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López-Ejeda N, Charle-Cuéllar P, Samake S, Dougnon AO, Sánchez-Martínez LJ, Samake MN, Bagayoko A, Bunkembo M, Touré F, Vargas A, Guerrero S. Effectiveness of decentralizing outpatient acute malnutrition treatment with community health workers and a simplified combined protocol: a cluster randomized controlled trial in emergency settings of Mali. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1283148. [PMID: 38450139 PMCID: PMC10915236 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1283148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Outpatient treatment of acute malnutrition is usually centralized in health centers and separated into different programs according to case severity. This complicates case detection, care delivery, and supply chain management, making it difficult for families to access treatment. This study assessed the impact of treating severe and moderate cases in the same program using a simplified protocol and decentralizing treatment outside health centers through community health workers (CHWs). Methods A three-armed cluster randomized controlled trial under a non-inferiority hypothesis was conducted in the Gao region of Mali involving 2,038 children between 6 and 59 months of age with non-complicated acute malnutrition. The control arm consisted of 549 children receiving standard treatment in health centers from nursing staff. The first intervention arm consisted of 800 children treated using the standard protocol with CHWs added as treatment providers. The second intervention arm consisted of 689 children treated by nurses and CHWs under the ComPAS simplified protocol, considering mid-upper arm circumference as the sole anthropometric criterion for admission and discharge and providing a fixed dose of therapeutic food for severe and moderate cases. Coverage was assessed through cross-sectional surveys using the sampling evaluation of access and coverage (SLEAC) methodology for a wide area involving several service delivery units. Results The recovery rates were 76.3% in the control group, 81.8% in the group that included CHWs with the standard protocol, and 92.9% in the group that applied the simplified protocol, confirming non-inferiority and revealing a significant risk difference among the groups. No significant differences were found in the time to recovery (6 weeks) or in anthropometric gain, whereas the therapeutic food expenditure was significantly lower with the simplified combined program in severe cases (43 sachets fewer than the control). In moderate cases, an average of 35 sachets of therapeutic food were used. With the simplified protocol, the CHWs had 6% discharge errors compared with 19% with the standard protocol. The treatment coverage increased significantly with the simplified combined program (SAM +42.5%, MAM +13.8%). Implications Implementing a simplified combined treatment program and adding CHWs as treatment providers can improve coverage while maintaining non-inferior effectiveness, reducing the expenditure on nutritional intrants, and ensuring the continuum of care for the most vulnerable children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí López-Ejeda
- EPINUT Research Group (ref. 920325), Unit of Physical Anthropology, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Salimata Samake
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action Against Hunger, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Luis Javier Sánchez-Martínez
- EPINUT Research Group (ref. 920325), Unit of Physical Anthropology, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mahamadou N’tji Samake
- Nutrition Directorate of the General Directorate of Health and Public Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | - Aliou Bagayoko
- Nutrition Directorate of the General Directorate of Health and Public Hygiene, Ministry of Health, Bamako, Mali
| | - Magloire Bunkembo
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action Against Hunger, Bamako, Mali
| | - Fanta Touré
- West and Central Africa Regional Office, Action Against Hunger, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action Against Hunger, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saul Guerrero
- Child Nutrition and Development Office, UNICEF, New York, NY, United States
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Kangas ST, Ouédraogo CT, Tounkara M, Ouoluoguem B, Coulibaly IN, Haidara A, Diarra NH, Diassana K, Tausanovitch Z, Ritz C, Wells JC, Briend A, Myatt M, Radin E, Bailey J. Nutritional treatment of children 6-59 months with severely low weight-for-age z-score: a study protocol for a 3-arm randomized controlled trial. Trials 2024; 25:30. [PMID: 38191436 PMCID: PMC10773065 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Admission criteria that treat children with low mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC), and low weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) are not aligned with the evidence on which children are at risk of mortality. An analysis of community-based cohort data from Senegal found that a combination of weight-for-age (WAZ) and MUAC criteria identified all children at risk of near-term death associated with severe anthropometric deficits. This study will address whether children with WAZ <-3 but MUAC ≥125 mm benefit from therapeutic feeding with ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) and whether a simplified protocol is non-inferior to the weight-based standard protocol. METHODS This is a prospective individually randomized controlled 3-arm trial conducted in the Nara health district in Mali. Children aged 6-59 months presenting with MUAC ≥125 mm and WAZ <-3 will be randomized to (1) control group receiving no treatment, (2) simplified treatment receiving 1 sachet of RUTF daily until WAZ ≥-3 for 2 visits, (3) standard treatment receiving RUTF according to WHZ category: (a) WHZ <-3 receive 200 kcal/kg/day until WHZ ≥-2 for 2 visits, (b) WHZ ≥-3 but <-2 receive 1 sachet daily until WHZ ≥-2 for 2 visits or (c) WHZ ≥-2 receive no treatment. All children will be followed up first fortnightly for 12 weeks and then monthly until 6 months post-enrolment. The primary endpoint will be measured at 2 months with the primary outcome being WAZ as a continuous measure. Other outcomes include other anthropometric measurements and a secondary endpoint will be observed at 6 months. A total of 1397 children will be recruited including 209 in the control and 594 in both the simplified and standard arms. The sample size should enable us to conclude on the superiority of the simplified treatment compared to no treatment and on the non-inferiority of the simplified treatment versus standard treatment with a margin of non-inferiority of 0.2 WAZ. DISCUSSION This trial aims to generate new evidence on the benefit of treating children with WAZ <-3 but MUAC ≥125 mm in order to guide the choice of admission criteria to malnutrition treatment and build evidence on the most efficient treatment protocol. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05248516 on February 21, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moctar Tounkara
- Department of Education and Research in Public Health and Specialties, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Sciences, Technics and Technologies of Bamako, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan C Wells
- Population Policy and Practice Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - André Briend
- Department of International Health, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Myatt
- Brixton Health, Brixton, UK
- Emergency Nutrition Network, Kidlington, Oxforshire, UK
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Hendrixson DT, Stephenson KB. To survive, yet not thrive: long-term outcomes of childhood survivors of severe acute malnutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:839-840. [PMID: 37923495 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Taylor Hendrixson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Kevin B Stephenson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Nikièma V, Kangas ST, Salpeteur C, Briend A, Talley L, Friis H, Ritz C, Nexo E, McCann A. Vitamin B12 Status before and after Outpatient Treatment of Severe Acute Malnutrition in Children Aged 6-59 Months: A Sub-Study of a Randomized Controlled Trial in Burkina Faso. Nutrients 2023; 15:3496. [PMID: 37630687 PMCID: PMC10458940 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is treated with ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) containing a vitamin-mineral premix. Yet little is known about micronutrient status in children with SAM before and after treatment. We aimed to investigate vitamin B12 status in children with uncomplicated SAM, aged 6-59 months in Burkina Faso, before and after treatment with a standard or a reduced dose of RUTF. Blood samples were collected at admission and discharge. Serum B12 was determined with microbiological assay and serum methylmalonic acid (MMA) and total homocysteine (tHcy) were analyzed with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. B12 status was classified using the combined indicator (3cB12). Among 374 children, the median [interquartile range] age was 11.0 [7.7-16.9] months, and 85.8% were breastfed. Marked or severe B12 deficiency, as judged by 3cB12, decreased from 32% to 9% between admission and discharge (p < 0.05). No differences in B12 status following treatment with either standard (n = 194) or reduced (n = 180) doses of RUTF were observed. Breastfed children showed a lower B12 status (3cB12) than non-breastfed ones (-1.10 vs -0.18, p < 0.001 at admission; -0.44 vs 0.19; p < 0.001 at discharge). In conclusion, treatment of SAM with RUTF improved children's B12 status but did not fully correct B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Nikièma
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF), 93558 Montreuil, France;
| | - Suvi T. Kangas
- Airbel Impact Lab, International Rescue Committee, New York, NY 10168, USA;
| | - Cécile Salpeteur
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF), 93558 Montreuil, France;
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (H.F.); (C.R.)
- Tampere Center for Child, Adolescent and Maternal Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tampere University Hospital, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Leisel Talley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA;
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (H.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958 Copenhagen, Denmark; (A.B.); (H.F.); (C.R.)
| | - Ebba Nexo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
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5
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Lelijveld N, Cox S, Anujuo K, Amoah AS, Opondo C, Cole TJ, Wells JCK, Thompson D, McKenzie K, Abera M, Berhane M, Kerac M. Post-malnutrition growth and its associations with child survival and non-communicable disease risk: a secondary analysis of the Malawi 'ChroSAM' cohort. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:1658-1670. [PMID: 36876519 PMCID: PMC10466107 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore patterns of post-malnutrition growth (PMGr) during and after treatment for severe malnutrition and describe associations with survival and non-communicable disease (NCD) risk 7 years post-treatment. DESIGN Six indicators of PMGr were derived based on a variety of timepoints, weight, weight-for-age z-score and height-for-age z-score (HAZ). Three categorisation methods included no categorisation, quintiles and latent class analysis (LCA). Associations with mortality risk and seven NCD indicators were analysed. SETTING Secondary data from Blantyre, Malawi between 2006 and 2014. PARTICIPANTS A cohort of 1024 children treated for severe malnutrition (weight-for-length z-score < 70 % median and/or MUAC (mid-upper arm circumference) < 110 mm and/or bilateral oedema) at ages 5-168 months. RESULTS Faster weight gain during treatment (g/d) and after treatment (g/kg/day) was associated with lower risk of death (adjusted OR 0·99, 95 % CI 0·99, 1·00; and adjusted OR 0·91, 95 % CI 0·87, 0·94, respectively). In survivors (mean age 9 years), it was associated with greater hand grip strength (0·02, 95 % CI 0·00, 0·03) and larger HAZ (6·62, 95 % CI 1·31, 11·9), both indicators of better health. However, faster weight gain was also associated with increased waist:hip ratio (0·02, 95 % CI 0·01, 0·03), an indicator of later-life NCD risk. The clearest patterns of association were seen when defining PMGr based on weight gain in g/d during treatment and using the LCA method to describe growth patterns. Weight deficit at admission was a major confounder. CONCLUSIONS A complex pattern of benefits and risks is associated with faster PMGr. Both initial weight deficit and rate of weight gain have important implications for future health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lelijveld
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
- Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN), Oxford, UK
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent & Reproductive Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sioned Cox
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Kenneth Anujuo
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Abena S Amoah
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
- Malawi Epidemiology and Intervention Research Unit, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tim J Cole
- Population Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jonathan CK Wells
- Population Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Debbie Thompson
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Kimberley McKenzie
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica
| | | | | | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, LondonWC1E 7HT, UK
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent & Reproductive Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Phelan K, Seri B, Daures M, Yao C, Alitanou R, Aly AAM, Maidadji O, Sanoussi A, Mahamadou A, Cazes C, Moh R, Becquet R, Shepherd S. Treatment outcomes and associated factors for hospitalization of children treated for acute malnutrition under the OptiMA simplified protocol: a prospective observational cohort in rural Niger. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1199036. [PMID: 37475774 PMCID: PMC10354363 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Globally, access to treatment for severe and moderate acute malnutrition is very low, in part because different protocols and products are used in separate programs. New approaches, defining acute malnutrition (AM) as mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 125 mm or oedema, are being investigated to compare effectiveness to current programs. Optimizing Malnutrition treatment (OptiMA) is one such strategy that treats AM with one product - ready-to-use therapeutic food, or RUTF - at reduced dosage as the child improves. Methods This study aimed to determine whether OptiMA achieved effectiveness benchmarks established in the Nigerien National Nutrition protocol. A prospective cohort study of children in the rural Mirriah district evaluated outcomes among children 6-59 months with uncomplicated AM treated under OptiMA. In a parallel, unconnected program in one of the two trial sites, all non-malnourished children 6-23 months of age were provided small quantity lipid-based nutritional supplements (SQ-LNS). A multivariate logistic regression identified factors associated with hospitalization. Results From July-December 2019, 1,105 children were included for analysis. Prior to treatment, 39.3% of children received SQ-LNS. Recovery, non-response, and mortality rates were 82.3%, 12.6%, and 0.7%, respectively, and the hospitalization rate was 15.1%. Children who received SQ-LNS before an episode of AM were 43% less likely to be hospitalized (ORa=0.57; 0.39-0.85, p = 0.004). Discussion OptiMA had acceptable recovery compared to the Nigerien reference but non-response was high. Children who received SQ-LNS before treatment under OptiMA were less likely to be hospitalized, showing potential health benefits of combining simplified treatment protocols with food-based prevention in an area with a high burden of malnutrition such as rural Niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Phelan
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Benjamin Seri
- PRISME-CI ANRS|MIE Research Programme, University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maguy Daures
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyrille Yao
- PRISME-CI ANRS|MIE Research Programme, University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Rodrigue Alitanou
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Niamey, Niger
| | | | | | - Atté Sanoussi
- Ministry of Health, Nutrition Division, Niamey, Niger
| | - Aboubacar Mahamadou
- High-Commission of the Nigériens Nourrissent les Nigériens (3N) Initiative, Niamey, Niger
| | - Cécile Cazes
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Raoul Moh
- PRISME-CI ANRS|MIE Research Programme, University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Dermatology and Infectiology Pedagogical Unit, Training and Research Units in Medical Sciences, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Renaud Becquet
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Susan Shepherd
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Dakar, Senegal
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Kangas ST, Coulibaly IN, Tausanovitch Z, Ouologuem B, Marron B, Radin E, Ritz C, Dembele S, Ouédraogo CT, Bailey J. Post-Recovery Relapse of Children Treated with a Simplified, Combined Nutrition Treatment Protocol in Mali: A Prospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112636. [PMID: 37299599 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the 6-month incidence of relapse and associated factors among children who recovered from acute malnutrition (AM) following mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based simplified combined treatment using the ComPAS protocol. A prospective cohort of 420 children who had reached a MUAC ≥ 125 mm for two consecutive measures was monitored between December 2020 and October 2021. Children were seen at home fortnightly for 6 months. The overall 6-month cumulative incidence of relapse [95%CI] into MUAC < 125 mm and/or edema was 26.1% [21.7; 30.8] and 1.7% [0.6; 3.6] to MUAC < 115 mm and/or edema. Relapse was similar among children initially admitted to treatment with a MUAC < 115 mm and/or oedema and among those with a MUAC ≥ 115 mm but <125 mm. Relapse was predicted by lower anthropometry both at admission to and discharge from treatment, and a higher number of illness episodes per month of follow-up. Having a vaccination card, using an improved water source, having agriculture as the main source of income, and increases in caregiver workload during follow-up all protected from relapse. Children discharged as recovered from AM remain at risk of relapsing into AM. To achieve reduction in relapse, recovery criteria may need to be revised and post-discharge strategies tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Charle-Cuéllar P, Lopez-Ejeda N, Aziz Gado A, Dougnon AO, Sanoussi A, Ousmane N, Hamidou Lazoumar R, Sánchez-Martínez LJ, Toure F, Vargas A, Guerrero S. Effectiveness and Coverage of Severe Acute Malnutrition Treatment with a Simplified Protocol in a Humanitarian Context in Diffa, Niger. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081975. [PMID: 37111194 PMCID: PMC10146545 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and coverage of a simplified protocol that is implemented in health centers (HCs) and health posts (HPs) for children who are suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in the humanitarian context of Diffa. METHODS We conducted a non-randomized community-controlled trial. The control group received outpatient treatment for SAM, without medical complications, at HCs and HPs with the standard protocol of community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM). Meanwhile, with respect to the intervention group, the children with SAM received treatment at the HCs and HPs through a simplified protocol wherein the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and the presence of edema were used as the admission criteria, and the children with SAM were administered doses of fixed ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). RESULTS A total of 508 children, who were all under 5 years and had SAM, were admitted into the study. The cured proportion was 87.4% in the control group versus 96.6% in the intervention group (p value = 0.001). There was no difference between the groups in the length of stay, which was 35 days, but the intervention group used a lower quantity of RUTF-70 sachets versus 90 sachets, per child cured. Coverage increases were observed in both groups. DISCUSSION the simplified protocol used at the HCs and HPs did not result in worse recovery and resulted in fewer discharge errors compared to the standard protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noemi Lopez-Ejeda
- EPINUT Research Group (Ref. 920325), Unit of Physical Anthropology, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Atté Sanoussi
- Nutrition Direction, Ministry of Health, Niamey BP 623, Niger
| | - Nassirou Ousmane
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (CERMES), Niamey BP 10887, Niger
| | | | - Luis Javier Sánchez-Martínez
- EPINUT Research Group (Ref. 920325), Unit of Physical Anthropology, Department of Biodiversity, Ecology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fanta Toure
- Action against Hunger, West and Central Africa Regional, Dakar BP 29621, Senegal
| | - Antonio Vargas
- Action against Hunger, C/Duque de Sevilla no. 3, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Saul Guerrero
- United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund-UNICEF, 3 United Nations Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA
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9
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Likoswe BH, Chimera-Khombe B, Patson N, Selemani A, Potani I, Phuka J, Maleta K. A Systematic Review on the Optimal Dose and Duration of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) for 6-59-Month-Old Children with Severe Wasting or Oedema. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071750. [PMID: 37049590 PMCID: PMC10096907 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that severe wasting and/or oedema should be treated with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) at a dose of 150-220 kcal/kg/day for 6-8 weeks. Emerging evidence suggests that variations of RUTF dosing regimens from the WHO recommendation are not inferior. We aimed to assess the comparative efficacy and effectiveness of different RUTF doses and durations in comparison with the current WHO RUTF dose recommendation for treating severe wasting and/or oedema among 6-59-month-old children. A systematic literature search identified three studies for inclusion, and the outcomes of interest included anthropometric recovery, anthropometric measures and indices, non-response, time to recovery, readmission, sustained recovery, and mortality. The study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD 42021276757. Only three studies were eligible for analysis. There was an overall high risk of bias for two of the studies and some concerns for the third study. Overall, there were no differences between the reduced and standard RUTF dose groups in all outcomes of interest. Despite the finding of no differences between reduced and standard-dose RUTF, the studies are too few to conclusively declare that reduced RUTF dose was more efficacious than standard RUTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessings H Likoswe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Bernadette Chimera-Khombe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Noel Patson
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Apatsa Selemani
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Isabel Potani
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - John Phuka
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
| | - Kenneth Maleta
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Global and Public Health, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Private Bag 360, Chichiri, Blantyre 312225, Malawi
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Cazes C, Phelan K, Hubert V, Boubacar H, Bozama LI, Sakubu GT, Senge BB, Baya N, Alitanou R, Kouamé A, Yao C, Gabillard D, Daures M, Augier A, Anglaret X, Kinda M, Shepherd S, Becquet R. Optimising the dosage of ready-to-use therapeutic food in children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: a non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 58:101878. [PMID: 36915287 PMCID: PMC10006445 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current standard management of severe acute malnutrition uses ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) at a single weight-based calculation resulting in an increasing amount of RUTF provided to the family as the child's weight increases during recovery. Using RUTF at a gradually reduced dosage as the child recovers could reduce costs while achieving similar growth response. METHODS We conducted an open-label, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Children aged 6-59 months with a mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) of less than 115 mm or a weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) of less than -3 or bipedal oedema and without medical complication were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) using a specially developed software and random blocks (size was kept confidential), to either the current standard treatment (increasing the RUTF amount with increasing weight) or the OptiMA strategy (decreasing the RUTF dose with increasing weight and MUAC). The main endpoint was proportion of children who achieved recovery over the 6 months follow up period, as defined as meeting the following criteria for two consecutive weeks after a minimum of 4 weeks' treatment: axillary temperature less than 37.5 °C, no bipedal oedema, and anthropometric improvement (either MUAC 125 mm or greater or WHZ -1.5 or higher). We performed analyses on the intention-to-treat (ITT) (all children) and per-protocol populations (participants who had a minimum prescription of 4 weeks' RUTF, received at least 90% of the total amount of RUTF they were supposed to receive as per the protocol, and had a maximum interval of 6 weeks between any two visits in the 6-month follow-up). The non-inferiority margin was 10%. This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, and is now closed NCT03751475. FINDINGS Between July 22, 2019, and January 20, 2020, 491 children were randomly assigned, of whom 482 were analysed (240 in the standard group and 242 in the OptiMA group). In the ITT analysis, 234 (98%) children in the standard group and 231 (96%) children in OptiMA recovered (difference 2.0%, 95% CI -2.0% to 6.4%). In the PP analysis, 234 (98%) children in the standard group and 228 (97%) in OptiMA recovered (difference 1.3%, 95% CI -2.3% to 5.1%). Sensitivity analyses applying the same anthropometric recovery criteria to each group also showed non-inferiority of the OptiMA strategy in ITT and PP analysis. INTERPRETATION This non-inferiority trial treating uncomplicated children with MUAC of less than 115 mm or a WHZ of less than -3 or bipedal oedema with decreasing RUTF dose as MUAC and weight increase demonstrated non-inferiority compared to the standard protocol in a highly food-insecure context in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. These findings add evidence on the safety of RUTF dose reduction with significant RUTF cost savings. FUNDING Innocent Foundation and European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations. TRANSLATION For the French translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Cazes
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kevin Phelan
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Paris, France
| | - Victoire Hubert
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Harouna Boubacar
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Liévin Izie Bozama
- National Nutrition Programme (PRONANUT), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Gilbert Tshibangu Sakubu
- Kamuesha Health Zone in the Kasaï Province, Ministry of Health, Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Bruno Bindamba Senge
- National Nutrition Programme (PRONANUT), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Norbert Baya
- National Nutrition Programme (PRONANUT), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Rodrigue Alitanou
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Antoine Kouamé
- PACCI ANRS Research Programme, University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Cyrille Yao
- PACCI ANRS Research Programme, University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Delphine Gabillard
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maguy Daures
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Augustin Augier
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Moumouni Kinda
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Susan Shepherd
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Renaud Becquet
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Corresponding author. Bordeaux Population Health Centre, Team GHiGS, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33076, France.
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Hassan M, Saif K, Ijaz MS, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Robles-Velasco K, Cherrez-Ojeda I. Mean Temperature and Drought Projections in Central Africa: A Population-Based Study of Food Insecurity, Childhood Malnutrition and Mortality, and Infectious Disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2697. [PMID: 36768062 PMCID: PMC9915533 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Central African Region is an agricultural and fishing-based economy, with 40% of the population living in rural communities. The negative impacts of climate change have caused economic/health-related adverse impacts and food insecurity. This original article aims to research four key themes: (i) acute food insecurity (AFI); (ii) childhood malnutrition and mortality; (iii) infectious disease burden; and (iv) drought and mean temperature projections throughout the twenty-first century. Food insecurity was mapped in Central Africa based on the Integrated Food Security Phase Classification (IPC) for AFI. The global hunger index (GHI) was presented along with the proportion of children with undernourishment, stunting, wasting, and mortality. Data for infectious disease burden was computed by assessing the adjusted rate of change (AROC) of mortality due to diarrhea among children and the burden of death rates due to pneumonia across all age groups. Finally, the mean drought index was computed through the year 2100. This population-based study identifies high levels of hunger across a majority of the countries, with the mean drought index suggesting extreme ends of wet and dry days and an overall rise of 1-3 °C. This study is a source of evidence for stakeholders, policymakers, and the population residing in Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munum Hassan
- Department of Research, Akhtar Saeed Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Saif
- Department of Research, Wah Medical College, University of Health Sciences, Wah Cantt 47000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saad Ijaz
- Department of Research, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Department of Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
| | - Karla Robles-Velasco
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonology, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Department of Allergy and Pulmonology, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 092301, Ecuador
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Ritz C, Olsen MF, Grenov B, Friis H. Sample size calculations for continuous outcomes in clinical nutrition. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1682-1689. [PMID: 35804148 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01169-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In nutrition research, sample size calculations for continuous outcomes are important for the planning phase of many randomized trials and could also be relevant for some observational studies such as cohort and cross-sectional studies. However, only little literature dedicated to this topic exists within nutritional science. This article reviews the most common methods for sample size calculations in nutrition research. Approximate formulas are used for explaining concepts and requirements and for working through examples from the literature. Sample size calculations for the various study designs, which are covered, may all be seen as extensions of the sample size calculation for the basic two-group comparison through the application of suitable scaling factors and, possibly, modification of the significance level. The latter is needed for sample size calculations for multi-group designs and designs involving multiple primary outcomes. Like cluster-randomized designs, these types of study designs may be more challenging than standard sample size calculations. In such non-standard scenarios, there may be a need for consulting a biostatistician. Finally, it should be stressed that there may be many ways to plan a study. The final sample size calculation provided for a grant applicant, study protocol, or publication will often not only depend on considerations and input information as described in this article but will also involve restrictions in terms of logistics and/or resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ritz
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestræde 6, DK-1455, Copenhagen K, Denmark.
| | - Mette Frahm Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, DK-1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Shragai T, Talley L, Summers A, Behringer H, Wrabel M, Stobaugh H, Leidman E. Outcomes after Acute Malnutrition Program Adaptations to COVID-19, Uganda, Ethiopia, and Somalia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:S288-S298. [PMID: 36502417 DOI: 10.3201/eid2813.212266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
At the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, protocols for community-based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) were implemented to support continuity of essential feeding services while mitigating COVID-19 transmission. To assess correlations between adaptation timing and CMAM program indicators, we evaluated routine program data in Uganda, Ethiopia, and Somalia for children 6-59 months of age. We specifically analyzed facility-level changes in total admissions, average length of stay (ALOS), total children screened for admission, and recovery rates before and after adaptations. We found no statistically significant changes in program indicators after adaptations. For Somalia, we also analyzed child-level changes in ALOS and in weight and mid-upper arm circumference at admission and discharge. ALOS significantly increased immediately after adaptations and then decreased to preadaptation levels. We found no meaningful changes in either weight or mid-upper arm circumference at admission or discharge. These findings indicate that adapted CMAM programs can remain effective.
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Kangas ST, Marron B, Tausanovitch Z, Radin E, Andrianarisoa J, Dembele S, Ouédraogo CT, Coulibaly IN, Biotteau M, Ouologuem B, Daou S, Traoré F, Traoré I, Nene M, Bailey J. Effectiveness of Acute Malnutrition Treatment at Health Center and Community Levels with a Simplified, Combined Protocol in Mali: An Observational Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 14. [PMID: 36432609 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A simplified, combined protocol was created that admits children with a mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) of <125 mm or edema to malnutrition treatment with ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) that involves prescribing two daily RUTF sachets to children with MUAC < 115 mm or edema and one daily sachet to those with 115 mm ≤ MUAC < 125 mm. This treatment was previously shown to result in non-inferior programmatic outcomes compared with standard treatment. We aimed at observing its effectiveness in a routine setting at scale, including via delivery by community health workers (CHWs). A total of 27,800 children were admitted to the simplified, combined treatment. Treatment resulted in a 92% overall recovery, with a mean length of stay of 40 days and a mean RUTF consumption of 62 sachets per child treated. Among children admitted with MUAC < 115 mm or edema, 87% recovered with a mean length of stay of 55 days and consuming an average of 96 RUTF sachets. The recovery in all sub-groups studied exceeded 85%. Treatment by CHWs resulted in a similar (94%) recovery to treatment by formal healthcare workers (92%). The simplified, combined protocol resulted in high recovery and low RUTF consumption per child treated and can safely be adopted by CHWs to provide treatment at the community level.
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Odei Obeng‐Amoako GA, Stobaugh H, Wrottesley SV, Khara T, Binns P, Trehan I, Black RE, Webb P, Mwangome M, Bailey J, Bahwere P, Dolan C, Boyd E, Briend A, Myatt MA, Lelijveld N. How do children with severe underweight and wasting respond to treatment? A pooled secondary data analysis to inform future intervention studies. Matern Child Nutr 2022; 19:e13434. [PMID: 36262055 PMCID: PMC9749592 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Children with weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) <-3 have a high risk of death, yet this indicator is not widely used in nutrition treatment programming. This pooled secondary data analysis of children aged 6-59 months aimed to examine the prevalence, treatment outcomes, and growth trajectories of children with WAZ <-3 versus children with WAZ ≥-3 receiving outpatient treatment for wasting and/or nutritional oedema, to inform future protocols. Binary treatment outcomes between WAZ <-3 and WAZ ≥-3 admissions were compared using logistic regression. Recovery was defined as attaining mid-upper-arm circumference ≥12.5 cm and weight-for-height z-score ≥-2, without oedema, within a period of 17 weeks of admission. Data from 24,829 children from 9 countries drawn from 13 datasets were included. 55% of wasted children had WAZ <-3. Children admitted with WAZ <-3 compared to those with WAZ ≥-3 had lower recovery rates (28.3% vs. 48.7%), higher risk of death (1.8% vs. 0.7%), and higher risk of transfer to inpatient care (6.2% vs. 3.8%). Growth trajectories showed that children with WAZ <-3 had markedly lower anthropometry at the start and end of care, however, their patterns of anthropometric gains were very similar to those with WAZ ≥-3. If moderately wasted children with WAZ <-3 were treated in therapeutic programmes alongside severely wasted children, we estimate caseloads would increase by 32%. Our findings suggest that wasted children with WAZ <-3 are an especially vulnerable group and those with moderate wasting and WAZ <-3 likely require a higher intensity of nutritional support than is currently recommended. Longer or improved treatment may be necessary, and the timeline and definition of recovery likely need review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Stobaugh
- Action Against Hunger USANew York CityNew YorkUSA,Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Tanya Khara
- Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN)KidlingtonUK
| | | | - Indi Trehan
- Departments of Paediatrics, Global Health, and EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Robert E. Black
- Institute for International ProgrammesJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Patrick Webb
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA,Emergency Nutrition Network (ENN)KidlingtonUK
| | - Martha Mwangome
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)Centre for Geographic Medicine Research‐CoastKilifiKenya
| | | | - Paluku Bahwere
- Center for Epidémiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research (CR2), School of Public HealthUniversité Libre de BruxellesBrusselsBelgium
| | | | - Erin Boyd
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy at Tufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA,USAID/BHAWashingtonDistrict of ColumbiaUSA
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksbergDenmark,Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere UniversityTampereFinland
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Wrabel M, Stokes‐Walters R, King S, Funnell G, Stobaugh H. Programmatic adaptations to acute malnutrition screening and treatment during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Maternal & Child Nutrition 2022; 18:e13406. [PMID: 35929509 PMCID: PMC9480950 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic presented numerous challenges to acute malnutrition screening and treatment. To enable continued case identification and service delivery while minimising transmission risks, many organisations and governments implemented adaptations to community‐based management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) programmes for children under 5. These included: Family mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC); modified admission and discharge criteria; modified dosage of therapeutic foods; and reduced frequency of follow‐up visits. This paper presents qualitative findings from a larger mixed methods study to document practitioners' operational experiences and lessons learned from these adaptations. Findings reflect insights from 37 interviews representing 15 organisations in 17 countries, conducted between July 2020 and January 2021. Overall, interviewees indicated that adaptations were mostly well‐accepted by staff, caregivers and communities. Family MUAC filled screening gaps linked to COVID‐19 disruptions; however, challenges included long‐term accuracy of caregiver measurements; implementing an intervention that could increase demand for inconsistent services; and limited guidance to monitor programme quality and impact. Modified admission and discharge criteria and modified dosage streamlined logistics and implementation with positive impacts on staff workload and caregiver understanding of the programme. Reduced frequency of visits enabled social distancing by minimising crowding at facilities and lessened caregivers' need to travel. Concerns remained about how adaptations impacted children's identification for and progress through treatment and programme outcomes. Most respondents anticipated reverting to standard protocols once transmission risks were mitigated. Further evidence, including multi‐year programmatic data analysis and rigorous research, is needed in diverse contexts to understand adaptations' impacts, including how to ensure equity and mitigate unintended consequences. COVID‐19 CMAM programme adaptations enabled service continuity despite pandemic‐related challenges. Further evidence is needed on long‐term impacts. Family MUAC was well‐accepted and addressed screening gaps from COVID‐19 disruptions. Challenges included sustaining caregiver measurement accuracy; handling inaccurate self‐referrals to encourage health‐seeking behaviours; and limited programme design and monitoring guidance and tools. Modified admission criteria and therapeutic food dosage reduced contact between staff and children and streamlined logistics and implementation. Concerns remained about effects on programme admissions and outcomes. Reduced frequency of follow‐up visits successfully reduced facility crowding and need for caregiver travel. However, infrequent monitoring of childrenmay miss deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah King
- Action Against Hunger USA Washington, DC USA
| | | | - Heather Stobaugh
- Action Against Hunger USA Washington, DC USA
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Tufts University Boston Massachusetts USA
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Kangas ST, Salpéteur C, Nikièma V, Ritz C, Friis H, Briend A, Kaestel P. Predictors of time to recovery and non-response during outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267538. [PMID: 35639683 PMCID: PMC9154090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Every year, over 4 million children are treated for severe acute malnutrition with varying program performance. This study sought to explore the predictors of time to recovery from and non-response to outpatient treatment of SAM. Methods Children with weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) <-3 and/or mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <115 mm, without medical complications were enrolled in a trial (called MANGO) from outpatient clinics in Burkina Faso. Treatment included a weekly ration of ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Recovery was declared with WHZ ≥-2 and/or MUAC ≥125 mm, for two weeks without illness. Children not recovered by 16 weeks were considered as non-response to treatment. Predictors studied included admission characteristics, morbidity and compliance during treatment and household characteristics. Cox proportional hazard models were fitted and restricted mean time to recovery calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyse non-response to treatment. Results Fifty-five percent of children recovered and mean time to recovery was eight weeks while 13% ended as non-response to treatment. Independent predictors of longer time to recovery or non-response included low age, being admitted with WHZ <-3, no illness nor anaemia at admission, illness episodes during treatment, skipped or missed visits, low maternal age and not practising open defecation. Eighty-four percent of children had at least one and 59% at least two illness episodes during treatment. This increased treatment duration by 1 to 4 weeks. Thirty-five percent of children missed at least one treatment visit. One missed visit predicted 3 weeks longer and two or more missed visits 5 weeks longer treatment duration. Conclusions Both longer time to recovery and higher non-response to treatment seem most strongly associated with illness episodes and missed visits during treatment. This indicates that prevention of illnesses would be key to shortening the treatment duration and that there is a need to seek ways to facilitate adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi T. Kangas
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF), Paris, France
| | - Victor Nikièma
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action Against Hunger (ACF) Mission in Burkina Faso, Paris, France
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pernille Kaestel
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ochola S, Ogada IA, Odera CA. Predictors of the amount of intake of Ready-To-Use-Therapeutic foods among children in outpatient therapeutic programs in Nairobi, Kenya. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1135-1145. [PMID: 35432961 PMCID: PMC9007311 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ready‐to‐use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) therapy is a standard protocol for treating children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) admitted in Out‐Patient Therapeutic Programmes (OTP). The amount of RUTF to be consumed by a child is based on weight (200 kcal/kg body weight/day) as stipulated in the Kenya Integrated Management of Acute Malnutrition (IMAM) protocol for timely weight gain. There is limited information on the determinants of consumption of the correct amount of RUTF. This study sought to fill this gap by establishing the associations between the caregivers' and the child's characteristics and the amount of RUTF the child ate within a 24‐h recall period. We used a cross‐sectional study design and interviewed 200 caregivers of children 6–23 months of age admitted in four OTP centers in Nairobi Kenya. We used a researcher‐administered questionnaire to collect information from the caregivers. Seventy‐three percent of the children ate the recommended amount of RUTF. A smaller proportion (54.4%) of younger children (6–11 months of age) ate the recommended amount of RUTF compared to older children (12–17 months old and 18–23 months old at 89.1% and 82.8%, respectively). The predictors of consumption of the correct amount of RUTF were child's birth order—firstborn (AOR 29.92; 95% CI: 5.67–157.93) and children's age; 12–17 months old (AOR 5.19; 95% CI: 2.18–12.36) and 18–23 months (AOR 6.19 95% CI: 2.62), indicating that firstborn and older children were more likely to consume the correct amounts of RUTF. Caregivers' knowledge and correct practices in feeding a child with RUTF also predicted the consumption of the correct amount of RUTF. In conclusion, maternal and child characteristics are determinants of the consumption of the correct amount of RUTF by children in OTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Ochola
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya
| | - Irene A Ogada
- Department of Applied Human Nutrition Mount Saint University Halifax Nova Scotia Canada
| | - Colleta A Odera
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Dietetics Kenyatta University Nairobi Kenya
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Cazes C, Phelan K, Hubert V, Boubacar H, Bozama LI, Sakubu GT, Tshiala BK, Tusuku T, Alitanou R, Kouamé A, Yao C, Gabillard D, Kinda M, Daures M, Augier A, Anglaret X, Shepherd S, Becquet R. Simplifying and optimising the management of uncomplicated acute malnutrition in children aged 6–59 months in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (OptiMA-DRC): a non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Global Health 2022; 10:e510-20. [DOI: 10.1016/s2214-109x(22)00041-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Hitchings MDT, Berthé F, Aruna P, Shehu I, Hamza MA, Nanama S, Steve-Edemba C, Grais RF, Isanaka S. Effectiveness of a monthly schedule of follow-up for the treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition in Sokoto, Nigeria: A cluster randomized crossover trial. PLoS Med 2022; 19:e1003923. [PMID: 35231024 PMCID: PMC8887725 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) involves weekly or biweekly outpatient clinic visits for clinical surveillance and distribution of therapeutic foods. Distance to outpatient clinics and high opportunity costs for caregivers can represent major barriers to access. Reducing the frequency of outpatient visits while providing training to caregivers to recognize clinical danger signs at home between outpatient visits may increase acceptability, coverage, and public health impact of SAM treatment. We investigated the effectiveness of monthly clinic visits compared to the standard weekly follow-up in the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated SAM in northwestern Nigeria. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted a cluster randomized crossover trial to test the noninferiority of nutritional recovery in children with uncomplicated SAM receiving monthly follow-up compared to the standard weekly schedule. From January 2018 to November 2019, 3,945 children aged 6 to 59 months were enrolled at 10 health centers (5 assigned to monthly follow-up and 5 assigned to weekly follow-up) in Sokoto, Nigeria. In total, 96% of children (n = 1,976 in the monthly follow-up group and 1,802 in the weekly follow-up group) were followed until program discharge, and 91% (n = 1,873 in the monthly follow-up group and 1,721 in the weekly follow-up group) were followed to 3 months postdischarge. The mean age at admission was 15.8 months (standard deviation [SD] 7.1), 2,097/3,945 (53.2%) were girls, and the mean midupper arm circumference (MUAC) at admission was 105.8 mm (SD 6.0). In a modified intention-to-treat analysis, the primary outcome of nutritional recovery, defined as having MUAC ≥125 mm on 2 consecutive visits, was analyzed using generalized linear models, with generalized estimating equations to account for clustering. Nutritional recovery was lower in the monthly follow-up group compared to the weekly group (1,036/1,976, 52.4% versus 1,059/1,802, 58.8%; risk difference: -6.8%), and noninferiority was not demonstrated (lower bound of the confidence interval [CI] was -11.5%, lower than the noninferiority margin of 10%). The proportion of children defaulting was lower in the monthly group than in the weekly group (109/1,976, 5.5% versus 151/1,802, 8.4%, p = 0.03). Three months postdischarge, children in the monthly group were less likely to relapse compared to those in the weekly group (58/976, 5.9% versus 78/1,005, 7.8%, p = 0.03), but cumulative mortality at 3 months postdischarge was higher in the monthly group (159/1,873, 8.5% versus 106/1,721, 6.2%, p < 0.001). Study results may depend on context-specific factors including baseline level of care and the clinical status of children presenting to health centers, and, thus, generalizability of these results may be limited. CONCLUSIONS Where feasible, a weekly schedule of clinic visits should be preferred to maintain effectiveness of SAM treatment. Where geographic coverage of programs is low or frequent travel to outpatient clinics is difficult or impossible, a monthly schedule of visits may provide an alternative model to deliver treatment to those in need. Modifications to the outpatient follow-up schedule, for example, weekly clinic visits until initial weight gain has been achieved followed by monthly visits, could increase the effectiveness of the model and add flexibility for program delivery. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03140904.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D. T. Hitchings
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Philip Aruna
- Médecins Sans Frontières–Operational Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Siméon Nanama
- UNICEF West and Central Regional Office, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Sheila Isanaka
- Epicentre, Paris, France
- Departments of Nutrition and Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Nikièma V, Fogny NF, Kangas ST, Lachat C, Salpéteur C. Availability, use, and consumption practices of ready-to-use therapeutic foods prescribed to children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition aged 6-59 months during outpatient treatment in Burkina Faso. Appetite 2021; 168:105751. [PMID: 34648913 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Ready-to-use-therapeutic-foods (RUTF) was designed for the nutritional management of children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) treated as outpatients. However, to our knowledge, no study has evaluated the availability, use and consumption of RUTF within the beneficiary household in programs and in the context of a reduction in the dose of RUTF. This study, assessed the effect of a reduction in RUTF dose on the availability, use, consumption, and perceptions of caregivers on RUTF prescribed to 516 children treated for SAM, aged 6-59 months in Burkina Faso. Children received a weekly dose of RUTF according to their treatment arm until recovery. Data were collected by structured individual in-depth interviews, with caregivers one month and two months post-admission. Differences between children receiving reduced RUTF (intervention arm) and those receiving standard RUTF (control arm) were assessed by Poisson, logistic, and ordered logistic regression model. RUTF was available for the whole week in 95% in intervention arm compared to about 98% in control arm (p > 0.05). Starting from week 3 onwards, children in intervention arm consumed an average of 9 sachets of RUTF per week compared to 15 sachets in control arm (p < 0.001) and 5% of children in intervention arm reported leftover compared to 11% in control arm (p < 0.05). About 40% of children in intervention arm consumed RUTF at least 3-times per day compared to 82% in control arm (p < 0.001). The amount of RUTF prescribed was perceived as sufficient in 93% by caregivers in intervention arm against 97% in control arm (p > 0.05). In conclusion, reducing the dose of RUTF did not affect the availability of RUTF during treatment but did reduce leftover and the frequency of consumption of RUTF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Nikièma
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action Contre la Faim, mission in Burkina Faso, France; School of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin.
| | - Nadia F Fogny
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Suvi T Kangas
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
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22
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Kamugisha JGK, Lanyero B, Nabukeera-Barungi N, Ritz C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Briend A, Mupere E, Friis H, Grenov B. Weight-for-Height Z-score Gain during Inpatient Treatment and Subsequent Linear Growth during Outpatient Treatment of Young Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition: A Prospective Study from Uganda. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab118. [PMID: 34712895 PMCID: PMC8546154 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linear catch-up growth after treatment of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is low, and little is known about the association between ponderal and subsequent linear growth. OBJECTIVE The study assessed the association of weight-for-height z-score (WHZ) gain with subsequent linear growth during SAM treatment and examined its modifiers. METHODS This was a prospective study, nested in a trial (ISRCTN16454889), among 6-59-mo-old children treated for SAM in Uganda. Weight, total length (TL), and knee-heel length (KHL) were measured at admission, weekly during inpatient therapeutic care (ITC), at discharge, and fortnightly during outpatient therapeutic care (OTC) for 8 wk. Linear regression was used to assess the association between WHZ gain during ITC and linear growth during OTC. RESULTS Of 400 children, 327 were discharged to OTC and 290 were followed up for 8 wk. Mean WHZ gains were 0.45 in ITC and 1.24 in OTC, whereas mean height-for-age z-score (HAZ) declined by 0.41 during ITC and increased by 0.14 during OTC. WHZ gain during ITC was positively associated with HAZ, TL, and KHL gains during OTC [regression coefficients (β) (95% CI): 0.12 (0.09, 0.15) z-score; 3.1 (2.4, 3.8) mm and 0.5 (0.1, 0.7) mm, respectively]. The regression coefficients were highest for the middle tertile of WHZ gain with respect to HAZ and TL. Admission diarrhea and low plasma citrulline reduced the association between WHZ gain during ITC and HAZ and TL gain during OTC (P < 0.001). In contrast, pneumonia (P = 0.051) and elevated plasma C-reactive protein (P < 0.001) increased the association with TL gain, but reduced the association with KHL gain (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Among children admitted with SAM, considerable WHZ gain during ITC was followed by very modest linear catch-up growth during OTC, with no indication of a WHZ gain threshold, above which linear growth was higher. To optimize linear growth in these children, early treatment of infections and conditions affecting the gut may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly G K Kamugisha
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Betty Lanyero
- World Health Organization, Ethiopia Country Office, UNECA Compound, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise, and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Kamugisha JGK, Lanyero B, Nabukeera-Barungi N, Nambuya-Lakor H, Ritz C, Mølgaard C, Michaelsen KF, Briend A, Mupere E, Friis H, Grenov B. Weight and mid-upper arm circumference gain velocities during treatment of young children with severe acute malnutrition, a prospective study in Uganda. BMC Nutr 2021; 7:26. [PMID: 34140028 PMCID: PMC8212498 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-021-00428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Weight gain is routinely monitored to assess hydration and growth during treatment of children with complicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, changes in weight and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) gain velocities over time are scarcely described. We assessed weight and MUAC gain velocities in 6–59 mo-old children with complicated SAM by treatment phase and edema status. Methods This was a prospective study, nested in a randomized/probiotic trial (ISRCTN16454889). Weight and MUAC gain velocities were assessed by treatment phase and edema at admission using linear mixed-effects models. Results Among 400 children enrolled, the median (IQR) age was 15.0 (11.2;19.2) months, 58% were males, and 65% presented with edema. During inpatient therapeutic care (ITC), children with edema vs no edema at admission had negative weight gain velocity in the stabilization phase [differences at day 3 and 4 were − 11.26 (95% CI: − 20.73; − 1.79) g/kg/d and − 13.09 (95% CI: − 23.15; − 3.02) g/kg/d, respectively]. This gradually changed into positive weight gain velocity in transition and eventually peaked at 12 g/kg/d early in the rehabilitation phase, with no difference by edema status (P > 0.9). During outpatient therapeutic care (OTC), overall, weight gain velocity showed a decreasing trend over time (from 5 to 2 g/kg/d), [difference between edema and non-edema groups at week 2 was 2.1 (95% CI: 1.0;3.2) g/kg/d]. MUAC gain velocity results mirrored those of weight gain velocity [differences were − 2.30 (95% CI: − 3.6; − 0.97) mm/week at week 1 in ITC and 0.65 (95% CI: − 0.07;1.37) mm/week at week 2 in OTC]. Conclusions Weight and MUAC gain velocities among Ugandan children with complicated SAM showed an increasing trend during transition and early in the rehabilitation phase, and a decreasing trend thereafter, but, overall, catch-up growth was prolonged. Further research to establish specific cut-offs to assess weight and MUAC gain velocities during different periods of rehabilitation is needed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-021-00428-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolly G K Kamugisha
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Mulago National Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda. .,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Betty Lanyero
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Mulago National Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nicolette Nabukeera-Barungi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harriet Nambuya-Lakor
- Mwanamugimu Nutrition Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Mulago National Referral Hospital, P.O. Box 7051, Kampala, Uganda.,Department of Pediatrics, Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Christian Mølgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kim F Michaelsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - André Briend
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark.,Center for Child Health Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo building, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, FIN-33014 Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ezekiel Mupere
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Henrik Friis
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Benedikte Grenov
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Nikièma V, Fogny NF, Salpéteur C, Lachat C, Kangas ST. Complementary feeding practices and associated factors of dietary diversity among uncomplicated severe acute malnourished children aged 6-23 months in Burkina Faso. Matern Child Nutr 2021; 17:e13220. [PMID: 34075726 PMCID: PMC8476442 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nutritional treatment of children with uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is based on ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods (RUTF). With treatment provided at community level, children could have access to other foods, and a reduction in the dose of RUTF could further increase dietary diversity during treatment. We assessed the dietary diversity score (DDS), the minimum dietary diversity (MDD), the minimum meal frequency (MMF) and the minimum acceptable diet (MAD) of 459 infants and young children aged 6–23 months being treated for SAM with different doses of RUTF. We also investigated the factors associated with DDS. Dietary intake was estimated using a single 24‐h multipass dietary recall, 1 month after starting treatment, from December 2016 to August 2018. The DDS was calculated on the basis of eight food groups. Differences between children receiving the reduced RUTF and the standard RUTF dose and factors associated with DDS were assessed by Poisson and logistic regression models. RUTF dose was not associated with DDS (4.07 ± 1.25 for reduced RUTF and 4.01 ± 1.26 for standard RUTF; P = 0.77). Food groups most consumed by children were grains, roots or tubers (96%) and legumes and nuts (72%). Eggs consumption was low (3%). DDS was positively associated with child's age, mother's education, household wealth index, urban residence and rainy season. The present findings show that children with SAM consumed a variety of foods during treatment in addition to the RUTF ration prescribed to them. Reducing the dose of RUTF during SAM treatment did not impact DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Nikièma
- Nutrition and Health Department, Action contre la Faim, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,School of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Nadia F Fogny
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Suvi T Kangas
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
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Nel E, Lombard M. Ready-to-use therapeutic foods for the treatment of malnourished children and infants. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:276-280. [PMID: 33741753 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) allow effective community-based management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM). Current interest focuses on their optimal composition and use. RECENT FINDINGS Studies of alternative RUTF have yielded differing results. Partial soybean, sorghum flour, and whey protein replacement RUTF were inferior to standard RUTF. In contrast, soy-based RUTF was as effective as milk-based RUTF and an alternative RUTF with added oats lead to superior recovery in comparison to standard RUTF.Reducing the dose of RUTF in the later phases of SAM recovery resulted in small reductions in the growth of uncertain clinical significance.Although iron and vitamin A status improve during treatment with standard RUTF, a significant proportion of children remained deficient. Alternative soya, maize, and sorghum-based formulas with no milk protein may improve recovery of iron status compared to standard RUTF.Finally, in children with SAM, plasma essential fatty acids and conversion to long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are reduced. Despite the improvement, these parameters remain lower than in normal children after 3 months. SUMMARY New RUTF formulations may provide a cost-effective alternative to standard RUTF. Future research should focus on addressing micronutrient deficiency, lipid metabolism, and long-term recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Nel
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape
| | - Martani Lombard
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Daures M, Phelan K, Issoufou M, Sawadogo O, Akpakpo B, Kinda M, Shepherd S, Becquet R. Incidence of relapse following a new approach to simplifying and optimising acute malnutrition treatment in children aged 6-59 months: a prospective cohort in rural Northern Burkina Faso. J Nutr Sci 2021; 10:e27. [PMID: 33996040 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2021.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the 3-month incidence of relapse and associated factors among children who recovered under the Optimising treatment for acute MAlnutrition (OptiMA) strategy, a MUAC-based protocol. A prospective cohort of children successfully treated for acute malnutrition was monitored between April 2017 and February 2018. Children were seen at home by community health workers (CHWs) every 2 weeks for 3 months. Relapse was defined as a child who had met OptiMA recovery criteria (MUAC ≥ 125 mm for two consecutive weeks) but subsequently had a MUAC < 125 mm at any home visit. Cumulative incidence and incidence rates per 100 child-months were estimated. Multivariable survival analysis was conducted using a shared frailty model with a random effect on health facilities to identify associated factors. Of the 640 children included, the overall 3-month cumulative incidence of relapse was 6⋅8 % (95 % CI 5⋅2, 8⋅8). Globally, the incidence rate of relapse was 2⋅5 (95 % CI 1⋅9, 3⋅3) per 100 child-months and 3⋅7 (95 % CI 1⋅9, 6⋅8) per 100 child-months among children admitted with a MUAC < 115 mm. Most (88⋅6 %) relapses were detected early when MUAC was between 120 and 124 mm. Relapse was positively associated with hospitalisation, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 2⋅06 (95 % CI 1⋅01, 4⋅26) for children who had an inpatient stay at any point during treatment compared with children who did not. The incidence of relapse following recovery under OptiMA was relatively low in this context, but the lack of a standard relapse definition does not allow for comparison across settings Closer follow-up with caretakers whose children are admitted with MUAC < 115 mm or required hospitalisation during treatment should be considered in managing groups at high risk of relapse. Training caretakers to screen their children for relapse at home using MUAC could be more effective at detecting early relapse, and less costly, than home visits by CHWs.
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Key Words
- AM, acute malnutrition
- Acute malnutrition
- CHWs, community health workers
- CIs, confidence intervals
- CORTASAM, Council of Research & Technical Advice on Acute Malnutrition
- Children
- HAZ, height-for-age Z-score
- IQR, interquartile range
- Incidence
- MAM, moderate acute malnutrition
- MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference
- MUAC-based and reduced doses protocol
- OptiMA, Optimising treatment for acute MAlnutrition
- RDT, rapid diagnostic tests
- RUTF, ready-to-use therapeutic food
- Relapse
- SAM, severe acute malnutrition
- WHO, World Health Organization
- WHZ, weight-for-height Z-score
- West Africa
- aHR, adjusted hazard ratio
- sd, standard deviation
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Schaefer R, Mayberry A, Briend A, Manary M, Walker P, Stobaugh H, Hanson K, McGrath M, Black R. Relapse and regression to severe wasting in children under 5 years: A theoretical framework. Matern Child Nutr 2021; 17:e13107. [PMID: 33145990 PMCID: PMC7988852 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Systematic reviews have highlighted that repeated severe wasting after receiving treatment is likely to be common, but standardised measurement is needed urgently. The Council of Research & Technical Advice for Acute Malnutrition (CORTASAM) released recommendations on standard measurement of relapse (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment as per recommended discharge criteria), regression (wasting within 6 months after exiting treatment before reaching recommended discharge criteria) and reoccurrence (wasting after 6 months of exit from treatment as per recommended discharge criteria). We provide a theoretical framework of post-treatment relapse and regression to severe wasting to guide discussions, risk factor analyses, and development and evaluations of interventions. This framework highlights that there are factors that may impact risk of relapse and regression in addition to the impact of contextual factors associated with incidence and reoccurrence of severe wasting more generally. Factors hypothesised to be associated with relapse and regression relate specifically to the nutrition and health status of the child on admission to, during and exit from treatment and treatment interventions, platforms and approaches as well as type of exit from treatment (e.g., before reaching recommended criteria). These factors influence whether children reach full recovery, and poorer nutritional and immunological status at exit from treatment are more proximate determinants of risk of severe wasting after treatment, although post-treatment interventions may modify risks. The evidence base for many of these factors is weak. Our framework can guide research to improve our understanding of risks of relapse and regression and how to prevent them and inform programmes on what data to collect to evaluate relapse. Implementation research is needed to operationalise results in programmes and reduce post-treatment severe wasting at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Mayberry
- No Wasted Lives TeamAction Against Hunger UKLondonUK
| | - André Briend
- Center for Child Health ResearchTampere UniversityTampereFinland
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and SportsUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mark Manary
- Department of PediatricsWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMissouriUSA
- School of Public Health and Family Medicine, College of MedicineUniversity of MalawiBlantyreMalawi
| | - Polly Walker
- No Wasted Lives TeamAction Against Hunger UKLondonUK
| | - Heather Stobaugh
- Action Against Hunger USNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Friedman School Friedman School of Nutrition Science and PolicyTufts UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Robert Black
- Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Bailey J, Lelijveld N, Khara T, Dolan C, Stobaugh H, Sadler K, Lino Lako R, Briend A, Opondo C, Kerac M, Myatt M. Response to Malnutrition Treatment in Low Weight-for-Age Children: Secondary Analyses of Children 6-59 Months in the ComPAS Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:1054. [PMID: 33805040 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight-for-age z-score (WAZ) is not currently an admission criterion to therapeutic feeding programs, and children with low WAZ at high risk of mortality may not be admitted. We conducted a secondary analysis of RCT data to assess response to treatment according to WAZ and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and type of feeding protocol given: a simplified, combined protocol for severe and moderate acute malnutrition (SAM and MAM) vs. standard care that treats SAM and MAM, separately. Children with a moderately low MUAC (11.5–12.5 cm) and a severely low WAZ (<−3) respond similarly to treatment in terms of both weight and MUAC gain on either 2092 kJ (500 kcal)/day of therapeutic or supplementary food. Children with a severely low MUAC (<11.5 cm), with/without a severely low WAZ (<−3), have similar recovery with the combined protocol or standard treatment, though WAZ gain may be slower in the combined protocol. A limitation is this analysis was not powered for these sub-groups specifically. Adding WAZ < −3 as an admission criterion for therapeutic feeding programs admitting children with MUAC and/or oedema may help programs target high-risk children who can benefit from treatment. Future work should evaluate the optimal treatment protocol for children with a MUAC < 11.5 and/or WAZ < −3.0.
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Njunge JM, Gonzales GB, Ngari MM, Thitiri J, Bandsma RH, Berkley JA. Systemic inflammation is negatively associated with early post discharge growth following acute illness among severely malnourished children - a pilot study. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:248. [PMID: 33969227 PMCID: PMC8080977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16330.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid growth should occur among children with severe malnutrition (SM) with medical and nutritional management. Systemic inflammation (SI) is associated with death among children with SM and is negatively associated with linear growth. However, the relationship between SI and weight gain during therapeutic feeding following acute illness is unknown. We hypothesised that growth post-hospital discharge is associated with SI among children with SM. Methods: We conducted secondary analysis of data from HIV-uninfected children with SM (n=98) who survived and were not readmitted to hospital during one year of follow-up. We examined the relationship between changes in absolute deficits in weight and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) from enrolment at stabilisation to 60 days and one year later, and untargeted plasma proteome, targeted cytokines/chemokines, leptin, and soluble CD14 using multivariate regularized linear regression. Results: The mean change in absolute deficit in weight and MUAC was -0.50kg (standard deviation; SD±0.69) and -1.20cm (SD±0.89), respectively, from enrolment to 60 days later. During the same period, mean weight and MUAC gain was 3.3g/kg/day (SD±2.4) and 0.22mm/day (SD±0.2), respectively. Enrolment interleukins; IL17-alpha and IL-2, and serum amyloid P were negatively associated with weight and MUAC gain during 60 days. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein and complement component 2 were negatively associated with weight gain only. Leptin was positively associated with weight gain. Soluble CD14, beta-2 microglobulin, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta were negatively associated with MUAC gain only. Glutathione peroxidase 3 was positively associated with weight and MUAC gain during one year. Conclusions: Early post-hospital discharge weight and MUAC gain were rapid and comparable to children with uncomplicated SM treated in the community. Higher concentrations of SI markers were associated with less weight and MUAC gain, suggesting inflammation negatively impacts recovery from wasting. This finding warrants further research on reducing inflammation on growth among children with SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moses M. Ngari
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A. Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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N'Diaye DS, Wassonguema B, Nikièma V, Kangas ST, Salpéteur C. Economic evaluation of a reduced dosage of ready-to-use therapeutic foods to treat uncomplicated severe acute malnourished children aged 6-59 months in Burkina Faso. Matern Child Nutr 2021; 17:e13118. [PMID: 33621428 PMCID: PMC8189238 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ready‐to‐use therapeutic foods (RUTF) used to treat children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) are costly, and the prescribed dosage has not been optimized. The MANGO trial, implemented by Action Contre la Faim in Burkina Faso, proved the non‐inferiority of a reduced RUTF dosage in community‐based treatment of uncomplicated SAM. We performed a cost‐minimization analysis to assess the economic impact of transitioning from the standard to the reduced RUTF dose. We used a decision‐analytic model to simulate a cohort of 399 children/arm, aged 6–59 months and receiving SAM treatment. We adopted a societal perspective: direct medical costs (drugs, materials and staff time), non‐medical costs (caregiver expenses) and indirect costs (productivity loss) in 2017 international US dollar were included. Data were collected through interviews with 35 caregivers and 20 informants selected through deliberate sampling and the review trial financial documents. The overall treatment cost for 399 children/arm was $36,550 with the standard and $30,411 with the reduced dose, leading to $6,140 (16.8%) in cost savings ($15.43 saved/child treated). The cost/consultation was $11.6 and $9.6 in the standard and reduced arms, respectively, with RUTF accounting for 56.2% and 47.0% of the total. The savings/child treated was $11.4 in a scenario simulating the Burkinabè routine SAM treatment outside clinical trial settings. The reduced RUTF dose tested in the MANGO trial resulted in significant cost savings for SAM treatment. These results are useful for decision makers to estimate potential economic gains from an optimized SAM treatment protocol in Burkina Faso and similar contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieynaba S N'Diaye
- Research unit, Expertise & Advocacy Department, Action Contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Bibata Wassonguema
- Research unit, Expertise & Advocacy Department, Action Contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | | | - Suvi T Kangas
- Research unit, Expertise & Advocacy Department, Action Contre la Faim, Paris, France.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Research unit, Expertise & Advocacy Department, Action Contre la Faim, Paris, France
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Nikièma V, Kangas ST, Salpéteur C, Ouédraogo A, Lachat C, Bassolé NHI, Fogny NF. Adequacy of Nutrient Intakes of Severely and Acutely Malnourished Children Treated with Different Doses of Ready-To-Use Therapeutic Food in Burkina Faso. J Nutr 2021; 151:1008-1017. [PMID: 33571369 PMCID: PMC8030704 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTF) are designed to cover the daily nutrient requirements of children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). However, with the transfer of uncomplicated SAM care from the hospital environment to the community level, children will be able to consume complementary and family foods (CFF) in addition to RUTF, and this might decrease the quantity of RUTF needed for recovery. OBJECTIVES Using an individually randomized clinical trial, we investigated the effects of a reduced RUTF dose on the daily energy and macronutrient intakes, the proportion of energy coming from CFF, and the mean probability of adequacy (MPA) of intake in 11 micronutrients of 516 children aged 6-59 mo who were treated for SAM in Burkina Faso. METHODS The data were collected using a single 24-h multipass dietary recall, 1 mo after starting treatment, from December 2016 to August 2018, repeated on a subsample of 66 children. Differences between children receiving the reduced RUTF (intervention arm) and those receiving standard RUTF (control arm) were assessed by linear mixed models. RESULTS Daily energy intake was lower (P < 0.01) in the intervention arm (mean ± SD 1321 ± 339 kcal) than in the control arm (1467 ± 319 kcal). CFF contributed to 40% of the daily energy intake in the intervention and 35% in the control arm. The MPA for 11 micronutrients was 0.89 ± 0.1 in the intervention arm and 0.95 ± 0.07 in the control arm (P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS Reducing the dose of RUTF during SAM treatment had a negative impact on daily energy intake of the children. Despite this, children covered their recommended energy intake. The energy intake coming from CFF was similar between arms, suggesting that children's feeding practices did not change due to the reduction in RUTF in this context. This trial was registered at the IRSCTN registry as ISRCTN50039021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suvi T Kangas
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Salpéteur
- Expertise and Advocacy Department, Action contre la Faim, Paris, France
| | - Abdoulaye Ouédraogo
- Food Security and Livelihoods Department, Action contre la Faim, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Carl Lachat
- Department of Food Technology, Safety, and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Nestor H I Bassolé
- Department of Biochemistry and microbiology, Joseph KI-ZERBO University, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nadia F Fogny
- School of Nutrition and Food Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, University of Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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Lelijveld N, Musyoki E, Adongo SW, Mayberry A, Wells JC, Opondo C, Kerac M, Bailey J. Relapse and post-discharge body composition of children treated for acute malnutrition using a simplified, combined protocol: A nested cohort from the ComPAS RCT. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245477. [PMID: 33534818 PMCID: PMC7857614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Severe and moderate acute malnutrition (SAM and MAM) affect more than 50 million children worldwide yet 80% of these children do not access care. The Combined Protocol for Acute Malnutrition Study (ComPAS) trial assessed the effectiveness of a simplified, combined SAM/MAM protocol for children aged 6-59 months and found non-inferior recovery compared to standard care. To further inform policy, this study assessed post-discharge outcomes of children treated with this novel protocol in Kenya. METHODS Six 'combined' protocol clinics treated SAM and MAM children using an optimised mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC)-based dose of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Six 'standard care' clinics treated SAM with weight-based RUTF rations; MAM with ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF). Four months post-discharge, we assessed anthropometry, recent history of illness, and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Data was analysed using multivariable linear regression, adjusted for age, sex and allowing for clustering by clinic. RESULTS We sampled 850 children (median age 18 months, IQR 15-23); 44% of the original trial sample in Kenya. Children treated with the combined protocol had similar anthropometry, fat-free mass, fat mass, skinfold thickness z-scores, and frequency of common illnesses 4 months post-discharge compared the standard protocol. Mean subscapular skinfold z-scores were close to the global norm (standard care: 0.24; combined 0.27). There was no significant difference in odds of relapse between protocols (SAM, 3% vs 3%, OR = 1.0 p = 0.75; MAM, 10% vs 12%, OR = 0.90 p = 0.34). CONCLUSIONS Despite the lower dosage of RUTF for most SAM children in the combined protocol, their anthropometry and relapse rates at 4 months post-discharge were similar to standard care. MAM children treated with RUTF had similar body composition to those treated with RUSF and neither group exhibited excess adiposity. These results add further evidence that a combined protocol is as effective as standard care with no evidence of adverse effects post-discharge. A simplified, combined approach could treat more children, stretch existing resources further, and contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal Two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Lelijveld
- No Wasted Lives, Action Against Hunger, London, United Kingdom
- Emergency Nutrition Network, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Amy Mayberry
- No Wasted Lives, Action Against Hunger, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C. Wells
- Childhood Nutrition Research Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, Centre for Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Bailey
- Department of Population Health, Centre for Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- International Rescue Committee, New York City, New York, United States of America
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Stephenson KB, Agapova SE, Hendrixson DT, Koroma AS, Manary MJ. An Optimized Dose of Therapeutic Feeding Results in Noninferior Growth in Midupper Arm Circumference Compared with a Standard Dose in Children in Sierra Leone Recovering from Acute Malnutrition. Curr Dev Nutr 2021; 5:nzab007. [PMID: 33659773 PMCID: PMC7904386 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) given at 175 kcal/kg per day throughout severe acute malnutrition (SAM) treatment is recommended. Some treatment programs have diverged from this paradigm in 2 ways: reducing the supplemental food dose to 75 kcal/kg per day when midupper arm circumference (MUAC) is >11.4 cm or simplifying to a fixed-dose regimen. OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine if transitioning to an optimized, fixed-dose supplementary feeding regimen during SAM treatment when MUAC is >11.4 cm would result in noninferior gain in MUAC compared with standard treatment. METHODS Using data from 2 clinical trials conducted in Sierra Leone, a retrospective dual-cohort study was performed. The 2 cohorts included children with SAM who had improved to meet criteria for moderate acute malnutrition (MAM). The standard dose cohort continued to receive weight-based RUTF at 175 kcal/kg per day, while the optimized dose cohort received fixed-dose, 500 kcal/d of supplementary feeding. The primary outcome was a noninferiority margin of 1 mm of MUAC after 4 wk of treatment, while secondary outcomes included rate of anthropometric changes as well as time-to-relapse to SAM or death. RESULTS MUAC after 4 wk was noninferior (Δ: -0.1 mm; 95% CI: -0.05, 0.03; inferiority rejected P = 0.008). Rates of weight gain and MUAC gain were the same in the optimized-dose and standard-dose groups, whereas the rate of length gain was slower in the optimized-dose cohort. Time-to-relapse to SAM or death was not different (HR: 1.05; P = 0.71). CONCLUSIONS This study supports the practice of treating children with SAM who have recovered to meet criteria for MAM with a reduced and fixed-dose regimen of RUTF. The results also raise the question of whether this strategy might adversely impact linear growth during SAM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophia E Agapova
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Aminata Shamit Koroma
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, The Republic of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mark J Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Cazes C, Phelan K, Hubert V, Alitanou R, Boubacar H, Izie Bozama L, Tshibangu Sakubu G, Beuscart A, Yao C, Gabillard D, Kinda M, Augier A, Anglaret X, Shepherd S, Becquet R. Simplifying and optimising management of acute malnutrition in children aged 6 to 59 months: study protocol for a community-based individually randomised controlled trial in Kasaï, Democratic Republic of Congo. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e041213. [PMID: 33268424 PMCID: PMC7713214 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute malnutrition (AM) is a continuum condition, arbitrarily divided into moderate and severe AM (SAM) categories, funded and managed in separate programmes under different protocols. Optimising acute MAlnutrition (OptiMA) treatment aims to simplify and optimise AM management by treating children with mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) <125 mm or oedema with one product-ready-to-use therapeutic food-at a gradually tapered dose. Our main objective was to compare the OptiMA strategy with the standard nutritional protocol in children 6-59 months presenting with MUAC <125 mm or oedema without additional complications, as well as in children classified as uncomplicated SAM (ie, MUAC <115 mm or weight-for-height Z-score (WHZ) <-3 or with oedema). METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study was a non-inferiority, individually randomised controlled clinical trial conducted at community level in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Children 6-59 months presenting with MUAC <125 mm or WHZ <-3 or with bipedal oedema and without medical complication were included after signed informed consent in outpatient health facilities. All participants were followed for 6 months. Success in both arms was defined at 6 months post inclusion as being alive, not acutely malnourished per the definition applied at inclusion and without an additional episode of AM throughout the 6-month observation period. Recovery among children with uncomplicated SAM was the main secondary outcome. For the primary objective, 890 participants were needed, and 480 children with SAM were needed for the main secondary objective. We will perform non-inferiority analyses in per-protocol and intention-to-treat basis for both outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approvals were obtained from the National Health Ethics Committee of the Democratic Republic of Congo and from the Ethics Evaluation Committee of Inserm, the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research (Paris, France). We will submit results for publication to a peer-reviewed journal and disseminate findings in international and national conferences and meetings. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03751475. Registered 19 September 2018, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03751475.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Cazes
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team IDLIC, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kevin Phelan
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Paris, France
| | - Victoire Hubert
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Rodrigue Alitanou
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Harouna Boubacar
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Liévin Izie Bozama
- National Nutrition Programme (PRONANUT), Ministry of Health, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Gilbert Tshibangu Sakubu
- Kamuesha Health Zone in the Kasaï Province, Ministry of Health, Kamuesha, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Aurélie Beuscart
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team IDLIC, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyrille Yao
- PACCI Research Programme, University Hospital of Treichville, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Delphine Gabillard
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team IDLIC, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Moumouni Kinda
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Augustin Augier
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Anglaret
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team IDLIC, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Susan Shepherd
- The Alliance for International Medical Action (ALIMA), Dakar, Senegal
| | - Renaud Becquet
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, French National Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD), Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Team IDLIC, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
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Hendrixson DT, Godbout C, Los A, Callaghan-Gillespie M, Mui M, Wegner D, Bryant T, Koroma A, Manary MJ. Treatment of severe acute malnutrition with oat or standard ready-to-use therapeutic food: a triple-blind, randomised controlled clinical trial. Gut 2020; 69:2143-2149. [PMID: 32179568 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesised that an alternative RUTF (ready-to-use therapeutic food) made with oats (oat-RUTF) would be non-inferior to standard RUTF (s-RUTF). DESIGN This was a randomised, triple-blind, controlled, clinical non-inferiority trial comparing oat-RUTF to s-RUTF in rural Sierra Leone. Children aged 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) were randomised to oat-RUTF or s-RUTF. s-RUTF was composed of milk powder, sugar, peanut paste and vegetable oil, with a hydrogenated vegetable oil additive. Oat-RUTF contained oats and no hydrogenated vegetable oil additives. The primary outcome was graduation, an increase in anthropometric measurements such that the child was not acutely malnourished. Secondary outcomes were rates of growth, time to graduation and presence of adverse events. Intention to treat analyses was used. RESULTS Of the 1406 children were enrolled, graduation was attained in 404/721 (56%) children receiving oat-RUTF and 311/685 (45%) receiving s-RUTF (difference 10.6%, 95% CI 5.4% to 15.8%). Death, hospitalisation or remaining with SAM was seen in 87/721 (12%) receiving oat-RUTF and in 125/685 (18%) receiving s-RUTF (difference 6.2%, 95% CI 2.3 to 10.0, p=0.001). Time to graduation was less for children receiving oat RUTF; 3.9±1.8 versus 4.5±1.8 visits, respectively (p<0.001). Rates of weight in the oat-RUTF group were greater than in the s-RUTF group; 3.4±2.7 versus 2.5±2.3 g/kg/d, p<0.001. CONCLUSION Oat-RUTF is superior to s-RUTF in the treatment of SAM in Sierra Leone. We speculate that might be because of beneficial bioactive components or the absence of hydrogenated vegetable oil in oat-RUTF. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03407326.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Godbout
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alyssa Los
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Melody Mui
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Donna Wegner
- Pediatrics, Washington University in Saint Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Aminata Koroma
- Directorate of Nutrition, Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mark J Manary
- Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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Kangas ST, Kaestel P, Salpéteur C, Nikièma V, Talley L, Briend A, Ritz C, Friis H, Wells JC. Body composition during outpatient treatment of severe acute malnutrition: Results from a randomised trial testing different doses of ready-to-use therapeutic foods. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3426-3433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Kangas ST, Salpéteur C, Nikièma V, Talley L, Briend A, Ritz C, Friis H, Kaestel P. Vitamin A and iron status of children before and after treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:3512-3519. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Njunge JM, Gonzales GB, Ngari MM, Thitiri J, Bandsma RH, Berkley JA. Systemic inflammation is negatively associated with early post discharge growth following acute illness among severely malnourished children - a pilot study. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:248. [PMID: 33969227 PMCID: PMC8080977 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16330.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Rapid growth should occur among children with severe malnutrition (SM) when medically and nutritionally treated. Systemic inflammation (SI) is associated with death among children with SM and is negatively associated with linear growth. However, the relationship between SI and weight gain during therapeutic feeding following acute illness is unknown. We hypothesised that growth in the first 60 days post-hospital discharge is associated with SI among children with SM. Methods: We conducted secondary analysis of data from HIV-uninfected children with SM (n=98) who survived and were not readmitted to hospital during one year of follow up. We examined the relationship between changes in absolute deficits in weight and mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC) from enrolment at stabilisation to 60 days later and untargeted plasma proteome, targeted cytokines/chemokines, leptin, and soluble CD14 (sCD14) using multivariate regularized linear regression. Results: The mean change in absolute deficit in weight and MUAC was -0.50kg (standard deviation; SD±0.69) and -1.20cm (SD±0.89), respectively, from enrolment to 60 days later. During the same period, mean weight and MUAC gain was 3.3g/kg/day (SD±2.4) and 0.22mm/day (SD±0.2), respectively. Enrolment inflammatory cytokines interleukin 17 alpha (IL17α), interleukin 2 (IL2), and serum amyloid P (SAP) were negatively associated with weight and MUAC gain. Lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP) and complement component 2 were negatively associated with weight gain only. Leptin was positively associated with weight gain. sCD14, beta-2 microglobulin (β2M), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP1β) were negatively associated with MUAC gain only. Conclusions: Early post-hospital discharge weight and MUAC gain were rapid and comparable to children with uncomplicated SM treated with similar diet in the community. Higher concentrations of SI markers were associated with less weight and MUAC gain, suggesting inflammation negatively impacts recovery from wasting. This finding warrants further research on the role of inflammation on growth among children with SM.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Njunge
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Moses M. Ngari
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Thitiri
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
| | - Robert H.J. Bandsma
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James A. Berkley
- The Childhood Acute Illness & Nutrition (CHAIN) Network, Nairobi, Kenya
- KEMRI/Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Centre for Tropical Medicine & Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Ritz C. Statistical analysis of continuous outcomes from parallel-arm randomized controlled trials in nutrition-a tutorial. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:160-71. [PMID: 32939044 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00750-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) play a fundamental role in establishing evidence on benefits of diet changes in nutrition. There is, however, little literature on how to analyze data obtained from such trials. This tutorial provides a detailed introduction to the statistical analysis of parallel-arm RCTs in nutrition by means of modern statistical methodology, i.e., analysis of covariance and linear mixed models are informed using specific information about the trial design. Focus will be on understanding how the trial design and possibly other aspects of the trial influence the subsequent statistical analysis. All steps of the statistical analysis will be covered and a practical example is also provided.
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Bailey J, Opondo C, Lelijveld N, Marron B, Onyo P, Musyoki EN, Adongo SW, Manary M, Briend A, Kerac M. A simplified, combined protocol versus standard treatment for acute malnutrition in children 6-59 months (ComPAS trial): A cluster-randomized controlled non-inferiority trial in Kenya and South Sudan. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003192. [PMID: 32645109 PMCID: PMC7347103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malnutrition underlies 3 million child deaths worldwide. Current treatments differentiate severe acute malnutrition (SAM) from moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) with different products and programs. This differentiation is complex and costly. The Combined Protocol for Acute Malnutrition Study (ComPAS) assessed the effectiveness of a simplified, unified SAM/MAM protocol for children aged 6-59 months. Eliminating the need for separate products and protocols could improve the impact of programs by treating children more easily and cost-effectively, reaching more children globally. METHODS AND FINDINGS A cluster-randomized non-inferiority trial compared a combined protocol against standard care in Kenya and South Sudan. Randomization was stratified by country. Combined protocol clinics treated children using 2 sachets of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF) per day for those with mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) < 11.5 cm and/or edema, and 1 sachet of RUTF per day for those with MUAC 11.5 to <12.5 cm. Standard care clinics treated SAM with weight-based RUTF rations, and MAM with ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF). The primary outcome was nutritional recovery. Secondary outcomes included cost-effectiveness, coverage, defaulting, death, length of stay, and average daily weight and MUAC gains. Main analyses were per-protocol, with intention-to-treat analyses also conducted. The non-inferiority margin was 10%. From 8 May 2017 to 31 March 2018, 2,071 children were enrolled in 12 combined protocol clinics (mean age 17.4 months, 41% male), and 2,039 in 12 standard care clinics (mean age 16.7 months, 41% male). In total, 1,286 (62.1%) and 1,202 (59.0%), respectively, completed treatment; 981 (76.3%) on the combined protocol and 884 (73.5%) on the standard protocol recovered, yielding a risk difference of 0.03 (95% CI -0.05 to 0.10, p = 0.52; per-protocol analysis, adjusted for country, age, and sex). The amount of ready-to-use food (RUTF or RUSF) required for a child with SAM to reach full recovery was less in the combined protocol (122 versus 193 sachets), and the combined protocol cost US$123 less per child recovered (US$918 versus US$1,041). There were 23 (1.8%) deaths in the combined protocol arm and 21 (1.8%) deaths in the standard protocol arm (adjusted risk difference 95% CI -0.01 to 0.01, p = 0.87). There was no evidence of a difference between the protocols for any of the other secondary outcomes. Study limitations included contextual factors leading to defaulting, a combined multi-country power estimate, and operational constraints. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment for SAM and MAM is non-inferior to standard care. Further research should focus on operational implications, cost-effectiveness, and context (Asia versus Africa; emergency versus food-secure settings). This trial is complete and registered at ISRCTN (ISRCTN30393230). TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered at ISRCTN, trial number ISRCTN30393230.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Bailey
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bethany Marron
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Mark Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - André Briend
- Department of International Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Maternal, Adolescent, Reproductive, & Child Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Chase RP, Kerac M, Grant A, Manary M, Briend A, Opondo C, Bailey J. Acute malnutrition recovery energy requirements based on mid-upper arm circumference: Secondary analysis of feeding program data from 5 countries, Combined Protocol for Acute Malnutrition Study (ComPAS) Stage 1. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230452. [PMID: 32492023 PMCID: PMC7269364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Severe and moderate acute malnutrition (SAM and MAM) are currently treated with different food products in separate treatment programs. The development of a unified and simplified treatment protocol using a single food product aims to increase treatment program efficiency and effectiveness. This study, the first stage of the ComPAS trial, sought to assess rate of growth and energy requirements among children recovering from acute malnutrition in order to design a simplified, MUAC-based dosage protocol. Methods We obtained secondary data from patient cards of children aged 6–59 months recovering from SAM in outpatient therapeutic feeding programs (TFPs) and from MAM in supplementary feeding programs (SFPs) in five countries in Africa and Asia. We used local polynomial smoothing to assess changes in MUAC and proportional weight gain between clinic visits and assessed their normalized differences for a non-zero linear trend. We estimated energy needs to meet or exceed the growth observed in 95% of visits. Results This analysis used data from 5518 patients representing 33942 visits. Growth trends in MUAC and proportional weight gain were not significantly different, each lower at higher MUAC values: MUAC growth averaged 2mm/week at lower MUACs (100 to <110mm) and 1mm/week at higher MUACs (120mm to <125mm); and proportional weight gain declined from 3.9g/kg/day to 2.4g/kg/day across the same MUAC values. In 95% of visits by children with a MUAC 100mm to <125mm who were successfully treated, energy needs could be met or exceeded with 1,000 kilocalories a day. Conclusion Two 92g sachets of Ready-to-Use Therapeutic Food (RUTF) (1,000kcal total) is proposed to meet the estimated total energy requirements of children with a MUAC 100mm to <115mm, and one 92g sachet of RUTF (500kcal) is proposed to meet half the energy requirements of children with a MUAC of 115 to <125mm. A simplified, combined protocol may enable a more holistic continuum of care, potentially contributing to increased coverage for children suffering from acute malnutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel P. Chase
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Marko Kerac
- Department of Population Health & Centre for Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Angeline Grant
- Action Against Hunger-USA, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Manary
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - André Briend
- University of Tampere, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Center for Child Health Research, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Charles Opondo
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
| | - Jeanette Bailey
- Department of Population Health & Centre for Maternal, Adolescent and Child Health (MARCH), London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, England, United Kingdom
- International Rescue Committee, New York, New York, United States of America
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Guesdon B, Couture A, Pantchova D, Bilukha O. Potential consequences of expanded MUAC-only programs on targeting of acutely malnourished children and ready-to-use-therapeutic-food allocation: lessons from cross-sectional surveys. BMC Nutr 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32153978 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-019-0328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some of the recently piloted innovative approaches for the management of acute malnutrition in children use the “expanded MUAC-only” approach, with Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) < 125 mm as the sole anthropometric criterion for screening and admission, classification of cases as severe using the 115 mm cut-off, and use Ready-to-Use-Therapeutic-Food (RUTF) for the management of both moderate (MAM) and severe (SAM) cases of acute malnutrition. Our study aimed at exploring the potential consequences of this “expanded MUAC-only” program scenario on the eligibility for treatment and RUTF allocation, as compared with the existing WHO normative guidance. Methods We analyzed data from 550 population representative cross-sectional cluster surveys conducted since 2007. We retrieved all children classified as SAM and MAM according to currently used case definitions, and calculated the proportions of SAM children who would be excluded from treatment, misclassified as MAM, or whose specific risks (because of having both MUAC and weight-for height deficits) would be ignored. We also analyzed the expected changes in the number and demographics (sex, age) of children meant to receive RUTF according to the new approach. Results We found that approximately one quarter of SAM children would not be detected and eligible for treatment under the “expanded MUAC-only” scenario, and another 20% would be classified as MAM. A further 17% of the total SAM children would be admitted and followed only according to their MUAC or oedema status, while they also present with a severe weight-for height deficit on admission. Considering MAM targeting, about half of the MAM children would be left undetected. This scenario also shows a 2.5 time increase in the number of children targeted with RUTF, with approximately 70% of MAM and 30% of SAM cases among this new RUTF target. Conclusions This empirical evidence suggests that adoption of “expanded MUAC-only” programs would likely lead to a priori exclusion from treatment or misclassifying as MAM a large proportion of SAM cases, while redirecting programmatic costs in favor of those less in need. It underscores the need to explore other options for improving the impact of programs addressing the needs of acutely malnourished children.
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Abstract
The Guest Editors for the PLOS Medicine Special Issue on Maternal and Child Health & Nutrition discuss the published research in the context of global priorities for women's and children's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Åke Persson
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kathleen M. Rasmussen
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Huixia Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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