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Kentistou KA, Lim BEM, Kaisinger LR, Steinthorsdottir V, Sharp LN, Patel KA, Tragante V, Hawkes G, Gardner EJ, Olafsdottir T, Wood AR, Zhao Y, Thorleifsson G, Day FR, Ozanne SE, Hattersley AT, O'Rahilly S, Stefansson K, Ong KK, Beaumont RN, Perry JRB, Freathy RM. Rare variant associations with birth weight identify genes involved in adipose tissue regulation, placental function and insulin-like growth factor signalling. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.03.24305248. [PMID: 38633783 PMCID: PMC11023655 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.03.24305248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the genetic factors influencing human birth weight may lead to biological insights into fetal growth and long-term health. Genome-wide association studies of birth weight have highlighted associated variants in more than 200 regions of the genome, but the causal genes are mostly unknown. Rare genetic variants with robust evidence of association are more likely to point to causal genes, but to date, only a few rare variants are known to influence birth weight. We aimed to identify genes that harbour rare variants that impact birth weight when carried by either the fetus or the mother, by analysing whole exome sequence data in UK Biobank participants. We annotated rare (minor allele frequency <0.1%) protein-truncating or high impact missense variants on whole exome sequence data in up to 234,675 participants with data on their own birth weight (fetal variants), and up to 181,883 mothers who reported the birth weight of their first child (maternal variants). Variants within each gene were collapsed to perform gene burden tests and for each associated gene, we compared the observed fetal and maternal effects. We identified 8 genes with evidence of rare fetal variant effects on birth weight, of which 2 also showed maternal effects. One additional gene showed evidence of maternal effects only. We observed 10/11 directionally concordant associations in an independent sample of up to 45,622 individuals (sign test P=0.01). Of the genes identified, IGF1R and PAPPA2 (fetal and maternal-acting) have known roles in insulin-like growth factor bioavailability and signalling. PPARG, INHBE and ACVR1C (all fetal-acting) have known roles in adipose tissue regulation and rare variants in the latter two also showed associations with favourable adiposity patterns in adults. We highlight the dual role of PPARG in both adipocyte differentiation and placental angiogenesis. NOS3, NRK, and ADAMTS8 (fetal and maternal-acting) have been implicated in both placental function and hypertension. Analysis of rare coding variants has identified regulators of fetal adipose tissue and fetoplacental angiogenesis as determinants of birth weight, as well as further evidence for the role of insulin-like growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Kentistou
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Brandon E M Lim
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Lena R Kaisinger
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Luke N Sharp
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kashyap A Patel
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gareth Hawkes
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Eugene J Gardner
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Andrew R Wood
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Yajie Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | | | - Felix R Day
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Susan E Ozanne
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Andrew T Hattersley
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE genetics/Amgen, Inc., 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ken K Ong
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robin N Beaumont
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Box 285 Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rachel M Freathy
- Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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Nimptsch K, Aydin EE, Chavarria RFR, Janke J, Poy MN, Oxvig C, Steinbrecher A, Pischon T. Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) and stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) but not PAPP-A are associated with circulating total IGF-1 in a human adult population. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1770. [PMID: 38245583 PMCID: PMC10799854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The pappalysins pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and -A2 (PAPP-A2) act as proteinases of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) binding proteins, while stanniocalcin-2 (STC2) was identified as a pappalysin inhibitor. While there is some evidence from studies in children and adolescents, it is unclear whether these molecules are related to concentrations of IGF-1 and its binding proteins in adults. We investigated cross-sectionally the association of circulating PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 and STC2 with IGF-1 and its binding proteins (IGFBPs) in 394 adult pretest participants (20-69 years) of the German National Cohort Berlin North study center. Plasma PAPP-A, PAPP-A2, total and free IGF-1, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3, IGFBP-5 and STC2 were measured by ELISAs. The associations of PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 and STC2 with IGF-1 or IGFBPs were investigated using multivariable linear regression analyses adjusting for age, sex, body mass index and pretest phase. We observed significant inverse associations of PAPP-A2 (difference in concentrations per 0.5 ng/mL higher PAPP-A2 levels) with total IGF-1 (- 4.3 ng/mL; 95% CI - 7.0; - 1.6), the IGF-1:IGFBP-3 molar ratio (- 0.34%; 95%-CI - 0.59; - 0.09), but not free IGF-1 and a positive association with IGFBP-2 (11.9 ng/mL; 95% CI 5.0; 18.8). PAPP-A was not related to total or free IGF-1, but positively associated with IGFBP-5. STC2 was inversely related to total IGF-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-3 and positively to IGFBP-1. This first investigation of these associations in a general adult population supports the hypothesis that PAPP-A2 as well as STC2 play a role for IGF-1 and its binding proteins, especially for total IGF-1. The role of PAPP-A2 and STC2 for health and disease in adults warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nimptsch
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elif Ece Aydin
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rafael Francisco Rios Chavarria
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Biobank Technology Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility Biobank, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- John Hopkins University, All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Astrid Steinbrecher
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Biobank Technology Platform, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
- Core Facility Biobank, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Sridar J, Mafi A, Judge RA, Xu J, Kong KA, Wang JCK, Stoll VS, Koukos G, Simon RJ, Eaton D, Bratkowski M, Hao Q. Cryo-EM structure of human PAPP-A2 and mechanism of substrate recognition. Commun Chem 2023; 6:234. [PMID: 37898658 PMCID: PMC10613257 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A isoforms, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, are metalloproteases that cleave insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) to modulate insulin-like growth factor signaling. The structures of homodimeric PAPP-A in complex with IGFBP5 anchor peptide, and inhibitor proteins STC2 and proMBP have been recently reported. Here, we present the single-particle cryo-EM structure of the monomeric, N-terminal LG, MP, and the M1 domains (with the exception of LNR1/2) of human PAPP-A2 to 3.13 Å resolution. Our structure together with functional studies provides insight into a previously reported patient mutation that inactivates PAPP-A2 in a distal region of the protein. Using a combinational approach, we suggest that PAPP-A2 recognizes IGFBP5 in a similar manner as PAPP-A and show that PAPP-A2 cleaves IGFBP5 less efficiently due to differences in the M2 domain. Overall, our studies characterize the cleavage mechanism of IGFBP5 by PAPP-A2 and shed light onto key differences with its paralog PAPP-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Sridar
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | | | - Jun Xu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Kailyn A Kong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Georgios Koukos
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Reyna J Simon
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Dan Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | | | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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Oxvig C, Conover CA. The Stanniocalcin-PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF Axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1624-1633. [PMID: 36718521 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The pappalysin metalloproteinases, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2, have emerged as highly specific proteolytic enzymes involved in the regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling. The only known pappalysin substrates are a subset of the IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), which bind IGF-I or IGF-II with high affinity to antagonize receptor binding. Thus, by cleaving IGFBPs, the pappalysins have the potential to increase IGF bioactivity and hence promote IGF signaling. This is relevant both in systemic and local IGF regulation, in normal and several pathophysiological conditions. Stanniocalcin-1 and -2 were recently found to be potent pappalysin inhibitors, thus comprising the missing components of a complete proteolytic system, the stanniocalcin-PAPP-A-IGFBP-IGF axis. Here, we provide the biological context necessary for understanding the properties of this molecular network, and we review biochemical data, animal experiments, clinical data, and genetic data supporting the physiological operation of this branch as an important part of the IGF system. However, although in vivo data clearly illustrate its power, it is a challenge to understand its subtle operation, for example, multiple equilibria and inhibitory kinetics may determine how, where, and when the IGF receptor is stimulated. In addition, literally all of the regulatory proteins have suspected or known activities that are not directly related to IGF signaling. How such activities may integrate with IGF signaling is also important to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 C, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Guibourdenche J, Leguy MC, Pidoux G, Hebert-Schuster M, Laguillier C, Anselem O, Grangé G, Bonnet F, Tsatsaris V. Biochemical Screening for Fetal Trisomy 21: Pathophysiology of Maternal Serum Markers and Involvement of the Placenta. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087669. [PMID: 37108840 PMCID: PMC10146970 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now well established that maternal serum markers are often abnormal in fetal trisomy 21. Their determination is recommended for prenatal screening and pregnancy follow-up. However, mechanisms leading to abnormal maternal serum levels of such markers are still debated. Our objective was to help clinicians and scientists unravel the pathophysiology of these markers via a review of the main studies published in this field, both in vivo and in vitro, focusing on the six most widely used markers (hCG, its free subunit hCGβ, PAPP-A, AFP, uE3, and inhibin A) as well as cell-free feto-placental DNA. Analysis of the literature shows that mechanisms underlying each marker's regulation are multiple and not necessarily directly linked with the supernumerary chromosome 21. The crucial involvement of the placenta is also highlighted, which could be defective in one or several of its functions (turnover and apoptosis, endocrine production, and feto-maternal exchanges and transfer). These defects were neither constant nor specific for trisomy 21, and might be more or less pronounced, reflecting a high variability in placental immaturity and alteration. This explains why maternal serum markers can lack both specificity and sensitivity, and are thus restricted to screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Guibourdenche
- Hormonologie CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Christelle Laguillier
- Hormonologie CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
- UMR-S1139, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Olivia Anselem
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
- Maternité Port Royal CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Gilles Grangé
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
- Maternité Port Royal CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Fidéline Bonnet
- Hormonologie CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Vassilis Tsatsaris
- Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
- FHU Préma, 75014 Paris, France
- Maternité Port Royal CHU Cochin AP-HP, 75014 Paris, France
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Cui J, Li P, Chen X, Li L, Ouyang L, Meng Z, Fan J. Study on the Relationship and Predictive Value of First-Trimester Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A, Maternal Factors, and Biochemical Parameters in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Large Case-Control Study in Southern China Mothers. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:947-957. [PMID: 37033400 PMCID: PMC10075321 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s398530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship and predictive value of first-trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A), maternal factors, and biochemical parameters with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in southern China mothers. METHODS This study recruited 4872 pregnant women. PAPP-A, the free beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (free β-HCG), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL, LDL) were measured at 11-13+ weeks of gestation. GDM was diagnosed based on a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test at 24-28 weeks of gestation. We performed stepwise logistic regression analysis to determine the odds ratio (OR) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) of GDM. We used Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves with the area under the curve (AUC) to evaluate the predictive value of PAPP-A, maternal factors, and biochemical markers. The significance of the differences between the AUC values was assessed using the DeLong test. RESULTS GDM was diagnosed in 750 (15.39%) women. Independent factors for GDM were age, pre-gestational BMI, GWG before a diagnosis of GDM, previous history of GDM, family history of diabetes, FPG, TG, LDL, PAPP-A, and TC. The AUC of PAPP-A was 0.56 (95% CI 0.53-0.58). The AUC of a model based on combined maternal factors, biochemical markers, and PAPP-A was 0.70 (95% CI 0.68-0.72). Differences in AUC values between PAPP-A alone and the model based on combined maternal factors, biochemical markers, and PAPP-A were statistically significant (Z= 9.983, P<0.001). CONCLUSION A Low serum PAPP-A level in the first trimester is an independent risk factor for developing GDM later in pregnancy. However, it is not a good independent predictor although the predictive value of a low serum PAPP-A level increases when combined with maternal factors and biochemical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinjuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liping Ouyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaoran Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Fan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Jianhui Fan, No. 600, Tianhe Road, Tianhe, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18922102608, Email
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Judge RA, Sridar J, Tunyasunvunakool K, Jain R, Wang JCK, Ouch C, Xu J, Mafi A, Nile AH, Remarcik C, Smith CL, Ghosh C, Xu C, Stoll V, Jumper J, Singh AH, Eaton D, Hao Q. Structure of the PAPP-A BP5 complex reveals mechanism of substrate recognition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5500. [PMID: 36127359 PMCID: PMC9489782 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling is highly conserved and tightly regulated by proteases including Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A (PAPP-A). PAPP-A and its paralog PAPP-A2 are metalloproteases that mediate IGF bioavailability through cleavage of IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). Here, we present single-particle cryo-EM structures of the catalytically inactive mutant PAPP-A (E483A) in complex with a peptide from its substrate IGFBP5 (PAPP-ABP5) and also in its substrate-free form, by leveraging the power of AlphaFold to generate a high quality predicted model as a starting template. We show that PAPP-A is a flexible trans-dimer that binds IGFBP5 via a 25-amino acid anchor peptide which extends into the metalloprotease active site. This unique IGFBP5 anchor peptide that mediates the specific PAPP-A-IGFBP5 interaction is not found in other PAPP-A substrates. Additionally, we illustrate the critical role of the PAPP-A central domain as it mediates both IGFBP5 recognition and trans-dimerization. We further demonstrate that PAPP-A trans-dimer formation and distal inter-domain interactions are both required for efficient proteolysis of IGFBP4, but dispensable for IGFBP5 cleavage. Together the structural and biochemical studies reveal the mechanism of PAPP-A substrate binding and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janani Sridar
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Rinku Jain
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John C K Wang
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christna Ouch
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jun Xu
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Aaron H Nile
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Crystal Ghosh
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Stoll
- AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Amoolya H Singh
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.,GRAIL, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dan Eaton
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Qi Hao
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein (PAPP)-A2 in Physiology and Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123576. [PMID: 34944082 PMCID: PMC8700087 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis plays fundamental roles during development, maturation, and aging. Members of this axis, composed of various ligands, receptors, and binding proteins, are regulated in a tissue- and time-specific manner that requires precise control that is not completely understood. Some of the most recent advances in understanding the implications of this axis in human growth are derived from the identifications of new mutations in the gene encoding the pregnancy-associated plasma protein PAPP-A2 protease that liberates IGFs from their carrier proteins in a selective manner to allow binding to the IGF receptor 1. The identification of three nonrelated families with mutations in the PAPP-A2 gene has shed light on how this protease affects human physiology. This review summarizes our understanding of the implications of PAPP-A2 in growth physiology, obtained from studies in genetically modified animal models and the PAPP-A2 deficient patients known to date.
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9
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Associations of plasma PAPP-A2 and genetic variations with salt sensitivity, blood pressure changes and hypertension incidence in Chinese adults. J Hypertens 2021; 39:1817-1825. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Kang X, Li M, Liu M, Liu S, Pan MG, Wiggans GR, Rosen BD, Liu GE. Copy number variation analysis reveals variants associated with milk production traits in dairy goats. Genomics 2020; 112:4934-4937. [PMID: 32898641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) is a major type of genomic structural variation. We investigated their impacts on goat dairy traits using the CaprineSNP50 array. From 120 samples of five dairy goat breeds, we totally identified 42 CNVs ranging from 56,044 bp to 4,337,625 bp. We found significant associations between two CNVs (CNV5 and CNV25) and two milk production traits (mean of milk fat yield and mean of milk protein yield) after false discovery rate (FDR) correction (P < 0.05). CNV5 overlaps the ADAMTS20 gene, which is involved in the differentiation of mammary cell and plays a crucial role in lactogenic activity of bovine mammary epithelial cells. CNV25 overlaps with PAPPA2, which has been found to be associated with bovine reproduction and milk production traits. Our results revealed that CNVs overlapped with ADAMTS20 and PAPPA2 could be involved in goat dairy traits and function as candidate markers for further genetic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Kang
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxun Li
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael G Pan
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | | | - Benjamin D Rosen
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - George E Liu
- Animal Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, BARC, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Mas A, Simón C. Molecular differential diagnosis of uterine leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas. Biol Reprod 2020; 101:1115-1123. [PMID: 30184111 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioy195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas (LM) and leiomyosarcomas (LMS) are considered biologically unrelated tumors due to their cytogenetic and molecular disparity. Yet, these tumors share morphological and molecular characteristics that cannot be differentiated through current clinical diagnostic tests, and thus cannot be definitively classified as benign or malignant until surgery. Newer approaches are needed for the identification of these tumors, as has been done for other tissues. The application of next generation sequencing enables the detection of new mutations that, when coupled to machine learning bioinformatic tools, advances our understanding of chromosomal instability. These approaches in the context of LM and LMS could allow the discovery of genetic variants and possible genomic markers. Additionally, the potential clinical utility of circulating cell-free tumor DNA could revolutionize the noninvasive detection and monitoring of these tumors. Here, we seek to provide a perspective on the molecular background of LM and LMS, recognizing their distinct molecular features that may lead to improved diagnosis and personalized treatments, which would have a measurable impact on women's reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aymara Mas
- Reproductive Medicine Research Group, La Fe Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain.,Igenomix Foundation/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Simón
- Igenomix Foundation/Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Clínico (INCLIVA), Valencia, Spain.,Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Harsanyi S, Zamborsky R, Krajciova L, Kokavec M, Danisovic L. Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Review of Etiopathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Genetic Aspects. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2020; 56:medicina56040153. [PMID: 32244273 PMCID: PMC7230892 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As one of the most frequent skeletal anomalies, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is characterized by a considerable range of pathology, from minor laxity of ligaments in the hip joint to complete luxation. Multifactorial etiology, of which the candidate genes have been studied the most, poses a challenge in understanding this disorder. Candidate gene association studies (CGASs) along with genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and genome-wide linkage analyses (GWLAs) have found numerous genes and loci with susceptible DDH association. Studies put major importance on candidate genes associated with the formation of connective tissue (COL1A1), osteogenesis (PAPPA2, GDF5), chondrogenesis (UQCC1, ASPN) and cell growth, proliferation and differentiation (TGFB1). Recent studies show that epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation affect gene expression and therefore could play an important role in DDH pathogenesis. This paper reviews all existing risk factors affecting DDH incidence, along with candidate genes associated with genetic or epigenetic etiology of DDH in various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Harsanyi
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811-08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357-299
| | - Radoslav Zamborsky
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, 833-40 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Lubica Krajciova
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811-08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Milan Kokavec
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Institute of Children’s Diseases, 833-40 Bratislava, Slovakia; (R.Z.); (M.K.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Comenius University in Bratislava, 811-08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (L.K.); (L.D.)
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Chen Y, Li L, Wang E, Zhang L, Zhao Q. Abnormal expression of Pappa2 gene may indirectly affect mouse hip development through the IGF signaling pathway. Endocrine 2019; 65:440-450. [PMID: 31168749 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-01975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a major cause of disability in children, and the genetic mechanism of this disease remains unclear. In our previous study, we found that pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) was associated with DDH significantly. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) expression and collagen synthesis as well as cartilage proliferation-related proteins in the case of abnormal expression of Pappa2 in mice to research the relationship between PAPP-A2 and the pathological changes of DDH. METHODS In vivo animal experiments, the mice were directly injected with 50 µl of Cas9/PAPP-A2 sgRNA lentiviruses around the hip to downregulate the Pappa2 gene expression and injected with control lentiviruses on the other side, then to observe the expression and localization of related proteins. And in an in vitro experiment, mice fibroblasts and primary chondrocytes were cultured with insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) protein, PAPP-A2 protein and Cas9/PAPP-A2 sgRNA lentiviruses to detect of related proteins and mRNA expression. RESULTS Cartilage proliferation-related proteins demonstrated a significant decrease in the PAPP-A2 knockdown hips acetabulum and femoral head cartilage, meanwhile the IGF expression was also downregulated in the soft tissue around the acetabulum compared with the control hips. Furthermore, the role PAPP-A2 played in chondrocytes and fibroblasts was the same as in the in vivo experiments, downregulation of PAPP-A2 expression or upregulation of IGFBP-5 expression can reduce collagen synthesis and cartilage proliferation. CONCLUSIONS PAPP-A2 may be involved in the development of the mouse hip joint by interfering the fibrous and cartilaginous metabolism via IGF pathway-associated proteins pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China.
| | - Enbo Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, No. 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang City, 110004, Liaoning Province, PR China
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14
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The potential role of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 in angiogenesis and development of preeclampsia. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:970-980. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-019-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Chen Y, Lv H, Li L, Wang E, Zhang L, Zhao Q. Expression of PAPP-A2 and IGF Pathway-Related Proteins in the Hip Joint of Normal Rat and Those with Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:7691531. [PMID: 30915115 PMCID: PMC6402211 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7691531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the major causes of child disability and early osteoarthritis. Genetic factors play an important role, but which still remain unclear. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), a special hydrolase of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5), has been confirmed to be associated with DDH by previous studies. The aim of this study was firstly, to investigate the expression of PAPP-A2 and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway-related proteins in normal rat's hip joints; secondly, to compare the variations of those proteins between DDH model rats and normal ones. The DDH model was established by swaddling the rat's hind legs in hip adduction and extension position. The hip joints were collected for expression study of fetal rats, normal newborn rats, and DDH model rats. Positive expression of PAPP-A2 and IGF pathway-related proteins was observed in all the hip joints of growing-stage rats. Ultimately, IGF1 was downregulated; insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) showed an opposite trend in DDH rats when compared with normal group. The PAPP-A2 and IGF pathway-associated proteins may also be involved in the development of the rat's hip joint, which bring the foundation for further revealing the pathogenic mechanism of DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Chen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, China
| | - Haixiang Lv
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, China
| | - Enbo Wang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City 110004, China
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Finken MJJ, van der Steen M, Smeets CCJ, Walenkamp MJE, de Bruin C, Hokken-Koelega ACS, Wit JM. Children Born Small for Gestational Age: Differential Diagnosis, Molecular Genetic Evaluation, and Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:851-894. [PMID: 29982551 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Children born small for gestational age (SGA), defined as a birth weight and/or length below -2 SD score (SDS), comprise a heterogeneous group. The causes of SGA are multifactorial and include maternal lifestyle and obstetric factors, placental dysfunction, and numerous fetal (epi)genetic abnormalities. Short-term consequences of SGA include increased risks of hypothermia, polycythemia, and hypoglycemia. Although most SGA infants show catch-up growth by 2 years of age, ∼10% remain short. Short children born SGA are amenable to GH treatment, which increases their adult height by on average 1.25 SD. Add-on treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist may be considered in early pubertal children with an expected adult height below -2.5 SDS. A small birth size increases the risk of later neurodevelopmental problems and cardiometabolic diseases. GH treatment does not pose an additional risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn J J Finken
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Manouk van der Steen
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carolina C J Smeets
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marie J E Walenkamp
- Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, MB Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Christiaan de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anita C S Hokken-Koelega
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center/Sophia Children's Hospital, CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jan M Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, RC Leiden, Netherlands
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Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling in Lung Development and Inflammatory Lung Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6057589. [PMID: 30018981 PMCID: PMC6029485 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6057589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was firstly identified as a hormone that mediates the biological effects of growth hormone. Accumulating data have indicated the role of IGF-1 signaling pathway in lung development and diseases such as congenital disorders, cancers, inflammation, and fibrosis. IGF-1 signaling modulates the development and differentiation of many types of lung cells, including airway basal cells, club cells, alveolar epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. IGF-1 signaling deficiency results in alveolar hyperplasia in humans and disrupted lung architecture in animal models. The components of IGF-1 signaling pathways are potentiated as biomarkers as they are dysregulated locally or systemically in lung diseases, whereas data may be inconsistent or even paradoxical among different studies. The usage of IGF-1-based therapeutic agents urges for more researches in developmental disorders and inflammatory lung diseases, as the majority of current data are collected from limited number of animal experiments and are generally less exuberant than those in lung cancer. Elucidation of these questions by further bench-to-bedside researches may provide us with rational clinical diagnostic approaches and agents concerning IGF-1 signaling in lung diseases.
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18
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Takada L, Barbero MMD, Oliveira HN, de Camargo GMF, Fernandes Júnior GA, Aspilcueta-Borquis RR, Souza FRP, Boligon AA, Melo TP, Regatieri IC, Feitosa FLB, Fonseca LFS, Magalhães AFB, Costa RB, Albuquerque LG. Genomic association for sexual precocity in beef heifers using pre-selection of genes and haplotype reconstruction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190197. [PMID: 29293544 PMCID: PMC5749767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive traits are of the utmost importance for any livestock farming, but are difficult to measure and to interpret since they are influenced by various factors. The objective of this study was to detect associations between known polymorphisms in candidate genes related to sexual precocity in Nellore heifers, which could be used in breeding programs. Records of 1,689 precocious and non-precocious heifers from farms participating in the Conexão Delta G breeding program were analyzed. A subset of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) located in the region of the candidate genes at a distance of up to 5 kb from the boundaries of each gene, were selected from the panel of 777,000 SNPs of the High-Density Bovine SNP BeadChip. Linear mixed models were used for statistical analysis of early heifer pregnancy, relating the trait with isolated SNPs or with haplotype groups. The model included the contemporary group (year and month of birth) as fixed effect and parent of the animal (sire effect) as random effect. The fastPHASE® and GenomeStudio® were used for reconstruction of the haplotypes and for analysis of linkage disequilibrium based on r2 statistics. A total of 125 candidate genes and 2,024 SNPs forming haplotypes were analyzed. Statistical analysis after Bonferroni correction showed that nine haplotypes exerted a significant effect (p<0.05) on sexual precocity. Four of these haplotypes were located in the Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 gene (PAPP-A2), two in the Estrogen-related receptor gamma gene (ESRRG), and one each in the Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A gene (PAPP-A), Kell blood group complex subunit-related family (XKR4) and mannose-binding lectin genes (MBL-1) genes. Although the present results indicate that the PAPP-A2, PAPP-A, XKR4, MBL-1 and ESRRG genes influence sexual precocity in Nellore heifers, further studies are needed to evaluate their possible use in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Takada
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marina M D Barbero
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique N Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabio R P Souza
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arione A Boligon
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thaise P Melo
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Inaê C Regatieri
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabieli L B Feitosa
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa F S Fonseca
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana F B Magalhães
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raphael B Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucia G Albuquerque
- Departamento de Zootecnia-São Paulo State University-UNESP, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
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Beattie J, Al-Khafaji H, Noer PR, Alkharobi HE, Alhodhodi A, Meade J, El-Gendy R, Oxvig C. Insulin- like Growth Factor-Binding Protein Action in Bone Tissue: A Key Role for Pregnancy- Associated Plasma Protein-A. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:31. [PMID: 29503631 PMCID: PMC5820303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis is required for the differentiation, development, and maintenance of bone tissue. Accordingly, dysregulation of this axis is associated with various skeletal pathologies including growth abnormalities and compromised bone structure. It is becoming increasingly apparent that the action of the IGF axis must be viewed holistically taking into account not just the actions of the growth factors and receptors, but also the influence of soluble high affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs).There is a recognition that IGFBPs exert IGF-dependent and IGF-independent effects in bone and other tissues and that an understanding of the mechanisms of action of IGFBPs and their regulation in the pericellular environment impact critically on tissue physiology. In this respect, a group of IGFBP proteinases (which may be considered as ancillary members of the IGF axis) play a crucial role in regulating IGFBP function. In this model, cleavage of IGFBPs by specific proteinases into fragments with lower affinity for growth factor(s) regulates the partition of IGFs between IGFBPs and cell surface IGF receptors. In this review, we examine the importance of IGFBP function in bone tissue with special emphasis on the role of pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A). We examine the function of PAPP-A primarily as an IGFBP-4 proteinase and present evidence that PAPP-A induced cleavage of IGFBP-4 is potentially a key regulatory step in bone metabolism. We also highlight some recent findings with regard to IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5 (also PAPP-A substrates) function in bone tissue and briefly discuss the actions of the other three IGFBPs (-1, -3, and -6) in this tissue. Although our main focus will be in bone we will allude to IGFBP activity in other cells and tissues where appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Beattie
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: James Beattie,
| | - Hasanain Al-Khafaji
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Pernille R. Noer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hanaa Esa Alkharobi
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aishah Alhodhodi
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine Meade
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Reem El-Gendy
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds School of Dentistry, Level 7 Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, University of Leeds, St James University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Department of Oral Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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20
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Padmanabhan S, Joe B. Towards Precision Medicine for Hypertension: A Review of Genomic, Epigenomic, and Microbiomic Effects on Blood Pressure in Experimental Rat Models and Humans. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1469-1528. [PMID: 28931564 PMCID: PMC6347103 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00035.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence for the inherited nature of essential hypertension has led to extensive research in rats and humans. Rats have served as the primary model for research on the genetics of hypertension resulting in identification of genomic regions that are causally associated with hypertension. In more recent times, genome-wide studies in humans have also begun to improve our understanding of the inheritance of polygenic forms of hypertension. Based on the chronological progression of research into the genetics of hypertension as the "structural backbone," this review catalogs and discusses the rat and human genetic elements mapped and implicated in blood pressure regulation. Furthermore, the knowledge gained from these genetic studies that provide evidence to suggest that much of the genetic influence on hypertension residing within noncoding elements of our DNA and operating through pervasive epistasis or gene-gene interactions is highlighted. Lastly, perspectives on current thinking that the more complex "triad" of the genome, epigenome, and the microbiome operating to influence the inheritance of hypertension, is documented. Overall, the collective knowledge gained from rats and humans is disappointing in the sense that major hypertension-causing genes as targets for clinical management of essential hypertension may not be a clinical reality. On the other hand, the realization that the polygenic nature of hypertension prevents any single locus from being a relevant clinical target for all humans directs future studies on the genetics of hypertension towards an individualized genomic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandosh Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Bina Joe
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom; and Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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21
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Dauber A, Muñoz-Calvo MT, Barrios V, Domené HM, Kloverpris S, Serra-Juhé C, Desikan V, Pozo J, Muzumdar R, Martos-Moreno GÁ, Hawkins F, Jasper HG, Conover CA, Frystyk J, Yakar S, Hwa V, Chowen JA, Oxvig C, Rosenfeld RG, Pérez-Jurado LA, Argente J. Mutations in pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 cause short stature due to low IGF-I availability. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 8:363-74. [PMID: 26902202 PMCID: PMC4818753 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201506106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in multiple genes of the growth hormone/IGF‐I axis have been identified in syndromes marked by growth failure. However, no pathogenic human mutations have been reported in the six high‐affinity IGF‐binding proteins (IGFBPs) or their regulators, such as the metalloproteinase pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP‐A2) that is hypothesized to increase IGF‐I bioactivity by specific proteolytic cleavage of IGFBP‐3 and ‐5. Multiple members of two unrelated families presented with progressive growth failure, moderate microcephaly, thin long bones, mildly decreased bone density and elevated circulating total IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, and ‐5, acid labile subunit, and IGF‐II concentrations. Two different homozygous mutations in PAPPA2, p.D643fs25* and p.Ala1033Val, were associated with this novel syndrome of growth failure. In vitro analysis of IGFBP cleavage demonstrated that both mutations cause a complete absence of PAPP‐A2 proteolytic activity. Size‐exclusion chromatography showed a significant increase in IGF‐I bound in its ternary complex. Free IGF‐I concentrations were decreased. These patients provide important insights into the regulation of longitudinal growth in humans, documenting the critical role of PAPP‐A2 in releasing IGF‐I from its BPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Dauber
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - María T Muñoz-Calvo
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Horacio M Domené
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Soren Kloverpris
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Clara Serra-Juhé
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) & CIBERER. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vardhini Desikan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA
| | - Jesús Pozo
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Radhika Muzumdar
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel Á Martos-Moreno
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Federico Hawkins
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Héctor G Jasper
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET, FEI, División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Shoshana Yakar
- Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vivian Hwa
- Cincinnati Center for Growth Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ron G Rosenfeld
- Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA STAT5 LLC, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Luis A Pérez-Jurado
- Genetics Unit, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM) & CIBERER. Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús Instituto de Investigación La Princesa Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain Program of Pediatric Obesity, CIBEROBN Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Steinbrecher A, Janke J, Poy MN, Oxvig C, Pischon T. Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A2 and Anthropometry, Lifestyle, and Biochemical Factors in a Human Adult Population. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10455. [PMID: 28874827 PMCID: PMC5585218 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10629-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), a metalloproteinase purportedly related to pregnancy, foetal growth and development, has recently been described essential for pre-adult growth. Thus, we measured PAPP-A2 in plasma of a non-pregnant population and determined its associations with lifestyle, anthropometric or biochemical factors. In this cross-sectional study of 387 participants (20-70 years) randomly drawn from registration offices near Berlin, Germany, socio-economic and lifestyle factors were assessed by questionnaires, and anthropometric measures and blood samples were taken by trained personnel. Blood was analysed for standard clinical parameters. PAPP-A2 concentration was measured by ELISA. Generalized linear models were used to estimate associations with anthropometric and biochemical factors adjusted for age, sex, and weight. Adjusted mean PAPP-A2 concentration was slightly higher in women (283 pg/mL) than in men (261 pg/mL, p = 0.05) and positively correlated with age (r = 0.17, p = 0.001). PAPP-A2 concentration was inversely associated with body mass index (-2.7 pg/mL per kg/m2, p = 0.03) and weight (-1.0 pg/mL per kg, p = 0.01) and positively associated with γ-glutamyl transferase (13.6 pg/mL per SD, p = 0.02), aspartate transaminase (18.5 pg/mL per SD, p = 0.002) and lactate dehydrogenase (14.9 pg/mL per SD, p = 0.02). Our results support that PAPP-A2, beyond its established role in early growth and development is relevant in adult metabolisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Steinbrecher
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Janke
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew N Poy
- Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus Oxvig
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Group, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,MDC/BIH Biobank, Max Delbruck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Xiao D, Chenhong W, Yanbin X, Lu Z. Gestational diabetes mellitus and first trimester pregnancy-associated plasma protein A: A case-control study in a Chinese population. J Diabetes Investig 2017; 9:204-210. [PMID: 28387061 PMCID: PMC5754543 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION To investigate the relationship between pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to determine whether PAPP-A has improved value for predicting GDM in a Chinese population. MATERIALS AND METHODS Clinical data for 599 GDM patients and 986 unaffected pregnant women undergoing both antenatal examinations and delivery were retrospectively analyzed. First-trimester serum PAPP-A levels were compared between the groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for GDM, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the value of PAPP-A for predicting GDM. RESULTS GDM-affected and unaffected pregnant women were significantly different in terms of age (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001), family history of diabetes (P = 0.002), α-thalassemia trait (P < 0.01), parity (P < 0.001), conception methods (P < 0.001), gestational weeks at the time of labor (P < 0.001) and corrected PAPP-A multiples of the median values (P < 0.001). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that PAPP-A levels were negatively related to the subsequent development of GDM (odds ratio 0.798, 95% confidence interval 0.647-0.984). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for maternal factors was 0.684 (95% CI: 0.657-0.711), and did not significantly differ from that for the combination of maternal factors and serum PAPP-A levels, which was 0.686 (95% CI: 0.660-0.713; χ2 = 0.625, P = 0.429). CONCLUSIONS Serum PAPP-A was an independent factor for the development of GDM in pregnant Chinese women. Serum-PAPP-A does not have improved value with respect to predicting GDM when combined with other maternal factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wang Chenhong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xu Yanbin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Lu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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24
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Xu K, Rosenstiel P, Paragas N, Hinze C, Gao X, Huai Shen T, Werth M, Forster C, Deng R, Bruck E, Boles RW, Tornato A, Gopal T, Jones M, Konig J, Stauber J, D'Agati V, Erdjument-Bromage H, Saggi S, Wagener G, Schmidt-Ott KM, Tatonetti N, Tempst P, Oliver JA, Guarnieri P, Barasch J. Unique Transcriptional Programs Identify Subtypes of AKI. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 28:1729-1740. [PMID: 28028135 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016090974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Two metrics, a rise in serum creatinine concentration and a decrease in urine output, are considered tantamount to the injury of the kidney tubule and the epithelial cells thereof (AKI). Yet neither criterion emphasizes the etiology or the pathogenetic heterogeneity of acute decreases in kidney excretory function. In fact, whether decreased excretory function due to contraction of the extracellular fluid volume (vAKI) or due to intrinsic kidney injury (iAKI) actually share pathogenesis and should be aggregated in the same diagnostic group remains an open question. To examine this possibility, we created mouse models of iAKI and vAKI that induced a similar increase in serum creatinine concentration. Using laser microdissection to isolate specific domains of the kidney, followed by RNA sequencing, we found that thousands of genes responded specifically to iAKI or to vAKI, but very few responded to both stimuli. In fact, the activated gene sets comprised different, functionally unrelated signal transduction pathways and were expressed in different regions of the kidney. Moreover, we identified distinctive gene expression patterns in human urine as potential biomarkers of either iAKI or vAKI, but not both. Hence, iAKI and vAKI are biologically unrelated, suggesting that molecular analysis should clarify our current definitions of acute changes in kidney excretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Xu
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Nephrology
| | | | - Neal Paragas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Xiaobo Gao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Max Werth
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Nephrology
| | - Catherine Forster
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rong Deng
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Nephrology
| | - Efrat Bruck
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Nephrology
| | | | | | | | | | - Justin Konig
- Departments of *Medicine, Division of Nephrology
| | | | | | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Subodh Saggi
- Department of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York
| | | | | | | | - Paul Tempst
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Paolo Guarnieri
- Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York;
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25
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Hwang JR, Cho YJ, Lee Y, Park Y, Han HD, Ahn HJ, Lee JH, Lee JW. The C-terminus of IGFBP-5 suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting angiogenesis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39334. [PMID: 28008951 PMCID: PMC5180245 DOI: 10.1038/srep39334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 (IGFBP-5) plays a role in cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we found that IGFBP5 was markedly downregulated in ovarian cancer tissue. We investigated the functional significance of IGFBP-5 as a tumor suppressor. To determine functional regions of IGFBP-5, truncation mutants were prepared and were studied the effect on tumor growth. Expression of C-terminal region of IGFBP-5 significantly decreased tumor growth in an ovarian cancer xenograft. A peptide derived from the C-terminus of IGFBP-5 (BP5-C) was synthesized to evaluate the minimal amino acid motif that retained anti-tumorigenic activity and its effect on angiogenesis was studied. BP5-C peptide decreased the expression of VEGF-A and MMP-9, phosphorylation of Akt and ERK, and NF-kB activity, and inhibited angiogenesis in in vitro and ex vivo systems. Furthermore, BP5-C peptide significantly decreased tumor weight and angiogenesis in both ovarian cancer orthotopic xenograft and patient-derived xenograft mice. These results suggest that the C-terminus of IGFBP-5 exerts anti-cancer activity by inhibiting angiogenesis via regulation of the Akt/ERK and NF-kB–VEGF/MMP-9 signaling pathway, and might be considered as a novel angiogenesis inhibitor for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ryoung Hwang
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoonna Lee
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Youngmee Park
- Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hee Dong Han
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea
| | - Hyung Jun Ahn
- Center for Theragnosis, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Je-Ho Lee
- Cancer Center, Cha Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Korea
| | - Jeong-Won Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea.,Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Korea
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26
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PAPP-A and the IGF system. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:90-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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Integrated data analysis reveals uterine leiomyoma subtypes with distinct driver pathways and biomarkers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:1315-20. [PMID: 26787895 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1518752113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are common benign smooth muscle tumors that impose a major burden on women's health. Recent sequencing studies have revealed recurrent and mutually exclusive mutations in leiomyomas, suggesting the involvement of molecularly distinct pathways. In this study, we explored transcriptional differences among leiomyomas harboring different genetic drivers, including high mobility group AT-hook 2 (HMGA2) rearrangements, mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) mutations, biallelic inactivation of fumarate hydratase (FH), and collagen, type IV, alpha 5 and collagen, type IV, alpha 6 (COL4A5-COL4A6) deletions. We also explored the transcriptional consequences of 7q22, 22q, and 1p deletions, aiming to identify possible target genes. We investigated 94 leiomyomas and 60 corresponding myometrial tissues using exon arrays, whole genome sequencing, and SNP arrays. This integrative approach revealed subtype-specific expression changes in key driver pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, Prolactin, and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)1 signaling. Leiomyomas with HMGA2 aberrations displayed highly significant up-regulation of the proto-oncogene pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1), suggesting that HMGA2 promotes tumorigenesis through PLAG1 activation. This was supported by the identification of genetic PLAG1 alterations resulting in expression signatures as seen in leiomyomas with HMGA2 aberrations. RAD51 paralog B (RAD51B), the preferential translocation partner of HMGA2, was up-regulated in MED12 mutant lesions, suggesting a role for this gene in the genesis of leiomyomas. FH-deficient leiomyomas were uniquely characterized by activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) target genes, supporting the hypothesis that accumulation of fumarate leads to activation of the oncogenic transcription factor NRF2. This study emphasizes the need for molecular stratification in leiomyoma research and possibly in clinical practice as well. Further research is needed to determine whether the candidate biomarkers presented herein can provide guidance for managing the millions of patients affected by these lesions.
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Kramer AW, Lamale-Smith LM, Winn VD. Differential expression of human placental PAPP-A2 over gestation and in preeclampsia. Placenta 2015; 37:19-25. [PMID: 26748159 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy Associated Plasma Protein A2 (PAPP-A2) is a pregnancy related insulin-like growth factor binding protein-5 (IGFBP-5) protease, known to be elevated in preeclampsia. As the insulin-like growth factors are important in human implantation and placentation, we sought to determine the expression pattern of PAPP-A2 over human gestation in normal and preeclamptic pregnancies to evaluate its role in placental development and the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. METHODS Placental basal plate and chorionic villi samples, maternal and fetal cord blood sera were obtained from preeclamptic and control pregnancies. Formalin-fixed tissue sections from across gestation were stained for cytokeratin-7, HLA-G, and PAPP-A2. PAPP-A2 immunoblot analysis was also performed on protein lysates and sera. RESULTS PAPP-A2 expression is predominately expressed by differentiated trophoblasts and fetal endothelium. Chorionic villi show strong expression in the first trimester, followed by a progressive decrease in the second trimester, which returns in the third trimester. PAPP-A2 expression is not impacted by labor. PAPP-A2 is increased in the basal plate, chorionic villi and maternal sera in preeclampsia compared to controls, but is not detectable in cord blood. DISCUSSION PAPP-A2 is differentially expressed in different trophoblast populations and shows strong down regulation in the mid second trimester in chorionic villous samples. Both maternal sera and placental tissue from pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia show increased levels of PAPP-A2. PAPP-A2 levels are not altered by labor. Additionally, PAPP-A2 cannot be detected in cord blood demonstrating that the alterations in maternal and placental PAPP-A2 are not recapitulated in the fetal circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita W Kramer
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Leah M Lamale-Smith
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Virginia D Winn
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 12631 E. 17th Avenue, Aurora, CO, USA.
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29
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Cowley AW, Yang C, Kumar V, Lazar J, Jacob H, Geurts AM, Liu P, Dayton A, Kurth T, Liang M. Pappa2 is linked to salt-sensitive hypertension in Dahl S rats. Physiol Genomics 2015; 48:62-72. [PMID: 26534937 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00097.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A 1.37 Mbp region of chromosome 13 previously identified by exclusion mapping was consistently associated with a reduction of salt-induced hypertension in the Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rat. This region contained five genes that were introgressed from the salt-insensitive Brown Norway (BN) rat. The goal of the present study was to further narrow that region to identify the gene(s) most likely to protect from salt-induced hypertension. The studies yielded a subcongenic SS rat strain containing a 0.71 Mbp insert from BN (26-P strain) in which salt-induced hypertension was reduced by 24 mmHg. The region contained two protein-coding genes (Astn1 and Pappa2) and a microRNA (miR-488). Pappa2 mRNA in the renal cortex of the protected 26-P was 6- to 10-fold greater than in SS fed a 0.4% NaCl diet but was reduced to levels observed in SS when fed 8.0% NaCl diet for 7 days. Compared with brain nuclei (NTS, RVLM, CVLM) and the adrenal gland, Pappa2 in the renal cortex was the only gene found to be differentially expressed between SS and 26-P and that responded to changes of salt diet. Immunohistochemistry studies found Pappa2 localized in the cytosol of the epithelial cells of the cortical thick ascending limbs. In more distal segments of the renal tubules, it was observed within tubular lumens and most notably bound to the apical membranes of the intercalated cells of collecting ducts. We conclude that we have identified a variant form of Pappa2 that can protect against salt-induced hypertension in the Dahl S rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen W Cowley
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
| | - Chun Yang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jozef Lazar
- Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Howard Jacob
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Human and Molecular Genetics Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Aron M Geurts
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Alex Dayton
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Theresa Kurth
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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30
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Costa MA. The endocrine function of human placenta: an overview. Reprod Biomed Online 2015; 32:14-43. [PMID: 26615903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the placenta is one of these critical pregnancy events. This organ plays essential roles during gestation, including fetal nourishment, support and protection, gas exchange and production of several hormones and other mediators. Placental hormones are mainly secreted by the syncytiotrophoblast, in a highly and tightly regulated way. These hormones are important for pregnancy establishment and maintenance, exerting autocrine and paracrine effects that regulate decidualization, placental development, angiogenesis, endometrial receptivity, embryo implantation, immunotolerance and fetal development. In addition, because they are released into maternal circulation, the profile of their blood levels throughout pregnancy has been the target of intense research towards finding potential robust and reliable biomarkers to predict and diagnose pregnancy-associated complications. In fact, altered levels of these hormones have been associated with some pathologies, such as chromosomal anomalies or pre-eclampsia. This review proposes to revise and update the main pregnancy-related hormones, addressing their major characteristics, molecular targets, function throughout pregnancy, regulators of their expression and their potential clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana A Costa
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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31
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Christians JK, Bath AK, Amiri N. Pappa2 deletion alters IGFBPs but has little effect on glucose disposal or adiposity. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:232-239. [PMID: 26164771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, and their actions are modulated by proteases. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an IGFBP-5 protease, pregnancy associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2), on glucose metabolism and susceptibility to diet-induced obesity. DESIGN Postnatal growth, circulating IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-5 levels, and glucose tolerance were measured in Pappa2 deletion mice and littermate controls on a chow diet. Males were subsequently fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to measure weight gain and adiposity, as well as glucose tolerance in response to a metabolic challenge. RESULTS Circulating IGFBP-5 levels were ~2-fold higher in mice with no functional PAPP-A2 than in littermate controls, as expected. In contrast, circulating IGFBP-3 levels were reduced by ~15-fold, and total IGF-I levels were ~60% higher in Pappa2 deletion mice. There was no effect of Pappa2 deletion on fasting blood glucose levels or glucose clearance after intraperitoneal injection of 2g glucose/kg body weight in mice on a chow diet. In males on a high-fat diet, there was no difference between genotypes in weight gain or adiposity, adjusting for differences in initial body weight, or in fasting blood glucose or insulin levels, or in glucose clearance. CONCLUSIONS Despite a dramatic disruption of the balance between circulating IGF-I, IGFBP-3 and -5, we found no effects of Pappa2 deletion on glucose metabolism, weight gain or adiposity on a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Amrit K Bath
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Neilab Amiri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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32
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Su Y, Nishimoto T, Feghali-Bostwick C. IGFBP-5 Promotes Fibrosis Independently of Its Translocation to the Nucleus and Its Interaction with Nucleolin and IGF. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130546. [PMID: 26103640 PMCID: PMC4478026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-5 levels are increased in systemic sclerosis (SSc) skin and lung. We previously reported that IGFBP-5 is a pro-fibrotic factor that induces extracellular matrix (ECM) production and deposition. Since IGFBP-5 contains a nuclear localization signal (NLS) that facilitates its nuclear translocation, we sought to examine the role of nuclear translocation on the fibrotic activity of IGFBP-5 and identify IGFBP-5 binding partners relevant for its nuclear compartmentalization. METHODS We generated functional wild type IGFBP-5 and IGFBP-5 with a mutated NLS or a mutated IGF binding site. Abrogation of nuclear translocation in the NLS mutant was confirmed using immunofluorescence and immunoblotting of nuclear and cytoplasmic cellular extracts. Abrogation of IGF binding was confirmed using western ligand blot. The fibrotic activity of wild type and mutant IGFBP-5 was examined in vitro in primary human fibroblasts and ex vivo in human skin. We identified IGFBP-5 binding partners using immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. We examined the effect of nucleolin on IGFBP-5 localization and function via sequence-specific silencing in primary human fibroblasts. RESULTS Our results show that IGFBP-5-induced ECM production in vitro in primary human fibroblasts is independent of its nuclear translocation. The NLS-mutant also induced fibrosis ex vivo in human skin, thus confirming and extending the in vitro findings. Similar findings were obtained with the IGF-binding mutant. Nucleolin, a nucleolar protein that can serve as a nuclear receptor, was identified as an IGFBP-5 binding partner. Silencing nucleolin reduced IGFBP-5 translocation to the nucleus but did not block the ability of IGFBP-5 to induce ECM production and a fibrotic phenotype. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-5 transport to the nucleus requires an intact NLS and nucleolin. However, nuclear translocation is not necessary for IGFBP-5 fibrotic activity; neither is IGF binding. Our data provide further insights into the role of cellular compartmentalization in IGFBP-5-induced fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Su
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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33
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The role of PAPP-A in the IGF system: location, location, location. J Cell Commun Signal 2015; 9:177-87. [PMID: 25617049 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-015-0259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although discovered as a placental protein present abundantly in the circulation of pregnant women, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is widely expressed in multiple tissues. PAPP-A is a highly specific metalloproteinase binding tightly to glycosaminoglycans present on the surface of cells. By cleaving a subset of insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs), PAPP-A thus functions within tissues as a growth-promoting enzyme, releasing bioactive IGF in close proximity to the IGF receptor. IGFBP-4 is believed to be the principal PAPP-A substrate, and the focus in this review is on PAPP-A enzymatic activity and its role in the PAPP-A-IGFBP-4-IGF axis, which is subject to regulation at several different levels. These include e.g., transcriptional control, competing reactions potentially sequestering IGF from IGFBP-4 and hence antagonizing PAPP-A-mediated IGF activation, and proteolytic inhibition of PAPP-A. The latter may involve the protein stanniocalcin-2 (STC2), recently found to potently inhibit PAPP-A activity by forming a covalent complex with PAPP-A. PAPP-A or complex-bound variants may escape from pathological tissues into the circulation. It is emphasized that the potential use of PAPP-A as a diagnostic or predictive biomarker in nonpregnant individuals requires precise knowledge of analyte identity and assay specificity in addition to an appropriate material for standardization. Finally, PAPP-A may serve as a therapeutic target to indirectly inhibit IGF signaling in tissues where this is driven by increased PAPP-A activity. By taking advantage of the intricate interaction between PAPP-A and IGFBP-4, highly specific and selective inhibition of PAPP-A is possible.
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Munnangi S, Gross SJ, Madankumar R, Salcedo G, Reznik SE. Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A2: a novel biomarker for Down syndrome. Placenta 2014; 35:900-6. [PMID: 25154785 PMCID: PMC4198481 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In an effort to improve prenatal screening for Trisomy 21, we evaluated pregnancy associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2) as a potential novel second trimester biomarker for Trisomy 21. METHODS Trisomy 21 and normal control mid-trimester placental samples were subjected to quantitative rt PCR analysis of seven genes we had previously found to be differentially expressed in Trisomy 21 placentae. The localization and differential expression of PAPP-A2 in second trimester placentae from normal and Trisomy 21 pregnancies was determined by immunohistochemistry. PAPP-A2 maternal serum protein levels in ten Trisomy 21 and ten diploid pregnancies were compared by Western blotting. Maternal serum PAPP-A2 levels were measured in 30 Down syndrome cases and 142 normal controls, using ELISA. Regression analysis was used to determine the correlation of PAPP-A2 with other existing markers of Trisomy 21. RESULTS PAPP-A2 (aka PLAC 3) mRNA and protein expression were both increased in Down syndrome placentae as compared to diploid placentae. PAPP-A2 was also increased in maternal serum from Down syndrome pregnancies as compared to diploid pregnancies. PAPP-A2 expression correlated weakly with established markers. DISCUSSION This work takes advantage of our previously performed systematic approach to the discovery of novel maternal serum biomarkers for Trisomy 21, using cDNA microarray analysis. Beginning with the validation of the microarray results, we have tracked PAPP-A2 overexpression in Down syndrome from placental mRNA to maternal serum protein. CONCLUSION PAPP-A2 could serve as an additional maternal serum marker in prenatal screening for Trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Munnangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | | | - R Madankumar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Glen Cove, NY, USA
| | | | - S E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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Rombouts C, Aerts A, Quintens R, Baselet B, El-Saghire H, Harms-Ringdahl M, Haghdoost S, Janssen A, Michaux A, Yentrapalli R, Benotmane MA, Van Oostveldt P, Baatout S. Transcriptomic profiling suggests a role for IGFBP5 in premature senescence of endothelial cells after chronic low dose rate irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:560-74. [PMID: 24646080 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.905724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ionizing radiation has been recognized to increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, there is no consensus concerning the dose-risk relationship for low radiation doses and a mechanistic understanding of low dose effects is needed. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were exposed to chronic low dose rate radiation (1.4 and 4.1 mGy/h) during one, three and six weeks which resulted in premature senescence in cells exposed to 4.1 mGy/h. To gain more insight into the underlying signaling pathways, we analyzed gene expression changes in these cells using microarray technology. The obtained data were analyzed in a dual approach, combining single gene expression analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. RESULTS An early stress response was observed after one week of exposure to 4.1 mGy/h which was replaced by a more inflammation-related expression profile after three weeks and onwards. This early stress response may trigger the radiation-induced premature senescence previously observed in HUVEC irradiated with 4.1 mGy/h. A dedicated analysis pointed to the involvement of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 (IGFBP5) signaling in radiation-induced premature senescence. CONCLUSION Our findings motivate further research on the shape of the dose-response and the dose rate effect for radiation-induced vascular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rombouts
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, SCK•CEN , Mol , Belgium
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Gatford KL, Heinemann GK, Thompson SD, Zhang JV, Buckberry S, Owens JA, Dekker GA, Roberts CT. Circulating IGF1 and IGF2 and SNP genotypes in men and pregnant and non-pregnant women. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:138-49. [PMID: 25117571 PMCID: PMC4151385 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Circulating IGFs are important regulators of prenatal and postnatal growth, and of metabolism and pregnancy, and change with sex, age and pregnancy. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes coding for these hormones associate with circulating abundance of IGF1 and IGF2 in non-pregnant adults and children, but whether this occurs in pregnancy is unknown. We therefore investigated associations of plasma IGF1 and IGF2 with age and genotype at candidate SNPs previously associated with circulating IGF1, IGF2 or methylation of the INS-IGF2-H19 locus in men (n=134), non-pregnant women (n=74) and women at 15 weeks of gestation (n=98). Plasma IGF1 concentrations decreased with age (P<0.001) and plasma IGF1 and IGF2 concentrations were lower in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women or men (each P<0.001). SNP genotypes in the INS-IGF2-H19 locus were associated with plasma IGF1 (IGF2 rs680, IGF2 rs1004446 and IGF2 rs3741204) and IGF2 (IGF2 rs1004446, IGF2 rs3741204 and H19 rs217727). In single SNP models, effects of IGF2 rs680 were similar between groups, with higher plasma IGF1 concentrations in individuals with the GG genotype when compared with GA (P=0.016), or combined GA and AA genotypes (P=0.003). SNPs in the IGF2 gene associated with IGF1 or IGF2 were in linkage disequilibrium, hence these associations could reflect other genotype variations within this region or be due to changes in INS-IGF2-H19 methylation previously associated with some of these variants. As IGF1 in early pregnancy promotes placental differentiation and function, lower IGF1 concentrations in pregnant women carrying IGF2 rs680 A alleles may affect placental development and/or risk of pregnancy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Gatford
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - G K Heinemann
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S D Thompson
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - J V Zhang
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - S Buckberry
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - J A Owens
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - G A Dekker
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - C T Roberts
- School of Paediatrics and Reproductive HealthRobinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
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A replication study for the association of rs726252 in PAPPA2 with developmental dysplasia of the hip in Chinese Han population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:979520. [PMID: 24672801 PMCID: PMC3930137 DOI: 10.1155/2014/979520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common developmental hip disorder, which ranges from mild acetabulum malformation to irreducible hip dislocation. A previous study suggested a significant association of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPPA2) with DDH susceptibility in Chinese Han population. But with the consideration of the sample size, the association was still debatable. To confirm the association of the reported single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in PAPPA2, rs726252 with DDH, we conducted a case-control study in a larger number of subjects. We genotyped rs726252 in 697 DDH subjects and 707 control subjects by TaqMan assay. The association between this SNP and DDH was evaluated statistically. No significant difference was found in any comparison of genotype distribution nor allele frequency between cases and controls. Our replication study indicated that the association between rs726252 and DDH in Chinese Han population was debatable. The association between PAPPA2 and DDH should be evaluated by additional studies.
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Drake KA, Torgerson DG, Gignoux CR, Galanter JM, Roth LA, Huntsman S, Eng C, Oh SS, Yee SW, Lin L, Bustamante CD, Moreno-Estrada A, Sandoval K, Davis A, Borrell LN, Farber HJ, Kumar R, Avila PC, Brigino-Buenaventura E, Chapela R, Ford JG, Lenoir MA, Lurmann F, Meade K, Serebrisky D, Thyne S, Rodríguez-Cintrón W, Sen S, Rodríguez-Santana JR, Hernandez RD, Giacomini KM, Burchard EG. A genome-wide association study of bronchodilator response in Latinos implicates rare variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:370-8. [PMID: 23992748 PMCID: PMC3938989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The primary rescue medication to treat acute asthma exacerbation is the short-acting β₂-adrenergic receptor agonist; however, there is variation in how well a patient responds to treatment. Although these differences might be due to environmental factors, there is mounting evidence for a genetic contribution to variability in bronchodilator response (BDR). OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variation associated with bronchodilator drug response in Latino children with asthma. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for BDR in 1782 Latino children with asthma using standard linear regression, adjusting for genetic ancestry and ethnicity, and performed replication studies in an additional 531 Latinos. We also performed admixture mapping across the genome by testing for an association between local European, African, and Native American ancestry and BDR, adjusting for genomic ancestry and ethnicity. RESULTS We identified 7 genetic variants associated with BDR at a genome-wide significant threshold (P < 5 × 10(-8)), all of which had frequencies of less than 5%. Furthermore, we observed an excess of small P values driven by rare variants (frequency, <5%) and by variants in the proximity of solute carrier (SLC) genes. Admixture mapping identified 5 significant peaks; fine mapping within these peaks identified 2 rare variants in SLC22A15 as being associated with increased BDR in Mexicans. Quantitative PCR and immunohistochemistry identified SLC22A15 as being expressed in the lung and bronchial epithelial cells. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that rare variation contributes to individual differences in response to albuterol in Latinos, notably in SLC genes that include membrane transport proteins involved in the transport of endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics. Resequencing in larger, multiethnic population samples and additional functional studies are required to further understand the role of rare variation in BDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Drake
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Dara G Torgerson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif.
| | | | - Joshua M Galanter
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Lindsey A Roth
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Sam S Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | | | - Karla Sandoval
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif
| | - Adam Davis
- Children's Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, Calif
| | - Luisa N Borrell
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate Program in Public Health, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, New York
| | - Harold J Farber
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonology, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Children's Memorial Hospital, and the Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | - Pedro C Avila
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Ill
| | | | - Rocio Chapela
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jean G Ford
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Md
| | | | | | - Kelley Meade
- Children's Hospital and Research Center Oakland, Oakland, Calif
| | - Denise Serebrisky
- Pediatric Pulmonary Division, Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, New York
| | - Shannon Thyne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Saunak Sen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | | | - Ryan D Hernandez
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Calif; Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
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Kjaer-Sorensen K, Engholm DH, Jepsen MR, Morch MG, Weyer K, Hefting LL, Skov LL, Laursen LS, Oxvig C. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 modulates development of cranial cartilage and angiogenesis in zebrafish embryos. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:5027-37. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPP-A2, pappalysin-2) is a large metalloproteinase, known to be required for normal postnatal growth and bone development in mice. We here report the detection of zebrafish papp-a2 mRNA in chordamesoderm, notochord, and lower jaw of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, and that papp-a2 knockdown embryos display broadened axial mesoderm, notochord bends, and severely reduced cranial cartilages. Genetic data link these phenotypes to insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (Igfbp-3) and Bmp signaling, and biochemical analysis show specific Igfbp-3 proteolysis by Papp-a2, implicating Papp-a2 in the modulation of Bmp signaling by Igfbp-3 proteolysis. Knockdown of papp-a2 additionally resulted in angiogenesis defects, strikingly similar to previous observations in embryos with mutations in components of the Notch system. Concordantly, we find that Notch signaling is modulated by Papp-a2 in vivo, and, furthermore, that PAPP-A2 is capable of modulating Notch signaling independently of its proteolytic activity in cell culture. Based on these results, we conclude that Papp-a2 modulates Bmp and Notch signaling by independent mechanisms in zebrafish embryos. In conclusion, these data link pappalysin function in zebrafish to two different signaling pathways outside the IGF system.
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Crosley EJ, Durland U, Seethram K, MacRae S, Gruslin A, Christians JK. First-trimester levels of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) in the maternal circulation are elevated in pregnancies that subsequently develop preeclampsia. Reprod Sci 2013; 21:754-60. [PMID: 24336677 DOI: 10.1177/1933719113512532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have consistently found pregnancy-associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) to be upregulated in preeclamptic placentae at term. We tested whether first-trimester circulating PAPP-A2 levels differed between complicated and uncomplicated pregnancies. We measured maternal PAPP-A2 levels at 10 to 14 weeks of gestational age in 17 pregnancies resulting in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, 6 which developed preeclampsia (PE), 1 which developed PE and resulted in an SGA infant, and 37 gestational age-matched controls. The concentration of the PAPP-A2 isoform corresponding to the full-length protein was significantly higher in pregnancies that developed PE (35 ng/mL) compared with those that did not (23 ng/mL; P < .044). In contrast, we found no difference in PAPP-A2 levels between pregnancies that did or did not result in an SGA infant. The upregulation of PAPP-A2 that has previously been observed in PE at term appears to begin early in pregnancy, well before the symptoms develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin J Crosley
- 1Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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Segond N, Degrelle SA, Berndt S, Clouqueur E, Rouault C, Saubamea B, Dessen P, Fong KSK, Csiszar K, Badet J, Evain-Brion D, Fournier T. Transcriptome analysis of PPARγ target genes reveals the involvement of lysyl oxidase in human placental cytotrophoblast invasion. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79413. [PMID: 24265769 PMCID: PMC3827157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human placental development is characterized by invasion of extravillous cytotrophoblasts (EVCTs) into the uterine wall during the first trimester of pregnancy. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) plays a major role in placental development, and activation of PPARγ by its agonists results in inhibition of EVCT invasion in vitro. To identify PPARγ target genes, microarray analysis was performed using GeneChip technology on EVCT primary cultures obtained from first-trimester human placentas. Gene expression was compared in EVCTs treated with the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone versus control. A total of 139 differentially regulated genes were identified, and changes in the expression of the following 8 genes were confirmed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction: a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain12 (ADAM12), connexin 43 (CX43), deleted in liver cancer 1 (DLC1), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1), lysyl oxidase (LOX), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and PPARγ. Among the upregulated genes, lysyl oxidase (LOX) was further analyzed. In the LOX family, only LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 mRNA expression was significantly upregulated in rosiglitazone-treated EVCTs. RNA and protein expression of the subfamily members LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 were analyzed by absolute RT-qPCR and western blotting, and localized by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence-confocal microscopy. LOX protein was immunodetected in the EVCT cytoplasm, while LOXL1 was found in the nucleus and nucleolus. No signal was detected for LOXL2 protein. Specific inhibition of LOX activity by β-aminopropionitrile in cell invasion assays led to an increase in EVCT invasiveness. These results suggest that LOX, LOXL1 and LOXL2 are downstream PPARγ targets and that LOX activity is a negative regulator of trophoblastic cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Segond
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Séverine A. Degrelle
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Berndt
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Elodie Clouqueur
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Christine Rouault
- INSERM, UMR 872, Equipe 7, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Saubamea
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM, U705, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 8206, Paris, France
| | | | - Keith S. K. Fong
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Josette Badet
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Danièle Evain-Brion
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Fournier
- INSERM, UMR-S767, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- PremUP Foundation, Paris, France
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Suzuki A, Mimaki S, Yamane Y, Kawase A, Matsushima K, Suzuki M, Goto K, Sugano S, Esumi H, Suzuki Y, Tsuchihara K. Identification and characterization of cancer mutations in Japanese lung adenocarcinoma without sequencing of normal tissue counterparts. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73484. [PMID: 24069199 PMCID: PMC3772023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We analyzed whole-exome sequencing data from 97 Japanese lung adenocarcinoma patients and identified several putative cancer-related genes and pathways. Particularly, we observed that cancer-related mutation patterns were significantly different between different ethnic groups. As previously reported, mutations in the EGFR gene were characteristic to Japanese, while those in the KRAS gene were more frequent in Caucasians. Furthermore, during the course of this analysis, we found that cancer-specific somatic mutations can be detected without sequencing normal tissue counterparts. 64% of the germline variants could be excluded using a total of 217 external Japanese exome datasets. We also show that a similar approach may be used for other three ethnic groups, although the discriminative power depends on the ethnic group. We demonstrate that the ATM gene and the PAPPA2 gene could be identified as cancer prognosis related genes. By bypassing the sequencing of normal tissue counterparts, this approach provides a useful means of not only reducing the time and cost of sequencing but also analyzing archive samples, for which normal tissue counterparts are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Mimaki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamane
- Thoracic Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akikazu Kawase
- Thoracic Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutatsu Matsushima
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Makito Suzuki
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koichi Goto
- Thoracic Oncology Division, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Sumio Sugano
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Department of Medical Genome Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Research, Research Center for Innovative Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital East, Chiba, Japan
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Lovati E, Beneventi F, Simonetta M, Laneri M, Quarleri L, Scudeller L, Albonico G, Locatelli E, Cavagnoli C, Tinelli C, Spinillo A, Corazza GR. Gestational diabetes mellitus: including serum pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A testing in the clinical management of primiparous women? A case-control study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 100:340-7. [PMID: 23642968 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To assess pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) correlation with GDM and its usefulness in predicting GDM in primiparous women. METHODS First trimester data related to 307 pregnant women affected by GDM and 366 control pregnant women were retrieved from a computer data base and integrated with ad hoc data. Clinical data were recorded at delivery. A logistic model was used to analyze the association between first trimester data and subsequent clinical outcomes. We derived a risk score using both classical risk factors for GDM and PAPP-A. RESULTS Diabetic and control women were significantly different in terms of age (p<0.001), BMI (p<0.001), weight (p<0.001), family history of diabetes (p<0.001), PAPP-A concentration and PAPP-A corrected multiple of the median (MoM) (p<0.001). The ROC-AUC of the clinical risk score was 0.60 (95%CI 0.56-0.64), the adjusted score including PAPP-A MoM was 0.70 (95%CI 0.66-0.74). CONCLUSIONS Low PAPP-A was strongly associated with GDM and lower values were found in diabetic women needing insulin therapy. Adding PAPP-A to first trimester screening could improve the prediction of women at high risk who will develop GDM. Further studies are needed to validate the applicability of our findings in different populations and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lovati
- First Department of Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Whitehead CL, Walker SP, Ye L, Mendis S, Kaitu'u-Lino TJ, Lappas M, Tong S. Placental specific mRNA in the maternal circulation are globally dysregulated in pregnancies complicated by fetal growth restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013; 98:E429-36. [PMID: 23337725 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2012-2468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a leading cause of perinatal mortality, yet no reliable screening test exists. Placental specific mRNA in the maternal circulation may reflect changes in the placental transcriptome in FGR and could be a novel biomarker for FGR. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify placental specific RNA detectable in the maternal circulation and examine whether they are differentially expressed in severe preterm FGR. DESIGN In silico screening was used to identify placental specific RNAs. Their expression in cases of severe FGR vs controls was examined in both maternal blood and placenta by microarray, RT-PCR, and in situ hybridization. RESULTS Via in silico analysis, we identified 137 genes very highly expressed in the placenta relative to other tissues. Using microarray, we found that they were detectable in the maternal blood and were globally dysregulated with preterm FGR; 75 genes (55%) had a ≥1.5-fold differential expression compared to controls. Eight genes (ERVWE-1, PSG1, PLAC4, TAC3, PLAC3, CRH, CSH1, and KISS1) were validated by RT-PCR to be significantly increased in both maternal blood and placenta in a larger cohort of severe FGR compared to controls. In situ hybridization confirmed PAPPA2 and ERVWE-1 localized to the syncytiotrophoblast. CONCLUSION There is global differential expression of placental specific mRNA in the maternal blood in pregnancies complicated by severe preterm FGR. Placental specific mRNA in maternal blood may represent a new class of biomarkers for preterm FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Whitehead
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Mercy Hospital for Women, 163 Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084, Victoria, Australia
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Christians JK, de Zwaan DR, Fung SHY. Pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) affects bone size and shape and contributes to natural variation in postnatal growth in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56260. [PMID: 23457539 PMCID: PMC3574143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy associated plasma protein A2 (PAPP-A2) is a protease of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 and is receiving increasing attention for its roles in pregnancy and postnatal growth. The goals of the present study were to characterize the effects of PAPP-A2 deletion on bone size and shape in mice at 10 weeks of age, and to determine whether Pappa2 is the gene responsible for a previously-identified quantitative trait locus (QTL) contributing to natural variation in postnatal growth in mice. Mice homozygous for constitutive PAPP-A2 deletion were lighter than wild-type littermates, and had smaller mandible dimensions and shorter skull, humerus, femur, tibia, pelvic girdle, and tail bone. Furthermore, PAPP-A2 deletion reduced mandible dimensions and the lengths of the skull, femur, pelvic girdle, and tail bone more than would be expected due to the effect on body mass. In addition to its effects on bone size, PAPP-A2 deficiency also altered the shape of the mandible and pelvic girdle, as assessed by geometric morphometrics. Mice homozygous for the PAPP-A2 deletion had less deep mandibles, and pelvic girdles with a more feminine shape. Using a quantitative complementation test, we confirmed that Pappa2 is responsible for the effects of the previously-identified QTL, demonstrating that natural variation in the Pappa2 gene contributes to variation in postnatal growth in mice. If similar functional variation in the Pappa2 gene exists in other species, effects of this variation on the shape of the pelvic girdle might explain the previously-reported associations between Pappa2 SNPs and developmental dysplasia of the hip in humans, and birthing in cattle.
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Frystyk J. Quantification of the GH/IGF-axis components: lessons from human studies. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2012; 43:186-97. [PMID: 22153974 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Originally, the circulating bioactivity of IGF-I was estimated by bioassays measuring the ability of serum to stimulate uptake of labeled sulfate or thymidine in cultures of costal cartilage or by the ability of serum to stimulate the uptake of glucose in fat tissue cultures. However, because of their laborious and unspecific nature, the original bioassays were quickly abandoned with the development of the first RIA for IGF-I in 1977. Consequently, for the past three decades the endogenous IGF-I bioactivity has been almost exclusively estimated by the use of immunoassays. Beyond any doubt, the immunoassays have provided an extensive insight into IGF-I physiology and pathophysiology. However, immunoassays ignore the presence of the IGFBPs, which are important regulators of IGF-I action in vivo. In addition, immunoassays do not consider the presence of IGF-II, which also interacts with the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR). This aroused our interest to reintroduce the bioassay; therefore, we established a cell-based kinase receptor activation (KIRA) assay based on cells transfected with the human IGF-IR. The output signal of the KIRA assay is IGF-IR phosphorylation, and, as such, it is highly specific. Further, because detection of phosphorylated IGF-IRs is based on modern immunoassay techniques, the overall performance of the assay is close to that of a traditional IGF-I immunoassay. The first part of this review comprises a short description of the bioassay, and a more in-depth presentation of the data that have been obtained so far. It will be demonstrated that the bioassay is indeed able to yield novel information on the IGF system, most likely because it is able to integrate the different components of the IGF system into one signal: IGF-IR activation. As IGF-I, circulating GH is bound to larger proteins, the far most important GH-binding protein (GHBP) is identical to the extracellular domain of the GH receptor (GHR). Because of its origin, GHBP binds GH with the same affinity as GHR and, consequently, GHBP may affect GH bioactivity as well as pharmacokinetics. To improve our knowledge on the complex interaction between GH and GHBP in vivo, we found it of interest to develop a method for determination of free GH. To this end, we developed an ultrafiltration assay that enabled isolation of free GH in undiluted serum during approached in vivo-like conditions. The last part of this review presents our current data on free GH and its interaction with GHBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratories, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University and Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Nørrebrogade 44, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Conover CA. Key questions and answers about pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2012; 23:242-9. [PMID: 22463950 PMCID: PMC3348390 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-five years after it was identified as a circulating protein of unknown function derived from the placenta, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) was discovered to be a novel zinc metalloproteinase expressed by a variety of cell types. Great progress has been made in understanding the biology of PAPP-A and its regulation during recent years, especially in regard to physiological and pathophysiological inflammatory injury responses. However, much remains to be learned about this complex protein and its potential clinical implications outside pregnancy. In this article we address some of the outstanding questions about PAPP-A, in particular about its newly emerging role in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Engagement of β-arrestin by transactivated insulin-like growth factor receptor is needed for V2 vasopressin receptor-stimulated ERK1/2 activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1028-37. [PMID: 22493236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112422109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been shown to activate the mitogen-activated protein kinases, ERK1/2, through both G protein-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Here, we describe a G protein-independent mechanism that unravels an unanticipated role for β-arrestins. Stimulation of the V2 vasopressin receptor (V2R) in cultured cells or in vivo in rat kidney medullar collecting ducts led to the activation of ERK1/2 through the metalloproteinase-mediated shedding of a factor activating the insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR). This process was found to be both Src- and β-arrestin-dependent. Whereas Src was found to act upstream of the metalloproteinase activation and be required for the release of the IGFR-activating factor, β-arrestins were found to act downstream of the IGFR transactivation. Unexpectedly, the engagement of β-arrestins by the IGFR but not by the V2R was needed to promote the vasopressin-stimulated ERK1/2 activation, indicating that a pool of β-arrestins distinct from those β-arrestins recruited to the V2R acts downstream of the receptor tyrosine kinase to activate ERK1/2. Such a dual site of action for β-arrestins helps explain the pleiotropic actions of this scaffolding protein. Given the role that V2R-stimulated ERK1/2 plays in kidney cell proliferation, this transactivation mechanism may have important implications for renal pathophysiology. Still, the role of β-arrestins downstream of a transactivation event is not limited to the V2R, because we observed a similar involvement for an unrelated GPCR (the platelet-activating factor receptor), indicating that it may be a general mechanism shared among GPCRs.
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Jia J, Li L, Zhao Q, Zhang L, Ru J, Liu X, Li Q, Shi L. Association of a single nucleotide polymorphism in pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 with developmental dysplasia of the hip: a case-control study. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2012; 20:60-3. [PMID: 22037112 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 08/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), previously known as congenital hip dislocation, is a frequently disabling condition characterized by premature arthritis in later life. Genetic influence on DDH has been long known, but is still poorly understood. Previously, we have performed a genome-wide linkage scan with Affymetrix 10K genechip for a four-generation Chinese family, which included 19 healthy members and five patients with DDH. Parametric and nonparametric multipoint linkage analyses were carried out with Genespring GT v.2.0 software, and the logarithm of odds (LOD) score and nonparametric linkage (NPL) score were calculated. For parametric linkage analysis, an assuming autosomal recessive trait was used with full penetrance, and Affymetrix "Asian" allele frequencies. The NPL score of 2.698 (P=0.0156) and LOD score of 2.119 (θ=0) were obtained on chromosome 1q25.2a for one marker (rs726252). The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs726252 locates in the region of fifth intron of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 (PAPPA2). Although neither LOD nor NPL scores of rs726252 has exceeded 3.0, several researches have demonstrated that PAPPA2 have important consequences for the development of the fetus and normal postnatal growth. To further evaluate this possible association, in the present study, we examined the genetic association of rs726252 in PAPPA2 gene with sporadic DDH in Han Chinese population using case-control study, including 310 patients with sporadic DDH and 487 control subjects, and found a significant association between PAPPA2 and DDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Jia
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, China
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Paiva P, Whitehead C, Saglam B, Palmer K, Tong S. Measurement of mRNA transcripts of very high placental expression in maternal blood as biomarkers of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96:E1807-15. [PMID: 21865357 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT mRNA of placental origin in maternal blood shows potential as a clinical biomarker of obstetric diseases such as preeclampsia (PE). We hypothesized that mRNA transcripts very highly expressed in the placenta relative to other tissues will be differentially expressed in PE and be useful as mRNA biomarkers in maternal blood. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to identify a panel of genes highly expressed in the placenta and compare their expression in placenta and maternal whole blood from PE vs. control pregnancies. SETTING Placental tissue and maternal whole blood specimens were obtained from normotensive controls (n = 15) and pregnancies complicated by severe preterm PE (n = 21). INTERVENTION mRNA expression was evaluated by quantitative real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS We identified 20 genes exhibiting highest to fourth highest expression in the placenta relative to all other tissues. All genes were detectable in placenta. Nine of the 20 genes were detectable in maternal whole blood. Four of the nine genes detectable in blood (i.e. PLAC3, PLAC4, CRH, and ERVWE1) were significantly increased in both maternal blood and placenta from PE pregnancies. The remaining five genes detectable in maternal blood were unchanged in both blood and placenta from PE pregnancies. Thus, there was complete correlation of gene expression between maternal blood and placenta. CONCLUSIONS Circulating mRNA coding genes of high placental expression show strong correlation with transcript levels in preeclamptic placenta. Such transcripts may be promising candidates to screen as mRNA biomarkers of PE in maternal whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila Paiva
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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