulina supplementation on adipokine concentrations and lipid profiles in male individuals with obesity (N = 44). The participants were randomly distributed into four groups, each consisting of 11 participants: a control group (CG), a supplement group (SG), a training group (TG), and a training plus supplement group (TSG). The intervention comprised a 12-week treatment involving Spirulina supplementation (6 g capsule daily), a 12-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol with three sessions per week, or a combined approach. Following the interventions, metabolic parameters, anthropometric measurements, cardiorespiratory indices, and circulating adipokines [CRP, Sema3C, TNF-α, IL-6, MCP1, IL-8] were assessed within 48 h of the before and final training session. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences across all measures among the groups (p < 0.05). Notably, post hoc analyses indicated substantial disparities between the CG and the three interventional groups regarding body weight (p < 0.05). The combined training and supplementation approach led to noteworthy reductions in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TGL) levels (all p < 0.0001), coupled with an elevation in high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (p = 0.0001). Furthermore, adipokine levels significantly declined in the three intervention groups relative to the CG (p < 0.05). The findings from this 12-week study demonstrate that Spirulina supplementation in conjunction with high-intensity interval training reduced adipokine levels, improved body weight and BMI, and enhanced lipid profiles. This investigation underscores the potential of Spirulina supplementation and high-intensity interval training as a synergistic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related complications and enhance overall cardiometabolic well-being in obese males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Supriya
- Center For Health & Exercise Science Research, Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 999077, China;
| | - Maryam Delfan
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran 15847-15414, Iran
| | - Ayoub Saeidi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Kurdistan 66177-15175, Iran;
| | - Seyedeh Somayeh Samaie
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Alborz Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran;
| | - Maisa Hamed Al Kiyumi
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat P.O. Box 35, Oman;
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat P.O. Box 35, Oman
| | - Kurt A. Escobar
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA;
| | - Ismail Laher
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada;
| | - Katie M. Heinrich
- Department of Kinesiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
- Research Department, the Phoenix, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Katja Weiss
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.W.); (B.K.)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (K.W.); (B.K.)
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9000 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hassane Zouhal
- M2S (Laboratoire Mouvement, Sport, Santé)—EA 1274, Université de Rennes, 35000 Rennes, France
- Institut International des Sciences du Sport (2I2S), 35850 Irodouer, France
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Ardekani AM, Nava ZH, Zaman BA, Vahdat S, Lame-Jouybari AH, Mivefroshan A. The association between lipid profile, oxidized LDL and the components of metabolic syndrome with serum mineral status and kidney function in individuals with obesity. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:196. [PMID: 37670399 PMCID: PMC10481520 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06472-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is presented with a cluster of cardio-metabolic risk factors with widespread prevalence. In the present case-control study, we aimed to examine the relationship between several minerals and renal function tests with the components of MetS in individuals with obesity. METHODS This study included 127 individuals with obesity of both gender with or without MetS as the case and control, respectively. MetS was characterized based on the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria. Anthropometric variables and blood pressure were recorded. Mineral status including serum magnesium, copper, calcium, phosphorous, and iron were measured using standard colorimetric methods. Also, the serum lipid levels, concentrations of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), and renal function tests, including total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine, and uric acid were evaluated using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS According to our results, individuals with obesity and MetS had higher levels of waist circumference (WC) and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05) compared to individuals with obesity and without MetS. Moreover, individuals with obesity and MetS had higher levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), insulin, and iron (P < 0.05). In individuals with obesity and MetS, iron and albumin showed a positive relationship with LDL cholesterol and TG concentrations, respectively (P < 0.05 for all of them). Also, there was a positive association between serum magnesium and Ox- LDL in individuals with obesity with MetS. While, in individuals with obesity and without MetS, only a positive association between urea and uric acid with WC was observed (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that disturbed serum lipids in obesity-metabolic syndrome is associated with homeostatic changes in the level of minerals or proteins that are involved in their metabolism. Although, further studies are needed to better explain and clarify the underlying mechanism of observed relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abnoos Mokhtari Ardekani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Science, & Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Zahra Hamidi Nava
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
| | - Burhan Abdullah Zaman
- Medical Physiology, Basic Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, University of Duhok, Kurdistan, Iraq
| | - Sahar Vahdat
- Isfahan Kidney Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, Khorshid Hospital, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Azam Mivefroshan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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Rezaiyan M, Sasani N, Kazemi A, Mohsenpour MA, Babajafari S, Mazloomi SM, Clark CCT, Hematyar J, Ghaem Far Z, Azadian M, Zareifard A. The effect of spirulina sauce on glycemic index, lipid profile, and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:5199-5208. [PMID: 37701187 PMCID: PMC10494644 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the effect of spirulina sauce on glycemic indices, lipid profile, oxidative stress markers, and anthropometric measurement in type 2 diabetic patients. Forty patients were randomly assigned to receive 20 g/day spirulina sauce (containing 2 g of spirulina) or placebo for 2 months. Anthropometric and biochemical indices were measured at the beginning and end of the intervention. Fasting blood glucose (mean difference (MD): -15.3 mg/dL, 95% confidence (CI): -44.2 to 13.60, p = .26), HbA1c (MD: 0.13%, 95% CI: -0.83 to 0.57, p = .75), insulin (MD: -1.46 μIU/mL, 95% CI: -4.0 to 1.09, p = .28), and HOMA-IR (MD: -0.35, 95% CI: -2.0 to 1.32, p = .68) did not change significantly between groups. QUICKI increased significantly (MD: 0.025, 95% CI: 0.006 to 0.045, p = .03). Among the lipid profile, triglyceride (TG) (MD: -68.6 mg/dL, 95% CI: -107.21 to -29.98, p < .001), total cholesterol (MD: -29.55 mg/dL, 95% CI: -55.28 to -3.81, p = .02), and LDL (MD: -17.7 mg/dL, 95% CI: -33.24 to -2.15, p = .01) were significantly decreased in the spirulina group compared to the control; whereas, the change in HDL was non-significant. No significant change was observed in body composition and anthropometric measurements, except waist circumference, which was reduced (MD: -2.65 cm, 95% CI: -3.91 to -1.38, p = .001). Hunger index significantly decreased and fullness increased marginally significantly. Although malondialdehyde was significantly reduced, no change was observed in total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Spirulina sauce was not effective for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes; however, could be useful for controlling appetite and ameliorating lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Rezaiyan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Najmeh Sasani
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Asma Kazemi
- Nutrition Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohsenpour
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | | | - Javad Hematyar
- Diabetic Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical SciencesAhvazIran
| | - Zohreh Ghaem Far
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mohsen Azadian
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyShiraz University, Keshto Sanat Teeyondasht CoShirazIran
| | - Alireza Zareifard
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyShiraz University, Keshto Sanat Teeyondasht CoShirazIran
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Rahnama I, Arabi SM, Chambari M, Bahrami LS, Hadi V, Mirghazanfari SM, Rizzo M, Hadi S, Sahebkar A. The effect of Spirulina supplementation on lipid profile: GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of data from randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res 2023; 193:106802. [PMID: 37263369 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the most important causes of death worldwide. Dyslipidemia is one of the main causal risk factors for CVD that can be controlled by modifying lifestyle, which entails the use of healthy diets containing functional foods. The present study was conducted to summarize the effects of Spirulina on the lipid profile in previous randomized controlled trials. METHODS MEDLINE, Scopus, Clarivate Analytics Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library databases were searched systematically until January 2023, for clinical interventions that investigated the effect of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid profile concentrations. RESULTS ooled results of 20 studies (with 23 arms and 1076 participants) indicated that Spirulina intervention significantly reduced LDL-C (SMD: -0.6, 95% CI: -0.9, -0.2, P˂0.05), TC (SMD: -0.6, 95% CI: -0.9, -0.2, P˂0.05) and TG (SMD: -0.6, 95% CI: -0.9, -0.2, P˂0.05) levels while HDL-C levels were significantly increased (SMD: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.0, 0.6, P˂0.05). CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present meta-analysis and review show the usefulness of supplementing with Spirulina in improving serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Rahnama
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Mostafa Arabi
- Healthy Ageing Research Centre, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Mahla Chambari
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran
| | - Leila Sadat Bahrami
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Neyshabur University of Medical Sciences, Neyshabur, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Hadi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayid Mahdi Mirghazanfari
- Department of Physiology and Iranian Medicine, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manfredi Rizzo
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, 90133Palermo, Italy
| | - Saeid Hadi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Abstract
Spirulina species are photosynthetic and filamentous bacteria, commonly called 'blue-green microalgae'. Spirulina has a high nutrient content. It contains 60-70% protein with all essential amino acids present, and is rich in several vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds. Spirulina is also rich in essential fatty acids, and antioxidants. This rich nutritional content provides to Spirulina several health benefits including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and insulin-sensitizing properties as well as positive effects in various diseases which could be also interesting for athletes. This paper mainly aims to review the interest and effects of Spirulina supplementation in athletes at rest, and in relation to exercise/training. Spirulina's biochemical composition, health properties/effects in humans, and effects in athletes including nutritional status, body composition, physical performance and intense exercise-related disorders were discussed in this review. Literature data showed that Spirulina seems to have positive effects on body composition especially in overweight and obese subjects which could not be the case in other pathologies and athletes. Spirulina appears to be also effective in improving aerobic fitness especially in untrained and moderately trained subjects. Results reported in the literature suggest that Spirulina may improve strength and power performance despite the minor or no significant effects in highly trained subjects. Most studies have shown that Spirulina improves antioxidant status, prevents and accelerates the recovery of exercise-induced lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and inflammation in trained and untrained subjects. Taken together, the results from these studies are encouraging and may demonstrate the potential benefits of Spirulina supplementation in athletes despite methodological differences.
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Pareek A, Kasvan BR, Singh N. Effect of a novel dietary supplement Khejri, and Spirulina supplementation on lipid profile in cricket players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1075388. [PMID: 36726398 PMCID: PMC9885189 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1075388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosopis cineraria (Fabaceae) is known as Khejri in India or the golden tree of Indian deserts. It's potential as a dietary supplement in sports nutrition and its effect on regulating lipid profile has never been investigated. Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is a superfood with high nutritional value and is a popular supplement among athletes. In the current study, Spirulina and Khejri were used as supplements by cricket players to improve their physical fitness and lipid profile. Both supplements were given to individual groups and in combination to see the combined effect. The intervention period was 21 days, and supplements were given in 500 mg doses daily. Lipid profile assessments were done before and after the intervention period. 40 cricket players were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 (n = 10): Both supplements, Spirulina and Khejri, Group 2 (n = 10): Supplement Spirulina, Group 3 (n = 10): Supplement Khejri, and Group 4 (n = 10): Control. When experimental groups 1, 2 and 3 were compared to the control group 4, significant reduction was observed in triglyceride levels (Group1 vs. control: 141.53 ± 14.74 vs. 199.28 ± 27.24, p < 0.05; Group 2 vs. control: 137.5 ± 14 vs. 199.28 ± 27.24, p < 0.05; Group 3 vs. control: 135.32 ± 17.34 vs. 199.28 ± 27.24, p < 0.05) and significant reduction in cholesterol levels was found post-intervention after 21 days of supplementation (Group1 vs. control: 149.75 ± 7.08 vs. 207.86 ± 11.69, p < 0.001; Group 2 vs. control: 178.28 ± 9.43 vs. 207.86 ± 11.69, p < 0.05; Group 3 vs. control: 142.92 ± 10.01 vs. 207.86 ± 11.69, p < 0.001). Cholesterol and Triglyceride levels were significantly decreased pre- vs. post-intervention by Khejri and Spirulina supplements in cricket players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Pareek
- Department of Botany, Maharshi Dayanand Saraswati University, Ajmer, India
| | - Bhanwra Ram Kasvan
- Department of Sports Bioscience, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Neha Singh
- Department of Sports Bioscience, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India,Correspondence: Neha Singh
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Zhou Y, Zhu X, Wang H, Duan C, Cui H, Shi J, Shi S, Yuan G, Hu Y. The Role of VEGF Family in Lipid Metabolism. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2023; 24:253-265. [PMID: 35524661 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220506105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family plays a major role in tumors and ophthalmic diseases. However, increasingly more data reported its potential in regulating lipids. With its biological functions mainly expressed in lymphatic vessels, some factors in the families, like VEGF-A and VEGF-C, have been proved to regulate intestinal absorption of lipids by affecting chylous ducts. Other effects, including regulating lipoprotein lipase (LPL), endothelial lipase (EL), and recombinant syndecan 1 (SDC1), have also been confirmed. However, given the scant-related studies, further research should be conducted to examine the concrete mechanisms and provide pragmatic ways to apply them in the clinic. The VEGF family may treat dyslipidemia in specific ways that are different from common methods and concurrently contribute to the treatment of other metabolic diseases, like diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chenglin Duan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanming Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guozhen Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanhui Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lympaki F, Giannoglou M, Magriplis E, Bothou DL, Andreou V, Dimitriadis GD, Markou G, Zampelas A, Theodorou G, Katsaros G, Papakonstantinou E. Short-Term Effects of Spirulina Consumption on Glycemic Responses and Blood Pressure in Healthy Young Adults: Results from Two Randomized Clinical Trials. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12121180. [PMID: 36557218 PMCID: PMC9787962 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12121180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of spirulina consumption added in foods were investigated in two crossover clinical trials (n = 13 different healthy adults). In Trial-1 adults consumed cookies with-and-without spirulina (3.12 g per 100 g final product; 2.5 g spirulina per 50 g available carbohydrates) according to glycemic index (GI) methodology. In Trial-2, adults consumed 4 g, 6 g, and 8 g spirulina as beverage diluted in 50 g D-glucose vs. 50 g plain D-glucose. Capillary blood glucose samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min and blood pressure (BP) was measured at beginning and end of each visit in both trials. Trial-1: both cookies with and without spirulina provided medium GI values (59 and 60, respectively, on glucose-scale), but no significant differences were found for BP. Trial-2: both 4 g and 8 g spirulina lowered postprandial glucose at 120 min (95% CI: -1.64 to -16.12 and -1.23 to -15.87, respectively). The results explained 29% of variation. Only 8 g spirulina decreased significantly 90-120 min area under the curve (AUC) for glucose and systolic BP (-4%). No differences were found for fasting glucose. Adding spirulina to cookies did not affect glucose responses and BP. Only 8 g provided significantly lower 90-120 min-AUC for glucose and BP compared to 4 g, 6 g-and-D-glucose, indicating advantages to glycemic control and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Lympaki
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Giannoglou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Lykovrisi, Greece
| | - Emmanuella Magriplis
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Dionysia Lydia Bothou
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Varvara Andreou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Lykovrisi, Greece
| | - George D. Dimitriadis
- Sector of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Markou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Lykovrisi, Greece
| | - Antonis Zampelas
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodorou
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - George Katsaros
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Lykovrisi, Greece
| | - Emilia Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 11855 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Saidi H, Bounihi A, Bouazza A, Hichami A, Koceir EHA, Khan NA. Spirulina reduces diet-induced obesity through downregulation of lipogenic genes expression in Psammomys obesus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1001-1009. [PMID: 32207345 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1743724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the protective effect of spirulina against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorders in Psammomys obesus, an animal model of metabolic syndrome. Psammomys obesus lives on a low-energy diet, in order to remain healthy. However, under a standard laboratory chow diet (SLCD), this animal exhibits insulin resistance, which occurs as a result of obesity. Psammomys obesus was maintained on SLCD, in order to evaluate the effect of spirulina on obesity development with a particular focus on glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as the mRNA expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. After 12 weeks of treatment with spirulina, there was a significant reduction in body weight gain, plasma glucose, insulin and triglyceride levels. There was also a significant reduction in the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and inflammation. Spirulina improved insulin sensitivity, glucose and lipid metabolism. These findings highlight the positive effect of spirulina on weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Saidi
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Abdenour Bounihi
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Asma Bouazza
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Aziz Hichami
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - El Hadj Ahmed Koceir
- Bioenergetics and Intermediary Metabolism team, Laboratory of Biology and Organism Physiology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Naim Akhtar Khan
- INSERM U1231, University of Burgundy Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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de Souza ILL, Barros BC, Ferreira EDS, Queiroga FR, Vasconcelos LHC, Toscano LDLT, Silva AS, da Silva PM, Cavalcante FDA, da Silva BA. Supplementation with Spirulina platensis Prevents Damage to Rat Erections in a Model of Erectile Dysfunction Promoted by Hypercaloric Diet-Induced Obesity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20080467. [PMID: 35892935 PMCID: PMC9332348 DOI: 10.3390/md20080467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability to achieve and/or maintain a penile erection sufficient for sexual satisfaction. Currently, many patients do not respond to the pharmacotherapy. The effects of a supplementation with Spirulina platensis, were evaluated in a model of ED induced by hypercaloric diet consumption. Wistar rats were divided into groups fed with standard diet (SD) or hypercaloric diet (HD) and supplemented with this alga at doses of 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg. Experimental adiposity parameters and erectile function were analyzed. In SD groups, Spirulina platensis reduced food intake, final body mass and adiposity index, and increased the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of adipose tissue. However, no change was observed in erectile function. In the HD group, without Spirulina supplementation, a decrease in food intake was observed, in addition to an increase of final body mass, weight gain, adipose reserves, and adiposity index. Additionally, reduction in the number and increase in the latency of penile erection and adipose malondialdehyde levels, as well as a reduction in TCA was noted. Furthermore, cavernous contractility was increased, and the relaxing response was decreased. Interestingly, these deleterious effects were prevented by the algae at doses of 25, 50 and/or 100 mg/kg. Therefore, the supplementation with S. platensis prevents damages associated to a hypercaloric diet consumption and emerges as an adjuvant the prevention of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Leão Luna de Souza
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas e Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Roraima, Boa Vista 69306-530, RR, Brazil
- Curso de Farmácia, Centro Universitário Estácio da Amazônia, Boa Vista 69306-530, RR, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-98741-9057
| | - Bárbara Cavalcanti Barros
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (B.C.B.); (E.d.S.F.); (F.R.Q.); (L.H.C.V.); (F.d.A.C.); (B.A.d.S.)
| | - Elba dos Santos Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (B.C.B.); (E.d.S.F.); (F.R.Q.); (L.H.C.V.); (F.d.A.C.); (B.A.d.S.)
| | - Fernando Ramos Queiroga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (B.C.B.); (E.d.S.F.); (F.R.Q.); (L.H.C.V.); (F.d.A.C.); (B.A.d.S.)
| | - Luiz Henrique César Vasconcelos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (B.C.B.); (E.d.S.F.); (F.R.Q.); (L.H.C.V.); (F.d.A.C.); (B.A.d.S.)
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Lydiane de Lima Tavares Toscano
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (L.d.L.T.T.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Alexandre Sérgio Silva
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (L.d.L.T.T.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Patrícia Mirella da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Fabiana de Andrade Cavalcante
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (B.C.B.); (E.d.S.F.); (F.R.Q.); (L.H.C.V.); (F.d.A.C.); (B.A.d.S.)
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
| | - Bagnólia Araújo da Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos Bioativos, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil; (B.C.B.); (E.d.S.F.); (F.R.Q.); (L.H.C.V.); (F.d.A.C.); (B.A.d.S.)
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil
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Koite NLN, Sanogo NI, Lépine O, Bard JM, Ouguerram K. Antioxidant Efficacy of a Spirulina Liquid Extract on Oxidative Stress Status and Metabolic Disturbances in Subjects with Metabolic Syndrome. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070441. [PMID: 35877734 PMCID: PMC9318250 DOI: 10.3390/md20070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation is associated with the development of some pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases. Reduction in oxidative stress by antioxidants, such as Arthrospira (formely Spirulina), helps improving this redox imbalance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of the Arthrospira liquid extract “Spirulysat®” on oxidative markers—in particular, oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/total LDL cholesterol—and isoprostanes and to investigate its impact on lipid and glucose metabolism in the metabolic syndrome subject. A controlled, randomised, double-blind design was conducted in 40 subjects aged 18 to 65 years with metabolic syndrome after a daily intake of Spirulysat® or placebo for twelve weeks. Blood and urinary samples were collected at three visits (V1, V2, V3) in the two groups for parameters determination. Although the Spirulysat® group showed a decrease at all visits of the oxLDL/total cholesterol ratio, there was no significant difference compared to the placebo (p = 0.36). The urinary isoprostanes concentration in the Spirulysat® group was reduced (p = 0.014) at V3. Plasma triglycerides decreased at V3 (p = 0.003) and HDL-cholesterol increased (p = 0.031) at all visits with Spirulysat®. In conclusion, Spirulysat® did not change the oxidized LDL (oxLDL)/LDL ratio but decreased the urinary isoprostanes, plasma triglycerides and increased HDL cholesterol, suggesting a beneficial effect on metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- N’Deye Lallah Nina Koite
- Département de Recherche en Santé Publique, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université des Sciences, des Techniques et des Technologies, Bamako J287+PM5, Mali;
| | | | | | - Jean-Marie Bard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ISOMer—UE 2160, IUML—Institut Universitaire Mer et Littoral, Nantes Université, 44035 Nantes, France;
- Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, 44805 Saint-Herblain, France
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest (CRNH-O), 44093 Nantes, France
| | - Khadija Ouguerram
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Ouest (CRNH-O), Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut des Maladies de l’Appareil Digestif (IMAD), NRAE, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Nantes Université, 44093 Nantes, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-240-084-485
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Kolluri G, Marappan G, Yadav AS, Kumar A, Mariappan AK, Tyagi JS, Rokade JJ, Govinthasamy P. Effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) as a drinking water supplement during cyclical chronic heat stress on broiler chickens: Assessing algal composition, production, stress, health and immune-biochemical indices. J Therm Biol 2022; 103:103100. [PMID: 35027195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2021.103100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina, the blue green algae is considered to exhibit multifaceted benefits on both human health and animal production. Three hundred sixty day old unsexed broiler chicks of CARIBROVISHAL strain were assigned to five treatment groups each comprising nine replicates of 8 chicks. The experiment was carried out during the hot humid summer season (Mid-April to May) under deep litter rearing system with uniform managemental conditions. Birds were administered orally with Spirulina through drinking water in the morning (06:00-12:00 PM) on daily basis throughout the experimental period at 5, 10, 15 and 20 gL-1 concentration. Spirulina supplementation neither improved nor compromised production performance of broilers reared during hot climatic condition. Results based on one way analysis of variance indicated a significant effect on haemoglobin and total red blood cell count. Serum lipid content and transaminases were reduced, while serum protein concentration was higher (P < 0.01) in the groups administered with 15 and 20 gL-1 of Spirulina. The extent of imparting shank pigmentation was improved in all the supplemented groups. Cell mediated and humoral immunity against Phytoheamagglutunin-P and Newcastle disease vaccination respectively were maximized (P < 0.05) at 20 gL-1. These findings provide direct evidence of dose-related modulation of production, physiological and immunological attributes by Spirulina engendering its further investigation as a potential source of drinking water supplement for stress alleviation in broilers. From the results, it may concluded that Spirulina can be incorporated at 15 or 20 gL-1 for achieving optimal improvement of health and welfare attributes in broilers reared during hot summer without compromising production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautham Kolluri
- Avian Medicine Section, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India; Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India.
| | - Gopi Marappan
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Ajit Singh Yadav
- Avian Medicine Section, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar
- Division of Medicine, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Asok Kumar Mariappan
- Avian Disease Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Jagbir Singh Tyagi
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Jaydip Jaywant Rokade
- Experimental Broiler Farm, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
| | - Prabakar Govinthasamy
- Division of Avian Physiology and Reproduction, ICAR-Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar, 243122, U.P, India
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Bohórquez-Medina SL, Bohórquez-Medina AL, Benites Zapata VA, Ignacio-Cconchoy FL, Toro-Huamanchumo CJ, Bendezu-Quispe G, Pacheco-Mendoza J, Hernandez AV. Impact of spirulina supplementation on obesity-related metabolic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. NFS Journal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nfs.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Mohamed NA, Hashem MAM, Alzahrani AM, Abdel-Moneim AM, Abdou HM. Hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in male rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1562-1570. [PMID: 34387320 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spirulina platensis (SP) is an edible Cyanobacterium with ethnomedicinal significance. This study aims at evaluating the beneficial effect of SP against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in male rats. METHODS Rats received intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 (2 ml/kg body weight [b.w.] per every other day) for 40 days, alone or in combination with oral treatments of SP (400 mg/kg b.w. per day). KEY FINDINGS SP attenuated haematological disturbances, serum liver markers, hepatic necrosis and inflammation, and dyslipidemia in CCl4-intoxicated rats. SP also reduced CCl4-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and glutathione content, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide levels in the rat liver. Further investigations revealed that SP counteracted CCl4-induced increased hepatic levels of Ki-67 (a parameter of cell proliferation), interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA expression. Noticeably, the supplementation of SP restored the decrease of proapoptotic p53 protein levels in the liver of rats treated with CCl4. CONCLUSIONS SP prevented liver damage in CCl4-treated rats via augmentation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines/mediators and antiproliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema A Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Hashem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Heba M Abdou
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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22
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Ghaem Far Z, Babajafari S, Kojuri J, Mohammadi S, Nouri M, Rostamizadeh P, Rahmani MH, Azadian M, Ashrafi-Dehkordi E, Zareifard A, Golchin Vafa R, Mazloomi SM. Antihypertensive and antihyperlipemic of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) sauce on patients with hypertension: A randomized triple-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6181-6190. [PMID: 34542204 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Systemic arterial hypertension is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease, stroke, heart failure, and chronic kidney diseases. Spirulina is microalgae with nutritious ingredients and has potential attenuating effects on chronic diseases including hypertension. Spirulina can be added to food products in order to develop functional foods. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of 8-week consumption of a salad dressing containing 2 g of spirulina platensis powder versus a placebo dressing on patients with hypertension. In this triple-blind randomized clinical trial, 48 patients with hypertension were enrolled to receive daily either spirulina-fortified dressing or placebo for 2 months. A total of 41 patients completed this study. We observed that the consumption of spirulina dressing significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (p = .02), diastolic blood pressure (p = .03), serum triglyceride (p = .01), total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels, compared to nonsignificant changes in the placebo group. Significant changes in TAC and hs-CRP levels were observed in none of the groups. According to our findings, spirulina-fortified dressing as a functional food can be used a supportive treatment for patients with hypertension along with standard antihypertensive drugs. However, further investigations are required for a more comprehensive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Ghaem Far
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Kojuri
- Department of Cardiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Salman Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehran Nouri
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Students' Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pouya Rostamizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohsen Azadian
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Elham Ashrafi-Dehkordi
- Nutrition Research Center and Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Alireza Zareifard
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Golchin Vafa
- Clinical Education Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Nutrition Research Center and Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Lua PL, Roslim NA, Ahmad A, Mansor M, Aung MMT, Hamzah F. Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Weight Loss: A Narrative Review. J Evid Based Integr Med 2021; 26:2515690X211043738. [PMID: 34496677 PMCID: PMC8436299 DOI: 10.1177/2515690x211043738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite various strategies, overweight and obesity problems are still increasingly prevalent worldwide with serious health outcomes. Consequently, the continuous demand for more effective, safe and acceptable therapies for reducing body weight is also escalating—including complementary and alternative therapies (CATs). The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the most commonly- and recently-used CATs, with evaluation of their safety and efficacy for weight loss. Electronic scientific databases such as Scopus, PubMed and EBSCO Host were explored for articles that reported CATs for overweight and obesity treatment from 2015 to December 2019. Only systematic reviews, meta-analysis and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English were included. Studies whereby CATs were not utilized for reducing body weight were excluded. Eight systematic reviews and meta-analyses and 11 additional RCTs with 765 participants (50.2% overweight and 49.8% obese) related to hypnotherapy, acupuncture and dietary supplements met the inclusion criteria. Their results suggested that spirulina, chitosan, probiotic, EPA + DHA, vitamin D, fiber, and herbal extract supplementation may all provide small reductions in body weight (ranging from 1-10 kg). Interestingly, hypnotherapy and acupuncture reported significantly greater reduction in body weight compared with placebo (p < 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Nonetheless, the evidence is still relatively limited and not encouraging to provide a definitive conclusion due to the methodological shortcomings and the presence of adverse events in chitosan and fiber supplementation. Hence, studies of this nature need to be further replicated and improved to corroborate the efficacy and safety of the CATs to combat weight issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin Lua
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Afiedia Roslim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Aryati Ahmad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mardiana Mansor
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Myat Moe Thwe Aung
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Farrahdilla Hamzah
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Terengganu, Malaysia
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Ghanbari F, Amerizadeh A, Behshood P, Moradi S, Asgary S. Effect of Microalgae Arthrospira on Biomarkers of Glycemic Control and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100942. [PMID: 34538515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and a higher rate of CVD-related death. In this study, the effects of Arthrospira (Spirulina) a blue-green algae supplementation on biomarkers of glycemic control and glucose metabolism has been evaluated. PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched systematically of English human subjects and PubMed for pre-clinical animal studies (rats and mice) from January 2008 until November 2020. The pooled weighted mean difference (MD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and pooled using a random-effect model. Seven clinical and 27 preclinical studies were included. Pooled results of the clinical studies showed that Arthrospira supplementation significantly reduced the fasting blood sugar (FBS): (0.63- 2.90-) 1.77-, total cholesterol (TC): (0.46- ، 4.61-) 2.54-, triglycerides (TG): (0.89- ، 6.54-) 3.71- and increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): (3.86 ، 0.67) 2.27; however, Arthrospira was not significantly effective in terms of reducing the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C): (1.04 ، 2.23-) 0.59- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Pooled results of preclinical studies showed that Arthrospira supplementation reduced FBS [-10.31 (-12.49, -8.13)] and HbA1C [-5.12 (-8.06, -2.19)] significantly in diabetic animals. Sub-group analysis of clinical studies showed that intervention duration less than 2 months [-2.52 (-4.37, -0.67)] and the dose less than 2 gram [-3.22 (-5.67, -0.76)] showed significant improvement in terms of reducing the FBS in humans. It can be concluded that Arthrospira can be considered as an effective FBS, TG, TC, and HDL-C adjusting nutraceutical agent for diabetes mellitus. Due to the differences in the results of clinical and animal studies in terms of HbA1c, more studies are needed for a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Ghanbari
- Student research committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Atefeh Amerizadeh
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parisa Behshood
- Department of Microbiology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah
| | - Sedigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Golestani F, Mogharnasi M, Erfani-Far M, Abtahi-Eivari SH. The effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training on levels of nesfatin-1, omentin-1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females: A randomized, controlled, single-blind trial. J Res Med Sci 2021; 26:10. [PMID: 34084189 PMCID: PMC8103962 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_1317_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the effects of spirulina under high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on levels of nesfatin-1, omentin-1, and lipid profiles in overweight and obese females. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a randomized, quasi-experimental controlled, single-blind with a pre- and post-test design, in which twenty overweight and obese women (body mass index = 29.32 ± 3.01 kg/m2, age = 21.55 ± 1.76 years), were randomly divided into the following groups: HIIT + spirulina (n = 10) and HIIT + placebo (n = 10). Running anaerobic sprint test was used for HIIT protocol consisting of six intervals at 35 m maximal speed runs, with a rest of 10 s in each trial (3 times/week, 4 weeks). HIIT + spirulina group received 500 mg of the spirulina pills twice daily for 4 weeks and the second group took placebo. RESULTS There was a significant increase in serum levels of nesfatin-1 in HIIT + spirulina (P < 0.0001) but not in HIIT + placebo (P = 0.61) group. Furthermore, results indicated a significant difference between two groups with respect to serum levels of nesfatin-1 (P = 0.04). Serum levels of omentin-1 significantly increased in both groups (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between two groups (P = 0.49). In addition, results showed no significant inter- and intra-group differences in total cholesterol levels, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol between groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The spirulina under HIIT increased levels of nesfatin-1 and omentin-1 with no effects on the levels of lipid profiles in overweight and obese females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fateme Golestani
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mogharnasi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mahboube Erfani-Far
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the last several decades and several environmental factors have accelerated this trend. Poly-methoxy flavones (PMFs) exist abundantly in the peels of citrus, and their biological activities have been broadly examined in recent years. Several studies have examined the effects of PMFs on obesity and its-related diseases. This systematic review conducted to focus on the effect of PMFs on obesity and its related conditions management. The PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct databases were searched for relevant studies published before November 2020. Out of 1,615 records screened, 16 studies met the study criteria. The range of dosage of PMFs was varied from 10 to 200 mg/kg (5-26 weeks) and 1-100 μmol (2h-8 days) across selected animal and in vitro studies, respectively. The literature reviewed shows that PMFs modulate several biological processes associated with obesity such as lipid and glucose metabolism, inflammation, energy balance, and oxidative stress by different mechanisms. All of the animal studies showed significant positive effects of PMFs on obesity by reducing body weight (e.g. reduced weight gain by 21.04%), insulin resistance, energy expenditure, inhibiting lipogenesis and reduced blood lipids (e.g. reduced total cholesterol by 23.10%, TG by 44.35% and LDL by 34.41%). The results of the reviewed in vitro studies have revealed that treatment with PMFs significantly inhibits lipid accumulation in adipocytes (e.g. reduced lipid accumulation by 55-60%) and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation as well by decreasing the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα and also reduces the number and size of fat cells and reduced TG content in adipocytes by 45.67% and 23.10% and 16.08% for nobiletin, tangeretin and hesperetin, respectively. Although current evidence supports the use of PMFs as a complementary treatment in obesity, future research is needed to validate this promising treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Vajdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sorrenti V, Castagna DA, Fortinguerra S, Buriani A, Scapagnini G, Willcox DC. Spirulina Microalgae and Brain Health: A Scoping Review of Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:293. [PMID: 34067317 DOI: 10.3390/md19060293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spirulina microalgae contain a plethora of nutrient and non-nutrient molecules providing brain health benefits. Numerous in vivo evidence has provided support for the brain health potential of spirulina, highlighting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanisms. Preliminary clinical studies have also suggested that spirulina can help to reduce mental fatigue, protect the vascular wall of brain vessels from endothelial damage and regulate internal pressure, thus contributing to the prevention and/or mitigating of cerebrovascular conditions. Furthermore, the use of spirulina in malnourished children appears to ameliorate motor, language, and cognitive skills, suggesting a reinforcing role in developmental mechanisms. Evidence of the central effect of spirulina on appetite regulation has also been shown. This review aims to understand the applicative potential of spirulina microalgae in the prevention and mitigation of brain disorders, highlighting the nutritional value of this "superfood", and providing the current knowledge on relevant molecular mechanisms in the brain associated with its dietary introduction.
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Freitas MA, Vasconcelos A, Gonçalves ECD, Ferrarini EG, Vieira GB, Cicia D, Cola M, Capasso R, Dutra RC. Involvement of Opioid System and TRPM8/TRPA1 Channels in the Antinociceptive Effect of Spirulina platensis. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040592. [PMID: 33920609 PMCID: PMC8074039 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a "super-food" and has attracted researchers' attention due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic properties. Herein, we investigated the antinociceptive effects of Spirulina in different rodent behavior models of inflammatory pain. Male Swiss mice were treated with Spirulina (3-300 mg/kg, p.o.), indomethacin (10 mg/kg, p.o.), or vehicle (0.9% NaCl 10 mL/kg). Behavioral tests were performed with administration of acetic acid (0.6%, i.p.), formalin 2.7% (formaldehyde 1%, i.pl.), menthol (1.2 µmol/paw, i.pl.), cinnamaldehyde (10 nmol/paw, i.pl.), capsaicin (1.6 µg/paw, i.pl.), glutamate (20 µmol/paw, i.pl.), or naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were also exposed to the rotarod and open field test to determine possible effects of Spirulina on locomotion and motor coordination. The quantitative phytochemical assays exhibited that Spirulina contains significant concentrations of total phenols and flavonoid contents, as well as it showed a powerful antioxidant effect with the highest scavenging activity. Oral administration of Spirulina completely inhibited the abdominal contortions induced by acetic acid (ED50 = 20.51 mg/kg). Spirulina treatment showed significant inhibition of formalin-induced nociceptive behavior during the inflammatory phase, and the opioid-selective antagonist markedly blocked this effect. Furthermore, our data indicate that the mechanisms underlying Spirulina analgesia appear to be related to its ability to modulate TRMP8 and TRPA1, but not by TRPV1 or glutamatergic system. Spirulina represents an orally active and safe natural analgesic that exhibits great therapeutic potential for managing inflammatory pain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A. Freitas
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Amanda Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Elaine C. D. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Eduarda G. Ferrarini
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela B. Vieira
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Donatella Cicia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maíra Cola
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.C.D.)
| | - Rafael C. Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology (LAIF), Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá 88906-072, Brazil; (M.A.F.); (A.V.); (E.C.D.G.); (E.G.F.); (G.B.V.); (M.C.)
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Science, Campus Florianópolis, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.C.D.)
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Saghafi-Asl M, Mirmajidi S, Asghari Jafarabadi M, Vahid F, Shivappa N, Hébert JR, Ebrahimzadeh Attari V. The association of dietary patterns with dietary inflammatory index, systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance, in apparently healthy individuals with obesity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7515. [PMID: 33824355 PMCID: PMC8024341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86993-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is considered a key mechanism leading to obesity. Dietary patterns and certain food items influence inflammation. Few studies have investigated the contribution of major dietary patterns to biological measures of inflammation. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine the associations of different dietary patterns with dietary inflammatory index (DII), systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance (IR) in the apparently healthy obese. In this cross-sectional study, 151 abdominally obese subjects were recruited from the Northwest of Iran. Dietary intake, demographic data, anthropometric indices, and physical activity (PA) was assessed. DII scores were calculated based on a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Three dietary patterns were identified, using principal component analysis. Basal blood samples were collected to determine biochemical parameters. Linear regression test with adjusted beta estimates was applied for data analysis. Three dietary patterns were extracted as Healthy, Western, and Traditional. Body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.01) and fat mass (p < 0.001) were directly associated with the Western dietary pattern. Conversely, serum lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) (b = - 0.1, p < 0.04) was negatively associated with Healthy dietary pattern, after controlling for confounders. The Traditional pattern was found to be inversely related to DII (b = - 0.3, p < 0.001). The association was also reveresed between Traditional pattern and IR (Odds Ratio: 0.3 (95% Confidence Interval 0.1-0.9)). The results suggested that the Western dietary pattern was related to higher BMI and fat mass. In addition, the Healthy pattern was associated with decreased levels of LBP. Adherence to the Traditional dietary pattern was inversely related to DII as well as IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Saghafi-Asl
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Susan Mirmajidi
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi
- grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ,grid.412888.f0000 0001 2174 8913Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Vahid
- grid.451012.30000 0004 0621 531XLuxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Nitin Shivappa
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA ,grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XCancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA ,grid.486905.6Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC 29201 USA
| | - James R. Hébert
- grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA ,grid.254567.70000 0000 9075 106XCancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA ,grid.486905.6Connecting Health Innovations, LLC, Columbia, SC 29201 USA
| | - Vahideh Ebrahimzadeh Attari
- grid.449862.5Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Margheh, Iran
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Joya M, Ashayerizadeh O, Dastar B. Effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and Bacillus subtilis PB6 on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, and serum parameters in broiler chickens. Anim Prod Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an20218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Context
The use of microalgae as prebiotics in poultry diets may improve production efficiency by modifying the gastrointestinal ecosystem. Prebiotic properties of the cyanobacterium Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis have been confirmed, but effects of its combination with probiotics on broiler chicken performance are unclear.
Aims
This experiment was designed to study the effects of different levels of a microalga (Spirulina platensis) and a probiotic (Bacillus subtilis PB6, BSPB) on performance, intestinal microbiota and morphology, and blood parameters in broiler chickens.
Methods
One-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens (300 in total) were allocated to six treatments in a completely randomised design with 3 × 2 factorial arrangement including three levels of Spirulina (0%, 0.05% or 0.1% of diet) and two levels of BSPB (0% or 0.05% of diet) and were reared for 42 days.
Key results
Individual use of Spirulina and BSPB improved bodyweight gain and feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens. The relative weight of the breast cut was greater in broilers treated with 0.05% Spirulina than in those receiving Spirulina-free treatments. The count of lactic acid bacteria was higher in the ileum of birds receiving only BSPB than in those receiving diets without BSPB. The use of 0.1% Spirulina in the diet decreased the pH and coliform population in the ileum compared with 0% Spirulina. There was an interaction between Spirulina and BSPB on villus height (VH) and the VH:crypt depth ratio in the small intestine. Co-supplementation with 0.1% Spirulina and BSPB increased VH and the VH:crypt depth ratio in the duodenum compared with diets supplemented, respectively, with 0.1% Spirulina and BSPB alone. Broiler chickens fed diets with BSPB had higher activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and lower concentrations of cholesterol and triglyceride in serum.
Conclusions
The results show that supplementation with Spirulina and BSPB had a positive effect on performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. The synergistic interaction between these supplements leads to enhancement of epithelial morphology in the small intestine.
Implications
Because of the potential of Spirulina and BSPB to create beneficial changes in the intestinal ecosystem and serum parameters, these dietary additives could be recommended for improving the quantity and quality of meat products and health status in broiler chickens.
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Bobescu E, Bălan A, Moga MA, Teodorescu A, Mitrică M, Dima L. Are There Any Beneficial Effects of Spirulina Supplementation for Metabolic Syndrome Components in Postmenopausal Women? Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18120651. [PMID: 33348926 PMCID: PMC7767256 DOI: 10.3390/md18120651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina is a phytosynthetic filamentous cyanobacterium with microscopic dimensions, which naturally grows in the highly-salted alkaline lakes of Africa, Mexico, America, and Asia. Several bioactive peptides extracted from Spirulina were demonstrated to possess antimicrobial, antiviral, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antiallergic and antihypertensive properties. It has been reported that the consumption of Spirulina could prevent or manage metabolic syndrome components. In women, metabolic disorders are more prevalent during menopause. Postmenopausal women present higher waist circumference, increased blood pressure, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperglycemia, and decreased HDL-cholesterol values, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular events. Therefore, in order to prevent cardiovascular diseases, it is essential to manage the components of the metabolic syndrome during the postmenopausal period. As recent reports indicated the efficiency of Spirulina supplementation in the management of the metabolic syndrome components, our study aims to review all the clinical trials conducted on this topic. Our main objective is to have a better understanding of whether and how this cyanobacterium could manage the abnormalities included in the metabolic syndrome and if it could be used as a therapeutic approach in postmenopausal women with this condition. We selected relevant articles from PubMed, Google Scholar and CrossRef databases, and a total number of 20 studies met our criteria. All included clinical trials indicated that Spirulina has positive effects in managing metabolic syndrome components. Spirulina is a valuable cyanobacterium that can be used as a food supplement for the management of metabolic syndrome, and it is able to reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. The optimal dose and period of administration remain a debated subject, and future investigations are required. Considering the beneficial effects reported against each component of the metabolic syndrome, Spirulina could also be effective in the postmenopausal period, when this syndrome is the most prevalent, but there is a strong need for human clinical trials in order to sustain this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Bobescu
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Bălan
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-769-901-194
| | - Marius Alexandru Moga
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Andreea Teodorescu
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Transilvania Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (A.T.); (L.D.)
| | - Maria Mitrică
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (E.B.); (M.A.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Lorena Dima
- Department of Fundamental, Prophylactic and Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University Transilvania Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania; (A.T.); (L.D.)
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Chaouachi M, Gautier S, Carnot Y, Bideau N, Guillemot P, Moison Y, Collin T, Vincent S, Groussard C. Spirulina platensis Provides a Small Advantage in Vertical Jump and Sprint Performance But Does Not Improve Elite Rugby Players' Body Composition. J Diet Suppl 2020; 18:682-697. [PMID: 33118429 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2020.1832639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of Spirulina supplementation on anthropometrical measurements and physical performance in elite rugby players. Twenty-two elite male Rugby Union players (21-36 years old) volunteered to participate in this study. They were randomly assigned to a Spirulina group (SPI: n = 11), or a placebo group (PLA: n = 11) in a double-blind design. Subjects were supplemented with Spirulina platensis (5.7 g/d) or placebo (isoproteic and caloric) for 7 weeks. At baseline (W0) and after 7 weeks of supplementation (W7), the same anthropometric measurements and physical performance test battery were performed. These tests included isokinetic leg strength and power, vertical jump, speed, and aerobic fitness assessment. For anthropometric data, the fat mass percentage was significantly reduced in both groups without significant difference between groups. While both groups exhibited significant improvements for Squat Jump (SJ), Countermovement Jump (CMJ), and 10- and 30-m sprints between W0 and W7, higher percentage improvements with the SPI group did not reach significance. Neither training alone (PLA) nor training associated with Spirulina supplementation affected leg maximal strength and power or aerobic fitness. Seven weeks of Spirulina supplementation in elite rugby players did not improve body composition or substantially increase physical performance. We only observed a non-significant small advantage in vertical jump and sprint performance in the SPI group. Based on the data from this study, Spirulina supplementation has modest effects in elite rugby players during the competitive phase. Further studies are required to verify Spirulina supplementation effects among athletes of different sports, ages, genders, and athletic levels with longer durations and higher dosages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pierrick Guillemot
- Laboratoire M2S - UR7470, Univ-Rennes, Rennes, France.,Department of Sports Medecine, CHU Rennes, Univ-Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Moison
- Laboratoire M2S - UR7470, Univ-Rennes, Rennes, France.,REC Rugby, Rennes, France
| | - Tom Collin
- Laboratoire M2S - UR7470, Univ-Rennes, Rennes, France
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Watanabe M, Risi R, Masi D, Caputi A, Balena A, Rossini G, Tuccinardi D, Mariani S, Basciani S, Manfrini S, Gnessi L, Lubrano C. Current Evidence to Propose Different Food Supplements for Weight Loss: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2873. [PMID: 32962190 PMCID: PMC7551574 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of food supplements for weight loss purposes has rapidly gained popularity as the prevalence of obesity increases. Navigating through the vast, often low quality, literature available is challenging, as is providing informed advice to those asking for it. Herein, we provide a comprehensive literature revision focusing on most currently marketed dietary supplements claimed to favor weight loss, classifying them by their purported mechanism of action. We conclude by proposing a combination of supplements most supported by current evidence, that leverages all mechanisms of action possibly leading to a synergistic effect and greater weight loss in the foreseen absence of adverse events. Further studies will be needed to confirm the weight loss and metabolic improvement that may be obtained through the use of the proposed combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Renata Risi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Davide Masi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Alessandra Caputi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Angela Balena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Giovanni Rossini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Dario Tuccinardi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Stefania Mariani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Sabrina Basciani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Silvia Manfrini
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, 00128 Rome, Italy; (G.R.); (D.T.); (S.M.)
| | - Lucio Gnessi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
| | - Carla Lubrano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (M.W.); (D.M.); (A.C.); (A.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.); (L.G.); (C.L.)
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Sánchez-Parra E, Boutarfa S, Aboal M. Are Cyanotoxins the Only Toxic Compound Potentially Present in Microalgae Supplements? Results from a Study of Ecological and Non-Ecological Products. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E552. [PMID: 32872271 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food supplements with microalgae are becoming increasingly abundant and can be easily found anywhere. The most popular products are based on cyanophytes, such as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Arthrospira platensis and Limnospira maxima, or on chlorophytes, such as Chlorella or Haematoccus. Although they are all advertised as being very beneficial for health, these products might be harmful because they may contain cyanotoxins and other contaminants, and no information on production methods or strain origins is usually provided. While legislation on the presence of microcystins in waters for different uses is clear, toxicological analyses are not compulsory for food supplements, nor for analyzing anatoxins. Given the potential risk of eating contaminated food, cyanotoxins, heavy metals and the presence of other contaminant organisms were analyzed in 10 microalgae food supplements. Microcystin-LR and anatoxin-a were detected in three analyzed products, and in both cyanophyte- and chlorophyte-based products. The light microscope study revealed the presence of different potentially harmful microbial contaminants. The ICP (OES) analyses detected high concentrations of some heavy metals, especially Pb. The results emphasize the need to promote the better control of food products containing microalgae, and to develop standard methodologies to analyze cyanotoxins and potential toxic compounds to protect consumer health.
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van den Driessche JJ, Plat J, Konings MCJM, Mensink RP. Effects of spirulina and wakame consumption on intestinal cholesterol absorption and serum lipid concentrations in non-hypercholesterolemic adult men and women. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:2229-2236. [PMID: 31388739 PMCID: PMC7351869 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Consumption of the algae spirulina (Arthrospira platensis or maxima) and wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) has been shown to lower LDL cholesterol concentrations in animals and humans, possibly due to the inhibition of intestinal cholesterol absorption. This mechanism, however, has never been investigated in humans. Therefore, we examined in non-hypercholesterolemic men and women the effects of spirulina and wakame consumption on serum markers for intestinal cholesterol absorption. METHODS Thirty-five healthy men and women without hypercholesterolemia consumed in a random order daily 4.8 g spirulina, wakame or placebo for 17 days, separated by 14-day washouts. After 17 days, serum cholesterol-standardized campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol, and lathosterol concentrations were measured as markers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and cholesterol synthesis, respectively. Concentrations of serum total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol, triacylglycerol, and plasma glucose, and blood pressure were measured as well. RESULTS Compared with placebo, spirulina or wakame did not affect serum cholesterol-standardized campesterol (CI - 0.23 to 0.10 μmol/mmol, P = 0.435 and CI - 0.14 to 0.19 μmol/mmol, P = 0.729, respectively), sitosterol (P = 0.314 and P = 0.112), cholestanol (P = 0.610 and P = 0.809), or lathosterol (P = 0.388 and P = 0.102) concentrations. In addition, serum lipid and plasma glucose concentrations, and blood pressure were not changed. CONCLUSIONS Daily consumption of 4.8 g spirulina or wakame for 17 days did not affect plasma markers for intestinal cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis in non-hypercholesterolemic men and women. Serum lipid and glucose concentrations, and blood pressure were also not altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J van den Driessche
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice C J M Konings
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Diniz AFA, de Souza ILL, Dos Santos Ferreira E, de Lima Carvalho MT, Barros BC, Ferreira PB, da Conceição Correia Silva M, Júnior FFL, de Lima Tavares Toscano L, Silva AS, de Andrade Cavalcante F, da Silva BA. Potential Therapeutic Role of Dietary Supplementation with Spirulina platensis on the Erectile Function of Obese Rats Fed a Hypercaloric Diet. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020; 2020:3293065. [PMID: 32685091 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3293065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Spirulina platensis, an important source of bioactive compounds, is a multicellular, filamentous cyanobacterium rich in high-quality proteins, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. Due to its nutrient composition, the alga is considered a complete food and is recognized for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiobesity, and reproprotective effects. All of which are important for prevention and treatment of organic and metabolic disorders such as obesity and erectile dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the modulatory role of Spirulina platensis food supplementation and the mechanisms of action involved in reversing the damage caused by a hypercaloric diet on the erectile function of rats. The animals were divided into a standard diet group (SD, n = 5); a hypercaloric diet group (HCD, n = 5); a hypercaloric diet group supplemented with S. platensis at doses of 25 (HCD+SP25, n = 5), 50 (HCD+SP50, n = 5), and 100 mg/kg (HCD+SP100, n = 5); and a hypercaloric diet group subsequently fed a standard diet (HCD+SD, n = 5). In the rats fed a hypercaloric diet, dietary supplementation with S. platensis effectively increased the number of erections while decreasing latency to initiate penile erection. Additionally, S. platensis increases NO bioavailability, reduces inflammation by reducing the release of contractile prostanoids, enhances the relaxation effect promoted by acetylcholine (ACh), restores contractile reactivity damage and cavernous relaxation, reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increases cavernous total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Food supplementation with S. platensis thus restores erectile function in obese rats, reduces production of contractile prostanoids, reduces oxidative stress, and increases NO bioavailability. Food supplementation with S. platensis thus emerges as a promising new therapeutic alternative for the treatment of erectile dysfunction as induced by obesity.
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Ding KX, Gao TL, Xu R, Cai J, Zhang HQ, Sun YY, Zhong F, Ma AG. Quantifying the Effect of Supplementation with Algae and Its Extracts on Glycolipid Metabolism: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1712. [PMID: 32521609 PMCID: PMC7352414 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The effect of algae and its extract supplementation on glycolipid metabolism has not been finalized. Therefore, the purpose of the meta-analyses was to assess the effects of its supplementation on glycolipid metabolism concentration. METHODS We have systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Embase to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the impact of algae and its extracts supplementation on glycolipid metabolism. Effect size analysis was performed using weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% CI between the methods of the experiment group and the control group. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore the possible influences of study characteristics. Publication bias and sensitivity analysis were also performed. RESULTS A total of 27 RCTs (31 trials) with 1221 participants were finally selected for the meta-analysis. The algae and its extract intervention significantly decreased glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c, WMD = -0.18%; 95% CI: -0.27 to -0.10; p < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C, WMD = -0.22 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.38 to -0.06; p = 0.008), and triglycerides (TC, WMD = -0.31 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.37 to -0.25; p < 0.001) levels and increased insulin (WMD = 6.05 pmol/mL; 95% CI: 4.01 to 8.09; p < 0.001) levels. It did not significantly change the blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), 2-h post-meal blood glucose (2hPBG) and other lipid profiles. Subgroup analyses based on the duration of intervention and subjects demonstrated that the intervention of algae and its extracts for 10 weeks or fewer and more than 40 subjects decreased TC levels (p < 0.05). Moreover, the intervention reduced TC and 2hPBG concentrations for East Asians (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provided evidence that algae and its extract interventions were beneficial for the regulation of human glycolipid metabolism. More precise RCTs on subjects are recommended to further clarify the effect of algae, seaweed polysaccharide, seaweed polypeptide, algae polyphenol and its products intervention on glycolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-xiang Ding
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Tian-lin Gao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Rui Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Jing Cai
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Hua-qi Zhang
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Yong-ye Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Feng Zhong
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
| | - Ai-guo Ma
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China; (K.-x.D.); (T.-l.G.); (R.X.); (J.C.); (H.-q.Z.); (Y.-y.S.); (A.-g.M.)
- Institute of nutrition and health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China
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Lafarga T, Fernández-Sevilla JM, González-López C, Acién-Fernández FG. Spirulina for the food and functional food industries. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109356. [PMID: 33233059 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are no strangers to the consumption of microalgae as already in the sixteenth century Spirulina was harvested from Lake Texcoco and consumed in markets in Tenochtitlan (today Mexico City). Nowadays, microalgae are being incorporated into many food formulations. Most of these use microalgae as a marketing strategy or as a colouring agent. However, Spirulina (and compounds derived thereof) show potential for being used as ingredients in the development of novel functional foods, which are one of the top trends in the food industry. Several human intervention studies demonstrated the potential of Spirulina for being used in the prevention or treatment of disorders related to metabolic syndrome. The aim of the current paper was to review current and potential applications of this microalga in the food and functional food industries. Health benefits associated with consuming Spirulina and/or some of the most important compounds derived from Spirulina were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lafarga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Almeria, 04120 Almeria, Spain.
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Abstract
Algae products are attracting growing interest due to their pleasant taste and their high contents in protein, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Specifically, spirulina products are widely promoted for their high vitamin B12 content. So far, knowledge regarding the contamination with cyanotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is scarce, although some studies reported high contaminant levels in spirulina products. The regular intake of spirulina, and very likely other algae products as well, as a dietary supplement in the gram range demands a closer monitoring of potentially harmful constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Grosshagauer
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Kraemer
- Sight and Life Foundation, PO Box 2116, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Veronika Somoza
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Leibniz-Institute for Food Systems Biology and Research Department Nutrition and Food Sciences at the TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Lise-Meitner Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Abstract
Spirulina, a cyanobacteria commonly referred to as a blue-green algae, is one of the oldest lifeforms on Earth. Spirulina grows in both fresh and saltwater sources and is known for its high protein and micronutrient content. This review paper will cover the effects of spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids. The currently literature supports the benefits of spirulina for reducing body fat, waist circumference, body mass index and appetite and shows that spirulina has significant benefits for improving blood lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha G Bhat
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Public Heath Practice, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, United States
| | - James OKeefe
- Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Mesgari-Abbasi M, Abbasalizad Farhangi M. Serum concentrations of cholecystokinin, peptide YY, ghrelin and high sensitive C-reactive protein in association with metabolic syndrome ingredients in obese individuals. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar) 2020; 16:37-42. [PMID: 32685036 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2020.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a metabolic condition with high prevalence worldwide. This study aims to examine the relationship between serum concentrations of gastrointestinal hormones such as cholecystokinin (CCK), ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the ingredients of MetS in obese population. Subjects and Methods This case-control study included 40 obese subjects (20 with MetS and 20 BMI and age-matched control individuals). The age range of the participants was 20-50 years and the participants' anthropometric characteristics were measured. Serum lipids and the concentrations of oxidized low density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL), insulin, hs-CRP, CCK, PYY, and ghrelin were assessed with commercial ELISA kits. Results Serum levels of hs-CRP, total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG) in patients with MetS were significantly higher while CCK and insulin concentrations were higher in obese non- MetS group (P <0.05). PYY had a negative association with waist circumference (WC) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and ghrelin had a positive association with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and TC in obese control group (P < 0.05). In obese patients with MetS, hs-CRP had a strong positive association with TG. Conclusion The current study revealed the possible role of hs-CRP and several GI- hormones in the pathogenesis of obesity-associated diseases and MetS. Additional works are needed to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms and clarify several controversies in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mesgari-Abbasi
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Abbasalizad Farhangi
- Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Nutrition Research Center, Department of Nutrition in Community, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz, Iran
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Gómez-Zorita S, Trepiana J, González-Arceo M, Aguirre L, Milton-Laskibar I, González M, Eseberri I, Fernández-Quintela A, Portillo MP. Anti-Obesity Effects of Microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E41. [PMID: 31861663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, microalgae have attracted great interest for their potential applications in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry as an interesting source of bioactive medicinal products and food ingredients with anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-microbial properties. One potential application for bioactive microalgae compounds is obesity treatment. This review gathers together in vitro and in vivo studies which address the anti-obesity effects of microalgae extracts. The scientific literature supplies evidence supporting an anti-obesity effect of several microalgae: Euglena gracilis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Spirulina maxima, Spirulina platensis, or Nitzschia laevis. Regarding the mechanisms of action, microalgae can inhibit pre-adipocyte differentiation and reduce de novo lipogenesis and triglyceride (TG) assembly, thus limiting TG accumulation. Increased lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation can also be observed. Finally, microalgae can induce increased energy expenditure via thermogenesis activation in brown adipose tissue, and browning in white adipose tissue. Along with the reduction in body fat accumulation, other hallmarks of individuals with obesity, such as enhanced plasma lipid levels, insulin resistance, diabetes, or systemic low-grade inflammation are also improved by microalgae treatment. Not only the anti-obesity effect of microalgae but also the improvement of several comorbidities, previously observed in preclinical studies, has been confirmed in clinical trials.
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Moradi S, Ziaei R, Foshati S, Mohammadi H, Nachvak SM, Rouhani MH. Effects of Spirulina supplementation on obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2019; 47:102211. [PMID: 31780031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence has suggested that Spirulina supplementation may affect anthropometric indices. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to summarize published randomized clinical trials which assess the effect of Spirulina supplementation on obesity. SETTING Pertinent studies were identified using Embase, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, PubMed and Cochrane library databases up to May 2019. Mean Differences (MD) were pooled using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. RESULTS Results of 5 studies (7 treatment arms) showed a significant reduction in weight (MD: -1.56 Kg, 95% CI: -1.98 to -1.14) after Spirulina supplementation. Subgroup analysis based on health status revealed that weight change in obese subjects (MD: -2.06 Kg, 95% CI: -2.45 to -1.68) was greater than overweight participants (MD: -1.28 Kg, 95% CI: -1.62 to -0.93) following Spirulina supplementation. Also, pooled analysis showed that Spirulina supplementation led to a significant reduction in body fat percent (MD: -1.02, 95% CI: -1.49 to -0.54) and waist circumference (MD: -1.40, 95% CI: -1.40 to -1.39), but not in body mass index and waist to hip ratio. CONCLUSION Spirulina supplementation significantly reduces body weight, especially in obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Moradi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rahele Ziaei
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sahar Foshati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Students' Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Rouhani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Shariat A, Abbasalizad Farhangi M, Zeinalian R. Spirulina platensis supplementation, macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), oxidative stress markers and anthropometric features in obese individuals: A randomized controlled trial. J Herb Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2019.100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chen H, Zeng F, Li S, Liu Y, Gong S, Lv X, Zhang J, Liu B. Spirulina active substance mediated gut microbes improve lipid metabolism in high-fat diet fed rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Hamedifard Z, Milajerdi A, Reiner Ž, Taghizadeh M, Kolahdooz F, Asemi Z. The effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome and related disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:2609-2621. [PMID: 31359513 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of spirulina on glycemic control and serum lipoproteins in patients with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and related disorders. Two independent authors systematically searched online database including EMBASE, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science from inception until April 30, 2019. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool was applied to assess the methodological quality of included trials. The heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using Cochrane's Q test and I-square (I2 ) statistic. Pooling effect sizes from studies showed a significant reduction in fasting plasma glucose (FPG; weighted mean difference [WMD]: -10.31; 95% confidence interval, CI [-16.21, -4.42]) and insulin concentrations (WMD: -0.53; 95% CI [-0.62, -0.44]) following the administration of spirulina. Pooled analysis showed also a significant reduction in total cholesterol (WMD: -20.50; 95% CI [-38.25, -2.74]), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; WMD: -19.02; 95% CI [-36.27, -1.78]), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) concentrations (WMD: -6.72; 95% CI [-9.19, -4.26]) and a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (WMD: 1.42; 95% CI [0.16, 2.68]) following spirulina therapy. This meta-analysis demonstrated the beneficial effects of spirulina supplementation on improving FPG, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and HDL-C levels in patients with MetS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hamedifard
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Alireza Milajerdi
- Students' Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mohsen Taghizadeh
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
| | - Fariba Kolahdooz
- Indigenous and Global Health Research, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Zatollah Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R. Iran
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Vidé J, Bonafos B, Fouret G, Casas F, Jover B, Jouy N, Feillet-Coudray C, Gaillet S, Coudray C. Effect of spirulina and silicon-enriched spirulina on metabolic syndrome features, oxidative stress and mitochondrial activity in Zucker fatty rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e12979. [PMID: 31489676 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of Spirulina platensis (Sp) as a functional food was suggested decades ago. Biological incorporation of Silicon (Si) into Sp increases its bioavailability for potential food supplement applications. This work aimed at determining the effects of Sp and Si-enriched Sp (Sp+Si) on metabolic syndrome features in Zucker fatty rats. Thirty Zucker fatty rats were divided into three groups and supplemented with placebo or Sp or Sp+Si croquettes for 12 weeks. Food consumption, glucose intolerance, hepatic steatosis, and mitochondrial and oxidative stress were determined. Zucker fatty rats exhibited several hepatic metabolic alterations as well as mitochondrial and oxidative stress perturbations. The intake of Sp increased plasma TG levels and decreased the hepatic NADPH oxidase activity and ameliorated transitorily the glucose intolerance. However, Si-spirulina does not appear to have more beneficial effects than spirulina alone. Other experiments with different species of rats/mice, different diets, or durations of diet intake should be undertaken to confirm or infirm these results. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Glucose intolerance and hepatic steatosis, two major components of metabolic syndrome, are increasing and becomes a major public health issue. Use of Spirulina platensis (Sp) as a functional food was suggested as a protein-dense food source. Bioavailable silicon (Si) may be an essential nutrient for higher animals, including humans. Sp but not Sp+Si decreased liver NADPH oxidase activity and improved transitorily glucose tolerance. This is the first study where Sp and Sp+Si effect on glucose intolerance is reported in Zucker rat. Other experiments should be undertaken to confirm or infirm invalidate the beneficial effects of Sp+Si supplement in the metabolic syndrome features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Vidé
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gilles Fouret
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - François Casas
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Jover
- PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Sylvie Gaillet
- DMEM, INRA, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Zhao B, Cui Y, Fan X, Qi P, Liu C, Zhou X, Zhang X. Anti-obesity effects of Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate by modulating brain-liver axis in high-fat diet fed mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218543. [PMID: 31220177 PMCID: PMC6586325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spirulina platensis is a blue-green algae with potential anti-obesity effects. In this study, the anti-obesity effects of whole Spirulina platensis (WSP), Spirulina platensis protein (SPP) and Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate (SPPH) were compared in high-fat diet fed mice, and the potential acting mechanism of SPPH was also investigated. Totally, SPPH exhibited good anti-obesity effects (reducing 39.8%±9.7% of body weight), lowering 23.8%±1.6% of serum glucose, decreasing 20.8%±1.4% of total cholesterol, while positive drug Simvastatin had the corresponding values: 8.3%±4.6%, 24.8%±1.9% and -2.1%±0.2%, respectively. Subsequently, PCR array was used to conduct gene expression analysis in brain and liver tissues of SPPH-treated mice, which displayed distinctly different expression pattern. The most markedly changed genes included: Acadm (-34.7 fold), Gcg (2.5 fold), Adra2b (2 fold) and Ghsr (2 fold) in brain; Retn (39 fold), Fabp4 (15.5 fold), Ppard (6 fold) and Slc27a1 (5.4 fold) in liver. Further network analysis demonstrated that the significantly expressed genes in brain and liver tissues were mapped into an interacting network, suggesting a modulatory effect on brain-liver axis, major pathways were involved in the axis: PPAR, adipocytokine, AMPK, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and MAPK. This study showed that Spirulina platensis protein hydrolysate possessed anti-obesity effect in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yujiao Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Qi
- Guangzhou Institute for Food and Drug Control, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (PQ)
| | - Chunchen Liu
- Zhongci Health Care Products Technology Development Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuesong Zhou
- Guangzhou Honsea Industry Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (PQ)
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Armstrong L, Vaz MGMV, Genuário DB, Fiore MF, Debonsi HM. Volatile Compounds Produced by Cyanobacteria Isolated from Mangrove Environment. Curr Microbiol 2019; 76:575-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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