1
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Meka DP, Richter M, Rücker T, Voss H, Rissiek A, Krisp C, Kumar NH, Schwanke B, Fornasiero EF, Schlüter H, Calderon de Anda F. Protocol for differential multi-omic analyses of distinct cell types in the mouse cerebral cortex. STAR Protoc 2024; 5:102793. [PMID: 38157295 PMCID: PMC10792265 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol for differential multi-omic analyses of distinct cell types in the developing mouse cerebral cortex. We describe steps for in utero electroporation, subsequent flow-cytometry-based isolation of developing mouse cortical cells, bulk RNA sequencing or quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and bioinformatic analyses. This protocol can be applied to compare the proteomes and transcriptomes of developing mouse cortical cell populations after various manipulations (e.g., epigenetic). For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Meka et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Praveen Meka
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Richter
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tabitha Rücker
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hannah Voss
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, Campus Forschung, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rissiek
- Cytometry und Cell Sorting Core Unit, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Krisp
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, Campus Forschung, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nisha Hemandhar Kumar
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schwanke
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eugenio F Fornasiero
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Hartmut Schlüter
- Diagnostic Center, Section Mass Spectrometric Proteomics Group, Campus Forschung, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Froylan Calderon de Anda
- RG Neuronal Development, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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2
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Li MY, Yang XL, Chung CC, Lai YJ, Tsai JC, Kuo YL, Yu JY, Wang TW. TRIP6 promotes neural stem cell maintenance through YAP-mediated Sonic Hedgehog activation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23501. [PMID: 38411462 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301805rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
In the adult mammalian brain, new neurons are continuously generated from neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ)-olfactory bulb (OB) pathway. YAP, a transcriptional co-activator of the Hippo pathway, promotes cell proliferation and inhibits differentiation in embryonic neural progenitors. However, the role of YAP in postnatal NSCs remains unclear. Here, we showed that YAP was present in NSCs of the postnatal mouse SVZ. Forced expression of Yap promoted NSC maintenance and inhibited differentiation, whereas depletion of Yap by RNA interference or conditional knockout led to the decline of NSC maintenance, premature neuronal differentiation, and collapse of neurogenesis. For the molecular mechanism, thyroid hormone receptor-interacting protein 6 (TRIP6) recruited protein phosphatase PP1A to dephosphorylate LATS1/2, therefore inducing YAP nuclear localization and activation. Moreover, TRIP6 promoted NSC maintenance, cell proliferation, and inhibited differentiation through YAP. In addition, YAP regulated the expression of the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway effector Gli2 and Gli1/2 mediated the effect of YAP on NSC maintenance. Together, our findings demonstrate a novel TRIP6-YAP-SHH axis, which is critical for regulating postnatal neurogenesis in the SVZ-OB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yang Li
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Xiu-Li Yang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Chung
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lin Kuo
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Yah Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Wei Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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3
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Zhu B, Fisher E, Li L, Zhong P, Yan Z, Feng J. PTBP2 attenuation facilitates fibroblast to neuron conversion by promoting alternative splicing of neuronal genes. Stem Cell Reports 2023; 18:2268-2282. [PMID: 37832540 PMCID: PMC10679656 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2023.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The direct conversion of human skin fibroblasts to neurons has a low efficiency and unclear mechanism. Here, we show that the knockdown of PTBP2 significantly enhanced the transdifferentiation induced by ASCL1, MIR9/9∗-124, and p53 shRNA (AMp) to generate mostly GABAergic neurons. Longitudinal RNA sequencing analyses identified the continuous induction of many RNA splicing regulators. Among these, the knockdown of RBFOX3 (NeuN), significantly abrogated the transdifferentiation. Overexpression of RBFOX3 significantly enhanced the conversion induced by AMp; the enhancement was occluded by PTBP2 knockdown. We found that PTBP2 attenuation significantly favored neuron-specific alternative splicing (AS) of many genes involved in synaptic transmission, signal transduction, and axon formation. RBFOX3 knockdown significantly reversed the effect, while RBFOX3 overexpression occluded the enhancement. The study reveals the critical role of neuron-specific AS in the direct conversion of human skin fibroblasts to neurons by showing that PTBP2 attenuation enhances this mechanism in concert with RBFOX3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binglin Zhu
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Emily Fisher
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Ping Zhong
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA.
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4
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Hibdon ES, Keeley TM, Merchant JL, Samuelson LC. The bHLH transcription factor ASCL1 promotes differentiation of endocrine cells in the stomach and is regulated by Notch signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G458-G470. [PMID: 37698169 PMCID: PMC10887855 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00043.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling regulates gastrointestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation yet Notch-regulated transcriptional effectors of gastric epithelial cell differentiation are poorly understood. Here we tested the role of the bHLH transcription factor Achaete-Scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) in gastric epithelial cell differentiation, and its regulation by Notch. Newborn Ascl1 null mice showed a loss of expression of markers of neurogenin-3-dependent enteroendocrine cells, with normal expression of enterochromaffin-like cells, mucous cells, chief cells, and parietal cells. In adult mice, Ascl1 gene expression was observed in the stomach, but not the intestine, with higher expression in antral than corpus epithelium. Lineage tracing in Ascl1-CreERT2; Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato mice revealed single, scattered ASCL1+ cells in the gastric epithelium, demonstrating expression in antral gastrin- and serotonin-producing endocrine cells. ASCL1-expressing endocrine cells persisted for several weeks posttamoxifen labeling with a half-life of approximately 2 months. Lineage tracing in Gastrin-CreERT2 mice demonstrated a similar lifespan for gastrin-producing cells, confirming that gastric endocrine cells are long-lived. Finally, treatment of Ascl1-CreERT2; Rosa26-LSL-tdTomato mice with the pan-Notch inhibitor dibenzazepine increased the number of lineage-labeled cells in the gastric antrum, suggesting that Notch signaling normally inhibits Ascl1 expression. Notch regulation of Ascl1 was also demonstrated in a genetic mouse model of Notch activation, as well as Notch-manipulated antral organoid cultures, thus suggesting that ASCL1 is a key downstream Notch pathway effector promoting endocrine cell differentiation in the gastric epithelium.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although Notch signaling is known to regulate cellular differentiation in the stomach, downstream effectors are poorly described. Here we demonstrate that the bHLH transcription factor ASCL1 is expressed in endocrine cells in the stomach and is required for formation of neurogenin-3-dependent enteroendocrine cells but not enterochromaffin-like cells. We also demonstrate that Ascl1 expression is inhibited by Notch signaling, suggesting that ASCL1 is a Notch-regulated transcriptional effector directing enteroendocrine cell fate in the mouse stomach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise S Hibdon
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Theresa M Keeley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Juanita L Merchant
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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5
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Sekine K, Onoguchi M, Hamada M. Transposons contribute to the acquisition of cell type-specific cis-elements in the brain. Commun Biol 2023; 6:631. [PMID: 37301950 PMCID: PMC10257727 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian brains have evolved in stages over a long history to acquire higher functions. Recently, several transposable element (TE) families have been shown to evolve into cis-regulatory elements of brain-specific genes. However, it is not fully understood how TEs are important for gene regulatory networks. Here, we performed a single-cell level analysis using public data of scATAC-seq to discover TE-derived cis-elements that are important for specific cell types. Our results suggest that DNA elements derived from TEs, MER130 and MamRep434, can function as transcription factor-binding sites based on their internal motifs for Neurod2 and Lhx2, respectively, especially in glutamatergic neuronal progenitors. Furthermore, MER130- and MamRep434-derived cis-elements were amplified in the ancestors of Amniota and Eutheria, respectively. These results suggest that the acquisition of cis-elements with TEs occurred in different stages during evolution and may contribute to the acquisition of different functions or morphologies in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sekine
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onoguchi
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Michiaki Hamada
- Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Computational Bio Big-Data Open Innovation Laboratory (CBBD-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Lee DG, Kim YK, Baek KH. The bHLH Transcription Factors in Neural Development and Therapeutic Applications for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213936. [PMID: 36430421 PMCID: PMC9696289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of functional neural circuits in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the production of sufficient numbers of various types of neurons and glial cells, such as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, at the appropriate periods and regions. Hence, severe neuronal loss of the circuits can cause neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's disease (HD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Treatment of such neurodegenerative diseases caused by neuronal loss includes some strategies of cell therapy employing stem cells (such as neural progenitor cells (NPCs)) and gene therapy through cell fate conversion. In this report, we review how bHLH acts as a regulator in neuronal differentiation, reprogramming, and cell fate determination. Moreover, several different researchers are conducting studies to determine the importance of bHLH factors to direct neuronal and glial cell fate specification and differentiation. Therefore, we also investigated the limitations and future directions of conversion or transdifferentiation using bHLH factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gi Lee
- Joint Section of Science in Environmental Technology, Food Technology, and Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent University, Incheon 21569, Korea
| | - Young-Kwang Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA Stem Cell Institute, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-881-7134
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7
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Hersbach BA, Fischer DS, Masserdotti G, Deeksha, Mojžišová K, Waltzhöni T, Rodriguez-Terrones D, Heinig M, Theis FJ, Götz M, Stricker SH. Probing cell identity hierarchies by fate titration and collision during direct reprogramming. Mol Syst Biol 2022; 18:e11129. [PMID: 36106915 PMCID: PMC9476893 DOI: 10.15252/msb.202211129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the therapeutic promise of direct reprogramming, basic principles concerning fate erasure and the mechanisms to resolve cell identity conflicts remain unclear. To tackle these fundamental questions, we established a single‐cell protocol for the simultaneous analysis of multiple cell fate conversion events based on combinatorial and traceable reprogramming factor expression: Collide‐seq. Collide‐seq revealed the lack of a common mechanism through which fibroblast‐specific gene expression loss is initiated. Moreover, we found that the transcriptome of converting cells abruptly changes when a critical level of each reprogramming factor is attained, with higher or lower levels not contributing to major changes. By simultaneously inducing multiple competing reprogramming factors, we also found a deterministic system, in which titration of fates against each other yields dominant or colliding fates. By investigating one collision in detail, we show that reprogramming factors can disturb cell identity programs independent of their ability to bind their target genes. Taken together, Collide‐seq has shed light on several fundamental principles of fate conversion that may aid in improving current reprogramming paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob A Hersbach
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Biocenter, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - David S Fischer
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Giacomo Masserdotti
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Deeksha
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Karolina Mojžišová
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Waltzhöni
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Core Facility Genomics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Diego Rodriguez-Terrones
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Matthias Heinig
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,German Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan H Stricker
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Oberschleißheim, Germany.,Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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8
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Aydin B, Sierk M, Moreno-Estelles M, Tejavibulya L, Kumar N, Flames N, Mahony S, Mazzoni EO. Foxa2 and Pet1 Direct and Indirect Synergy Drive Serotonergic Neuronal Differentiation. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:903881. [PMID: 35801179 PMCID: PMC9254625 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.903881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal programming by forced expression of transcription factors (TFs) holds promise for clinical applications of regenerative medicine. However, the mechanisms by which TFs coordinate their activities on the genome and control distinct neuronal fates remain obscure. Using direct neuronal programming of embryonic stem cells, we dissected the contribution of a series of TFs to specific neuronal regulatory programs. We deconstructed the Ascl1-Lmx1b-Foxa2-Pet1 TF combination that has been shown to generate serotonergic neurons and found that stepwise addition of TFs to Ascl1 canalizes the neuronal fate into a diffuse monoaminergic fate. The addition of pioneer factor Foxa2 represses Phox2b to induce serotonergic fate, similar to in vivo regulatory networks. Foxa2 and Pet1 appear to act synergistically to upregulate serotonergic fate. Foxa2 and Pet1 co-bind to a small fraction of genomic regions but mostly bind to different regulatory sites. In contrast to the combinatorial binding activities of other programming TFs, Pet1 does not strictly follow the Foxa2 pioneer. These findings highlight the challenges in formulating generalizable rules for describing the behavior of TF combinations that program distinct neuronal subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Aydin
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Michael Sierk
- Interdisciplinary Sciences Department, Saint Vincent College, Latrobe, PA, United States
| | - Mireia Moreno-Estelles
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IIBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Link Tejavibulya
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Nikathan Kumar
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Nuria Flames
- Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia IIBV-CSIC, Valencia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Nuria Flames,
| | - Shaun Mahony
- Center for Eukaryotic Gene Regulation, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Shaun Mahony,
| | - Esteban O. Mazzoni
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York City, NY, United States
- Esteban O. Mazzoni,
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9
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Soares DS, Homem CC, Castro DS. Function of Proneural Genes Ascl1 and Asense in Neurogenesis: How Similar Are They? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:838431. [PMID: 35252201 PMCID: PMC8894194 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.838431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proneural genes were initially identified in Drosophila, where pioneer work on these important regulators of neural development was performed, and from which the term proneural function was coined. Subsequently, their counterparts in vertebrates were identified, and their function in neural development extensively characterized. The function of proneural transcription factors in flies and vertebrates is, however, very distinct. In flies, proneural genes play an early role in neural induction, by endowing neural competence to ectodermal cells. In contrast, vertebrate proneural genes are expressed only after neural specification, in neural stem and progenitor cells, where they play key regulatory functions in quiescence, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation. An exception to this scenario is the Drosophila proneural gene asense, which has a late onset of expression in neural stem cells of the developing embryo and larvae, similar to its vertebrate counterparts. Although the role of Asense remains poorly investigated, its expression pattern is suggestive of functions more in line with those of vertebrate proneural genes. Here, we revise our current understanding of the multiple activities of Asense and of its closest vertebrate homologue Ascl1 in neural stem/progenitor cell biology, and discuss possible parallels between the two transcription factors in neurogenesis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo S. Soares
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Catarina C.F. Homem
- CEDOC, Nova Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina C.F. Homem, ; Diogo S. Castro,
| | - Diogo S. Castro
- i3S Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, IBMC Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Catarina C.F. Homem, ; Diogo S. Castro,
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10
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Zhang H, Zhuang P, Welchko RM, Dai M, Meng F, Turner DL. Regulation of retinal amacrine cell generation by miR-216b and Foxn3. Development 2022; 149:273765. [PMID: 34919141 PMCID: PMC8917416 DOI: 10.1242/dev.199484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian retina contains a complex mixture of different types of neurons. We find that microRNA miR-216b is preferentially expressed in postmitotic retinal amacrine cells in the mouse retina, and expression of miR-216a/b and miR-217 in retina depend in part on Ptf1a, a transcription factor required for amacrine cell differentiation. Surprisingly, ectopic expression of miR-216b directed the formation of additional amacrine cells and reduced bipolar neurons in the developing retina. We identify the Foxn3 mRNA as a retinal target of miR-216b by Argonaute PAR-CLIP and reporter analysis. Inhibition of Foxn3, a transcription factor, in the postnatal developing retina by RNAi increased the formation of amacrine cells and reduced bipolar cell formation. Foxn3 disruption by CRISPR in embryonic retinal explants also increased amacrine cell formation, whereas Foxn3 overexpression inhibited amacrine cell formation prior to Ptf1a expression. Co-expression of Foxn3 partially reversed the effects of ectopic miR-216b on retinal cell formation. Our results identify Foxn3 as a novel regulator of interneuron formation in the developing retina and suggest that miR-216b likely regulates Foxn3 and other genes in amacrine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqing Zhang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Pei Zhuang
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Ryan M. Welchko
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Manhong Dai
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA
| | - Fan Meng
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David L. Turner
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Author for correspondence ()
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11
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Hulme AJ, Maksour S, St-Clair Glover M, Miellet S, Dottori M. Making neurons, made easy: The use of Neurogenin-2 in neuronal differentiation. Stem Cell Reports 2021; 17:14-34. [PMID: 34971564 PMCID: PMC8758946 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed neuronal differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), neural progenitors, or fibroblasts using transcription factors has allowed for the rapid and highly reproducible differentiation of mature and functional neurons. Exogenous expression of the transcription factor Neurogenin-2 (NGN2) has been widely used to generate different populations of neurons, which have been used in neurodevelopment studies, disease modeling, drug screening, and neuronal replacement therapies. Could NGN2 be a “one-glove-fits-all” approach for neuronal differentiations? This review summarizes the cellular roles of NGN2 and describes the applications and limitations of using NGN2 for the rapid and directed differentiation of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Hulme
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon Maksour
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mitchell St-Clair Glover
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sara Miellet
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Mirella Dottori
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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12
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Torres-Machorro AL. Homodimeric and Heterodimeric Interactions among Vertebrate Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12855. [PMID: 34884664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor (bHLH TF) family is involved in tissue development, cell differentiation, and disease. These factors have transcriptionally positive, negative, and inactive functions by combining dimeric interactions among family members. The best known bHLH TFs are the E-protein homodimers and heterodimers with the tissue-specific TFs or ID proteins. These cooperative and dynamic interactions result in a complex transcriptional network that helps define the cell’s fate. Here, the reported dimeric interactions of 67 vertebrate bHLH TFs with other family members are summarized in tables, including specifications of the experimental techniques that defined the dimers. The compilation of these extensive data underscores homodimers of tissue-specific bHLH TFs as a central part of the bHLH regulatory network, with relevant positive and negative transcriptional regulatory roles. Furthermore, some sequence-specific TFs can also form transcriptionally inactive heterodimers with each other. The function, classification, and developmental role for all vertebrate bHLH TFs in four major classes are detailed.
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13
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Scott K, O'Rourke R, Winkler CC, Kearns CA, Appel B. Temporal single-cell transcriptomes of zebrafish spinal cord pMN progenitors reveal distinct neuronal and glial progenitor populations. Dev Biol 2021; 479:37-50. [PMID: 34303700 PMCID: PMC8410680 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ventral spinal cord progenitor cells, which express the basic helix loop helix transcription factor Olig2, sequentially produce motor neurons and oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Following specification some OPCs differentiate as myelinating oligodendrocytes while others persist as OPCs. Though a considerable amount of work has described the molecular profiles that define motor neurons, OPCs, and oligodendrocytes, less is known about the progenitors that produce them. To identify the developmental origins and transcriptional profiles of motor neurons and OPCs, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on isolated pMN cells from embryonic zebrafish trunk tissue at stages that encompassed motor neurogenesis, OPC specification, and initiation of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Downstream analyses revealed two distinct pMN progenitor populations: one that appears to produce neurons and one that appears to produce OPCs. This latter population, called Pre-OPCs, is marked by expression of GS Homeobox 2 (gsx2), a gene that encodes a homeobox transcription factor. Using fluorescent in situ hybridizations, we identified gsx2-expressing Pre-OPCs in the spinal cord prior to expression of canonical OPC marker genes. Our data therefore reveal heterogeneous gene expression profiles among pMN progenitors, supporting prior fate mapping evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayt Scott
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Colorado, 80045, USA; Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development Training Program, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Rebecca O'Rourke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Caitlin C Winkler
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Colorado, 80045, USA; RNA Bioscience Initiative and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Christina A Kearns
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Colorado, 80045, USA
| | - Bruce Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Developmental Biology, Colorado, 80045, USA; Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Deryckere A, Styfhals R, Elagoz AM, Maes GE, Seuntjens E. Identification of neural progenitor cells and their progeny reveals long distance migration in the developing octopus brain. eLife 2021; 10:e69161. [PMID: 34425939 PMCID: PMC8384421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalopods have evolved nervous systems that parallel the complexity of mammalian brains in terms of neuronal numbers and richness in behavioral output. How the cephalopod brain develops has only been described at the morphological level, and it remains unclear where the progenitor cells are located and what molecular factors drive neurogenesis. Using histological techniques, we located dividing cells, neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons in Octopus vulgaris embryos. Our results indicate that an important pool of progenitors, expressing the conserved bHLH transcription factors achaete-scute or neurogenin, is located outside the central brain cords in the lateral lips adjacent to the eyes, suggesting that newly formed neurons migrate into the cords. Lineage-tracing experiments then showed that progenitors, depending on their location in the lateral lips, generate neurons for the different lobes, similar to the squid Doryteuthis pealeii. The finding that octopus newborn neurons migrate over long distances is reminiscent of vertebrate neurogenesis and suggests it might be a fundamental strategy for large brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Deryckere
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Ruth Styfhals
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton DohrnNaplesItaly
| | - Ali Murat Elagoz
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Center for Human Genetics, Genomics Core, UZ-KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook UniversityTownsvilleAustralia
- Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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15
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Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive neural loss, have been some of the most challenging medical problems in aging societies. Treatment strategies such as symptom management have little impact on dis-ease progression, while intervention with specific disease mechanisms may only slow down disease progression. One therapeutic strategy that has the potential to reverse the disease phenotype is to replenish neurons and re-build the pathway lost to degeneration. Although it is generally believed that the central nervous system has lost the capability to regenerate, increasing evidence indicates that the brain is more plastic than previously thought, containing perhaps the biggest repertoire of cells with latent neurogenic programs in the body. This review focuses on key advances in generating new neurons through in situ neuronal reprogramming, which is tied to fun-damental questions regarding adult neurogenesis, cell source, and mecha-nisms for neuronal reprogramming, as well as the ability of new neurons to integrate into the existing circuitry. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Qian
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0651, USA;
| | - Xiang-Dong Fu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0651, USA;
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16
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Zhang W, Yin F, Bao Y. Genome-wide identification and characterization of basic helix-loop-helix genes in nine molluscs. Gene 2021; 785:145604. [PMID: 33766707 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors form a large superfamily that plays an important role in numerous physiological processes, including development and response to environmental stresses. In this study, the distribution of bHLH genes in nine molluscs was systematically investigated (including five bivalves, three gastropods and one cephalopod). Finally, 53-85 bHLH genes were identified from each genome and classified into corresponding families by using phylogenetic analysis. The results of gene structure and conserved motif analysis illustrated the hereditary conservation of bHLH transcription factors during evolution but showed low similarity in group C. Through transcription profile analysis of C. gigas and T. granosa, we found a important role of bHLH genes in responding to multiple external challenges and development; meanwhile, they also exhibited tissue-specific expression. Interestingly, we were also surprised to find different bHLH genes from the same group generally possess similar patterns expression that tends to simultaneously present high or lower expression of multiple challenges and different tissues in this study. In summary, this study lays the foundation for further investigation of the biological functions and evolution of molluscan bHLH genes.
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17
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Correa-Vázquez JF, Juárez-Vicente F, García-Gutiérrez P, Barysch SV, Melchior F, García-Domínguez M. The Sumo proteome of proliferating and neuronal-differentiating cells reveals Utf1 among key Sumo targets involved in neurogenesis. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:305. [PMID: 33753728 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by covalent attachment of the Small ubiquitin-like modifier (Sumo) polypeptide regulates a multitude of processes in vertebrates. Despite demonstrated roles of Sumo in the development and function of the nervous system, the identification of key factors displaying a sumoylation-dependent activity during neurogenesis remains elusive. Through a SILAC (stable isotope labeling by/with amino acids in cell culture)-based proteomic approach, we have identified the Sumo proteome of the model cell line P19 under proliferation and neuronal differentiation conditions. More than 300 proteins were identified as putative Sumo targets differentially associated with one or the other condition. A group of proteins of interest were validated and investigated in functional studies. Among these, Utf1 was revealed as a new Sumo target. Gain-of-function experiments demonstrated marked differences between the effects on neurogenesis of overexpressing wild-type and sumoylation mutant versions of the selected proteins. While sumoylation of Prox1, Sall4a, Trim24, and Utf1 was associated with a positive effect on neurogenesis in P19 cells, sumoylation of Kctd15 was associated with a negative effect. Prox1, Sall4a, and Kctd15 were further analyzed in the vertebrate neural tube of living embryos, with similar results. Finally, a detailed analysis of Utf1 showed the sumoylation dependence of Utf1 function in controlling the expression of bivalent genes. Interestingly, this effect seems to rely on two mechanisms: sumoylation modulates binding of Utf1 to the chromatin and mediates recruitment of the messenger RNA-decapping enzyme Dcp1a through a conserved SIM (Sumo-interacting motif). Altogether, our results indicate that the combined sumoylation status of key proteins determines the proper progress of neurogenesis.
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18
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Fan X, Yang H, Hu L, Wang D, Wang R, Hao A, Chen X. Propofol impairs specification of retinal cell types in zebrafish by inhibiting Zisp-mediated Noggin-1 palmitoylation and trafficking. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:195. [PMID: 33743805 PMCID: PMC7980560 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02204-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Propofol can have adverse effects on developing neurons, leading to cognitive disorders, but the mechanism of such an effect remains elusive. Here, we aimed to investigate the effect of propofol on neuronal development in zebrafish and to identify the molecular mechanism(s) involved in this pathway. Methods The effect of propofol on neuronal development was demonstrated by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments. mRNA injections, whole-mount in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine labeling, co-immunoprecipitation, and acyl–biotin exchange labeling were used to identify the potential mechanisms of propofol-mediated zisp expression and determine its effect on the specification of retinal cell types. Results Propofol impaired the specification of retinal cell types, thereby inhibiting neuronal and glial cell formation in retinas, mainly through the inhibition of Zisp expression. Furthermore, Zisp promoted the stabilization and secretion of a soluble form of the membrane-associated protein Noggin-1, a specific palmitoylation substrate. Conclusions Propofol caused a severe phenotype during neuronal development in zebrafish. Our findings established a direct link between an anesthetic agent and protein palmitoylation in the regulation of neuronal development. This could be used to investigate the mechanisms via which the improper use of propofol might result in neuronal defects. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02204-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Fan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Haoran Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Lizhu Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Delong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Ruiting Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), No. 17, Lujiang Road, Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Aijun Hao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Shandong Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No. 44, Wenhua Xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
| | - Xueran Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China. .,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 350, Shushan Hu Road, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, China.
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Runge K, Mathieu R, Bugeon S, Lafi S, Beurrier C, Sahu S, Schaller F, Loubat A, Herault L, Gaillard S, Pallesi-Pocachard E, Montheil A, Bosio A, Rosenfeld JA, Hudson E, Lindstrom K, Mercimek-Andrews S, Jeffries L, van Haeringen A, Vanakker O, Van Hecke A, Amrom D, Küry S, Ratner C, Jethva R, Gamble C, Jacq B, Fasano L, Santpere G, Lorente-Galdos B, Sestan N, Gelot A, Giacuzz S, Goebbels S, Represa A, Cardoso C, Cremer H, de Chevigny A. Disruption of NEUROD2 causes a neurodevelopmental syndrome with autistic features via cell-autonomous defects in forebrain glutamatergic neurons. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:6125-48. [PMID: 34188164 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01179-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While the transcription factor NEUROD2 has recently been associated with epilepsy, its precise role during nervous system development remains unclear. Using a multi-scale approach, we set out to understand how Neurod2 deletion affects the development of the cerebral cortex in mice. In Neurod2 KO embryos, cortical projection neurons over-migrated, thereby altering the final size and position of layers. In juvenile and adults, spine density and turnover were dysregulated in apical but not basal compartments in layer 5 neurons. Patch-clamp recordings in layer 5 neurons of juvenile mice revealed increased intrinsic excitability. Bulk RNA sequencing showed dysregulated expression of many genes associated with neuronal excitability and synaptic function, whose human orthologs were strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). At the behavior level, Neurod2 KO mice displayed social interaction deficits, stereotypies, hyperactivity, and occasionally spontaneous seizures. Mice heterozygous for Neurod2 had similar defects, indicating that Neurod2 is haploinsufficient. Finally, specific deletion of Neurod2 in forebrain excitatory neurons recapitulated cellular and behavioral phenotypes found in constitutive KO mice, revealing the region-specific contribution of dysfunctional Neurod2 in symptoms. Informed by these neurobehavioral features in mouse mutants, we identified eleven patients from eight families with a neurodevelopmental disorder including intellectual disability and ASD associated with NEUROD2 pathogenic mutations. Our findings demonstrate crucial roles for Neurod2 in neocortical development, whose alterations can cause neurodevelopmental disorders including intellectual disability and ASD.
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20
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Church VA, Cates K, Capano L, Aryal S, Kim WK, Yoo AS. Generation of Human Neurons by microRNA-Mediated Direct Conversion of Dermal Fibroblasts. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2239:77-100. [PMID: 33226614 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1084-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), miR-9/9*, and miR-124 (miR-9/9*-124) display fate-reprogramming activities when ectopically expressed in human fibroblasts by erasing the fibroblast identity and evoking a pan-neuronal state. In contrast to induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, miRNA-induced neurons (miNs) retain the biological age of the starting fibroblasts through direct fate conversion and thus provide a human neuron-based platform to study cellular properties inherent in aged neurons and model adult-onset neurodegenerative disorders using patient-derived cells. Furthermore, expression of neuronal subtype-specific transcription factors in conjunction with miR-9/9*-124 guides the miNs to distinct neuronal fates, a feature critical for modeling disorders that affect specific neuronal subtypes. Here, we describe the miR-9/9*-124-based neuronal reprogramming protocols for the generation of several disease-relevant neuronal subtypes: striatal medium spiny neurons, cortical neurons, and spinal cord motor neurons.
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Hahn MA, Jin SG, Li AX, Liu J, Huang Z, Wu X, Kim BW, Johnson J, Bilbao ADV, Tao S, Yim JA, Fong Y, Goebbels S, Schwab MH, Lu Q, Pfeifer GP. Reprogramming of DNA methylation at NEUROD2-bound sequences during cortical neuron differentiation. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax0080. [PMID: 31681843 PMCID: PMC6810389 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of DNA methylation changes that occur during neurogenesis in vivo remain unknown. We used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to quantitate DNA cytosine modifications in differentiating neurons and their progenitors isolated from mouse brain at the peak of embryonic neurogenesis. Localized DNA hypomethylation was much more common than hypermethylation and often occurred at putative enhancers within genes that were upregulated in neurons and encoded proteins crucial for neuronal differentiation. The hypomethylated regions strongly overlapped with mapped binding sites of the key neuronal transcription factor NEUROD2. The 5-methylcytosine oxidase ten-eleven translocation 2 (TET2) interacted with NEUROD2, and its reaction product 5-hydroxymethylcytosine accumulated at the demethylated regions. NEUROD2-targeted differentially methylated regions retained higher methylation levels in Neurod2 knockout mice, and inducible expression of NEUROD2 caused TET2-associated demethylation at its in vivo binding sites. The data suggest that the reorganization of DNA methylation in developing neurons involves NEUROD2 and TET2-mediated DNA demethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A. Hahn
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Seung-Gi Jin
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Arthur X. Li
- Department of Information Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010
| | - Jiancheng Liu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Xiwei Wu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | | | - Shu Tao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Jacob A. Yim
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yuman Fong
- Department of Surgery, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus H. Schwab
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Cellular Neurophysiology and Center for Systems Neuroscience (ZSN), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Qiang Lu
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.P.P.); (Q.L.)
| | - Gerd P. Pfeifer
- Center for Epigenetics, Van Andel Research Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Corresponding author. (G.P.P.); (Q.L.)
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Solorzano-Vargas RS, Bjerknes M, Wu SV, Wang J, Stelzner M, Dunn JCY, Dhawan S, Cheng H, Georgia S, Martín MG. The cellular regulators PTEN and BMI1 help mediate NEUROGENIN-3-induced cell cycle arrest. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15182-15192. [PMID: 31341016 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenin-3 (NEUROG3) is a helix-loop-helix (HLH) transcription factor involved in the production of endocrine cells in the intestine and pancreas of humans and mice. However, the human NEUROG3 loss-of-function phenotype differs subtly from that in mice, but the reason for this difference remains poorly understood. Because NEUROG3 expression precedes exit of the cell cycle and the expression of endocrine cell markers during differentiation, we investigated the effect of lentivirus-mediated overexpression of the human NEUROG3 gene on the cell cycle of BON4 cells and various human nonendocrine cell lines. NEUROG3 overexpression induced a reversible cell cycle exit, whereas expression of a neuronal lineage homolog, NEUROG1, had no such effect. In endocrine lineage cells, the cellular quiescence induced by short-term NEUROG3 expression required cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A)/p21CIP1 expression. Expression of endocrine differentiation markers required sustained NEUROG3 expression in the quiescent, but not in the senescent, state. Inhibition of the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) pathway reversed quiescence by inducing cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and reducing p21CIP1 and NEUROG3 protein levels in BON4 cells and human enteroids. We discovered that NEUROG3 expression stimulates expression of CDKN2a/p16INK4a and BMI1 proto-oncogene polycomb ring finger (BMI1), with the latter limiting expression of the former, delaying the onset of CDKN2a/p16INK4a -driven cellular senescence. Furthermore, NEUROG3 bound to the promoters of both CDKN1a/p21CIP1 and BMI1 genes, and BMI1 attenuated NEUROG3 binding to the CDKN1a/p21CIP1 promoter. Our findings reveal how human NEUROG3 integrates inputs from multiple signaling pathways and thereby mediates cell cycle exit at the onset of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sergio Solorzano-Vargas
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Matthew Bjerknes
- Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - S Vincent Wu
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, and Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Jiafang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Matthias Stelzner
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Sangeeta Dhawan
- Department of Translational Research and Cellular Therapeutics, City of Hope, Duarte, California 91010
| | - Hazel Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Senta Georgia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Martín G Martín
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Mattel Children's Hospital and the David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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23
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Abstract
Cellular reprogramming experiments from somatic cell types have demonstrated the plasticity of terminally differentiated cell states. Recent efforts in understanding the mechanisms of cellular reprogramming have begun to elucidate the differentiation trajectories along the reprogramming processes. In this review, we focus mainly on direct reprogramming strategies by transcription factors and highlight the variables that contribute to cell fate conversion outcomes. We review key studies that shed light on the cellular and molecular mechanisms by investigating differentiation trajectories and alternative cell states as well as transcription factor regulatory activities during cell fate reprogramming. Finally, we highlight a few concepts that we believe require attention, particularly when measuring the success of cell reprogramming experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Aydin
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Esteban O Mazzoni
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA; .,Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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24
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Luna-Peláez N, March-Díaz R, Ceballos-Chávez M, Guerrero-Martínez JA, Grazioli P, García-Gutiérrez P, Vaccari T, Massa V, Reyes JC, García-Domínguez M. The Cornelia de Lange Syndrome-associated factor NIPBL interacts with BRD4 ET domain for transcription control of a common set of genes. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 31320616 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in NIPBL are the major cause of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). NIPBL is the cohesin-loading factor and has recently been associated with the BET (bromodomains and extra-terminal (ET) domain) proteins BRD2 and BRD4. Related to this, a CdLS-like phenotype has been described associated to BRD4 mutations. Here, we show direct interaction of NIPBL with different BET members in yeast, and selective interaction with BRD4 in cells, being the ET domain involved in the interaction. To understand the relationship between NIPBL and BET proteins, we have performed RNA-Seq expression analysis following depletion of the different proteins. Results indicate that genes regulated by NIPBL largely overlap with those regulated by BRD4 but not with those regulated by BRD2. ChIP-Seq analysis indicates preferential NIPBL occupancy at promoters, and knockdown experiments show mutual stabilization of NIPBL and BRD4 on co-regulated promoters. Moreover, human fibroblasts from CdLS probands with mutations in NIPBL show reduced BRD4 at co-occupied promoters. Functional analysis in vivo, using mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, confirmed the genetic interaction between Nipped-B and fs(1)h, the orthologs of human NIPBL and BRD4, respectively. Thus, we provide evidence for NIPBL and BRD4 cooperation in transcriptional regulation, which should contribute to explain the recently observed CdLS-like phenotype associated with BRD4 mutations.
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25
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Urbach A, Witte OW. Divide or Commit - Revisiting the Role of Cell Cycle Regulators in Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:55. [PMID: 31069222 PMCID: PMC6491688 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult dentate gyrus continuously generates new neurons that endow the brain with increased plasticity, helping to cope with changing environmental and cognitive demands. The process leading to the birth of new neurons spans several precursor stages and is the result of a coordinated series of fate decisions, which are tightly controlled by extrinsic signals. Many of these signals act through modulation of cell cycle (CC) components, not only to drive proliferation, but also for linage commitment and differentiation. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview on key CC components and regulators, with emphasis on G1 phase, and analyze their specific functions in precursor cells of the adult hippocampus. We explore their role for balancing quiescence versus self-renewal, which is essential to maintain a lifelong pool of neural stem cells while producing new neurons “on demand.” Finally, we discuss available evidence and controversies on the impact of CC/G1 length on proliferation versus differentiation decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Urbach
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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26
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Li MY, Chang CT, Han YT, Liao CP, Yu JY, Wang TW. Ginkgolide B promotes neuronal differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in neural stem cells of the postnatal mammalian subventricular zone. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14947. [PMID: 30297722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) have been used to treat human diseases for thousands of years. Among them, Ginkgo biloba is reported to be beneficial to the nervous system and a potential treatment of neurological disorders. Since the presence of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) brings hope that the brain may heal itself, whether the effect of Ginkgo biloba is on NSCs remains elusive. In this study, we found that Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) and one of its main ingredients, ginkgolide B (GB) promoted cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation in NSCs derived from the postnatal subventricular zone (SVZ) of the mouse lateral ventricle. Furthermore, the administration of GB increased the nuclear level of β-catenin and activated the canonical Wnt pathway. Knockdown of β-catenin blocked the neurogenic effect of GB, suggesting that GB promotes neuronal differentiation through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Thus, our data provide a potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of GBE or GB on brain injuries and neurodegenerative disorders.
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27
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Kowalchuk AM, Maurer KA, Shoja-Taheri F, Brown NL. Requirements for Neurogenin2 during mouse postnatal retinal neurogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 442:220-235. [PMID: 30048641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
During embryonic retinal development, the bHLH factor Neurog2 regulates the temporal progression of neurogenesis, but no role has been assigned for this gene in the postnatal retina. Using Neurog2 conditional mutants, we found that Neurog2 is necessary for the development of an early, embryonic cohort of rod photoreceptors, but also required by both a subset of cone bipolar subtypes, and rod bipolars. Using transcriptomics, we identified a subset of downregulated genes in P2 Neurog2 mutants, which act during rod differentiation, outer segment morphogenesis or visual processing. We also uncovered defects in neuronal cell culling, which suggests that the rod and bipolar cell phenotypes may arise via more complex mechanisms rather than a simple cell fate shift. However, given an overall phenotypic resemblance between Neurog2 and Blimp1 mutants, we explored the relationship between these two factors. We found that Blimp1 is downregulated between E12-birth in Neurog2 mutants, which probably reflects a dependence on Neurog2 in embryonic progenitor cells. Overall, we conclude that the Neurog2 gene is expressed and active prior to birth, but also exerts an influence on postnatal retinal neuron differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica M Kowalchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kate A Maurer
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Farnaz Shoja-Taheri
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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28
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Kim JH, Sim J, Kim HJ. Neural Stem Cell Differentiation Using Microfluidic Device-Generated Growth Factor Gradient. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:380-388. [PMID: 29635911 PMCID: PMC6029683 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2018.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have the ability to self-renew and differentiate into multiple nervous system cell types. During embryonic development, the concentrations of soluble biological molecules have a critical role in controlling cell proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis. In an effort to find optimal culture conditions for the generation of desired cell types in vitro, we used a microfluidic chip-generated growth factor gradient system. In the current study, NSCs in the microfluidic device remained healthy during the entire period of cell culture, and proliferated and differentiated in response to the concentration gradient of growth factors (epithermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor). We also showed that overexpression of ASCL1 in NSCs increased neuronal differentiation depending on the concentration gradient of growth factors generated in the microfluidic gradient chip. The microfluidic system allowed us to study concentration-dependent effects of growth factors within a single device, while a traditional system requires multiple independent cultures using fixed growth factor concentrations. Our study suggests that the microfluidic gradient-generating chip is a powerful tool for determining the optimal culture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Stem Cells, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Sim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Stem Cells, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Stem Cells, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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29
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Maurer KA, Kowalchuk A, Shoja-Taheri F, Brown NL. Integral bHLH factor regulation of cell cycle exit and RGC differentiation. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:965-975. [PMID: 29770538 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the developing mouse embryo, the bHLH transcription factor Neurog2 is transiently expressed by retinal progenitor cells and required for the initial wave of neurogenesis. Remarkably, another bHLH factor, Ascl1, normally not present in the embryonic Neurog2 retinal lineage, can rescue the temporal phenotypes of Neurog2 mutants. RESULTS Here we show that Neurog2 simultaneously promotes terminal cell cycle exit and retinal ganglion cell differentiation, using mitotic window labeling and integrating these results with retinal marker quantifications. We also analyzed the transcriptomes of E12.5 GFP-expressing cells from Neurog2GFP/+ , Neurog2GFP/GFP , and Neurog2Ascl1KI/GFP eyes, and validated the most significantly affected genes using qPCR assays. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the hypothesis that Neurog2 acts at the top of a retinal bHLH transcription factor hierarchy. The combined expression levels of these downstream factors are sufficiently induced by ectopic Ascl1 to restore RGC genesis, highlighting the robustness of this gene network during retinal ganglion cell neurogenesis. Developmental Dynamics 247:965-975, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Maurer
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Angelica Kowalchuk
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Farnaz Shoja-Taheri
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
| | - Nadean L Brown
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Davis, California
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30
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Sartorelli V, Puri PL. Shaping Gene Expression by Landscaping Chromatin Architecture: Lessons from a Master. Mol Cell 2018; 71:375-388. [PMID: 29887393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery as a skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor able to reprogram somatic cells into differentiated myofibers, MyoD has provided an instructive model to understand how transcription factors regulate gene expression. Reciprocally, studies of other transcriptional regulators have provided testable hypotheses to further understand how MyoD activates transcription. Using MyoD as a reference, in this review, we discuss the similarities and differences in the regulatory mechanisms employed by tissue-specific transcription factors to access DNA and regulate gene expression by cooperatively shaping the chromatin landscape within the context of cellular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Sartorelli
- Laboratory of Muscle Stem Cells & Gene Regulation, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Pier Lorenzo Puri
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Epigenetics and Regenerative Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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31
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Lisi V, Singh B, Giroux M, Guzman E, Painter MW, Cheng YC, Huebner E, Coppola G, Costigan M, Woolf CJ, Kosik KS. Enhanced Neuronal Regeneration in the CAST/Ei Mouse Strain Is Linked to Expression of Differentiation Markers after Injury. Cell Rep 2018; 20:1136-1147. [PMID: 28768198 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve regeneration after injury requires a broad program of transcriptional changes. We investigated the basis for the enhanced nerve regenerative capacity of the CAST/Ei mouse strain relative to C57BL/6 mice. RNA sequencing of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) showed a CAST/Ei-specific upregulation of Ascl1 after injury. Ascl1 overexpression in DRG neurons of C57BL/6 mice enhanced their neurite outgrowth. Ascl1 is regulated by miR-7048-3p, which is downregulated in CAST/Ei mice. Inhibition of miR-7048-3p enhances neurite outgrowth. Following injury, CAST/Ei neurons largely retained their mature neuronal profile as determined by single-cell RNA- seq, whereas the C57BL/6 neurons acquired an immature profile. These findings suggest that one facet of the enhanced regenerative phenotype is preservation of neuronal identity in response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lisi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Bhagat Singh
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michel Giroux
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Elmer Guzman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Michio W Painter
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yung-Chih Cheng
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Eric Huebner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Costigan
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Anaesthesia Department, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford J Woolf
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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32
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Nguyen LT, Reverter A, Cánovas A, Venus B, Anderson ST, Islas-Trejo A, Dias MM, Crawford NF, Lehnert SA, Medrano JF, Thomas MG, Moore SS, Fortes MRS. STAT6, PBX2, and PBRM1 Emerge as Predicted Regulators of 452 Differentially Expressed Genes Associated With Puberty in Brahman Heifers. Front Genet 2018; 9:87. [PMID: 29616079 PMCID: PMC5869259 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver plays a central role in metabolism and produces important hormones. Hepatic estrogen receptors and the release of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) are critical links between liver function and the reproductive system. However, the role of liver in pubertal development is not fully understood. To explore this question, we applied transcriptomic analyses to liver samples of pre- and post-pubertal Brahman heifers and identified differentially expressed (DE) genes and genes encoding transcription factors (TFs). Differential expression of genes suggests potential biological mechanisms and pathways linking liver function to puberty. The analyses identified 452 DE genes and 82 TF with significant contribution to differential gene expression by using a regulatory impact factor metric. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor was observed as the most down-regulated gene (P = 0.003) in post-pubertal heifers and we propose this gene influences pubertal development in Brahman heifers. Additionally, co-expression network analysis provided evidence for three TF as key regulators of liver function during pubertal development: the signal transducer and activator of transcription 6, PBX homeobox 2, and polybromo 1. Pathway enrichment analysis identified transforming growth factor-beta and Wnt signaling pathways as significant annotation terms for the list of DE genes and TF in the co-expression network. Molecular information regarding genes and pathways described in this work are important to further our understanding of puberty onset in Brahman heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loan T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Antonio Reverter
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Angela Cánovas
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Bronwyn Venus
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen T Anderson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Alma Islas-Trejo
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Marina M Dias
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Ciências Agráìrias e Veterináìrias, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalie F Crawford
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Sigrid A Lehnert
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Juan F Medrano
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Milt G Thomas
- Department of Animal Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Stephen S Moore
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Marina R S Fortes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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33
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Gillotin S, Davies JD, Philpott A. Subcellular localisation modulates ubiquitylation and degradation of Ascl1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4625. [PMID: 29545540 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The proneural transcription factor Ascl1 is a master regulator of neurogenesis, coordinating proliferation and differentiation in the central nervous system. While its expression is well characterised, post-translational regulation is much less well understood. Here we demonstrate that a population of chromatin-bound Ascl1 can be found associated with short chains of ubiquitin while cytoplasmic Ascl1 harbours much longer ubiquitin chains. Only cytoplasmic ubiquitylation targets Ascl1 for destruction, which occurs by conjugation of ubiquitin to lysines in the basic helix-loop-helix domain of Ascl1 and requires the E3 ligase Huwe1. In contrast, chromatin-bound Ascl1 associated with short ubiquitin-chains, which can occur on lysines within the N-terminal region or the bHLH domain and is not mediated by Huwe1, is not targeted for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. We therefore offer further insights into post-translational regulation of Ascl1, highlighting complex regulation of ubiquitylation and degradation in the cytoplasm and on chromatin.
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34
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Dennis DJ, Han S, Schuurmans C. bHLH transcription factors in neural development, disease, and reprogramming. Brain Res 2018; 1705:48-65. [PMID: 29544733 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of functional neural circuits in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) requires that appropriate numbers of the correct types of neuronal and glial cells are generated in their proper places and times during development. In the embryonic CNS, multipotent progenitor cells first acquire regional identities, and then undergo precisely choreographed temporal identity transitions (i.e. time-dependent changes in their identity) that determine how many neuronal and glial cells of each type they will generate. Transcription factors of the basic-helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family have emerged as key determinants of neural cell fate specification and differentiation, ensuring that appropriate numbers of specific neuronal and glial cell types are produced. Recent studies have further revealed that the functions of these bHLH factors are strictly regulated. Given their essential developmental roles, it is not surprising that bHLH mutations and de-regulated expression are associated with various neurological diseases and cancers. Moreover, the powerful ability of bHLH factors to direct neuronal and glial cell fate specification and differentiation has been exploited in the relatively new field of cellular reprogramming, in which pluripotent stem cells or somatic stem cells are converted to neural lineages, often with a transcription factor-based lineage conversion strategy that includes one or more of the bHLH genes. These concepts are reviewed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Dennis
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N3M5, Canada
| | - Sisu Han
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave, Toronto, ON M4N3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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35
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Shaikh MN, Tejedor FJ. Mnb/Dyrk1A orchestrates a transcriptional network at the transition from self-renewing neurogenic progenitors to postmitotic neuronal precursors. J Neurogenet 2018; 32:37-50. [PMID: 29495936 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2018.1438427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The Down syndrome and microcephaly related gene Mnb/Dyrk1A encodes an evolutionary conserved protein kinase subfamily that plays important roles in neurodevelopment. minibrain (mnb) mutants of Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) exhibit reduced adult brains due to neuronal deficits generated during larval development. These deficits are the consequence of the apoptotic cell death of numerous neuronal precursors that fail to properly exit the cell cycle and differentiate. We have recently found that in both the Dm larval brain and the embryonic vertebrate central nervous system (CNS), a transient expression of Mnb/Dyrk1A promotes the cell cycle exit of newborn neuronal precursors by upregulating the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 (called Dacapo in Dm). In the larval brain, Mnb performs this action by regulating the expression of three transcription factors, Asense (Ase), Deadpan (Dpn) and Prospero (Pros), which are key regulators of the self-renewal, proliferation, and terminal differentiation of neural progenitor cells. We have here studied in detail the cellular/temporal expression pattern of Ase, Dpn, Pros and Mnb, and have analyzed possible regulatory effects among them at the transitions from neurogenic progenitors to postmitotic neuronal precursors in the Dm larval brain. The emerging picture of this analysis reveals an intricate regulatory network in which Mnb appears to play a pivotal role helping to delineate the dynamics of the expression patterns of Ase, Dpn and Pros, as well as their specific functions in the aforementioned transitions. Our results also show that Ase, Dpn and Pros perform several cross-regulatory actions and contribute to shape the precise cellular/temporal expression pattern of Mnb. We propose that Mnb/Dyrk1A plays a central role in CNS neurogenesis by integrating molecular mechanisms that regulate progenitor self-renewal, cell cycle progression and neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirja N Shaikh
- a Instituto de Neurociencias , CSIC and Universidad Miguel Hernandez , Alicante , Spain
| | - Francisco J Tejedor
- a Instituto de Neurociencias , CSIC and Universidad Miguel Hernandez , Alicante , Spain
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36
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Agrawal R, Garg A, Benny Malgulwar P, Sharma V, Sarkar C, Kulshreshtha R. p53 and miR-210 regulated NeuroD2, a neuronal basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor, is downregulated in glioblastoma patients and functions as a tumor suppressor under hypoxic microenvironment. Int J Cancer 2017; 142:1817-1828. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Agrawal
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Ankita Garg
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Prit Benny Malgulwar
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Chitra Sarkar
- Department of Pathology; All India Institute of Medical Sciences; New Delhi India
| | - Ritu Kulshreshtha
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
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37
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Vasconcelos FF, Sessa A, Laranjeira C, Raposo AASF, Teixeira V, Hagey DW, Tomaz DM, Muhr J, Broccoli V, Castro DS. MyT1 Counteracts the Neural Progenitor Program to Promote Vertebrate Neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2017; 17:469-483. [PMID: 27705795 PMCID: PMC5067283 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of neurons from neural stem cells requires large-scale changes in gene expression that are controlled to a large extent by proneural transcription factors, such as Ascl1. While recent studies have characterized the differentiation genes activated by proneural factors, less is known on the mechanisms that suppress progenitor cell identity. Here, we show that Ascl1 induces the transcription factor MyT1 while promoting neuronal differentiation. We combined functional studies of MyT1 during neurogenesis with the characterization of its transcriptional program. MyT1 binding is associated with repression of gene transcription in neural progenitor cells. It promotes neuronal differentiation by counteracting the inhibitory activity of Notch signaling at multiple levels, targeting the Notch1 receptor and many of its downstream targets. These include regulators of the neural progenitor program, such as Hes1, Sox2, Id3, and Olig1. Thus, Ascl1 suppresses Notch signaling cell-autonomously via MyT1, coupling neuronal differentiation with repression of the progenitor fate. MyT1 promotes neurogenesis downstream Ascl1 MyT1 represses Notch1 receptor and many of its downstream target genes MyT1 represses Hes1 expression by direct DNA binding and competition with RBPJ Ascl1 suppresses Notch signaling cell-autonomously while promoting differentiation
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Sessa
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Vera Teixeira
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Daniel W Hagey
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diogo M Tomaz
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jonas Muhr
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vania Broccoli
- Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Diogo S Castro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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38
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Riddiford N, Schlosser G. Six1 and Eya1 both promote and arrest neuronal differentiation by activating multiple Notch pathway genes. Dev Biol 2017; 431:152-67. [PMID: 28947179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Six1 and its cofactor Eya1 are important regulators of neurogenesis in cranial placodes, activating genes promoting both a progenitor state, such as hes8, and neuronal differentiation, such as neurog1. Here, we use gain and loss of function studies in Xenopus laevis to elucidate how these genes function during placodal neurogenesis. We first establish that hes8 is activated by Notch signaling and represses neurog1 and neuronal differentiation, indicating that it mediates lateral inhibition. Using hes8 knockdown we demonstrate that hes8 is essential for limiting neuronal differentiation during normal placode development. We next show that Six1 and Eya1 cell autonomously activate both hes8 and neurog1 in a dose-dependent fashion, with increasing upregulation at higher doses, while neuronal differentiation is increasingly repressed. However, high doses of Six1 and Eya1 upregulate neurog1 only transiently, whereas low doses of Six1 and Eya1 ultimately promote both neurog1 expression and neuronal differentiation. Finally, we show that Six1 and Eya1 can activate hes8 and arrest neuronal differentiation even when Notch signaling is blocked. Our findings indicate that Six1 and Eya1 can both promote and arrest neuronal differentiation by activating the Notch pathway genes neurog1 and hes8, respectively, revealing a novel mechanism of Six1/Eya1 action during placodal neurogenesis.
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Micheli L, Ceccarelli M, Gioia R, D'Andrea G, Farioli-Vecchioli S, Costanzi M, Saraulli D, Cestari V, Tirone F. Terminal Differentiation of Adult Hippocampal Progenitor Cells Is a Step Functionally Dissociable from Proliferation and Is Controlled by Tis21, Id3 and NeuroD2. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:186. [PMID: 28740463 PMCID: PMC5502263 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell proliferation and differentiation are interdependent processes. Here, we have asked to what extent the two processes of neural progenitor cell amplification and differentiation are functionally separated. Thus, we analyzed whether it is possible to rescue a defect of terminal differentiation in progenitor cells of the dentate gyrus, where new neurons are generated throughout life, by inducing their proliferation and/or their differentiation with different stimuli appropriately timed. As a model we used the Tis21 knockout mouse, whose dentate gyrus neurons, as demonstrated by us and others, have an intrinsic defect of terminal differentiation. We first tested the effect of two proliferative as well as differentiative neurogenic stimuli, one pharmacological (fluoxetine), the other cognitive (the Morris water maze (MWM) training). Both effectively enhanced the number of new dentate gyrus neurons produced, and fluoxetine also reduced the S-phase length of Tis21 knockout dentate gyrus progenitor cells and increased the rate of differentiation of control cells, but neither factor enhanced the defective rate of differentiation. In contrast, the defect of terminal differentiation was fully rescued by in vivo infection of proliferating dentate gyrus progenitor cells with retroviruses either silencing Id3, an inhibitor of neural differentiation, or expressing NeuroD2, a proneural gene expressed in terminally differentiated dentate gyrus neurons. This is the first demonstration that NeuroD2 or the silencing of Id3 can activate the differentiation of dentate gyrus neurons, complementing a defect of differentiation. It also highlights how the rate of differentiation of dentate gyrus neurons is regulated genetically at several levels and that a neurogenic stimulus for amplification of neural stem/progenitor cells may not be sufficient in itself to modify this rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Micheli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Ceccarelli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Gioia
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio D'Andrea
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Farioli-Vecchioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Costanzi
- Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA)Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Saraulli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy.,Department of Human Sciences, Libera Università Maria SS. Assunta (LUMSA)Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cestari
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza Università di RomaRome, Italy
| | - Felice Tirone
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Fondazione Santa Lucia (IRCCS)Rome, Italy
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40
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Miyake A, Mekata Y, Fujibayashi H, Nakanishi K, Konishi M, Itoh N. Brorin is required for neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and commissural axon guidance in the zebrafish forebrain. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176036. [PMID: 28448525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmps regulate numerous neural functions with their regulators. We previously identified Brorin, a neural-specific secreted antagonist of Bmp signaling, in humans, mice, and zebrafish. Mouse Brorin has two cysteine-rich domains containing 10 cysteine residues in its core region, and these are located in similar positions to those in the cysteine-rich domains of Chordin family members, which are secreted Bmp antagonists. Zebrafish Brorin had two cysteine-rich domains with high similarity to those of mouse Brorin. We herein examined zebrafish brorin in order to elucidate its in vivo actions. Zebrafish brorin was predominantly expressed in developing neural tissues. The overexpression of brorin led to the inactivation of Bmp signaling. On the other hand, the knockdown of brorin resulted in the activation of Bmp signaling and brorin morphants exhibited defective development of the ventral domain in the forebrain. Furthermore, the knockdown of brorin inhibited the generation of γ–aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons and oligodendrocytes and promoted the generation of astrocytes in the forebrain. In addition, brorin was required for axon guidance in the forebrain. The present results suggest that Brorin is a secreted Bmp antagonist predominantly expressed in developing neural tissues and that it plays multiple roles in the development of the zebrafish forebrain.
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Liu YH, Tsai JW, Chen JL, Yang WS, Chang PC, Cheng PL, Turner DL, Yanagawa Y, Wang TW, Yu JY. Ascl1 promotes tangential migration and confines migratory routes by induction of Ephb2 in the telencephalon. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42895. [PMID: 28276447 DOI: 10.1038/srep42895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cortical interneurons generated from the ventral telencephalon migrate tangentially into the dorsal telencephalon. Although Achaete-scute family bHLH transcription factor 1 (Ascl1) plays important roles in the developing telencephalon, whether Ascl1 regulates tangential migration remains unclear. Here, we found that Ascl1 promoted tangential migration along the ventricular zone/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ) and intermediate zone (IZ) of the dorsal telencephalon. Distal-less homeobox 2 (Dlx2) acted downstream of Ascl1 in promoting tangential migration along the VZ/SVZ but not IZ. We further identified Eph receptor B2 (Ephb2) as a direct target of Ascl1. Knockdown of EphB2 disrupted the separation of the VZ/SVZ and IZ migratory routes. Ephrin-A5, a ligand of EphB2, was sufficient to repel both Ascl1-expressing cells in vitro and tangentially migrating cortical interneurons in vivo. Together, our results demonstrate that Ascl1 induces expression of Dlx2 and Ephb2 to maintain distinct tangential migratory routes in the dorsal telencephalon.
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Liu X, Xia Y, Tang J, Ma L, Li C, Ma P, Mao B. Dual roles of Akirin2 protein during Xenopus neural development. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5676-5684. [PMID: 28193841 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure correct spatial and temporal patterning, embryos must maintain pluripotent cell populations and control when cells undergo commitment. The newly identified nucleoprotein Akirin has been shown to modulate the innate immune response through epigenetic regulation and to play important roles in other physiological processes, but its role in neural development remains unknown. Here we show that Akirin2 is required for neural development in Xenopus and that knockdown of Akirin2 expands the expression of the neural progenitor marker Sox2 and inhibits expression of the differentiated neuronal marker N-tubulin. Akirin2 acts antagonistically to Geminin, thus regulating Sox2 expression, and maintains the neural precursor state by participating in the Brg1/Brm-associated factor (BAF) complex mediated by BAF53a. Additionally, Akirin2 also modulates N-tubulin expression by acting upstream of neuronal differentiation 1 (NeuroD) and in parallel with neurogenin-related 1 (Ngnr1) during terminal neuronal differentiation. Thus, our results reveal a novel model in which Akirin2 precisely coordinates and temporally controls Xenopus neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and.,the Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Yingjie Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and
| | - Jixin Tang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and
| | - Li Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and
| | - Chaocui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and
| | - Bingyu Mao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China and
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Abstract
The replacement of lost neurons in the brain due to injury or disease holds great promise for the treatment of neurological disorders. However, logistical and ethical hurdles in obtaining and maintaining viable cells for transplantation have proven difficult to overcome. In vivo reprogramming offers an alternative, to bypass many of the restrictions associated with an exogenous cell source as it relies on a source of cells already present in the brain. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility to target and reprogram glial cells into functional neurons with high efficiency in the murine brain, using virally delivered transcription factors. In this chapter, we explore the different populations of glial cells, how they react to injury and how they can be exploited for reprogramming purposes. Further, we review the most significant publications and how they have contributed to the understanding of key aspects in direct reprogramming needed to take into consideration, like timing, cell type targeted, and regional differences. Finally, we discuss future challenges and what remains to be explored in order to determine the potential of in vivo reprogramming for future brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Torper
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany
| | - Magdalena Götz
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany; Institute of Stem Cell Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany; SYNERGY, Excellence Cluster of Systems Neurology, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Planegg, Germany.
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44
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Xu Z, Chu X, Jiang H, Schilling H, Chen S, Feng J. Induced dopaminergic neurons: A new promise for Parkinson's disease. Redox Biol 2017; 11:606-612. [PMID: 28110217 PMCID: PMC5256671 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor symptoms that define Parkinson’s disease (PD) are caused by the selective loss of nigral dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Cell replacement therapy for PD has been focused on midbrain DA neurons derived from human fetal mesencephalic tissue, human embryonic stem cells (hESC) or human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). Recent development in the direct conversion of human fibroblasts to induced dopaminergic (iDA) neurons offers new opportunities for transplantation study and disease modeling in PD. The iDA neurons are generated directly from human fibroblasts in a short period of time, bypassing lengthy differentiation process from human pluripotent stem cells and the concern for potentially tumorigenic mitotic cells. They exhibit functional dopaminergic neurotransmission and relieve locomotor symptoms in animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In this review, we will discuss this recent development and its implications to Parkinson’s disease research and therapy. Fibroblasts can be directly converted to induced dopaminergic neurons by transcription factors. Many different types of cells can be converted to induced neurons in vitro and in vivo. Appropriate cell culture conditions enhance the direct conversion to induced neurons. The conversion to induced neurons is enhanced by G1 arrest and p53 attenuation. iDA neurons is a promising tool for PD research and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Xu
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xingkun Chu
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Haley Schilling
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Health Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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45
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Kobayashi T. Expression and Regulation of Tal2 during Neuronal Differentiation in P19 Cells. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:61-71. [PMID: 28049897 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 2 (Tal2) is a gene encoding a member of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor family, which is essential for the normal development of the mouse brain. We found that Tal2 was induced during neural differentiation in P19 cells, which are pluripotent mouse embryonal carcinoma cells that differentiate into the neural lineage upon both exposure to all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) and the formation of cell aggregation. Tal2 expression during neural differentiation in P19 cells was detected within 3 h after induction with atRA and retinoic acid receptor α (RARα). The atRA-RARα complex is known to bind to a characteristic retinoic acid response element (RARE) located in the promoter of target genes. We found a RARE-like element in the intron of Tal2. We also found a TATA-box-like element in the 5' region. The TATA-box-like element functioned as a core promoter, and TATA- box binding protein bound to this element upstream of Tal2 in P19 cells. The RARE-like element responded to atRA signaling that activated the transcription, and RARα was bound to this element in the intron of Tal2 in P19 cells. Furthermore, the interaction between these elements on Tal2 was confirmed in a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. Because the neural differentiation of P19 cells mimics in part the development of the nervous system, P19 cells are useful for studying the mechanism underlying the role of Tal2 in neural differentiation. Further work is underway to clarify the function of Tal2 in neural differentiation using the differentiation system of P19 cells.
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Khalfallah O, Jarjat M, Davidovic L, Nottet N, Cestèle S, Mantegazza M, Bardoni B. Depletion of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in Embryonic Stem Cells Alters the Kinetics of Neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2016; 35:374-385. [PMID: 27664080 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability and a leading cause of autism. FXS is due to the silencing of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), an RNA binding protein mainly involved in translational control, dendritic spine morphology and synaptic plasticity. Despite extensive studies, there is currently no cure for FXS. With the purpose to decipher the initial molecular events leading to this pathology, we developed a stem-cell-based disease model by knocking-down the expression of Fmr1 in mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Repressing FMRP in ESCs increased the expression of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Ascl1. When inducing neuronal differentiation, βIII-tubulin, p27kip1 , NeuN, and NeuroD1 were upregulated, leading to an accelerated neuronal differentiation that was partially compensated at later stages. Interestingly, we observed that neurogenesis is also accelerated in the embryonic brain of Fmr1-knockout mice, indicating that our cellular model recapitulates the molecular alterations present in vivo. Importantly, we rescued the main phenotype of the Fmr1 knockdown cell line, not only by reintroducing FMRP but also by pharmacologically targeting APP processing, showing the role of this protein in the pathophysiology of FXS during the earliest steps of neurogenesis. Our work allows to define an early therapeutic window but also to identify more effective molecules for treating this disorder. Stem Cells 2017;35:374-385.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfa Khalfallah
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France.,CNRS, LIA « NEOGENEX », Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Marielle Jarjat
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France.,CNRS, LIA « NEOGENEX », Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Laetitia Davidovic
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Nicolas Nottet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Sandrine Cestèle
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Massimo Mantegazza
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France.,CNRS UMR 7275, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France.,CNRS, LIA « NEOGENEX », Valbonne Sophia-Antipolis, France
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47
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Chang CY, Chen YW, Wang TW, Lai WS. Akting up in the GABA hypothesis of schizophrenia: Akt1 deficiency modulates GABAergic functions and hippocampus-dependent functions. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33095. [PMID: 27615800 PMCID: PMC5018883 DOI: 10.1038/srep33095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence implies that both AKT1 and GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subunit genes are involved in schizophrenia pathogenesis. Activated Akt promotes GABAergic neuron differentiation and increases GABAAR expression on the plasma membrane. To elucidate the role of Akt1 in modulating GABAergic functions and schizophrenia-related cognitive deficits, a set of 6 in vitro and in vivo experiments was conducted. First, an Akt1/2 inhibitor was applied to evaluate its effect on GABAergic neuron-like cell formation from P19 cells. Inhibiting Akt resulted in a reduction in parvalbumin-positive neuron-like cells. In Akt1−/− and wild-type mice, seizures induced using pentylenetetrazol (a GABAAR antagonist) were measured, and GABAAR expression and GABAergic interneuron abundance in the brain were examined. Female Akt1−/− mice, but not male Akt1−/− mice, exhibited less pentylenetetrazol-induced convulsive activity than their corresponding wild-type controls. Reduced parvalbumin-positive interneuron abundance and GABAAR subunit expression, especially in the hippocampus, were also observed in female Akt1−/− mice compared to female wild-type mice. Neuromorphometric analyses revealed significantly reduced neurite complexity in hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Additionally, female Akt1−/− mice displayed increased hippocampal oscillation power and impaired spatial memory compared to female wild-type mice. Our findings suggest that Akt1 deficiency modulates GABAergic interneurons and GABAAR expression, contributing to hippocampus-dependent cognitive functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yuan Chang
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Wei Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Sung Lai
- Department of Psychology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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48
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Wang C, Xu Z, Liang Q, An L, Li J, Liu Z, You Y, He M, Mao Y, Chen B, Xiong ZQ, Rubenstein JL, Yang Z. The Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Sp9 Is Required for the Development of Striatopallidal Projection Neurons. Cell Rep 2016; 16:1431-44. [PMID: 27452460 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs), composed of striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons, are derived from the lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE). We find that the transcription factor Sp9 is expressed in LGE progenitors that generate nearly all striatal MSNs and that Sp9 expression is maintained in postmitotic striatopallidal MSNs. Sp9-null mice lose most striatopallidal MSNs because of decreased proliferation of striatopallidal MSN progenitors and increased Bax-dependent apoptosis, whereas the development of striatonigral neurons is largely unaffected. ChIP qPCR provides evidence that Ascl1 directly binds the Sp9 promoter. RNA-seq and in situ hybridization reveal that Sp9 promotes expression of Adora2a, P2ry1, Gpr6, and Grik3 in the LGE and striatum. Thus, Sp9 is crucial for the generation, differentiation, and survival of striatopallidal MSNs.
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49
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Li M, Du A, Xu J, Ma Y, Cao H, Yang C, Yang XD, Xing CG, Chen M, Zhu W, Zhang S, Cao J. Neurogenic differentiation factor NeuroD confers protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30180. [PMID: 27436572 PMCID: PMC4951798 DOI: 10.1038/srep30180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine, is particularly sensitive to radiation, and is prone to radiation-induced injury as a result. Neurogenic differentiation factor (NeuroD) is an evolutionarily-conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor. NeuroD contains a protein transduction domain (PTD), which allows it to be exogenously delivered across the membrane of mammalian cells, whereupon its transcription activity can be unleashed. Whether NeuroD has therapeutic effects for radiation-induced injury remains unclear. In the present study, we prepared a NeuroD-EGFP recombinant protein, and explored its protective effects on the survival and intestinal damage induced by ionizing radiation. Our results showed that NeuroD-EGFP could be transduced into small intestine epithelial cells and tissues. NeuroD-EGFP administration significantly increased overall survival of mice exposed to lethal total body irradiation (TBI). This recombinant NeuroD also reduced radiation-induced intestinal mucosal injury and apoptosis, and improved crypt survival. Expression profiling of NeuroD-EGFP-treated mice revealed upregulation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), a known inhibitor of apoptosis in mammalian cells. In conclusion, NeuroD confers protection against radiation-induced intestinal injury, and provides a novel therapeutic clinical option for the prevention of intestinal side effects of radiotherapy and the treatment of victims of incidental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Aonan Du
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanchao Ma
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Han Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chao Yang
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, The General Hospital of the PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Chun-Gen Xing
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Abstract
A common problem in neural stem cell research is the poor generation of neuronal or oligodendroglial descendants. The author takes a developmental perspective to propose solutions to this problem. After a general overview of the recent progress in developmental neurobiology, she highlights the necessity of the sequential and hierarchical specification of CNS precursors toward the generation of specific cell types, for example, neurons. In the developing as well as the adult CNS, multipotent stem cells do not directly generate neurons but give rise to precursors that are specified and restricted toward the generation of neurons. Some molecular determinants of this fate restriction have been identified during recent years and reveal that progression via this fate-restricted state is a necessary step of neurogenesis. These discoveries also demonstrate that neuronal fate specification is inseparably linked at the molecular level to regionalization of the developing CNS. These fate determinants and their specific action in distinct region-specific con-texts are essential to direct the progeny of stem cells more efficiently toward the generation of the desired cell types. Recent data are discussed that demonstrate the common identity of precursors and stem cells in the developing and adult nervous system as radial glia, astroglia, or non-myelinating glia. A novel line-age model is proposed that incorporates these new views and explains why the default pathway of stem cells is astroglia. These new insights into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis help to design novel approaches for reconstitutive therapy of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Götz
- Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Planegg-Martinsried/Munich, Germany.
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