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Huot JR, Livingston PD, Pin F, Thomas CR, Jamnick NA, Callaway CS, Bonetto A. Long-term Musculoskeletal Consequences of Chemotherapy in Pediatric Mice. Function (Oxf) 2024; 5:zqae011. [PMID: 38706958 PMCID: PMC11065107 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Thanks to recent progress in cancer research, most children treated for cancer survive into adulthood. Nevertheless, the long-term consequences of anticancer agents are understudied, especially in the pediatric population. We and others have shown that routinely administered chemotherapeutics drive musculoskeletal alterations, which contribute to increased treatment-related toxicity and long-term morbidity. Yet, the nature and scope of these enduring musculoskeletal defects following anticancer treatments and whether they can potentially impact growth and quality of life in young individuals remain to be elucidated. Here, we aimed at investigating the persistent musculoskeletal consequences of chemotherapy in young (pediatric) mice. Four-week-old male mice were administered a combination of 5-FU, leucovorin, irinotecan (a.k.a., Folfiri) or the vehicle for up to 5 wk. At time of sacrifice, skeletal muscle, bones, and other tissues were collected, processed, and stored for further analyses. In another set of experiments, chemotherapy-treated mice were monitored for up to 4 wk after cessation of treatment. Overall, the growth rate was significantly slower in the chemotherapy-treated animals, resulting in diminished lean and fat mass, as well as significantly smaller skeletal muscles. Interestingly, 4 wk after cessation of the treatment, the animals exposed to chemotherapy showed persistent musculoskeletal defects, including muscle innervation deficits and abnormal mitochondrial homeostasis. Altogether, our data support that anticancer treatments may lead to long-lasting musculoskeletal complications in actively growing pediatric mice and support the need for further studies to determine the mechanisms responsible for these complications, so that new therapies to prevent or diminish chemotherapy-related toxicities can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Huot
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
| | - Patrick D Livingston
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
| | - Connor R Thomas
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202 USA
| | - Nicholas A Jamnick
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
| | - Chandler S Callaway
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
- University of Colorado Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045 USA
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Kim Y, Oh Y, Kim YS, Shin JH, Lee YS, Kim Y. β‑carotene attenuates muscle wasting in cancer cachexia by regulating myogenesis and muscle atrophy. Oncol Rep 2024; 51:9. [PMID: 37975253 PMCID: PMC10696564 DOI: 10.3892/or.2023.8668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a metabolic disease involving multiple organs, which is accompanied by the depletion of muscle tissue and is associated with ~20% of cancer‑related deaths. Muscle wasting is a critical factor in cancer cachexia. β‑carotene (BC) has been shown to increase muscle mass and hypertrophy in healthy mice. However, its effects on muscle tissue dysregulation in cancer cachexia have yet to be studied. In the present study, 5‑week‑old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with 1x106 Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells to induce cancer cachexia; then the mice were administered BC (4 or 8 mg/kg) for 22 days to assess its effects on muscle atrophy in the gastrocnemius muscles. The effects of BC on inflammatory cytokines, myogenesis and muscle atrophy were evaluated using C2C12 myotubes treated with LLC‑conditioned media. BC supplementation significantly suppressed tumor growth, inflammatory cytokines, and hepatic gluconeogenesis in the LLC‑induced cancer cachexia mouse model, while also improving muscle weight and grip strength. These effects are considered to be mediated by the PI3K/Akt pathway and through regulation of muscle atrophy. Moreover, BC treatment was associated with the recovery of LLC‑conditioned media‑induced muscle differentiation deficits and muscle atrophy in C2C12 myotubes. These findings indicate BC as a potential novel therapeutic agent for cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yerin Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsoo Oh
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Sun Kim
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jae-Ho Shin
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Su Lee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Eulji University, Gyeonggi-do 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Kim
- Department of Nutritional Science and Food Management, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Graduate Program in System Health Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
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Tobias GC, Gomes JLP, Fernandes LG, Voltarelli VA, de Almeida NR, Jannig PR, de Souza RWA, Negrão CE, Oliveira EM, Chammas R, Alves CRR, Brum PC. Aerobic exercise training mitigates tumor growth and cancer-induced splenomegaly through modulation of non-platelet platelet factor 4 expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21970. [PMID: 38081853 PMCID: PMC10713653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise training reduces the incidence of several cancers, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are not fully understood. Exercise training can affect the spleen function, which controls the hematopoiesis and immune response. Analyzing different cancer models, we identified that 4T1, LLC, and CT26 tumor-bearing mice displayed enlarged spleen (splenomegaly), and exercise training reduced spleen mass toward control levels in two of these models (LLC and CT26). Exercise training also slowed tumor growth in melanoma B16F10, colon tumor 26 (CT26), and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) tumor-bearing mice, with minor effects in mammary carcinoma 4T1, MDA-MB-231, and MMTV-PyMT mice. In silico analyses using transcriptome profiles derived from these models revealed that platelet factor 4 (Pf4) is one of the main upregulated genes associated with splenomegaly during cancer progression. To understand whether exercise training would modulate the expression of these genes in the tumor and spleen, we investigated particularly the CT26 model, which displayed splenomegaly and had a clear response to the exercise training effects. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed that trained CT26 tumor-bearing mice had decreased Pf4 mRNA levels in both the tumor and spleen when compared to untrained CT26 tumor-bearing mice. Furthermore, exercise training specifically decreased Pf4 mRNA levels in the CT26 tumor cells. Aspirin treatment did not change tumor growth, splenomegaly, and tumor Pf4 mRNA levels, confirming that exercise decreased non-platelet Pf4 mRNA levels. Finally, tumor Pf4 mRNA levels are deregulated in The Cancer Genome Atlas Program (TCGA) samples and predict survival in multiple cancer types. This highlights the potential therapeutic value of exercise as a complementary approach to cancer treatment and underscores the importance of understanding the exercise-induced transcriptional changes in the spleen for the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C Tobias
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
- Children's Cancer and Blood Foundation Laboratories, Departments of Pediatrics, and Cell and Developmental Biology, Drukier Institute for Children's Health, Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - João L P Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Larissa G Fernandes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Vanessa A Voltarelli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ney R de Almeida
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo W Alves de Souza
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Carlos E Negrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
- Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edilamar M Oliveira
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Christiano R R Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Professor Mello Moraes, 65-Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 05508-030, Brazil.
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Nevi L, Pöllänen N, Penna F, Caretti G. Targeting Epigenetic Regulators with HDAC and BET Inhibitors to Modulate Muscle Wasting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16404. [PMID: 38003594 PMCID: PMC10671811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes contribute to the profound alteration in the transcriptional program associated with the onset and progression of muscle wasting in several pathological conditions. Although HDACs and their inhibitors have been extensively studied in the field of muscular dystrophies, the potential of epigenetic inhibitors has only been marginally explored in other disorders associated with muscle atrophy, such as in cancer cachexia and sarcopenia. BET inhibitors represent a novel class of recently developed epigenetic drugs that display beneficial effects in a variety of diseases beyond malignancies. Based on the preliminary in vitro and preclinical data, HDACs and BET proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia and sarcopenia, modulating processes related to skeletal muscle mass maintenance and/or metabolism. Thus, epigenetic drugs targeting HDACs and BET proteins may emerge as promising strategies to reverse the catabolic phenotype associated with cachexia and sarcopenia. Further preclinical studies are warranted to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms associated with the functions of HDACs and BET proteins in muscle atrophy and to establish whether their epigenetic inhibitors represent a prospective therapeutic avenue to alleviate muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Noora Pöllänen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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Directo D, Lee SR. Cancer Cachexia: Underlying Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Interventions. Metabolites 2023; 13:1024. [PMID: 37755304 PMCID: PMC10538050 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, a multifactorial metabolic syndrome developed during malignant tumor growth, is characterized by an accelerated loss of body weight accompanied by the depletion of skeletal muscle mass. This debilitating condition is associated with muscle degradation, impaired immune function, reduced functional capacity, compromised quality of life, and diminished survival in cancer patients. Despite the lack of the known capability of fully reversing or ameliorating this condition, ongoing research is shedding light on promising preclinical approaches that target the disrupted mechanisms in the pathophysiology of cancer cachexia. This comprehensive review delves into critical aspects of cancer cachexia, including its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, preclinical models for studying the progression of cancer cachexia, methods for clinical assessment, relevant biomarkers, and potential therapeutic strategies. These discussions collectively aim to contribute to the evolving foundation for effective, multifaceted counteractive strategies against this challenging condition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sang-Rok Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003, USA;
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Stemmler B, Busquets S. Cancer-associated cachexia - understanding the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment to improve management. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2023; 20:250-264. [PMID: 36806788 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-023-00734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Cachexia is a devastating, multifactorial and often irreversible systemic syndrome characterized by substantial weight loss (mainly of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue) that occurs in around 50-80% of patients with cancer. Although this condition mainly affects skeletal muscle (which accounts for approximately 40% of total body weight), cachexia is a multi-organ syndrome that also involves white and brown adipose tissue, and organs including the bones, brain, liver, gut and heart. Notably, cachexia accounts for up to 20% of cancer-related deaths. Cancer-associated cachexia is invariably associated with systemic inflammation, anorexia and increased energy expenditure. Understanding these mechanisms is essential, and the progress achieved in this area over the past decade could help to develop new therapeutic approaches. In this Review, we examine the currently available evidence on the roles of both the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment in cancer-associated cachexia, and provide an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies developed to manage this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco J López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Silvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Huot JR, Baumfalk D, Resendiz A, Bonetto A, Smuder AJ, Penna F. Targeting Mitochondria and Oxidative Stress in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Muscle Wasting. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:352-370. [PMID: 36310444 PMCID: PMC10081727 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Cancer is frequently associated with the early appearance of cachexia, a multifactorial wasting syndrome. If not present at diagnosis, cachexia develops either as a result of tumor progression or as a side effect of anticancer treatments, especially of standard chemotherapy, eventually representing the direct cause of death in up to one-third of all cancer patients. Cachexia, within its multiorgan affection, is characterized by severe loss of muscle mass and function, representing the most relevant subject of preclinical and clinical investigation. Recent Advances: The pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer- and chemotherapy-induced cachexia is complex, and encompasses heightened protein catabolism and reduced anabolism, disrupted mitochondria and energy metabolism, and even neuromuscular junction dismantling. The mechanisms underlying these alterations are still controversial, especially concerning the molecular drivers that could be targeted for anticachexia therapies. Inflammation and mitochondrial oxidative stress are among the principal candidates; the latter being extensively discussed in the present review. Critical Issues: Several approaches have been tested to modulate the redox homeostasis in tumor hosts, and to counteract cancer- and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting, from exercise training to distinct classes of direct or indirect antioxidants. We herein report the most relevant results obtained from both preclinical and clinical trials. Future Directions: Including the assessment and the treatment of altered redox balance in the clinical management of cancer patients is still a big challenge. The available evidence suggests that fortifying the antioxidant defenses by either pharmacological or nonpharmacological strategies will likely improve cachexia and eventually the outcome of a broad cancer patient population. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 38, 352-370.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Huot
- Department of Surgery and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Dryden Baumfalk
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Aridai Resendiz
- Department of Oncology, Surgical Oncology and Digestive Surgery Unit, S Luigi University Hospital, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, and Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Ashley J. Smuder
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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van de Haterd B, Verboven K, Vandenabeele F, Agten A. The Role of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondria in Colorectal Cancer Related Cachexia: Friends or Foes? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23. [PMID: 36499157 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 60% of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients develop cachexia. The presence of CRC related cachexia is associated with more adverse events during systemic therapy, leading to a high mortality rate. The main manifestation in CRC related cachexia is the loss of skeletal muscle mass, resulting from an imbalance between skeletal muscle protein synthesis and protein degradation. In CRC related cachexia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and proteolytic systems lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, resulting in an imbalanced skeletal muscle metabolism. Mitochondria fulfill an important function in muscle maintenance. Thus, preservation of the skeletal muscle mitochondrial homeostasis may contribute to prevent the loss of muscle mass. However, it remains elusive whether mitochondria play a benign or malignant role in the development of cancer cachexia. This review summarizes current (mostly preclinical) evidence about the role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of CRC related cachexia. Future human research is necessary to determine the physiological role of skeletal muscle mitochondria in the development of human CRC related cachexia.
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Beltrà M, Pin F, Costamagna D, Duelen R, Renzini A, Ballarò R, Garcia-castillo L, Iannuzzi A, Moresi V, Coletti D, Sampaolesi M, Penna F, Costelli P. PGC-1α in the myofibers regulates the balance between myogenic and adipogenic progenitors affecting muscle regeneration. iScience 2022; 25:105480. [DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chen TH, Koh KY, Lin KMC, Chou CK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as an Underlying Cause of Skeletal Muscle Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12926. [PMID: 36361713 PMCID: PMC9653750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are an important energy source in skeletal muscle. A main function of mitochondria is the generation of ATP for energy through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial defects or abnormalities can lead to muscle disease or multisystem disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by defective mitochondrial OXPHOS, mtDNA mutations, Ca2+ imbalances, mitochondrial-related proteins, mitochondrial chaperone proteins, and ultrastructural defects. In addition, an imbalance between mitochondrial fusion and fission, lysosomal dysfunction due to insufficient biosynthesis, and/or defects in mitophagy can result in mitochondrial damage. In this review, we explore the association between impaired mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle disorders. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for more research to determine the specific clinical benefits of mitochondrial therapy in the treatment of skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Yean Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kurt Ming-Chao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Kuang Chou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
- Obesity Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
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Huot JR, Pin F, Chatterjee R, Bonetto A. PGC1α overexpression preserves muscle mass and function in cisplatin-induced cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2480-2491. [PMID: 35903870 PMCID: PMC9530502 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy induces a cachectic-like phenotype, accompanied by skeletal muscle wasting, weakness and mitochondrial dysfunction. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1α), a regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, is often reduced in cachectic skeletal muscle. Overexpression of PGC1α has yielded mixed beneficial results in cancer cachexia, yet investigations using such approach in a chemotherapy setting are limited. Utilizing transgenic mice, we assessed whether overexpression of PGC1α could combat the skeletal muscle consequences of cisplatin. METHODS Young (2 month) and old (18 month) wild-type (WT) and PGC1α transgenic male and female mice (Tg) were injected with cisplatin (C; 2.5 mg/kg) for 2 weeks, while control animals received saline (n = 5-9/group). Animals were assessed for muscle mass and force, motor unit connectivity, and expression of mitochondrial proteins. RESULTS Young WT + C mice displayed reduced gastrocnemius mass (male: -16%, P < 0.0001; female: -11%, P < 0.001), muscle force (-6%, P < 0.05, both sexes), and motor unit number estimation (MUNE; male: -53%, P < 0.01; female: -51%, P < 0.01). Old WT + C male and female mice exhibited gastrocnemius wasting (male: -22%, P < 0.05; female: -27%, P < 0.05), muscle weakness (male: -20%, P < 0.0001; female: -17%, P < 0.01), and loss of MUNE (male: -82%, P < 0.01; female: -62%, P < 0.05), suggesting exacerbated cachexia compared with younger animals. Overexpression of PGC1α had mild protective effects on muscle mass in young Tg + C male only (gastrocnemius: +10%, P < 0.05); however, force and MUNE were unchanged in both young Tg + C male and female, suggesting preservation of neuromuscular function. In older male, protective effects associated with PGC1α overexpression were heighted with Tg + C demonstrating preserved muscle mass (gastrocnemius: +34%, P < 0.001), muscle force (+13%, P < 0.01), and MUNE (+3-fold, P < 0.05). Similarly, old female Tg + C did not exhibit muscle wasting or reductions in MUNE, and had preserved muscle force (+11%, P < 0.05) compared with female WT + C. Follow-up molecular analysis demonstrated that aged WT animals were more susceptible to cisplatin-induced loss of mitochondrial proteins, including PGC1α, OPA1, cytochrome-C, and Cox IV. CONCLUSIONS In our study, the negative effects of cisplatin were heighted in aged animals, whereas overexpression of PGC1α was sufficient to combat the neuromuscular dysfunction caused by cisplatin, especially in older animals. Hence, our observations indicate that aged animals may be more susceptible to develop chemotherapy side toxicities and that mitochondria-targeted strategies may serve as a tool to prevent chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting and weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Huot
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Rohit Chatterjee
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & PhysiologyIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck SurgeryIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal HealthIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer CenterIndiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA
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Palus S, Elkina Y, Braun T, von Haehling S, Döhner W, Anker SD, Cerami A, Brines M, Springer J. The erythropoietin-derived peptide ARA 284 reduces tissue wasting and improves survival in a rat model of cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2202-2210. [PMID: 35586884 PMCID: PMC9397558 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia (CC) is a severe complication during the last stages of the disease, which is characterized by the substantial loss of muscle and fat mass. Currently, there is no effective treatment of CC. Erythropoietin plays tissue-protective role in different tissues. Based on the structure of erythropoietin, small non-erythropoietic peptides were synthesized, which activate tissue-protective signalling pathways. METHODS Here, we investigated the influence of the tissue-protective peptide ARA 284 on CC in rats using the Yoshida hepatoma model. RESULTS Treatment with ARA 284 (1.7 μg/kg/day) counteracted the loss of body weight (12.46 ± 4.82% ARA 284 vs. 26.85 ± 0.88% placebo, P < 0.01), fat mass (P < 0.01), and lean mass (P < 0.01). It improved spontaneous activity of ARA 284-treated animals. Further, gastrocnemius mass was increased (13.2% ARA 284 vs. placebo, P < 0.01) in association with induced p-Akt (P < 0.01) and decreased in p-p38 MAPK, GSK-3β, and myostatin (all P < 0.01), suggesting an induction of anabolic pathways. At the same time, we observed the significant increase in the survival of animals by high-dose ARA 284 treatment (hazard ratio: 0.46, 95% confidence interval: 0.23-0.94, P = 0.0325). CONCLUSIONS Taken together these results suggest that ARA 284 can be considered beneficial in experimental CC and it remains to be seen, if it can have similar beneficial effects in CC patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Palus
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yulia Elkina
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tanja Braun
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfram Döhner
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan D Anker
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Springer
- Berlin Institute of Health Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK) partner site Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Tsitkanou S, Murach KA, Washington TA, Greene NP. Exercise Counteracts the Deleterious Effects of Cancer Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2512. [PMID: 35626116 PMCID: PMC9139714 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This review provides an overview of the effects of exercise training on the major mechanisms related to cancer cachexia (CC). The review also discusses how cancer comorbidities can influence the ability of patients/animals with cancer to perform exercise training and what precautions should be taken when they exercise. The contribution of other factors, such as exercise modality and biological sex, to exercise effectiveness in ameliorating CC are also elaborated in the final sections. We provide meticulous evidence for how advantageous exercise training can be in patients/animals with CC at molecular and cellular levels. Finally, we emphasise what factors should be considered to optimise and personalise an exercise training program in CC. Abstract Cancer cachexia (CC) is a multifactorial syndrome characterised by unintentional loss of body weight and muscle mass in patients with cancer. The major hallmarks associated with CC development and progression include imbalanced protein turnover, inflammatory signalling, mitochondrial dysfunction and satellite cell dysregulation. So far, there is no effective treatment to counteract muscle wasting in patients with CC. Exercise training has been proposed as a potential therapeutic approach for CC. This review provides an overview of the effects of exercise training in CC-related mechanisms as well as how factors such as cancer comorbidities, exercise modality and biological sex can influence exercise effectiveness in CC. Evidence in mice and humans suggests exercise training combats all of the hallmarks of CC. Several exercise modalities induce beneficial adaptations in patients/animals with CC, but concurrent resistance and endurance training is considered the optimal type of exercise. In the case of cancer patients presenting comorbidities, exercise training should be performed only under specific guidelines and precautions to avoid adverse effects. Observational comparison of studies in CC using different biological sex shows exercise-induced adaptations are similar between male and female patients/animals with cancer, but further studies are needed to confirm this.
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Pin F, Huot JR, Bonetto A. The Mitochondria-Targeting Agent MitoQ Improves Muscle Atrophy, Weakness and Oxidative Metabolism in C26 Tumor-Bearing Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:861622. [PMID: 35392166 PMCID: PMC8980422 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.861622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating syndrome characterized by skeletal muscle wasting, weakness and fatigue. Several pathogenetic mechanisms can contribute to these muscle derangements. Mitochondrial alterations, altered metabolism and increased oxidative stress are known to promote muscle weakness and muscle catabolism. To the extent of improving cachexia, several drugs have been tested to stimulate mitochondrial function and normalize the redox balance. The aim of this study was to test the potential beneficial anti-cachectic effects of Mitoquinone Q (MitoQ), one of the most widely-used mitochondria-targeting antioxidant. Here we show that MitoQ administration (25 mg/kg in drinking water, daily) in vivo was able to improve body weight loss in Colon-26 (C26) bearers, without affecting tumor size. Consistently, the C26 hosts displayed ameliorated skeletal muscle and strength upon treatment with MitoQ. In line with improved skeletal muscle mass, the treatment with MitoQ was able to partially correct the expression of the E3 ubiquitin ligases Atrogin-1 and Murf1. Contrarily, the anabolic signaling was not improved by the treatment, as showed by unchanged AKT, mTOR and 4EBP1 phosphorylation. Assessment of gene expression showed altered levels of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and homeostasis in the tumor hosts, although only Mitofusin-2 levels were significantly affected by the treatment. Interestingly, the levels of Pdk4 and CytB, genes involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolism, were also partially increased by MitoQ, in line with the modulation of hexokinase (HK), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) enzymatic activities. The improvement of the oxidative metabolism was associated with reduced myosteatosis (i.e., intramuscular fat infiltration) in the C26 bearers receiving MitoQ, despite unchanged muscle LDL receptor expression, therefore suggesting that MitoQ could boost β-oxidation in the muscle tissue and promote a glycolytic-to-oxidative shift in muscle metabolism and fiber composition. Overall, our data identify MitoQ as an effective treatment to improve skeletal muscle mass and function in tumor hosts and further support studies aimed at testing the anti-cachectic properties of mitochondria-targeting antioxidants also in combination with routinely administered chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Joshua R. Huot
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrea Bonetto,
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15
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Pin F, Beltrà M, Garcia-Castillo L, Pardini B, Birolo G, Matullo G, Penna F, Guttridge D, Costelli P. Extracellular vesicles derived from tumour cells as a trigger of energy crisis in the skeletal muscle. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:481-494. [PMID: 34931471 PMCID: PMC8818645 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia, a syndrome frequently occurring in cancer patients, is characterized by muscle wasting, altered energy and protein metabolism and impaired myogenesis. Tumour-derived microvesicles (TMVs) containing proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and non-coding RNAs could contribute to cancer-induced muscle wasting. METHODS Differential ultracentrifugation was used to isolate TMVs from the conditioned medium of Lewis lung carcinoma and C26 colon carcinoma cell cultures. TMVs were added to the culture medium of C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes for 24-48-72 h, and the effects on protein and energy metabolism were assessed. TMVs were also isolated from the blood of C26-bearing mice. MicroRNA (miR) profile of TMVs was obtained by RNA-seq and validated by digital drop PCR. Selected miRs were overexpressed in C2C12 myoblasts to assess the effects on myogenic differentiation. RESULTS Differentiation was delayed in C2C12 myoblasts exposed to TMVs, according to reduced expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC; about 62% of controls at Day 4) and myogenin (about 68% of controls at Day 4). As for myotubes, TMVs did not affect the expression of MyHC, while revealed able to modulate mitochondria and oxidative metabolism. Indeed, reduced mRNA levels of PGC-1α (C = 1 ± 0.2, TMV = 0.57 ± 0.06, normalized fold change, P < 0.05) and Cytochrome C (C = 1 ± 0.2, TMV = 0.65 ± 0.04, normalized fold change, P < 0.05), associated with increased BNIP3 expression (C = 1 ± 0.1, TMV = 1.29 ± 0.2, normalized fold change, P < 0.05), were observed, suggesting reduced mitochondrial biogenesis/amount and enhanced mitophagy. These changes were paralleled by decreased oxygen consumption (C = 686.9 ± 44 pmol/min, TMV = 552.25 ± 24 pmol/min, P < 0.01) and increased lactate levels (C = 0.0063 ± 0.00045 nmol/μL, TMV = 0.0094 ± 0.00087 nmol/μL, P < 0.01). A total of 118 miRs were found in MVs derived from the plasma of the C26 hosts; however, only three of them were down-regulated (RNA-seq): miR-181a-5p (-1.46 fold change), miR-375-3p (-2.52 fold change), and miR-455-5p (-3.87 fold change). No correlation could be observed among miRs in the MVs obtained from the blood of the C26 host and those released by C26 cells in the culture medium. Overexpression of miR-148a-3p and miR-181a-5p in C2C12 myoblasts revealed the ability to impinge on the mRNA levels of Myf5, Myog, and MyHC (Myh4 and Myh7). CONCLUSIONS These results show that in C2C12 cultures, TMVs are able to affect both differentiation and the mitochondrial system. Such effects could be related to TMV-contained miRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marc Beltrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), Candiolo, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Birolo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matullo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Denis Guttridge
- Department of Cancer Biology, Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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16
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Li J, Xie Q, Liu L, Cheng Y, Han Y, Chen X, Lin J, Li Z, Liu H, Zhang X, Chen H, Peng J, Shen A. Swimming Attenuates Muscle Wasting and Mediates Multiple Signaling Pathways and Metabolites in CT-26 Bearing Mice. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:812681. [PMID: 35127824 PMCID: PMC8811507 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.812681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the effects of swimming on cancer induced muscle wasting and explore its underlying mechanism in CT-26 bearing mice.Methods: BALB/c mice (n = 16) injected with CT-26 cells were divided into two groups, including Tumor group (n = 8) and Swimming group (n = 8). Another 8 un-injected mice were set as Control group. Mice in Swimming group were subjected to physical training for swimming twice per day for 30 min intervals and 6 days per week for a total of 4 weeks. The tumor volume was monitored every 3 days and tumor weight was measured at the end of experiment. The changes of muscle function, pathological and cell apoptosis of quadriceps muscles were further assessed, and its underlying mechanisms were further explored using multiple biological technologies.Results: Swimming obviously alleviated tumor volume and weight in CT-26 bearing mice. Moreover, swimming attenuated the decrease of muscle tension, autonomic activities, and increase of muscle atrophy, pathological ultrastructure, as well as cell apoptosis of quadriceps muscles in CT-26 bearing mice. Furthermore, swimming significantly down-regulated the protein expression of NF-κB, p-NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and Bax, while up-regulated the expression of Bcl-2. Further differential expressed metabolites (DEMs) analysis identified a total of 76 (in anion mode) and 330 (in cationic mode) DEMs in quadriceps muscles of CT-26 bearing mice after swimming, including taurochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, ascorbic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid.Conclusion: Swimming attenuates tumor growth and muscle wasting, and by suppressing the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway mediated inflammation, reducing the level of Bax medicated cell apoptosis, as well as modulating multiple metabolites might be the importantly underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Li
- The Department of Physical Education, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qiurong Xie
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liya Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuying Han
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Lin
- Rehabilitation Industry Institute, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zuanfang Li
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huixin Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haichun Chen
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
- Provincial University Key Laboratory of Sport and Health Science, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jun Peng
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Peng, ; Aling Shen,
| | - Aling Shen
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine in Geriatrics, Fuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Peng, ; Aling Shen,
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17
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Bordignon C, dos Santos BS, Rosa DD. Impact of Cancer Cachexia on Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle: Role of Exercise Training. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14020342. [PMID: 35053505 PMCID: PMC8773522 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cachexia is a syndrome that can be present in many patients diagnosed with cancer, especially in those with metastatic or very advanced tumors. The patient may present with weight loss, loss of muscle mass, and even cardiac dysfunction as a result of it. The aim of this review is to understand how cachexia manifests and whether physical exercise has any role in trying to prevent or reverse this syndrome in cancer patients. Abstract Cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome that presents with, among other characteristics, progressive loss of muscle mass and anti-cardiac remodeling effect that may lead to heart failure. This condition affects about 80% of patients with advanced cancer and contributes to worsening patients’ tolerance to anticancer treatments and to their premature death. Its pathogenesis involves an imbalance in metabolic homeostasis, with increased catabolism and inflammatory cytokines levels, leading to proteolysis and lipolysis, with insufficient food intake. A multimodal approach is indicated for patients with cachexia, with the aim of reducing the speed of muscle wasting and improving their quality of life, which may include nutritional, physical, pharmacologic, and psychological support. This review aims to outline the mechanisms of muscle loss, as well as to evaluate the current clinical evidence of the use of physical exercise in patients with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bordignon
- Oncology Center, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre 90560-030, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-070, Brazil
| | - Bethânia S. dos Santos
- Department of Clinical Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro 20560-121, Brazil;
- Rede D’Or São Luiz, Rio de Janeiro 22271-110, Brazil
| | - Daniela D. Rosa
- Oncology Center, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre 90560-030, Brazil;
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre 90050-070, Brazil
- Brazilian Breast Cancer Study Group (GBECAM), Porto Alegre 90619-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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18
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Jia H, Wen Y, Aw W, Saito K, Kato H. Ameliorating Effects of Coriander on Gastrocnemius Muscles Undergoing Precachexia in a Rat Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Proteomics Analysis. Nutrients 2021; 13:4041. [PMID: 34836295 PMCID: PMC8621435 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coriander is a commonly used vegetable, spice, and folk medicine, possessing both nutritional and medicinal properties. Up to two-thirds of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) exhibit loss of body mass, predominately skeletal muscle mass, a process called rheumatoid cachexia, and this has major effects of the quality of life of patients. Owing to a lack of effective treatments, the initial stage of cachexia has been proposed as an important period for prevention and decreasing pathogenesis. In the current study, we found that cachexia-like molecular disorders and muscle weight loss were in progress in gastrocnemius muscle after only 5 days of RA induction in rats, although rheumatoid cachexia symptoms have been reported occurring approximately 45 days after RA induction. Oral administration of coriander slightly restored muscle loss. Moreover, iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics revealed that coriander treatment could partially restore the molecular derangements induced by RA, including impaired carbon metabolism, deteriorated mitochondrial function (tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation), and myofiber-type alterations. Therefore, coriander could be a promising functional food and/or complementary therapy for patients with RA against cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Jia
- Health Nutrition, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.W.); (W.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Ya Wen
- Health Nutrition, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.W.); (W.A.); (K.S.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Bioclinicum, J8:30, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wanping Aw
- Health Nutrition, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.W.); (W.A.); (K.S.)
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, 246-2, Mizukami, Kakuganji, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Kenji Saito
- Health Nutrition, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.W.); (W.A.); (K.S.)
| | - Hisanori Kato
- Health Nutrition, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan; (Y.W.); (W.A.); (K.S.)
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19
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Beltrà M, Pin F, Ballarò R, Costelli P, Penna F. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cachexia: Impact on Muscle Health and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:3150. [PMID: 34831373 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a frequently neglected debilitating syndrome that, beyond representing a primary cause of death and cancer therapy failure, negatively impacts on patients' quality of life. Given the complexity of its multisystemic pathogenesis, affecting several organs beyond the skeletal muscle, defining an effective therapeutic approach has failed so far. Revamped attention of the scientific community working on cancer cachexia has focused on mitochondrial alterations occurring in the skeletal muscle as potential triggers of the complex metabolic derangements, eventually leading to hypercatabolism and tissue wasting. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be simplistically viewed as a cause of energy failure, thus inducing protein catabolism as a compensatory mechanism; however, other peculiar cachexia features may depend on mitochondria. On the one side, chemotherapy also impacts on muscle mitochondrial function while, on the other side, muscle-impaired regeneration may result from insufficient energy production from damaged mitochondria. Boosting mitochondrial function could thus improve the energetic status and chemotherapy tolerance, and relieve the myogenic process in cancer cachexia. In the present work, a focused review of the available literature on mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cachexia is presented along with preliminary data dissecting the potential role of stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α overexpression in distinct aspects of cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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20
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Vichaya EG, Ford BG, Moltenkine JM, Taniguchi CM, Phillip West A, Dantzer R. Sex differences in the behavioral and immune responses of mice to tumor growth and cancer therapy. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 98:161-172. [PMID: 34418499 PMCID: PMC8511067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.08.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is significant variability in the expression of cancer-related fatigue. Understanding the factors that account for this variation provide insight into the underlying mechanisms. One important, but often overlooked, variable is biological sex. While a few clinical studies have indicated that female patients report higher levels of fatigue, these studies are subject to potential socio-culture reporting biases. Only a limited number of preclinical studies have considered sex differences in animal model of fatigue and few have simultaneously considered both disease- and treatment-related factors. The present series of studies was initiated to address the current knowledge gap on the importance of sex differences in cancer-related fatigue. We selected a murine model of human papilloma virus-positive head and neck cancer based on heterotypic injection of the mEERL95 cell line that grows in both male and female mice and responds to a regimen of cisplatin plus irradiation. We also tested the impact of immunotherapy treatment targeting PD1. Voluntary wheel running was used to evaluate fatigue-like behavior. Male mice grew larger tumors than did female mice and showed more severe fatigue-like behavior. We confirmed that the tumor increased the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the liver, but no sex differences were observed. As a trend toward elevated Cd3 mRNA was observed in female mice, we tested the importance of T cells using female Rag2-/- mice. The Rag2-/- female mice had accelerated tumor growth and more severe fatigue-like behavior. In response to cisplatin alone non-tumor-bearing female mice showed a slower recovery of wheel running activity compared to males. However, in response to chemoradiation and anti-PD1 neutralizing antibody, tumor-bearing female mice showed a better tumor response to therapy than male mice, but no significant sex differences were observed for wheel running. These findings point to different mechanisms underlying tumor- and treatment-induced behavioral fatigue and indicate that the sex factor can intervene to modulate the expression of fatigue-like behavior in particular circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G Vichaya
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States
| | - Bianca G Ford
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jessica M Moltenkine
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Cullen M Taniguchi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - A Phillip West
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77087, United States
| | - Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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21
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Abstract
Background: Cancer-cachexia is associated with chronic inflammation, impaired muscle metabolism and body mass loss, all of which are classical targets of physical exercise. Objectives: This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of exercise on body and muscle mass in cachectic cancer hosts. Data Sources: PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, CINHAL, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched until July 2019. Study Selection: Trials had to be randomized controlled trials or controlled trials including cancer patients or animal models with cachexia-inducing tumors. Only sole exercise interventions over at least 7 days performed in a controlled environment were included. Data Extraction: Risk of bias was assessed and a random-effects model was used to pool effect sizes by standardized mean differences (SMD). Results: All eligible 20 studies were performed in rodents. Studies prescribed aerobic (n = 15), strength (n = 3) or combined training (n = 2). No statistical differences were observed for body mass and muscle weight of the gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis muscles between the exercise and control conditions (SMD = ‒0.05, 95%CI-0.64-0.55, P = 0.87). Exercise duration prior to tumor inoculation was a statistical moderator for changes in body mass under tumor presence (P = 0.04). Limitations: No human trials were identified. A large study heterogeneity was present, probably due to different exercise modalities and outcome reporting. Conclusion: Exercise does not seem to affect cancer-cachexia in rodents. However, the linear regression revealed that exercise duration prior to tumor inoculation led to reduced cachexia-severity, possibly strengthening the rationale for the use of exercise in cancer patients at cachexia risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Niels
- University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Nils Freitag
- German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Renzini A, Riera CS, Minic I, D’Ercole C, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Cedola A, Gigli G, Moresi V, Madaro L. Metabolic Remodeling in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy as a Therapeutic Target. Metabolites 2021; 11:517. [PMID: 34436458 PMCID: PMC8398298 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly responsive tissue, able to remodel its size and metabolism in response to external demand. Muscle fibers can vary from fast glycolytic to slow oxidative, and their frequency in a specific muscle is tightly regulated by fiber maturation, innervation, or external causes. Atrophic conditions, including aging, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cancer-induced cachexia, differ in the causative factors and molecular signaling leading to muscle wasting; nevertheless, all of these conditions are characterized by metabolic remodeling, which contributes to the pathological progression of muscle atrophy. Here, we discuss how changes in muscle metabolism can be used as a therapeutic target and review the evidence in support of nutritional interventions and/or physical exercise as tools for counteracting muscle wasting in atrophic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Renzini
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
| | - Carles Sánchez Riera
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
| | - Isidora Minic
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
| | - Chiara D’Ercole
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
| | - Alessia Cedola
- Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Campus Ecotekne, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Viviana Moresi
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
- Institute of Nanotechnology, c/o Dipartimento di Fisica, National Research Council (CNR-NANOTEC), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Madaro
- Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic Medicine and Orthopaedics, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (A.R.); (C.S.R.); (I.M.); (C.D.); (B.L.-O.); (L.M.)
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23
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Kitaoka Y, Miyazaki M, Kikuchi S. Voluntary exercise prevents abnormal muscle mitochondrial morphology in cancer cachexia mice. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15016. [PMID: 34427401 PMCID: PMC8383714 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effects of voluntary wheel running on cancer cachexia-induced mitochondrial alterations in mouse skeletal muscle. Mice bearing colon 26 adenocarcinoma (C26) were used as a model of cancer cachexia. C26 mice showed a lower gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle weight, but 4 weeks of voluntary exercise rescued these changes. Further, voluntary exercise attenuated observed declines in the levels of oxidative phosphorylation proteins and activities of citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice. Among mitochondrial morphology regulatory proteins, mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) and dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) were decreased in the skeletal muscle of C26 mice, but exercise resulted in similar improvements as seen in markers of mitochondrial content. In isolated mitochondria, 4-hydroxynonenal and protein carbonyls were elevated in C26 mice, but exercise blunted the increases in these markers of oxidative stress. In addition, electron microscopy revealed that exercise alleviated the observed increase in the percentage of damaged mitochondria in C26 mice. These results suggest that voluntary exercise effectively counteracts mitochondrial dysfunction to mitigate muscle loss in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Mitsunori Miyazaki
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyGraduate School of Biomedical and Health SciencesHiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
- Department of Physical TherapySchool of Rehabilitation SciencesHealth Sciences University of HokkaidoIshikari‐TobetsuJapan
| | - Shin Kikuchi
- Department of Anatomy 1Sapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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24
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Nijholt KT, Meems LMG, Ruifrok WPT, Maass AH, Yurista SR, Pavez-Giani MG, Mahmoud B, Wolters AHG, van Veldhuisen DJ, van Gilst WH, Silljé HHW, de Boer RA, Westenbrink BD. The erythropoietin receptor expressed in skeletal muscle is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and physiological exercise. Pflugers Arch 2021; 473:1301-1313. [PMID: 34142210 PMCID: PMC8302562 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a haematopoietic hormone that regulates erythropoiesis, but the EPO-receptor (EpoR) is also expressed in non-haematopoietic tissues. Stimulation of the EpoR in cardiac and skeletal muscle provides protection from various forms of pathological stress, but its relevance for normal muscle physiology remains unclear. We aimed to determine the contribution of the tissue-specific EpoR to exercise-induced remodelling of cardiac and skeletal muscle. Baseline phenotyping was performed on left ventricle and m. gastrocnemius of mice that only express the EpoR in haematopoietic tissues (EpoR-tKO). Subsequently, mice were caged in the presence or absence of a running wheel for 4 weeks and exercise performance, cardiac function and histological and molecular markers for physiological adaptation were assessed. While gross morphology of both muscles was normal in EpoR-tKO mice, mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle was decreased by 50%, associated with similar reductions in mitochondrial biogenesis, while mitophagy was unaltered. When subjected to exercise, EpoR-tKO mice ran slower and covered less distance than wild-type (WT) mice (5.5 ± 0.6 vs. 8.0 ± 0.4 km/day, p < 0.01). The impaired exercise performance was paralleled by reductions in myocyte growth and angiogenesis in both muscle types. Our findings indicate that the endogenous EPO-EpoR system controls mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. The reductions in mitochondrial content were associated with reduced exercise capacity in response to voluntary exercise, supporting a critical role for the extra-haematopoietic EpoR in exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten T Nijholt
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M G Meems
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem P T Ruifrok
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H Maass
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Salva R Yurista
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario G Pavez-Giani
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Belend Mahmoud
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk H G Wolters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk J van Veldhuisen
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiek H van Gilst
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Herman H W Silljé
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rudolf A de Boer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B Daan Westenbrink
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, HPC AB31, 9700 RB, P.O. Box 30.001, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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25
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Pin F, Prideaux M, Huot JR, Essex AL, Plotkin LI, Bonetto A, Bonewald LF. Non-bone metastatic cancers promote osteocyte-induced bone destruction. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:80-90. [PMID: 34233150 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects of bone metastatic cancer on the skeleton are well described, whereas less is known regarding the effects of non-metastatic bone cancer on bone. Here we investigated the effects of three non-bone metastatic cancer cachexia models, namely Colon-26 adenocarcinoma (C26), ES-2 ovarian cancer (ES-2), and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). Even though C26, ES-2 and LLC tumor growth resulted in comparable weight and muscle loss, the ES-2 and LLC hosts exhibited severe bone loss, whereas only modest bone loss was observed in the C26 bearers, correlating with increased TRAP+ osteoclasts in the femurs of ES-2 and LLC but not C26 hosts. Surprisingly, all three showed increased osteocyte lacunar area indicating osteocytic osteolysis and displayed dramatically increased osteocyte death, as well as empty lacunae. To test whether tumor-secreted factors were responsible for the observed effect, IDG-SW3 osteocyte cells were co-cultured with cancer cells in permeable trans-wells. Apoptosis was observed in the osteocyte cells exposed to all three cancer cell lines suggesting that all tumors were cytotoxic for osteocytes. In addition, the expression of the osteoclastic markers, Acp5, CtsK, Atp6v0d2 and Mmp13, was elevated in IDG-SW3 osteocytes exposed to tumor factors, supporting the in vivo observations of increased lacunar size due to osteocytic osteolysis. For the first time, we describe osteocytic bone destruction and extensive osteocyte cell death in non-bone metastatic cancer. These bone alterations, in conjunction with muscle wasting, may create a musculoskeletal system that is incapable of full recovery upon eradication of tumor. Co-treatment with bone preserving therapies should be considered.
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26
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Pierucci F, Frati A, Battistini C, Penna F, Costelli P, Meacci E. Control of Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Associated to Cancer or Corticosteroids by Ceramide Kinase. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3285. [PMID: 34209043 PMCID: PMC8269416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Apart from cytokines and chemokines, sphingolipid mediators, particularly sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), contribute to cancer and inflammation. Cancer, as well as other inflammatory conditions, are associated with skeletal muscle (SkM) atrophy, which is characterized by the unbalance between protein synthesis and degradation. Although the signaling pathways involved in SkM mass wasting are multiple, the regulatory role of simple sphingolipids is limited. Here, we report the impairment of ceramide kinase (CerK), the enzyme responsible for the phosphorylation of ceramide to C1P, associated with the accomplishment of atrophic phenotype in various experimental models of SkM atrophy: in vivo animal model bearing the C26 adenocarcinoma or Lewis lung carcinoma tumors, in human and murine SkM cells treated with the conditioned medium obtained from cancer cells or with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Notably, we demonstrate in all the three experimental approaches a drastic decrease of CerK expression. Gene silencing of CerK promotes the up-regulation of atrogin-1/MAFbx expression, which was also observed after cell treatment with C8-ceramide, a biologically active ceramide analogue. Conversely, C1P treatment significantly reduced the corticosteroid's effects. Altogether, these findings provide evidence that CerK, acting as a molecular modulator, may be a new possible target for SkM mass regulation associated with cancer or corticosteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Pierucci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”—Unit of Biochemical Sciences and Molecular Biology, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Alessia Frati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”—Unit of Biochemical Sciences and Molecular Biology, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Chiara Battistini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”—Unit of Biochemical Sciences and Molecular Biology, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy; (F.P.); (P.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Meacci
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”—Unit of Biochemical Sciences and Molecular Biology, University of Florence, Viale GB Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (A.F.); (C.B.)
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27
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Siff T, Parajuli P, Razzaque MS, Atfi A. Cancer-Mediated Muscle Cachexia: Etiology and Clinical Management. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:382-402. [PMID: 33888422 PMCID: PMC8102392 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle cachexia has a major detrimental impact on cancer patients, being responsible for 30% of all cancer deaths. It is characterized by a debilitating loss in muscle mass and function, which ultimately deteriorates patients' quality of life and dampens therapeutic treatment efficacy. Muscle cachexia stems from widespread alterations in whole-body metabolism as well as immunity and neuroendocrine functions and these global defects often culminate in aberrant signaling within skeletal muscle, causing muscle protein breakdown and attendant muscle atrophy. This review summarizes recent landmark discoveries that significantly enhance our understanding of the molecular etiology of cancer-driven muscle cachexia and further discuss emerging therapeutic approaches seeking to simultaneously target those newly discovered mechanisms to efficiently curb this lethal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Siff
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Parash Parajuli
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Mohammed S Razzaque
- Department of Pathology, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Erie, PA 16509, USA
| | - Azeddine Atfi
- Cellular and Molecular Pathogenesis Division, Department of Pathology and Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, F-75012, Paris, France.
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28
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Martin A, Freyssenet D. Phenotypic features of cancer cachexia-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function: lessons from human and animal studies. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:252-273. [PMID: 33783983 PMCID: PMC8061402 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex multi-organ catabolic syndrome that reduces mobility, increases fatigue, decreases the efficiency of therapeutic strategies, diminishes the quality of life, and increases the mortality of cancer patients. This review provides an exhaustive and comprehensive analysis of cancer cachexia-related phenotypic changes in skeletal muscle at both the cellular and subcellular levels in human cancer patients, as well as in animal models of cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is characterized by a major decrease in skeletal muscle mass in human and animals that depends on the severity of the disease/model and the localization of the tumour. It affects both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibres, even if some animal studies suggest that type 2 muscle fibres would be more prone to atrophy. Animal studies indicate an impairment in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism resulting from a decrease in mitochondrial content, an alteration in mitochondria morphology, and a reduction in mitochondrial metabolic fluxes. Immuno-histological analyses in human and animal models also suggest that a faulty mechanism of skeletal muscle repair would contribute to muscle mass loss. An increase in collagen deposit, an accumulation of fat depot outside and inside the muscle fibre, and a disrupted contractile machinery structure are also phenotypic features that have been consistently reported in cachectic skeletal muscle. Muscle function is also profoundly altered during cancer cachexia with a strong reduction in skeletal muscle force. Even though the loss of skeletal muscle mass largely contributes to the loss of muscle function, other factors such as muscle-nerve interaction and calcium handling are probably involved in the decrease in muscle force. Longitudinal analyses of skeletal muscle mass by imaging technics and skeletal muscle force in cancer patients, but also in animal models of cancer cachexia, are necessary to determine the respective kinetics and functional involvements of these factors. Our analysis also emphasizes that measuring skeletal muscle force through standardized tests could provide a simple and robust mean to early diagnose cachexia in cancer patients. That would be of great benefit to cancer patient's quality of life and health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Martin
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
| | - Damien Freyssenet
- Inter‐university Laboratory of Human Movement BiologyUniversité de Lyon, University Jean Monnet Saint‐EtienneSaint‐ÉtienneFrance
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29
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Raun SH, Buch-Larsen K, Schwarz P, Sylow L. Exercise-A Panacea of Metabolic Dysregulation in Cancer: Physiological and Molecular Insights. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3469. [PMID: 33801684 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction is a comorbidity of many types of cancers. Disruption of glucose metabolism is of concern, as it is associated with higher cancer recurrence rates and reduced survival. Current evidence suggests many health benefits from exercise during and after cancer treatment, yet only a limited number of studies have addressed the effect of exercise on cancer-associated disruption of metabolism. In this review, we draw on studies in cells, rodents, and humans to describe the metabolic dysfunctions observed in cancer and the tissues involved. We discuss how the known effects of acute exercise and exercise training observed in healthy subjects could have a positive outcome on mechanisms in people with cancer, namely: insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, and cachexia. Finally, we compile the current limited knowledge of how exercise corrects metabolic control in cancer and identify unanswered questions for future research.
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30
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Hulmi JJ, Nissinen TA, Penna F, Bonetto A. Targeting the Activin Receptor Signaling to Counteract the Multi-Systemic Complications of Cancer and Its Treatments. Cells 2021; 10:516. [PMID: 33671024 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting, i.e., cachexia, frequently occurs in cancer and associates with poor prognosis and increased morbidity and mortality. Anticancer treatments have also been shown to contribute to sustainment or exacerbation of cachexia, thus affecting quality of life and overall survival in cancer patients. Pre-clinical studies have shown that blocking activin receptor type 2 (ACVR2) or its ligands and their downstream signaling can preserve muscle mass in rodents bearing experimental cancers, as well as in chemotherapy-treated animals. In tumor-bearing mice, the prevention of skeletal and respiratory muscle wasting was also associated with improved survival. However, the definitive proof that improved survival directly results from muscle preservation following blockade of ACVR2 signaling is still lacking, especially considering that concurrent beneficial effects in organs other than skeletal muscle have also been described in the presence of cancer or following chemotherapy treatments paired with counteraction of ACVR2 signaling. Hence, here, we aim to provide an up-to-date literature review on the multifaceted anti-cachectic effects of ACVR2 blockade in preclinical models of cancer, as well as in combination with anticancer treatments.
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31
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Hiroux C, Dalle S, Koppo K, Hespel P. Voluntary exercise does not improve muscular properties or functional capacity during C26-induced cancer cachexia in mice. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2021; 42:169-181. [PMID: 33606189 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-021-09599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training is considered as a potential intervention to counteract muscle degeneration in cancer cachexia. However, evidence to support such intervention is equivocal. Therefore, we investigated the effect of exercise training, i.e. voluntary wheel running, on muscle wasting, functional capacity, fiber type composition and vascularization during experimental cancer cachexia in mice. Balb/c mice were injected with PBS (CON) or C26 colon carcinoma cells to induce cancer cachexia (C26). Mice had free access to a running wheel in their home cage (CONEX and C26EX, n = 8-9) or were sedentary (CONS and C26S, n = 8-9). Mice were sacrificed 18 days upon tumor cell injection. Immunohistochemical analyes were performed on m. gastrocnemius and quadriceps, and ex vivo contractile properties were assessed in m. soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL). Compared with CON, C26 mice exhibited body weight loss (~ 20 %), muscle atrophy (~ 25 %), reduced grip strength (~ 25 %), and lower twitch and tetanic force (~ 20 %) production in EDL but not in m. soleus. Furthermore, muscle of C26 mice were characterizd by a slow-to-fast fiber type shift (type IIx fibers: +57 %) and increased capillary density (~ 30 %). In C26 mice, wheel running affect neither body weight loss, nor muscle atrophy or functional capacity, nor inhibited tumor growth. However, wheel running induced a type IIb to type IIa fiber shift in m. quadriceps from both CON and C26, but not in m. gastrocnemius. Wheel running does not exacerbate muscular degeneration in cachexic mice, but, when voluntary, is insufficient to improve the muscle phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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32
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Ballarò R, Lopalco P, Audrito V, Beltrà M, Pin F, Angelini R, Costelli P, Corcelli A, Bonetto A, Szeto HH, O'Connell TM, Penna F. Targeting Mitochondria by SS-31 Ameliorates the Whole Body Energy Status in Cancer- and Chemotherapy-Induced Cachexia. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:850. [PMID: 33670497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer cachexia is a debilitating syndrome, caused by both tumor growth and chemotherapy. The skeletal muscle is one of the main tissues affected during cachexia, presenting with altered metabolism and function, leading to progressive tissue wasting. In the current study we aimed at counteracting cachexia by pharmacologically improving metabolic function with the mitochondria-targeted compound SS-31. Experimental cancer cachexia was obtained using C26-bearing mice either receiving chemotherapy (oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) or not. SS-31 proved effective in rescuing some of the metabolic impairments imposed by both tumor and chemotherapy in the skeletal muscle and the liver, improving systemic energy control. Unfortunately, such effects were no longer present at late disease stages when refractory cachexia ensued. Overall, we provide evidence of potential new treatments targeting mitochondrial function in order to counteract or delay cancer cachexia. Abstract Objective: Cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome frequently occurring in cancer patients and exacerbated by chemotherapy. In skeletal muscle of cancer hosts, reduced oxidative capacity and low intracellular ATP resulting from abnormal mitochondrial function were described. Methods: The present study aimed at evaluating the ability of the mitochondria-targeted compound SS-31 to counteract muscle wasting and altered metabolism in C26-bearing (C26) mice either receiving chemotherapy (OXFU: oxaliplatin plus 5-fluorouracil) or not. Results: Mitochondrial dysfunction in C26-bearing (C26) mice associated with alterations of cardiolipin fatty acid chains. Selectively targeting cardiolipin with SS-31 partially counteracted body wasting and prevented the reduction of glycolytic myofiber area. SS-31 prompted muscle mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity and rescued intracellular ATP levels, although it was unable to counteract mitochondrial protein loss. Progressively increased dosing of SS-31 to C26 OXFU mice showed transient (21 days) beneficial effects on body and muscle weight loss before the onset of a refractory end-stage condition (28 days). At day 21, SS-31 prevented mitochondrial loss and abnormal autophagy/mitophagy. Skeletal muscle, liver and plasma metabolomes were analyzed, showing marked energy and protein metabolism alterations in tumor hosts. SS-31 partially modulated skeletal muscle and liver metabolome, likely reflecting an improved systemic energy homeostasis. Conclusions: The results suggest that targeting mitochondrial function may be as important as targeting protein anabolism/catabolism for the prevention of cancer cachexia. With this in mind, prospective multi-modal therapies including SS-31 are warranted.
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Li C, Wu Q, Li Z, Wang Z, Tu Y, Chen C, Sun S, Sun S. Exosomal microRNAs in cancer-related sarcopenia: Tumor-derived exosomal microRNAs in muscle atrophy. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1156-1166. [PMID: 33554647 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221990322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated sarcopenia is a complex metabolic syndrome marked by muscle mass wasting. Muscle wasting is a serious complication that is a primary contributor to cancer-related mortality. The underlying molecular mechanisms of cancer-associated sarcopenia have not been completely described to date. In general, evidence shows that the main pathophysiological alterations in sarcopenia are associated with the degradation of cellular components, an exceptional inflammatory secretome and mitochondrial dysfunction. Importantly, we highlight the prospect that several miRNAs carried by tumor-derived exosomes that have shown the ability to promote inflammatory secretion, activate catabolism, and even participate in the regulation of cellular degradation pathways can be delivered to and exert effects on muscle cells. In this review, we aim to describe the current knowledge about the functions of exosomal miRNAs in the induction of cancer-associated muscle wasting and propose potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyuan Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Yi Tu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Chuang Chen
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Si Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Shengrong Sun
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China
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Leal LG, Lopes MA, Peres SB, Batista ML. Exercise Training as Therapeutic Approach in Cancer Cachexia: A Review of Potential Anti-inflammatory Effect on Muscle Wasting. Front Physiol 2021; 11:570170. [PMID: 33613297 PMCID: PMC7890241 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.570170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a multifactorial inflammatory syndrome with high prevalence in cancer patients. It is characterized by a metabolic chaos culminating in drastic reduction in body weight, mainly due to skeletal muscle and fat depletion. Currently, there is not a standard intervention for cachexia, but it is believed that a dynamic approach should be applied early in the course of the disease to maintain or slow the loss of physical function. The present review sought to explain the different clinical and experimental applications of different models of exercise and their contribution to a better prognosis of the disease. Here the advances in knowledge about the application of physical training in experimental models are elucidated, tests that contribute substantially to elucidate the cellular and biochemical mechanisms of exercise in different ways, as well as clinical trials that present not only the impacts of exercise in front cachexia but also the challenges of its application in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana G Leal
- Integrated Group of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil.,Technological Research Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
| | - Magno A Lopes
- Laboratory of Metabolism of Bioactive Lipids, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sidney B Peres
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Miguel L Batista
- Integrated Group of Biotechnology, Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil.,Technological Research Group, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, Brazil
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35
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Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is common to many organ system disorders, including skeletal muscle. Aging muscle and diseases of muscle are often accompanied by defective mitochondrial ATP production. This manuscript will focus on the pre-clinical evidence supporting the use of regular exercise to improve defective mitochondrial metabolism and function in skeletal muscle, through the stimulation of mitochondrial turnover. Examples from aging muscle, muscle-specific mutations and cancer cachexia will be discussed. We will also examine the effects of exercise on the important mitochondrial regulators PGC-1α, and Parkin, and summarize the effects of exercise to reverse mitochondrial dysfunction (e.g., ROS production, apoptotic susceptibility, cardiolipin synthesis) in muscle pathology. This paper will illustrate the breadth and benefits of exercise to serve as "mitochondrial medicine" with age and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Memme
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David A. Hood
- Muscle Health Research Centre, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Berardi E, Madaro L, Lozanoska-Ochser B, Adamo S, Thorrez L, Bouche M, Coletti D. A Pound of Flesh: What Cachexia Is and What It Is Not. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11010116. [PMID: 33445790 PMCID: PMC7828214 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Body weight loss, mostly due to the wasting of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, is the hallmark of the so-called cachexia syndrome. Cachexia is associated with several acute and chronic disease states such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart and kidney failure, and acquired and autoimmune diseases and also pharmacological treatments such as chemotherapy. The clinical relevance of cachexia and its impact on patients’ quality of life has been neglected for decades. Only recently did the international community agree upon a definition of the term cachexia, and we are still awaiting the standardization of markers and tests for the diagnosis and staging of cancer-related cachexia. In this review, we discuss cachexia, considering the evolving use of the term for diagnostic purposes and the implications it has for clinical biomarkers, to provide a comprehensive overview of its biology and clinical management. Advances and tools developed so far for the in vitro testing of cachexia and drug screening will be described. We will also evaluate the nomenclature of different forms of muscle wasting and degeneration and discuss features that distinguish cachexia from other forms of muscle wasting in the context of different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Berardi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (E.B.); (L.T.)
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, REVAL, Hasselt University (UHasselt), 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Luca Madaro
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Biliana Lozanoska-Ochser
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Sergio Adamo
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Lieven Thorrez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven Campus Kulak, 8500 Kortrijk, Belgium; (E.B.); (L.T.)
| | - Marina Bouche
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(6)-4976-6755/6573
| | - Dario Coletti
- DAHFMO Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (B.L.-O.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
- Biological Adaptation and Ageing, CNRS UMR 8256, Inserm U1164, Institut de Biologie Paris-Seine, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
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Huot JR, Pin F, Narasimhan A, Novinger LJ, Keith AS, Zimmers TA, Willis MS, Bonetto A. ACVR2B antagonism as a countermeasure to multi-organ perturbations in metastatic colorectal cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1779-1798. [PMID: 33200567 PMCID: PMC7749603 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced colorectal cancer (CRC) is often accompanied by the development of liver metastases, as well as cachexia, a multi-organ co-morbidity primarily affecting skeletal (SKM) and cardiac muscles. Activin receptor type 2B (ACVR2B) signalling is known to cause SKM wasting, and its inhibition restores SKM mass and prolongs survival in cancer. Using a recently generated mouse model, here we tested whether ACVR2B blockade could preserve multiple organs, including skeletal and cardiac muscle, in the presence of metastatic CRC. METHODS NSG male mice (8 weeks old) were injected intrasplenically with HCT116 human CRC cells (mHCT116), while sham-operated animals received saline (n = 5-10 per group). Sham and tumour-bearing mice received weekly injections of ACVR2B/Fc, a synthetic peptide inhibitor of ACVR2B. RESULTS mHCT116 hosts displayed losses in fat mass ( - 79%, P < 0.0001), bone mass ( - 39%, P < 0.05), and SKM mass (quadriceps: - 22%, P < 0.001), in line with reduced muscle cross-sectional area ( - 24%, P < 0.01) and plantarflexion force ( - 28%, P < 0.05). Further, despite only moderately affected heart size, cardiac function was significantly impaired (ejection fraction %: - 16%, P < 0.0001; fractional shortening %: - 25%, P < 0.0001) in the mHCT116 hosts. Conversely, ACVR2B/Fc preserved fat mass ( + 238%, P < 0.001), bone mass ( + 124%, P < 0.0001), SKM mass (quadriceps: + 31%, P < 0.0001), size (cross-sectional area: + 43%, P < 0.0001) and plantarflexion force ( + 28%, P < 0.05) in tumour hosts. Cardiac function was also completely preserved in tumour hosts receiving ACVR2B/Fc (ejection fraction %: + 19%, P < 0.0001), despite no effect on heart size. RNA sequencing analysis of heart muscle revealed rescue of genes related to cardiac development and contraction in tumour hosts treated with ACVR2B/Fc. CONCLUSIONS Our metastatic CRC model recapitulates the multi-systemic derangements of cachexia by displaying loss of fat, bone, and SKM along with decreased muscle strength in mHCT116 hosts. Additionally, with evidence of severe cardiac dysfunction, our data support the development of cardiac cachexia in the occurrence of metastatic CRC. Notably, ACVR2B antagonism preserved adipose tissue, bone, and SKM, whereas muscle and cardiac functions were completely maintained upon treatment. Altogether, our observations implicate ACVR2B signalling in the development of multi-organ perturbations in metastatic CRC and further dictate that ACVR2B represents a promising therapeutic target to preserve body composition and functionality in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Huot
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ashok Narasimhan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leah J Novinger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Monte S Willis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Brown JL, Lawrence MM, Ahn B, Kneis P, Piekarz KM, Qaisar R, Ranjit R, Bian J, Pharaoh G, Brown C, Peelor FF, Kinter MT, Miller BF, Richardson A, Van Remmen H. Cancer cachexia in a mouse model of oxidative stress. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:1688-1704. [PMID: 32918528 PMCID: PMC7749559 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is associated with muscle atrophy (cancer cachexia) that is linked to up to 40% of cancer-related deaths. Oxidative stress is a critical player in the induction and progression of age-related loss of muscle mass and weakness (sarcopenia); however, the role of oxidative stress in cancer cachexia has not been defined. The purpose of this study was to examine if elevated oxidative stress exacerbates cancer cachexia. METHODS Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase knockout (Sod1KO) mice were used as an established mouse model of elevated oxidative stress. Cancer cachexia was induced by injection of one million Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells or phosphate-buffered saline (saline) into the hind flank of female wild-type mice or Sod1KO mice at approximately 4 months of age. The tumour developed for 3 weeks. Muscle mass, contractile function, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) fragmentation, metabolic proteins, mitochondrial function, and motor neuron function were measured in wild-type and Sod1KO saline and tumour-bearing mice. Data were analysed by two-way ANOVA with Tukey-Kramer post hoc test when significant F ratios were determined and α was set at 0.05. Unless otherwise noted, results in abstract are mean ±SEM. RESULTS Muscle mass and cross-sectional area were significantly reduced, in tumour-bearing mice. Metabolic enzymes were dysregulated in Sod1KO mice and cancer exacerbated this phenotype. NMJ fragmentation was exacerbated in tumour-bearing Sod1KO mice. Myofibrillar protein degradation increased in tumour-bearing wild-type mice (wild-type saline, 0.00847 ± 0.00205; wildtype LLC, 0.0211 ± 0.00184) and tumour-bearing Sod1KO mice (Sod1KO saline, 0.0180 ± 0.00118; Sod1KO LLC, 0.0490 ± 0.00132). Muscle mitochondrial oxygen consumption was reduced in tumour-bearing mice compared with saline-injected wild-type mice. Mitochondrial protein degradation increased in tumour-bearing wild-type mice (wild-type saline, 0.0204 ± 0.00159; wild-type LLC, 0.167 ± 0.00157) and tumour-bearing Sod1KO mice (Sod1KO saline, 0.0231 ± 0.00108; Sod1 KO LLC, 0.0645 ± 0.000631). Sciatic nerve conduction velocity was decreased in tumour-bearing wild-type mice (wild-type saline, 38.2 ± 0.861; wild-type LLC, 28.8 ± 0.772). Three out of eleven of the tumour-bearing Sod1KO mice did not survive the 3-week period following tumour implantation. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative stress does not exacerbate cancer-induced muscle loss; however, cancer cachexia may accelerate NMJ disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Marcus M Lawrence
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Bumsoo Ahn
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Parker Kneis
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Katarzyna M Piekarz
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rizwan Qaisar
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Jan Bian
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Gavin Pharaoh
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Chase Brown
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Fredrick F Peelor
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Michael T Kinter
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Reynolds Center for Aging Research, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma City VA Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.,Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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Abstract
Significance: The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of a complex syndrome known as cachexia. It is mainly characterized by muscle wasting, a condition that associates with enhanced protein breakdown and with negative energy balance. While the mechanisms underlying cachexia have been only partially elucidated, understanding the pathogenesis of muscle wasting in cancer hosts is mandatory to design new targeted therapeutic strategies. Indeed, most of cancer patients will experience cachexia during the course of their disease, and about 25% of cancer-related deaths are due to this syndrome, rather than to the tumor itself. Recent Advances: Compelling evidence suggests that an altered redox homeostasis likely contributes to cancer-induced muscle protein depletion, directly or indirectly activating the intracellular degradative pathways. In addition, oxidative stress impinges on both mitochondrial number and function; the other way round, altered mitochondria lead to enhanced redox imbalance, creating a vicious loop that eventually results in negative energy metabolism. Critical Issues: The present review focuses on the possibility that pharmacological and nonpharmacological strategies able to restore a physiologic redox balance could be useful components of treatment schedules aimed at counteracting cancer-induced muscle wasting. Future Directions: Exercise and the use of exercise mimetic drugs represent the most promising approaches capable of reinforcing the muscle antioxidant defenses of cancer patients. The results from ongoing and new clinical trials are needed to validate the preclinical studies and provide effective therapies for cancer cachexia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 33, 542-558.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
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40
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Abstract
Recently, there has been an increased focus on the influences of mitochondrial dysfunction on various pathologies. Mitochondria are major intracellular organelles with a variety of critical roles, such as adenosine triphosphate production, metabolic modulation, generation of reactive oxygen species, maintenance of intracellular calcium homeostasis, and the regulation of apoptosis. Moreover, mitochondria are attracting attention as a therapeutic target in several diseases. Additionally, a lot of existing agents have been found to have pharmacological effects on mitochondria. This review provides an overview of the mitochondrial change in the kidney and skeletal muscle, which is often complicated with sarcopenia and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Furthermore, the pharmacological effects of therapeutics for CKD on mitochondria are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Takemura
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishi
- Division of Nephrology and Endocrinology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Inagi
- Division of CKD Pathophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Alves CRR, Neves WD, de Almeida NR, Eichelberger EJ, Jannig PR, Voltarelli VA, Tobias GC, Bechara LRG, de Paula Faria D, Alves MJN, Hagen L, Sharma A, Slupphaug G, Moreira JBN, Wisloff U, Hirshman MF, Negrão CE, de Castro G, Chammas R, Swoboda KJ, Ruas JL, Goodyear LJ, Brum PC. Exercise training reverses cancer-induced oxidative stress and decrease in muscle COPS2/TRIP15/ALIEN. Mol Metab 2020; 39:101012. [PMID: 32408015 PMCID: PMC7283151 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that exercise training would attenuate metabolic impairment in a model of severe cancer cachexia. METHODS We used multiple in vivo and in vitro methods to explore the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects induced by exercise training in tumor-bearing rats. RESULTS Exercise training improved running capacity, prolonged lifespan, reduced oxidative stress, and normalized muscle mass and contractile function in tumor-bearing rats. An unbiased proteomic screening revealed COP9 signalosome complex subunit 2 (COPS2) as one of the most downregulated proteins in skeletal muscle at the early stage of cancer cachexia. Exercise training normalized muscle COPS2 protein expression in tumor-bearing rats and mice. Lung cancer patients with low endurance capacity had low muscle COPS2 protein expression as compared to age-matched control subjects. To test whether decrease in COPS2 protein levels could aggravate or be an intrinsic compensatory mechanism to protect myotubes from cancer effects, we performed experiments in vitro using primary myotubes. COPS2 knockdown in human myotubes affected multiple cellular pathways, including regulation of actin cytoskeleton. Incubation of cancer-conditioned media in mouse myotubes decreased F-actin expression, which was partially restored by COPS2 knockdown. Direct repeat 4 (DR4) response elements have been shown to positively regulate gene expression. COPS2 overexpression decreased the DR4 activity in mouse myoblasts, and COPS2 knockdown inhibited the effects of cancer-conditioned media on DR4 activity. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrated that exercise training may be an important adjuvant therapy to counteract cancer cachexia and uncovered novel mechanisms involving COPS2 to regulate myotube homeostasis in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiano R R Alves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Willian das Neves
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo ICESP, Hospital das Clinicas HC FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ney R de Almeida
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eric J Eichelberger
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paulo R Jannig
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vanessa A Voltarelli
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Tobias
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz R G Bechara
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele de Paula Faria
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria J N Alves
- Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lars Hagen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core, PROMEC, at NTNU and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core, PROMEC, at NTNU and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Geir Slupphaug
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core, PROMEC, at NTNU and the Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - José B N Moreira
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ulrik Wisloff
- K.G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine at Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carlos E Negrão
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil; Heart Institute, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gilberto de Castro
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de Sao Paulo ICESP, Hospital das Clinicas HC FMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kathryn J Swoboda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorge L Ruas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Ranjbar K, Ballarò R, Bover Q, Pin F, Beltrà M, Penna F, Costelli P. Combined Exercise Training Positively Affects Muscle Wasting in Tumor-Bearing Mice. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:1387-1395. [PMID: 30724848 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancer cachexia is characterized by loss of muscle mass and function. Increased protein catabolism, inflammation, impaired anabolism, and mitochondrial function markedly contribute to the pathogenesis of this syndrome. Physical activity has been suggested as a useful tool to prevent or at least delay the onset and progression of cancer-induced muscle wasting. Two main types of exercise can be adopted, namely, resistance and endurance training. The present study is aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a combined (resistance + endurance) exercise protocol in preventing/reverting cancer-induced muscle wasting. METHODS Mice bearing the C26 colon carcinoma have been used as a model of cancer cachexia. They have been exposed to combined exercise training during 6 wk (4 before tumor implantation, 2 during tumor growth). Climbing a 1-m ladder inclined at 85° has been used for resistance training, while aerobic (endurance) exercise has been carried out on the same day using a motorized wheel. RESULTS In C26-bearing mice, both muscle mass and strength are improved by combined training, while just the latter increased in exercised healthy animals. Such a pattern is associated with modulations of two markers of autophagy, namely, LC3B-I/II ratio, increased in sedentary tumor hosts and reduced in exercised C26-bearing mice, and p62, steadily increased in both sedentary and trained tumor-bearing animals. Finally, combined training is not able to modify PGC-1α protein levels, but it improves succinate dehydrogenase activity, both reduced in the muscle of the C26 hosts. CONCLUSION The data reported in the present study show that combined training improves muscle mass and function in the C26 hosts, likely modulating autophagy and improving mitochondrial function; these observations suggest that combined exercise might become part of a multimodal approach to treat cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Ranjbar
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY.,Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Teheran, IRAN
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Quim Bover
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY
| | - Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marc Beltrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Urbino, ITALY
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, ITALY.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Urbino, ITALY
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Abstract
Background: Burn injury induces long-term skeletal muscle pathology. We hypothesized EPO could attenuate burn-induced muscle fiber atrophy. Methods: Rats were allocated into four groups: a sham burn group, an untreated burn group subjected to third degree hind paw burn, and two burn groups treated with weekly or daily EPO for four weeks. Gastrocnemius muscle was analyzed at four weeks post-burn. Results: EPO attenuated the reduction of mean myofiber cross-sectional area post-burn and the level of the protective effect was no significant difference between two EPO-treated groups (p=0.784). Furthermore, EPO decreased the expression of atrophy-related ubiquitin ligase, atrogin-1, which was up-regulated in response to burn. Compared to untreated burn rats, those receiving weekly or daily EPO groups had less cell apoptosis by TUNEL assay. EPO decreased the expression of cleaved caspase 3 (key factor in the caspase-dependent pathway) and apoptosis-inducing factor (implicated in the caspase-independent pathway) after burn. Furthermore, EPO alleviated connective tissue overproduction following burn via transforming growth factor beta 1-Smad2/3 pathway. Daily EPO group caused significant erythrocytosis compared with untreated burn group but not weekly EPO group. Conclusion: EPO therapy attenuated skeletal muscle apoptosis and fibrosis at four weeks post-burn. Weekly EPO may be a safe and effective option in muscle wasting post-burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Hua Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - I-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Tai
- Center for Neuroscience, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Departments of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Aij-Lie Kwan
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hung Huang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Regeneration Medicine and Cell Therapy Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Tobias GC, Gomes JLP, Voltarelli VA. Exercise training and tumour progression: Younger, harder, better, faster and stronger. J Physiol 2019; 597:5751-5752. [PMID: 31612483 DOI: 10.1113/jp279017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - João Lucas P Gomes
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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45
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Alves CRR, MacDonald TL, Nigro P, Pathak P, Hirshman MF, Goodyear LJ, Lessard SJ. Reduced sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) activity aggravates cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 117:109197. [PMID: 31387190 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK) is a member of the AMPK family of kinases and has been implicated in the regulation of critical metabolic processes. Recent findings demonstrate that SNARK has an important role in the maintenance of muscle mass with age. Loss of skeletal muscle mass (cachexia) is a key problem for cancer patients. Thus, based on our previous findings with aging, we hypothesized that SNARK would play a role in regulating muscle mass under conditions of cancer cachexia. To test this hypothesis, Lewis Lung Carcinoma tumor cells or vehicle were injected subcutaneously in the right flank of wild type mice, muscle-specific transgenic mice expressing inactive SNARK mutant (SDN) or muscle-specific transgenic mice overexpressing wild-type SNARK (SWT). All tumor-bearing mice presented muscle wasting compared to vehicle-injected mice. However, SDN tumor-bearing mice had more pronounced atrophy compared to wild-type and SWT tumor-bearing mice. Histological analysis confirmed muscle atrophy in tumor-bearing mice, and SDN tumor-bearing mice exhibited a significantly smaller skeletal muscle cross-sectional area than wild-type and SWT tumor-bearing mice. Moreover, SDN tumor-bearing mice had increased skeletal muscle BAX protein expression, a marker of apoptosis, compared to other groups.Thus, lack of SNARK in skeletal muscle aggravates cancer-induced skeletal muscle wasting. These findings uncover a role for SNARK in the maintenance of skeletal muscle mass under cachexia conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiano R R Alves
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tara L MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pasquale Nigro
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Prerana Pathak
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael F Hirshman
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Sarah J Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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46
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Luo X, Liao C, Quan J, Cheng C, Zhao X, Bode AM, Cao Y. Posttranslational regulation of PGC-1α and its implication in cancer metabolism. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1475-1483. [PMID: 30848477 PMCID: PMC6767394 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of cellular metabolism is well established in cancer. The mitochondria are dynamic organelles and act as the center stage for energy metabolism. Central to mitochondrial regulatory network is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1a (PGC-1α), which serves as a master regulator of mitochondrial proliferation and metabolism. The activity and stability of PGC-1α are subject to dynamic and versatile posttranslational modifications including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, methylation and acetylation in response to metabolic stress and other environmental signals. In this review, we describe the structure of PGC-1α. Then, we discuss recent advances in the posttranslational regulatory machinery of PGC-1α, which affects its transcriptional activity, stability and organelle localization. Furthermore, we address the important roles of PGC-1α in tumorigenesis and malignancy. Finally, we also mention the clinical therapeutic potentials of PGC-1α modulators. A better understanding of the elegant function of PGC-1α in cancer progression could provide novel insights into therapeutic interventions through the targeting of PGC-1α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Chaoliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jing Quan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Can Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China.,Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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47
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Pin F, Novinger LJ, Huot JR, Harris RA, Couch ME, O'Connell TM, Bonetto A. PDK4 drives metabolic alterations and muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia. FASEB J 2019; 33:7778-7790. [PMID: 30894018 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802799r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cachexia is frequently accompanied by severe metabolic derangements, although the mechanisms responsible for this debilitating condition remain unclear. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK)4, a critical regulator of cellular energetic metabolism, was found elevated in experimental models of cancer, starvation, diabetes, and sepsis. Here we aimed to investigate the link between PDK4 and the changes in muscle size in cancer cachexia. High PDK4 and abnormal energetic metabolism were found in the skeletal muscle of colon-26 tumor hosts, as well as in mice fed a diet enriched in Pirinixic acid, previously shown to increase PDK4 levels. Viral-mediated PDK4 overexpression in myotube cultures was sufficient to promote myofiber shrinkage, consistent with enhanced protein catabolism and mitochondrial abnormalities. On the contrary, blockade of PDK4 was sufficient to restore myotube size in C2C12 cultures exposed to tumor media. Our data support, for the first time, a direct role for PDK4 in promoting cancer-associated muscle metabolic alterations and skeletal muscle atrophy.-Pin, F., Novinger, L. J., Huot, J. R., Harris, R. A., Couch, M. E., O'Connell, T. M., Bonetto, A. PDK4 drives metabolic alterations and muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Pin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Leah J Novinger
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Joshua R Huot
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Marion E Couch
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Thomas M O'Connell
- Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation, and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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48
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Ballarò R, Penna F, Pin F, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Viña J, Costelli P. Moderate Exercise Improves Experimental Cancer Cachexia by Modulating the Redox Homeostasis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E285. [PMID: 30823492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a debilitating syndrome that complicates the management of cancer patients. Muscle wasting, one of the main features of cachexia, is associated with hyper-activation of protein degradative pathways and altered mitochondrial function that could both result from impaired redox homeostasis. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of oxidative stress to cancer-induced cachexia in the presence or in the absence of moderate exercise training. Mice bearing the colon C26 carcinoma, either sedentary or exercised, were used. The former showed muscle wasting and redox imbalance, with the activation of an antioxidant response and with upregulation of markers of proteasome-dependent protein degradation and autophagy. Moderate exercise was able to relieve muscle wasting and prevented the loss of muscle strength; such a pattern was associated with reduced levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), carbonylated proteins and markers of autophagy and with improved antioxidant capacity. The muscle of sedentary tumor hosts also showed increased levels of molecular markers of mitophagy and reduced mitochondrial mass. Conversely, exercise in the C26 hosts led to increased mitochondrial mass. In conclusion, moderate exercise could be an effective non-pharmacological approach to prevent muscle wasting in cancer patients, decreasing muscle protein catabolism and oxidative stress and preserving mitochondria.
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49
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Argilés JM, López-Soriano FJ, Stemmler B, Busquets S. Therapeutic strategies against cancer cachexia. Eur J Transl Myol 2019; 29:7960. [PMID: 31019661 PMCID: PMC6460215 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2019.7960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia has two main components: anorexia and metabolic alterations. The main changes associated with the development of this multi-organic syndrome are glucose intolerance, fat depletion and muscle protein hypercatabolism. The aim of this paper is to review the more recent therapeutic approaches designed to counteract the wasting suffered by the cancer patient with cachexia. Among the most promising approaches we can include the use of ghrelin agonists, beta-blockers, beta-adrenergic agonists, androgen receptor agonists and anti-myostatin peptides. The multi-targeted approach seems essential in these treatments, which should include the combination of both nutritional support, drugs and a suitable program of physical exercise, in order to ameliorate both anorexia and the metabolic changes associated with cachexia. In addition, another very important and crucial aspect to be taken into consideration in the design of clinical trials for the treatment of cancer cachexia is to staging cancer patients in relation with the degree of cachexia, in order to start as early as possible this triple approach in the course of the disease, even before the weight loss can be detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep M Argilés
- Cancer Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Biology Faculty of the Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute, Barcelona University (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier López-Soriano
- Cancer Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Biology Faculty of the Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute, Barcelona University (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sílvia Busquets
- Cancer Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Biology Faculty of the Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedicine Institute, Barcelona University (IBUB), Barcelona, Spain
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50
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Penna F, Ballarò R, Beltrà M, De Lucia S, García Castillo L, Costelli P. The Skeletal Muscle as an Active Player Against Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2019; 10:41. [PMID: 30833900 PMCID: PMC6387914 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of cancer patients is frequently complicated by the occurrence of cachexia. This is a complex syndrome that markedly impacts on quality of life as well as on tolerance and response to anticancer treatments. Loss of body weight, wasting of both adipose tissue and skeletal muscle and reduced survival rates are among the main features of cachexia. Skeletal muscle wasting has been shown to depend, mainly at least, on the induction of protein degradation rates above physiological levels. Such hypercatabolic pattern is driven by overactivation of different intracellular proteolytic systems, among which those dependent on ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy. Selective rather than bulk degradation of altered proteins and organelles was also proposed to occur. Within the picture described above, the muscle is frequently considered a sort of by-stander tissue where external stimuli, directly or indirectly, can poise protein metabolism toward a catabolic setting. By contrast, several observations suggest that the muscle reacts to the wasting drive imposed by cancer growth by activating different compensatory strategies that include anabolic capacity, the activation of autophagy and myogenesis. Even if muscle response is eventually ill-fated, its occurrence supports the idea that in the presence of appropriate treatments the development of cancer-induced wasting might not be an ineluctable event in tumor hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marc Beltrà
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena De Lucia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena García Castillo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Interuniversity Institute of Myology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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