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Zhu La ALT, Wen Q, Xiao Y, Hu D, Liu D, Guo Y, Hu Y. A New Bacillus velezensis Strain CML532 Improves Chicken Growth Performance and Reduces Intestinal Clostridium perfringens Colonization. Microorganisms 2024; 12:771. [PMID: 38674715 PMCID: PMC11051962 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacillus velezensis has gained increasing recognition as a probiotic for improving animal growth performance and gut health. We identified six B. velezensis strains from sixty Bacillus isolates that were isolated from the cecal samples of fifteen different chicken breeds. We characterized the probiotic properties of these six B. velezensis strains. The effect of a selected strain (B. velezensis CML532) on chicken growth performance under normal feeding and Clostridium perfringens challenge conditions was also evaluated. The results revealed that the six B. velezensis strains differed in their probiotic properties, with strain CML532 exhibiting the highest bile salt and acid tolerance and high-yield enzyme and antibacterial activities. Genomic analyses showed that genes related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as genes related to starch and cellulose hydrolysis, were abundant in strain CML532. Dietary supplementation with strain CML532 promoted chicken growth, improved the gut barrier and absorption function, and modulated the gut microbiota. Under the C. perfringens challenge condition, strain CML532 alleviated intestinal damage, reduced ileal colonization of C. perfringens, and also improved chicken growth performance. Collectively, this study demonstrated that the newly isolated B. velezensis strain is a promising probiotic with beneficial effects on chicken growth performance and gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (A.L.T.Z.L.); (Q.W.); (Y.X.); (D.H.); (D.L.); (Y.G.)
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Li J, Cui Z, Wei M, Almutairi MH, Yan P. Omics analysis of the effect of cold normal saline stress through gastric gavage on LPS induced mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1256748. [PMID: 38163070 PMCID: PMC10755949 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1256748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cold stress is a significant environmental stimulus that negatively affects the health, production, and welfare of animals and birds. However, the specific effects of cold stimulation combined with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the mouse intestine remain poorly understood. Therefore, we designed this research to explore the effect of cold stimulation + LPS on mice intestine via microbiome and microbiota sequencing. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 12): Control (CC), LPS-induced (CL), cold normal saline-induced (MC) and LPS + cold normal saline-induced (ML). Our results showed body weight was similar among different groups of mice. However, the body weight of mice in groups CC and CL were slightly higher compared to those in groups MC and ML. The results of gene expressions reflected that CL and ML exposure caused gut injury and barrier dysfunction, as evident by decreased ZO-1, OCCLUDIN (P < 0.01), and CASPASE-1 (P < 0.01) expression in the intestine of mice. Moreover, we found that cold stress induced oxidative stress in LPS-challenged mice by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and decreasing the antioxidant capacity [glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), total and antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)]. The cold stress promoted inflammatory response by increased IL-1β in mice treated with cold normal saline + LPS. Whereas, microbiome sequencing revealed differential abundance in four phyla and 24 genera among the mouse groups. Metabolism analysis demonstrated the presence of 4,320 metabolites in mice, with 43 up-regulated and 19 down-regulated in CC vs. MC animals, as well as 1,046 up-regulated and 428 down-regulated in ML vs. CL animals. It is Concluded that cold stress enhances intestinal damage by disrupting the balance of gut microbiota and metabolites, while our findings contribute in improving management practices of livestock in during cold seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhihao Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mikhlid H. Almutairi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peishi Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Development of a new immunodiagnostic tool for poultry coccidiosis using an antigen-capture sandwich assay based on monoclonal antibodies detecting an immunodominant antigen of Eimeria. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102790. [PMID: 37302331 PMCID: PMC10404777 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop an antigen-capture ELISA that detects an immunodominant antigen of Eimeria, 3-1E which is present in all Eimeria species, using a set of 3-1E-specific mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Highly sensitive 3-1E-specific antigen-capture ELISA was established using compatible mAb pairs (#318 and #320) selected from 6 mAbs (#312, #317, #318, #319, #320, and #323) with high binding activity against recombinant 3-1E protein. These anti-3-1E mAbs specifically recognized E. tenella sporozoites and a higher level of 3-1E was detected in the lysate of sporozoites than in sporocysts. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) using 2 mAbs (#318 and #320) showed specific staining around the membrane of E. tenella sporozoites. In order to measure the changes in the 3-1E level during in coccidiosis, serum, feces, jejunal, and cecal contents were individually collected daily for 7-days postinfection (dpi) with E. maxima and E. tenella. The new ELISA was sensitive and specific for 3-1E detection in all samples collected daily from E. maxima- and E. tenella-infected chickens for a week, and the detection sensitivity ranges were 2 to 5 ng/mL and 1 to 5 ng/mL in serum, 4 to 25 ng/mL and 4 to 30 ng/mL in feces, 1 to 3 ng/mL and 1 to 10 ng/mL in cecal contents, and 3 to 65 ng/mL and 4 to 22 ng/mL in jejunal contents. Following coccidiosis, the overall 3-1E levels started to increase from 4 dpi, and the highest production was shown on 5 dpi. Among the samples collected from Eimeria-infected chickens, the highest detection level was found in the jejunal contents of E. maxima-infected chickens. Furthermore, the level of IFN-γ in serum was significantly (P < 0.05) increased from 3 dpi and peaked on 5 dpi post E. maxima infection. Post E. tenella infection, the level of IFN-γ in serum gradually (P < 0.05) increased from 2 to 5 dpi and plateaued at 7 dpi. The level of TNF-α in serum was rapidly (P < 0.05) increased from 4 dpi and those levels were kept until 7 dpi post both Eimeria infections (E. maxima and E. tenella). More importantly, the daily changes in the 3-1E levels in different samples from E. maxima- and E. tenella-infected chickens were effectively monitored with this new antigen-capture ELISA. Therefore, this new immunoassay is a sensitive diagnostic tool to monitor coccidiosis in a large field population in the commercial poultry farms before clinical symptoms develop using serum, feces, and gut samples during the entire period of infection cycle starting from 1 d after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Xu H, Zhang X, Li P, Luo Y, Fu J, Gong L, Lv Z, Guo Y. Effects of Tannic Acid Supplementation on the Intestinal Health, Immunity, and Antioxidant Function of Broilers Challenged with Necrotic Enteritis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1476. [PMID: 37508014 PMCID: PMC10376868 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens causes necrotic enteritis (NE) after proliferation in the intestine of poultry, resulting in considerable losses to the poultry industry. This study aimed to investigate the impact of tannic acid on the antioxidant, immunity, and gut health of broilers with NE. In the experiment, 630 one-day-old Cobb500 male chicks were randomly divided into six treatment groups, with seven replicate cages and with fifteen birds in each cage. The treatment groups were as follows: control group (NC), challenged group (PC), and challenged NE chickens treated with 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg tannic acid (PTA1, PTA2, PTA3, and PTA4, respectively). To induce NE, coccidia vaccine and Clostridium perfringens were administered on day 19 and days 22-28, respectively. Indexes related to antioxidant, immune, and intestinal health were measured on days 28 and 35. During the infection period, we observed significant increases in fecal water content, D-LA, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde concentrations (p < 0.05). Conversely, significant decreases were noted in chyme pH and in T-AOC, IL-4, and IL-10 concentrations (p < 0.05). The addition of tannic acid exhibited a linear decrease in fecal water content and TNF-α concentration (p < 0.05). Furthermore, tannic acid supplementation resulted in a quadratic curve decrease in D-LA concentration and linear increases in T-AOC, IL-4, and IL-10 (p < 0.05). Cecal microbiological analysis revealed that Ruminococcaceae and Butyricimona were dominant in PTA3. In conclusion, the dietary addition of tannic acid may reduce the negative effects of NE by increasing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity, improving the intestinal barrier, and regulating the intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Li
- Engineering Research Center of Feed Protein Resources on Agricultural By-Products, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yimeng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianyang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Park I, Nam H, Wickramasuriya SS, Lee Y, Wall EH, Ravichandran S, Lillehoj HS. Host-mediated beneficial effects of phytochemicals for prevention of avian coccidiosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145367. [PMID: 37334385 PMCID: PMC10272459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the beneficial effects of green tea extract (GT), cinnamon oil (CO), and pomegranate extract (PO) on avian coccidiosis. In experiment (EXP) 1, an in vitro culture system was used to investigate the individual effects of GT, CO, and PO on the proinflammatory cytokine response and integrity of tight junction (TJ) in chicken intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), on the differentiation of quail muscle cells and primary chicken embryonic muscle cells, and anticoccidial and antibacterial activities against Eimeria tenella sporozoites and Clostridium perfringens bacteria, respectively. In EXP 2 and 3, in vivo trials were carried out to study the dose-dependent effect of blended phytochemicals (GT, CO, PO) on coccidiosis in broiler chickens infected with E. maxima. For EXP 2, one hundred male broiler chickens (0-day-old) were allocated into the following five treatment groups: Control group for non-infected chickens (NC), Basal diet group for E. maxima-infected chickens (PC), PC group supplemented with phytochemicals at 50 (Phy 50), 100 (Phy 100), and 200 (Phy 200) mg/kg feed diets for E. maxima-infected chickens. For EXP 3, one hundred twenty male broiler chickens (0-day-old) were allocated into the following six treatment groups: NC, PC, PC supplemented with phytochemicals at 10 (Phy 10), 20 (Phy 20), 30 (Phy 30), and 100 (Phy 100) mg/kg feed for E. maxima-infected chickens. Body weights (BW) were measured on days 0, 7, 14, 20, and 22, and jejunum samples were used to measure cytokine, TJ protein, and antioxidant enzyme responses at 8 days post-infection (dpi). Fecal samples for oocyst enumeration were collected from 6 to 8 dpi. In vitro, CO and PO reduced LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-8 in IEC, respectively, and GT enhanced the gene expression of occludin in IEC. PO at 1.0 and 5.0 mg/mL exerted antimicrobial effect against E. tenella sporozoites and C. perfringens bacteria, respectively. In vivo, chickens fed a diet supplemented with phytochemicals showed enhanced BW, reduced oocyst shedding, and decreased proinflammatory cytokines following E. maxima challenge. In conclusion, the combination of GT, CO, and PO in the diet of broiler chickens infected with E. maxima induced enhanced host disease resistance including innate immunity and gut health, which contributed to improved growth and reduced disease responses. These findings provide scientific support for the development of a novel phytogenic feed additive formula that enhances the growth and intestinal health of broiler chickens infected with coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Hyoyoun Nam
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Samiru S. Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Emma H. Wall
- AVT Natural North America, Santa Clara, CA, United States
| | | | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Wickramasuriya SS, Park I, Lee Y, Lillehoj HS. Effect of Dietary Organic Selenium on Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Coccidiosis Response in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091560. [PMID: 37174598 PMCID: PMC10177327 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 252 one-day-old Ross broilers were randomly allocated to one of six treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with respective Eimeria challenges (non-infection and infection) and three different selenium (Se) diets. Dietary treatments were as follows: (1) Se un-supplemented control (CON), (2) inorganic Se treatment (SS; 0.3 mg/kg as sodium selenite), and (3) organic Se treatment (SY; 0.3 mg/kg as selenized yeast). Six replicate cages were allocated per treatment. Chickens in the respective Eimeria infection groups were infected with an E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima oocyst mixture (15,000 oocysts/chicken) on day 16. Growth performance was measured on days 16, 22, and 24. On day 22, intestinal samples were collected from randomly selected chickens to evaluate gut lesion scores, antioxidant enzymes, and tight junction gene expression. Blood, breast, and liver samples were collected to analyze the Se concentrations on day 24. Dietary SY supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the growth performance of the chickens regardless of the Eimeria challenge. Moreover, independent of Eimeria infection, Se supplementation elevated (p < 0.05) the heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX-1) expression in jejunal mucosa at 6 days post-infection (dpi). Duodenal junctional adhesion molecule 2 (JAM-2) expression and jejunal occludin (OCLN) were elevated (p < 0.05) with dietary SY supplementation at 6 dpi. Among Se sources, broiler chickens fed with the SY diet showed higher (p < 0.05) Se concentrations in breast muscle and serum on 8 dpi. These results confirmed the beneficial effects of dietary Se and the efficiency of organic Se compared with inorganic Se for growth improvement and muscle Se enrichment in broiler chickens regardless of coccidiosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Lee Y, Park I, Wickramasuriya SS, Lillehoj HS. Bacillus subtilis Expressing Chicken NK-2 Peptide Enhances the Efficacy of EF-1α Vaccination in Eimeria maxima-Challenged Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081383. [PMID: 37106946 PMCID: PMC10135262 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the synergistic effects of orally delivered B. subtilis-cNK-2 on vaccination with rEF-1α against E. maxima infection in broiler chickens. Chickens were assigned into the following five groups: control (CON, no Eimeria infection), non-immunized control (NC, PBS), component 1 (COM1, rEF-1α only), component 2 (COM2, rEF-1α plus B. subtilis empty vector), and component 3 (COM3, rEF-1α plus B. subtilis-NK-2). The first immunization was administered intramuscularly on day 4, and the second immunization was given one week later with the same concentration of components as the primary immunization. The immunization of B. subtilis spores (COM2 and COM3) was performed by oral administration given for 5 consecutive days a week later than the second immunization. On day 19, all the chickens except the CON group were orally challenged with E. maxima oocysts (1.0 × 104/chicken). The results of the in vivo vaccination showed that all the chickens immunized with rEF-1α (COM1, COM2, and COM3) produced higher (p < 0.05) serum antibodies against EF-1α on 12 days post-E. maxima infection (dpi). The COM3 group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) higher average body weight gain (BWG) on 0-6, 6-9, and 0-12 dpi compared to those of the non-immunized chickens (NC). Immunization with rEF-1α alone (COM1) reduced the gut lesion score on 6 dpi and the fecal oocyst shedding on 9 dpi, whereas co-administration with B. subtilis spores (COM2 or COM3) led to further reduction in the lesion score. E. maxima infection increased the expression levels of IFN-γ and IL-17β in the jejunum, but these expressions were downregulated in the rEF-1α immunized (COM1) group and in the groups immunized with rEF-1α and orally treated with B. subtilis spores (COM2 or COM3) at 4 dpi. A reduced gene expression of occludin in the jejunum of the E. maxima-infected chickens on 4 dpi was upregulated following the immunization with COM2. Collectively, rEF-1α vaccination induced significant protection against E. maxima infection in the broiler chickens, and the efficacy of rEF-1α vaccination was further enhanced by co-administration with orally delivered B. subtilis spores expressing cNK-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Lee Y, Park I, Lillehoj HS. Oral administration of chicken NK-lysin or recombinant chicken IL-7 improves vaccine efficacy of Eimeria tenella elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) against coccidiosis in commercial broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102611. [PMID: 36940651 PMCID: PMC10036930 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The synergistic effects of orally-delivered chicken NK-lysin peptide 2 (cNK-2) or recombinant chicken IL-7 (rchIL-7) on vaccination with recombinant Eimeria elongation factor-1α (rEF-1α) against Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) infection was investigated in broiler chickens. Chickens were divided into six groups: control (CON, no Eimeria infection), non-immunized control (NC, PBS), Vaccination 1 (VAC 1, rEF-1α plus cNK-2), Vaccination 2 (VAC 2, rchIL-7 plus cNK-2), Vaccination 3 (VAC 3, rEF-1α/rchIL-7 plus cNK-2), and Vaccination 4 (VAC 4, rEF-1α/rchIL-7 plus cNK-2). All groups, except the CON and NC, were orally treated with cNK-2 for 5 days. The first immunization, except for the VAC 4 group, was performed intramuscularly on day 4, and the second immunization was given with the same concentration of components as the primary immunization one week later. The immunization of the VAC 4 group was carried out by an oral inoculation on the same days. On day 19, all chickens except the CON group, were orally challenged with E. maxima (1.0 × 104 oocysts/chicken). The in vivo vaccination results showed that the VAC 1 and VAC 3 groups produced high (p < 0.05) levels of serum antibody titers to rEF-1α, and the VAC 3 showed enhanced (p < 0.05) levels of serum IL-7. Furthermore, the VAC 3 group showed significantly (p < 0.01) greater body weight gains at 6- and 9-days post-E. maxima infection (dpi) with reduced oocyst shedding at 6 dpi. The average jejunal lesion score of the NC group was 2.5 whereas the VAC 1 group showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower lesion scores at 6 dpi. E. maxima infection significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated the expression levels of cytokines (IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ) in the jejunum at 4 dpi, but those expressions were down-regulated in VAC 1 or VAC 3 groups. Moreover, the gene expression levels of Jam 2 and Occludin, were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased following E. maxima infection in jejunum at 4 dpi (NC), but their expressions were increased in the VAC 3 group. Collectively, these results showed that the efficacy of rEF-1α vaccination was significantly enhanced when rEF-1α vaccine co-immunized with chIL-7 or cNK-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Wickramasuriya SS, Park I, Lee Y, Richer LM, Przybyszewski C, Gay CG, van Oosterwijk JG, Lillehoj HS. Orally delivered Bacillus subtilis expressing chicken NK-2 peptide stabilizes gut microbiota and enhances intestinal health and local immunity in coccidiosis-infected broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102590. [PMID: 36940653 PMCID: PMC10033313 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported a stable Bacillus subtilis-carrying chicken NK-lysin peptide (B. subtilis-cNK-2) as an effective oral delivery system of an antimicrobial peptide to the gut with therapeutic effect against Eimeria parasites in broiler chickens. To further investigate the effects of a higher dose of an oral B. subtilis-cNK-2 treatment on coccidiosis, intestinal health, and gut microbiota composition, 100 (14-day-old) broiler chickens were allocated into 4 treatment groups in a randomized design: 1) uninfected control (CON), 2) infected control without B. subtilis (NC), 3) B. subtilis with empty vector (EV), and 4) B. subtilis with cNK-2 (NK). All chickens, except the CON group, were infected with 5,000 sporulated Eimeria acervulina (E. acervulina) oocysts on d 15. Chickens given B. subtilis (EV and NK) were orally gavaged (1 × 1012 cfu/mL) daily from d 14 to 18. Growth performances were measured on d 6, 9, and 13 postinfection (dpi). Spleen and duodenal samples were collected on 6 dpi to assess the gut microbiota, and gene expressions of gut integrity and local inflammation makers. Fecal samples were collected from 6 to 9 dpi to enumerate oocyst shedding. Blood samples were collected on 13 dpi to measure the serum 3-1E antibody levels. Chickens in the NK group showed significantly improved (P < 0.05) growth performance, gut integrity, reduced fecal oocyst shedding and mucosal immunity compared to NC. Interestingly, there was a distinct shift in the gut microbiota profile in the NK group compared to that of NC and EV chickens. Upon challenge with E. acervulina, the percentage of Firmicutes was reduced and that of Cyanobacteria increased. In NK chickens, however, the ratio between Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria was not affected and was similar to that of CON chickens. Taken together, NK treatment restored dysbiosis incurred by E. acervulina infection and showed the general protective effects of orally delivered B. subtilis-cNK-2 on coccidiosis infection. This includes reduction of fecal oocyst shedding, enhancement of local protective immunity, and maintenance of gut microbiota homeostasis in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | | | - Cyril G Gay
- Office of National Program-Animal Health, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | | | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Lee WD, Kothari D, Moon SG, Kim J, Kim KI, Ga GW, Kim YG, Kim SK. Evaluation of Non-Fermented and Fermented Chinese Chive Juice as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters of Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12. [PMID: 36290128 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explores the application of CC juice as a suitable feed additive and alternative to conventional antibiotics. We performed a comparative study to investigate the effects of non-fermented and fermented CC juice on broiler productivity, meat quality, blood characteristics, intestinal characteristics, and microbiota associated with intestinal characteristics. A total of 800 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatment groups: (1) basal diet (negative control; NC); (2) basal diet + 0.01% enramycin (positive control; PC); (3) basal diet + 3% non-fermented CC juice (NCC; CC juice 10%, water 90%); and (4) basal diet + 3% fermented CC juice (FCC; CC juice 10%, water 90%, Lactobacillus plantarum SK4719). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Intriguingly, all treatments showed similar results in terms of broiler productivity and chicken meat quality. Considering organ characteristics, the FCC group showed a low spleen weight and lower (p < 0.05) blood levels of AST and total cholesterol (TCHO). Regarding intestinal characteristics, the CC feed additive (NCC and FCC) resulted in a heavier intestinal weight (p < 0.05) without affecting the length ratio of the villi or the crypt compared to the control (NC or PC). NCC and FCC lowered the growth of intestinal pathogens (p < 0.01). In summary, the addition of FCC can maintain poultry health by improving blood compositions and inhibiting the growth of intestinal pathogens, leading to a productivity comparable to that of poultry treated with growth-promoting antibiotics.
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11
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Fathima S, Hakeem WGA, Shanmugasundaram R, Selvaraj RK. Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Review on the Pathogen, Pathogenesis, and Prevention. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101958. [PMID: 36296234 PMCID: PMC9610872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A and C are the primary etiological agents associated with necrotic enteritis (NE) in poultry. The predisposing factors implicated in the incidence of NE changes the physical properties of the gut, immunological status of birds, and disrupt the gut microbial homeostasis, causing an over-proliferation of C. perfringens. The principal virulence factors contributing to the pathogenesis of NE are the α-toxin, β-toxin, and NetB toxin. The immune response to NE in poultry is mediated by the Th1 pathway or cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. C. perfringens type A and C are also pathogenic in humans, and hence are of public health significance. C. perfringens intoxications are the third most common bacterial foodborne disease after Salmonella and Campylobacter. The restrictions on the use of antibiotics led to an increased incidence of NE in poultry. Hence, it is essential to develop alternative strategies to keep the prevalence of NE under check. The control strategies rely principally on the positive modulation of host immune response, nutritional manipulation, and pathogen reduction. Current knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, predisposing factors, immune response, effect on the gut microbial homeostasis, and preventative strategies of NE in this post-antibiotic era is addressed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahna Fathima
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ramesh K. Selvaraj
- Department of Poultry Science, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Akerele G, Al Hakeem WG, Lourenco J, Selvaraj RK. The Effect of Necrotic Enteritis Challenge on Production Performance, Cecal Microbiome, and Cecal Tonsil Transcriptome in Broilers. Pathogens 2022; 11. [PMID: 36014961 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the effects of experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) infection on the production performance, gut microbiome, and cecal tonsil transcriptome in broiler birds. A total of 192 chicks were not-induced (control) or induced with NE. NE was induced by inoculating Eimeria maxima at 14 d of age and Clostridium perfringens at 19, 20, and 21 d of age. NE challenge increased (p < 0.01) NE lesion score at 7 days post-E.maxima infection (dpi), decreased (p < 0.01) average weight gain and increased (p < 0.01) mortality at 7 and 14 dpi. NE challenge increased (p < 0.05) gut permeability at 5, 6, and 7 dpi and increased ileal C. perfringens load at 5 dpi. NE challenge increased (p < 0.01) Eimeria oocyst shedding at 5, 6, 7, 8 and 14 dpi. NE challenge decreased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae and increased (p < 0.05) the relative abundance of Campylobacteriaceae, Comamonadaceae, and Ruminococcaceae at 6 dpi. NE challenge upregulated (p < 0.05) genes related to immune response and downregulated (p < 0.05) genes related to lipid metabolism at 6 dpi. It can be concluded that NE infection decreased beneficial bacteria and increased gut permeability.
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Xia S, Hang L, Ali S, Xu X, Liu Y, Yan Q, Luo Q, Li Y, Lin L, Li H, Zhang X, Huang L, Ma X, Lai Y. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Garlic Odor Compounds in Cultivated Chinese Chives (Allium tuberosum) and Wild Chinese Chives (Allium hookeri). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:7013. [PMID: 35806016 PMCID: PMC9266804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese chives is a popular herb vegetable and medicine in Asian countries. Southwest China is one of the centers of origin, and the mountainous areas in this region are rich in wild germplasm. In this study, we collected four samples of germplasm from different altitudes: a land race of cultivated Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum), wide-leaf chives and extra-wide-leaf chives (Allium hookeri), and ovoid-leaf chives (Allium funckiaefolium). Leaf metabolites were detected and compared between A. tuberosum and A. hookeri. A total of 158 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAM) were identified by Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), among which there was a wide range of garlic odor compounds, free amino acids, and sugars. A. hookeri contains a higher content of fructose, garlic odor compounds, and amino acids than A. tuberosum, which is supported by the higher expression level of biosynthetic genes revealed by transcriptome analysis. A. hookeri accumulates the same garlic odor compound precursors that A. tuberosum does (mainly methiin and alliin). We isolated full-length gene sequences of phytochelatin synthase (PCS), γ-glutamyltranspeptidases (GGT), flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO), and alliinase (ALN). These sequences showed closer relations in phylogenetic analysis between A. hookeri and A. tuberosum (with sequence identities ranging from 86% to 90%) than with Allium cepa or Allium sativum (which had a lower sequence identity ranging from 76% to 88%). Among these assayed genes, ALN, the critical gene controlling the conversion of odorless precursors into odor compounds, was undetected in leaves, bulbs, and roots of A. tuberosum, which could account for its weaker garlic smell. Moreover, we identified a distinct FMO1 gene in extra-wide-leaf A. hookeri that is due to a CDS-deletion and frameshift mutation. These results above reveal the molecular and metabolomic basis of impressive strong odor in wild Chinese chives.
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Lee Y, Park I, Wickramasuriya SS, Arous JB, Koziol ME, Lillehoj HS. Co-administration of chicken IL-7 or NK-lysin peptide 2 enhances the efficacy of Eimeria elongation factor-1α vaccination against Eimeria maxima infection in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102013. [PMID: 35905546 PMCID: PMC9335386 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to develop a recombinant Eimeria elongation factor-1α (EF-1α)-vaccination strategy against Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) infection by co-administering with chicken IL-7 (chIL-7) or chicken NK-lysin peptide 2 (cNK-2) in commercial broiler chickens. Chickens were divided into the following 5 groups: control (CON, no Eimeria infection), nonimmunized control (NC, PBS plus Montanide ISA 78 VG), Vaccination 1 (VAC1, 100 µg of recombinant EF-1α plus Montanide ISA 78 VG), Vaccination 2 (VAC2, VAC1 plus 1 µg of chIL-7), and Vaccination 3 (VAC3, VAC2 plus 5 µg of cNK-2 peptide). The first immunization except the cNK-2 injection was performed intramuscularly on day 4, and the secondary immunization was given with the same concentration of components as the primary immunization 1 wk later. All chickens except the CON group were orally inoculated with freshly prepared E. maxima (1.0 × 104 oocysts per chicken) oocysts on Day 19. The results of the in vivo vaccination trial showed that chickens of all groups immunized with recombinant EF-1α antigen (VAC1, VAC2, and VAC3) showed higher serum antibody levels to EF-1α, and co-injection with chIL-7 further increased the serum IL-7 level in the VAC2 and VAC3 groups. Chickens in the VAC2 group showed significantly (P < 0.01) higher body weight gains at 6 and 9 d post-E. maxima challenge infection (dpi) with reduced gut lesions in the jejunum at 6 dpi. The VAC3 group showed reduced fecal oocyst shedding compared to the nonimmunized and infected chickens (NC). At 4 dpi, E. maxima infection significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated the expression levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-β and IL-17F) and type Ι cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-10) in the jejunum (NC), but the expression of these cytokines was significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated in the VAC1, VAC2, and VAC3 groups. Furthermore, E. maxima challenge infection significantly (P < 0.05) down-regulated the expressions of jejunal tight junction (TJ) proteins (Jam2 and Occludin) at 4 dpi, but their expression was up-regulated in the VAC2 and VAC3 groups. Collectively, these results show the protective effects of the EF-1α recombinant vaccine, which can be further enhanced by co-injection with chIL-7 or cNK-2 peptide against E. maxima infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Juliette Ben Arous
- SEPPIC, 50 Boulevard National, Paris la Défense, 92257 La Garenne Colombes, France
| | - Marie-Eve Koziol
- SEPPIC, 50 Boulevard National, Paris la Défense, 92257 La Garenne Colombes, France
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Lu M, Lee Y, Li C, Lillehoj HS. Immunological characterization of chicken tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) using new sets of monoclonal antibodies specific for poultry TNF-α. Dev Comp Immunol 2022; 131:104374. [PMID: 35157961 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a type II transmembrane protein with either membrane-bound or soluble forms and is a prototypical member of the TNF superfamily. TNF-α is a pleiotropic cytokine associated with the regulation of systemic inflammation and host defense. Chicken TNF-α (chTNF-α) is a long-missed avian ortholog, and its immunological properties remain largely unknown compared to those of its mammalian counterparts. Here, we report the functional characterization and immunomodulatory properties of chTNF-α using a panel of newly developed anti-chTNF-α mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Using anti-chTNF-α mAbs, we determined the tissue expression of chTNF-α in lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs. A chTNF-α-specific antigen-capture sandwich ELISA was developed using compatible mAb partners by screening and validation of ten different mAbs. Employing 3G11 and 12G6 as capture and detection antibodies, respectively, the levels of native chTNF-α in the circulation of Clostridium perfringens, Eimeria, or dual C. perfringens/Eimeria-infected chickens were determined. Furthermore, intracellular expression of chTNF-α in primary immune cells or cell lines derived from chickens was validated by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry assays using both 3G11 and 12G6 mAbs. Notably, both 3G11 and 12G6 neutralized chTNF-α-induced nitric oxide production in chicken HD11 cells in vitro. Collectively, our results enhance our understanding of the functional characteristics of chTNF-α, and these anti-chTNF-α mAbs will serve as valuable immune reagents to inform on inflammatory responses and disease pathogenesis in the fundamental and applied studies of avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Abd El-ghany WA, Abdel-latif MA, Hosny F, Alatfeehy NM, Noreldin AE, Rr Q, R C, L S, Elbestawy AR. Comparative Efficacy of Postbiotic, Probiotic, and Antibiotic Against Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Poult Sci 2022. [PMID: 35809347 PMCID: PMC9272375 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens), is one of the most important goals to improve the profitability of broiler chickens. This work aimed to compare the efficacy of 2 antibiotic alternatives including a postbiotic (dry feed additive and aqueous nonviable Lactobacillus (L.) species fermentation) and a probiotic (dry feed additive and aqueous Bacillus (B.) subtilis and B. lischeniformis mixture) with an antibiotic (amoxicillin in water) against NE. Four hundred, day-old broiler chicks were divided into 8 equal groups (Gs), n = 50 each (5 replicates; 10 each). Chickens of G1 (postbiotic dry-feed additive), G2 (postbiotic and antibiotic in drinking water), G3 (postbiotic dry and aqueous), G4 (probiotic dry-feed additive), G5 (probiotic and antibiotic in drinking water), G6 (probiotic dry and aqueous), and G7 (nontreated) were orally inoculated with a toxigenic C. perfringens type A on the d 19 to 21 of age and predisposed with 3X coccidial vaccine for induction of NE. However, chickens of G8 were kept nontreated or challenged. The severity of NE signs was markedly decreased in G3 in comparison with other challenged treatment groups, and the mortality rates were 22%, 10%, 16%, 22%, 12%, 20%, and 36% in Gs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7, respectively. The best significant (P ≤ 0.05) feed conversion ratio was detected in G3 (1.51), G6 (1.54), and G2 and G8 (1.61). In addition, the European production efficiency factor was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved in G3 (279.33) and G2 (266.67), but it was decreased in G7 (177.33) when compared with G8 (339.33). An improvement in intestinal and hepatic pathology and liver function tests, as well as a significant (P ≤ 0.05) decrease in bacterial counts were observed in Gs 2, 5, 3, 6, 1, and 4, respectively in comparison with G7. Immunologically, the highest significant (P ≤ 0.05) hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers for Newcastle disease virus vaccine were in Gs 1 and 3 (6.4 log2). In conclusion, the combined feed and water postbiotic treatment demonstrated promising results in ameliorating the severity of NE and improving the hepatic and the immune status of broiler chickens when compared with the commonly used probiotic and antibiotic.
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Kumar A, Sharma NK, Kheravii SK, Keerqin C, Ionescu C, Blanchard A, Wu SB. Potential of a mixture of eugenol and garlic tincture to improve performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis challenge. Anim Nutr 2022; 8:26-37. [PMID: 34977373 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant extracts (PE) are gaining increased attention as potential alternatives to in-feed antimicrobials (AM) due to their known antimicrobial activities. This study was conducted to examine the potential of PE, a microencapsulated product composed of eugenol and garlic tincture as an alternative to AM-agent on performance and intestinal health in broilers under necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge. A total of 960 day-old mixed-sex Cobb 500 chicks were randomly distributed to 48-floor pens with 6 treatments replicated 8 times with 20 birds each. The 6 treatments were as follows: UC, unchallenged control; CC, challenged control; PE, challenged group plus PE; AM, challenged group plus AM; FAP, challenged group plus a full dose of AM with PE; HAP, challenged group plus a half dose of AM with PE in starter, grower and finisher phases. Birds in the challenged groups were inoculated with Eimeria spp. on d 9 and Clostridium perfringens on d 14. The body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and livability of birds were compromised, and intestinal lesions and mortality were increased (P < 0.05) by NE challenge, illustrating a successful clinical NE challenge. Birds fed AM had higher BWG and FI, and lower FCR, mortality, and intestinal lesions compared to the CC group (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had improved FCR (P < 0.05) and livability (5.8%) in an overall period compared to the CC group. On d 16, PE supplementation reduced ileal lesion scores in only male birds (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased Eimeria maxima and Eimeria acervulina oocyst counts in caecal content (P < 0.05). Birds fed PE had decreased Escherichia brunetti and total oocyst counts in caecal content, and E. acervulina oocyst counts in ileal content in only female birds (P < 0.05). On d 35, PE supplementation reduced variation of BW in both male and female birds and increased yellowness (b∗ value, 14.4%) in the thigh. These findings suggest the potential of PE supplementation in diets to improve the performance and intestinal health of birds under clinical NE as indicated by improved FCR, livability, uniformity, reduced ileal lesions, oocyst counts and increased skin yellowness. However, the protective effect of PE may not be apparent in the presence of AM in the feed.
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Abstract
After the European Union ban of antibiotic growth promoters, works on different methods of improving gut health have intensified. The poultry industry is struggling with problems that were previously controlled by antibiotic growth promoters, therefore the search for optimal solutions continues. Simultaneously, there is also increasing social pressure to minimize the use of antibiotics and replace them with alternative feed additives. A variety of available alternatives is considered safe by consumers, among which phytogenics play a significant role. However, there are still some limitations that need to be considered. The most questionable are the issues related to bioavailability, metabolism of plant derivatives in birds, and the difficulty of standardizing commercial products. There is still a need for more evidence-based recommendations for the use of phytogenics in livestock. On the other hand, a positive influence of phytogenic compounds on the health of poultry has been previously described by many researchers and practical application of these compounds has auspicious perspectives in poultry production. Supplementation with phytogenic feed additives has been shown to protect birds from various environmental threats leading to impaired intestinal barrier function. Phytogenic feed additives have the potential to improve the overall structure of intestinal mucosa as well as gut barrier function on a molecular level. Recognition of the phytogenics' effect on the components of the intestinal barrier may enable the selection of the most suitable ones to alleviate negative effects of different agents. This review aims to summarize current knowledge of the influence of various phytogenic constituents on the intestinal barrier and health of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Latek
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Chłopecka
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Karlik
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Mendel
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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Lee Y, Lu M, Lillehoj HS. Coccidiosis: Recent Progress in Host Immunity and Alternatives to Antibiotic Strategies. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:215. [PMID: 35214673 PMCID: PMC8879868 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is an avian intestinal disease caused by several distinct species of Eimeria parasites that damage the host’s intestinal system, resulting in poor nutrition absorption, reduced growth, and often death. Increasing evidence from recent studies indicates that immune-based strategies such as the use of recombinant vaccines and various dietary immunomodulating feed additives can improve host defense against intracellular parasitism and reduce intestinal damage due to inflammatory responses induced by parasites. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the complex interactions between the host immune system, gut microbiota, enteroendocrine system, and parasites that contribute to the outcome of coccidiosis is necessary to develop logical strategies to control coccidiosis in the post-antibiotic era. Most important for vaccine development is the need to understand the protective role of the local intestinal immune response and the identification of various effector molecules which mediate anti-coccidial activity against intracellular parasites. This review summarizes the current understanding of the host immune response to coccidiosis in poultry and discusses various non-antibiotic strategies which are being developed for coccidiosis control. A better understanding of the basic immunobiology of pertinent host–parasite interactions in avian coccidiosis will facilitate the development of effective anti-Eimeria strategies to mitigate the negative effects of coccidiosis.
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Wickramasuriya SS, Park I, Lee K, Lee Y, Kim WH, Nam H, Lillehoj HS. Role of Physiology, Immunity, Microbiota, and Infectious Diseases in the Gut Health of Poultry. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020172. [PMID: 35214631 PMCID: PMC8875638 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
“Gut health” refers to the physical state and physiological function of the gastrointestinal tract and in the livestock system; this topic is often focused on the complex interacting components of the intestinal system that influence animal growth performance and host-microbial homeostasis. Regardless, there is an increasing need to better understand the complexity of the intestinal system and the various factors that influence gut health, since the intestine is the largest immune and neuroendocrine organ that interacts with the most complex microbiome population. As we face the post-antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) era in many countries of the world, livestock need more options to deal with food security, food safety, and antibiotic resilience to maintain agricultural sustainability to feed the increasing human population. Furthermore, developing novel antibiotic alternative strategies needs a comprehensive understanding of how this complex system maintains homeostasis as we face unpredictable changes in external factors like antibiotic-resistant microbes, farming practices, climate changes, and consumers’ preferences for food. In this review, we attempt to assemble and summarize all the relevant information on chicken gut health to provide deeper insights into various aspects of gut health. Due to the broad and complex nature of the concept of “gut health”, we have highlighted the most pertinent factors related to the field performance of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiru S. Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Kyungwoo Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
| | - Hyoyoun Nam
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (S.S.W.); (I.P.); (K.L.); (Y.L.); (W.H.K.); (H.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-504-8771
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Zaytsoff SJM, Boras VF, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. A stress-induced model of acute necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens using dietary corticosterone administration. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101726. [PMID: 35202894 PMCID: PMC8866091 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that stress can predispose chickens to disease. The objective of the current study was to develop a method that utilized physiological stress to predispose Ross 308 broiler chickens to acute necrotic enteritis (NE). Stress was mediated through the administration of the stress hormone, corticosterone. At 11 d posthatch (p.h.), corticosterone (20 mg kg−1) administration commenced. At 12 and 13 d p.h., birds were orally inoculated with a virulent strain of Clostridium perfringens, and at 14 d p.h., birds were euthanized. Birds administered corticosterone exhibited decreased weight gain, and birds co-challenged with C. perfringens and corticosterone were affected to a higher degree. Necrotic lesions were present in birds inoculated with C. perfringens (33%), but a substantially higher prevalence of birds treated with C. perfringens and corticosterone in combination exhibited lesions (100%). Clostridium perfringens densities were correlated with necrotic lesion and histopathologic scores. Both C. perfringens and corticosterone challenge altered mRNA immune responses in the small intestine. In this regard, birds infected with the pathogen showed higher relative mRNA concentrations of toll-like receptor 2A (TLR2A), transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFβ2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS). Birds co-challenged with C. perfringens and corticosterone showed hindered TLR2A mRNA expression. A reduction in TLR2A responses mediated by corticosterone administration suggests that the glucocorticoid suppresses immune stimulation in jejunal mucosa, which may be the underlying cause for the increased prevalence and intensity of disease observed in corticosterone treated birds. Overall, the corticosterone stress model resulted in levels of NE comparable to other models of NE that currently exist without the use of a co-infection agent. This model may facilitate the exploration of mechanisms of stress-induced NE, and the development of effective alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J M Zaytsoff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Valerie F Boras
- Chinook Regional Hospital, Alberta Health Services, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Richard R E Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Dao HT, Sharma NK, Kheravii SK, Bradbury EJ, Wu SB, Swick RA. Supplementation of reduced protein diets with l-arginine and l-citrulline for broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis. 3. Immunological parameters and gene expression. Anim Prod Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Park I, Oh S, Nam H, Celi P, Lillehoj HS. Antimicrobial activity of sophorolipids against Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens, and their effect on growth performance and gut health in necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101731. [PMID: 35176703 PMCID: PMC8851262 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro antimicrobial activity of sophorolipids (SLs) against Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens, and the in vivo effects of SLs on growth performance and gut health in necrotic enteritis (NE)-afflicted broiler chickens were studied. To test the direct killing effects of SLs on enteric pathogens, 2.5 × 105 freshly prepared sporozoites of each Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella were placed in each well of a 96-well plate, and the vegetative stage of Clostridium perfringens was prepared at 1 × 109 cfu/well. Four different SLs (C18:1 lactonic diacetyled SL [SL1], C18:1 deacetyled SL [SL2], C18:1 monoacetyled SL [SL3], and C18:1 diacetyled SL [SL4]), and 2 anticoccidial chemical controls, decoquinate and monensin, were evaluated at 3 dose levels (125 µg/mL, 250 µg/mL, and 500 µg/mL). Samples were incubated at 41°C for 3 h, and microbial survival ratios were measured by using a cell counter to quantify the number of live microbes stained by fluorescent dye. A total of 336 (0-day-old) male commercial broiler chickens were used to assess the effects of SLs in vivo. Chickens were randomly allocated to 6 treatment groups (7 chickens per cage, 8 cages per treatment) as follows: a control group which received a basal diet (CON), a negative control group (NC) which received a basal diet and NE challenge, and 4 SL treatment groups with NE (NC+SL1, NC+SL2, NC+SL3, and NC+SL4). The inclusion rates of SLs in each group were 200 mg/kg of feed. NE-induced chickens were orally infected with E. maxima (10,000 oocysts/chicken) on d 14, followed by C. perfringens (1 × 109 cfu/chicken) on d 19. Disease parameters measured included gut lesion scores, intestinal cytokine production, and level of tight junction protein expression. Data were analyzed using a Mixed Model (PROC MIXED) in SAS. In vitro (Experiment 1), all SLs dose-dependently decreased (P < 0.001) the viability of the three species of Eimeria sporozoites and C. perfringens. In vivo (Experiment 2), dietary SLs increased (P < 0.001) body weight and average daily gain of broiler chickens infected with NE. Dietary SL1 and SL4s increased (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio compared to NC. Furthermore, SL1 and SL4 decreased (P < 0.05) gut lesion scores in combination with increased expression of IL1β, IL8, TNFSF15, and IL10 genes (P < 0.05) in NE-afflicted chickens. Overall, dietary SLs promoted growth performance, intestinal immune responses, and intestinal barrier integrity of NE-afflicted, young broiler chickens.
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Lu M, Yuan B, Yan X, Sun Z, Lillehoj HS, Lee Y, Baldwin-Bott C, Li C. Clostridium perfringens-Induced Host-Pathogen Transcriptional Changes in the Small Intestine of Broiler Chickens. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121607. [PMID: 34959561 PMCID: PMC8705629 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens is an important opportunistic pathogen that may result in toxin-mediated diseases involving food poisoning/tissue gangrene in humans and various enterotoxaemia in animal species. It is a main etiological agent for necrotic enteritis (NE), the most financially devastating bacterial disease in broiler chickens, especially if raised under antibiotic-free conditions. Importantly, NE is responsible for losses of six billion US dollars annually in the global poultry industry. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of C. perfringens-induced pathogenesis in the gut and its microbiome mRNA levels in C. perfringens-infected and non-infected hosts, we used RNA sequencing technology to perform transcriptional analysis of both host intestine and microbiome using our NE model. The growth rate was significantly impaired in chickens infected by C. perfringens. In total, 13,473 annotated chicken genes were differentially expressed between these two groups, with ninety-six genes showing statistical significance (|absolute fold changes| > 2.0, adjusted p value < 0.05). Genes involved in energy production, MHC Class I antigen, translation, ribosomal structures, and amino acid, nucleotide and carbohydrate metabolism from infected gut tissues were significantly down-regulated. The upregulated genes were mainly engaged in innate and adaptive immunity, cellular processes, genetic information processing, and organismal systems. Additionally, the transcriptional levels of four crucial foodborne pathogens were significantly elevated in a synergic relationship with pathogenic C. perfringens infection. This study presents the profiling data that would likely be a relevant reference for NE pathogenesis and may provide new insights into the mechanism of host-pathogen interaction in C. perfringens-induced NE infection in broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
| | - Baohong Yuan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (C.L.)
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
| | - Hyun S. Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
| | - Calder Baldwin-Bott
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
- Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Greenbelt, MD 20770, USA
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service-US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (M.L.); (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (H.S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.B.-B.)
- Correspondence: (X.Y.); (C.L.)
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Wu Y, Wang W, Kim IH, Yang Y. Dietary hydrolyzed wheat gluten supplementation ameliorated intestinal barrier dysfunctions of broilers challenged with Escherichia coli O78. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101615. [PMID: 34952261 PMCID: PMC8715217 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate a protective effect of hydrolyzed wheat gluten (HWG) on Escherichia coli (E. coli)-induced intestinal barrier dysfunctions in broilers. Broilers fed a basal diet unsupplemented or supplemented with HWG (0.5% or 1%) were intraperitoneally injected with either E. coli O78 suspension (108 CFU/mL) or equal volume of vehicle on d 18 of age. Blood and tissue samples were collected 3rd d post infection. The results showed that E. coli-infection increased immune-organ indexes of spleen and thymus, enhanced serum diamine oxidase (DAO) level, impaired ileal villus structure and reduced tight junction mRNA levels (Occludin, Claudin-1, ZO-1, P < 0.05), while increased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8) and TLR4 in the ileum of broilers (P < 0.05). The effects of E. coli O78 challenge on organ indexes of spleen and thymus, serum DAO level, mRNA levels of tight junctions were alleviated by 1% HWG supplementation, the upregulations of IL-1β and TLR4 were prevented by 0.5% HWG supplementation (P < 0.05). In addition, increased IFN-γ of E. coli-infected broilers was abrogated by 0.5% or 1% HWG supplementation (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary HWG supplementation ameliorated intestinal barrier dysfunctions triggered by E. coli-infection in the ileum of broilers. HWG supplementation might be a nutritional strategy to improve the intestinal mucosal barrier function of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Wenyu Wang
- Nantong Tiancheng Modern Agricultural Technology Co. Ltd., Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 226634 China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, 330-714 Cheonan, Korea
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China.
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Khatab SA, Hemeda SA, El-Nahas AF, Abd El Naby WSH, Hassan S, Alorabi JA, Dawood MAO. Intra- and inter-breed variation in immune response to acute and sub-chronic Salmonella infection and commercial immune-stimulant in two-layer breeds. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:2353-2361. [PMID: 34498429 PMCID: PMC8604112 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most hazardous diseases in poultry farms. Markedly, the application of active immunostimulants is illustrated as potential protective agents against infection in poultry farms. Thus, this work aimed to explore inter- and intra-breed variation in response to acute and subchronic Salmonella enteritidis infection in two-layer breeds (one commercial [Hy-line strain] and another native [Fayoumi breed]). Besides exploring the possible protective effect of a commercial immune modulator (STIMULAN) on the two breeds during the acute infection. The ELISA antibody titer in sub-chronic infections and the expression analysis of some selected genes (IL-1β, LITAF, TGF-β, HSP90 and HSP70) are used as the clinical signs for acute infections to assess the possible protective role of a commercial immunomodulator (STIMULAN). Five groups were used during the acute experiment: G1-control; G2a-susceptible; G2b-resistant birds, G3-which received STIMULAN and G4-which received the infection + STIMULAN. The groups with sub-chronic infections include G1 (control), G2 (high antibody titer) and G3 (low antibody titer). The gene expressions among the susceptible birds during acute infection of both breeds are nearly similar. They only differ in the expression of HSP90 in the Fayoumi breed. However, the resistant birds vary in their gene expression profile. The effect of STIMULAN as a feed additive in non-infected birds was an up-regulation of LITAF, TGF-β, HSP90 in Fayoumi. Moreover, a powerful stimulatory role was observed when both breeds were infected. Both breeds were asymptomatic during the sub-chronic infection. Although, the increased expression of inflammatory-related genes in the Hy-line was considered as an indication of infection persistence. Fayoumi is capable of immune clearance for this infection. Thus, the Fayoumi breed is more resistant to acute Salmonella infection. HSP90 plays a vital role in its resistance. We recommend the use of STIMULAN as an immunomodulator during Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shymaa A Khatab
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Shabaan A Hemeda
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer F El-Nahas
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Walaa S H Abd El Naby
- Genetics Laboratory, Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sabry Hassan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamal A Alorabi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Adeyemi KD, Obaaro BM, Awoyeye ET, Edward AE, Asogwa TN. Onion leaf and synthetic additives in broiler diet: impact on splenic cytokines, serum immunoglobulins, cecal bacterial population, and muscle antioxidant status. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5245-5255. [PMID: 33611786 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disadvantages associated with the use of synthetic additives in animal production could threaten human and animal health, and the safety of animal-derived foods. This study assessed the growth performance, blood chemistry, immune indices, selected caeca bacterial population, muscle antioxidant enzyme activities, and meat quality in broiler chickens fed diet supplemented with antibiotic (70% oxytetracycline +30% neomycin), tert-butylhydroxytoluene or onion leaf powder (OLP). One day old Ross 308 chicks (n = 240) were assigned randomly to either D-1, control diet (CD) without additives; D-2, CD + 0.3 g kg-1 antibiotic +0.15 g kg-1 tert-butylhydroxytoluene; D-3, CD + 2.5 g kg-1 OLP; or D-4, CD + 5 g kg-1 OLP for 42 days. RESULTS The D-2 and D-4 diets improved (P < 0.05) bodyweight gain and feed efficiency in broilers. Platelet and cecal Lactobacillus spp. counts were higher (P < 0.05) whereas muscle cholesterol was lower (P < 0.05) in the OLP-supplemented birds. Supplemented birds had higher (P < 0.01) splenic interleukin-10 and lower (P < 0.01) splenic tumor necrosis factor-α, immunoglobulin A, cecal E. coli and C. perfringens counts compared with the D-1 birds. The D-4 birds had the least (P < 0.05) splenic interleukin-1β. Dietary supplements increased (P < 0.05) catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and total antioxidant capacity, and lowered (P < 0.05) drip loss, malondialdehyde and carbonyl content in breast meat. CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation of 5 g kg-1 OLP exerted antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant effects that were comparable to those of antibiotics and tert-butylhydroxytoluene in broiler chickens. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazeem D Adeyemi
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Blessing M Obaaro
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth T Awoyeye
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Anne E Edward
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Tobechukwu N Asogwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Central Research Laboratory and Diagnostics, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Choi JH, Lee EB, Jang HH, Cha YS, Park YS, Lee SH. Allium hookeri Extracts Improve Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment via Activation of the Cholinergic System and Anti-Neuroinflammation in Mice. Nutrients 2021; 13:2890. [PMID: 34445062 PMCID: PMC8400157 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Allium hookeri (AH) is a medicinal food that has been used in Southeast Asia for various physiological activities. The objective of this study was to investigate the activation of the cholinergic system and the anti-neuroinflammation effects of AH on scopolamine-induced memory impairment in mice. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) impaired the performance of the mice on the Y-maze test, passive avoidance test, and water maze test. However, the number of error actions was reduced in the AH groups supplemented with leaf and root extracts from AH. AH treatment improved working memory and avoidance times against electronic shock, increased step-through latency, and reduced the time to reach the escape zone in the water maze test. AH significantly improved the cholinergic system by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity, and increasing acetylcholine concentration. The serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ) increased by scopolamine treatment were regulated by the administration of AH extracts. Overexpression of NF-κB signaling and cytokines in liver tissue due to scopolamine were controlled by administration of AH extracts. AH also significantly decreased Aβ and caspase-3 expression but increased NeuN and ChAT. The results suggest that AH extracts improve cognitive effects, and the root extracts are more effective in relieving the scopolamine-induced memory impairment. They have neuroprotective effects and reduce the development of neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Choi
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea;
| | - Eun-Byeol Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
| | - Hwan-Hee Jang
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
| | - Youn-Soo Cha
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Jeonbuk, Korea;
| | - Yong-Soon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seongdong, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Sung-Hyen Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Jeonbuk, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (E.-B.L.); (H.-H.J.)
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Ibrahim D, Ismail TA, Khalifa E, Abd El-Kader SA, Mohamed DI, Mohamed DT, Shahin SE, Abd El-Hamid MI. Supplementing Garlic Nanohydrogel Optimized Growth, Gastrointestinal Integrity and Economics and Ameliorated Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens Using a Clostridium perfringens Challenge Model. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2027. [PMID: 34359156 PMCID: PMC8300316 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) caused by Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) results in impaired bird growth performance and increased production costs. Nanotechnology application in the poultry industry to control NE outbreaks is still not completely clarified. Therefore, the efficacy of dietary garlic nano-hydrogel (G-NHG) on broilers growth performance, intestinal integrity, economic returns and its potency to alleviate C. perfringens levels using NE challenge model were addressed. A total of 1200 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were assigned into six groups; four supplemented with 100, 200, 300 or 400 mg of G-NHG/kg diet and co-challenged with C. perfringens at 21, 22 and 23 d of age and two control groups fed basal diet with or without C. perfringens challenge. Over the total growing period, the 400 mg/kg G-NHG group had the most improved body weight gain and feed conversion efficiency regardless of challenge. Parallel with these results, the mRNA expression of genes encoding digestive enzymes (alpha 2A amylase (AMY2A), pancreatic lipase (PNLIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK)) and intestinal barriers (junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2), occludin and mucin-2 (Muc-2)) were increased in groups fed G-NHG at higher levels to be nearly similar to those in the unchallenged group. At 14 d post challenge, real-time PCR results revealed that inclusion of G-NHG led to a dose-dependently decrease in the C. perfringens population, thereby decreasing the birds' intestinal lesion score and mortality rates. Using 400 mg/kg of G-NHG remarkably ameliorated the adverse effects of NE caused by C. perfringens challenge, which contributed to better growth performance of challenged birds with rational economic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt;
| | - Shaimaa A. Abd El-Kader
- Department of Bacteriology, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Dalia T. Mohamed
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Sara E. Shahin
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Biostatistics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Wickramasuriya SS, Park I, Lee Y, Kim WH, Przybyszewski C, Gay CG, van Oosterwijk JG, Lillehoj HS. Oral Delivery of Bacillus subtilis Expressing Chicken NK-2 Peptide Protects Against Eimeria acervulina Infection in Broiler Chickens. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:684818. [PMID: 34150899 PMCID: PMC8213023 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.684818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chicken NK-lysin peptide 2 (cNK-2) is a natural lytic peptide with direct cytotoxicity against many apicomplexan parasites including Eimeria. Developing an effective oral delivery strategy to express cNK-2 in the intestine, where Eimeria parasites interact with the host's gut epithelial cells, may effectively reduce the fecundity of parasites and minimize intestinal damage. Furthermore, cNK-2 modulates gut immune responses to decrease local inflammation elicited by Eimeria infection in the intestine. Therefore, we developed a stable strain of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) that carries cNK-2 to the gut to determine its effectiveness in ameliorating the negative impacts of coccidiosis and to replace the use of antibiotics in controlling coccidiosis in commercial broiler chicken production. Chickens were randomly allocated into eight treatment groups: two control groups (NC: E. acervulina infected non-B. subtilis control; CON: non-infected control); three B. subtilis-empty vector (EV) groups (EV6: 106 cfu/day/bird; EV8: 108 cfu/day/bird; EV10: 1010 cfu/day/bird), and three B. subtilis-cNK-2 groups (NK6: 106 cfu/day/bird; NK8: 108 cfu/day/bird; NK10: 1010 cfu/day/bird). All chickens, except those in the CON group, were challenged with 5,000 freshly sporulated E. acervulina oocysts through oral gavage on day 15. Chickens were given an oral dose of B. subtilis on days 14, 15, and 16. Body weight, weight gains, and fecal oocyst shedding were measured. To investigate the efficacy of oral B. subtilis-cNK-2 against coccidiosis, gene expression of gut health-related biomarkers was measured using RT-PCR. Markers included SOD1, CAT, and HMOX1 for oxidative stress in the spleen and intestinal mucosa, OCLN, ZO-1, and JAM2 for tight junction proteins, and MUC2 for mucin gene expression in the gut. The results showed that oral treatment of young chickens with B. subtilis-cNK-2 improved growth performance, enhanced gut integrity, and reduced fecal oocyst shedding. Altogether, these results confirm B. subtilis-cNK-2 treatment as a promising and effective alternative strategy to replace antibiotics against coccidiosis based on its ability to reduce parasite survival, to reduce coccidiosis-induced body weight loss, and to decrease gut damage based on the enhanced expression of proteins associated with gut integrity and intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Inkyung Park
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Woo H Kim
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | | | - Cyril G Gay
- National Program Staff-Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | | | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, United States
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Gong L, Wang B, Zhou Y, Tang L, Zeng Z, Zhang H, Li W. Protective Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 16 and Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 Against Clostridium perfringens Infection in Broilers. Front Immunol 2021; 11:628374. [PMID: 33679724 PMCID: PMC7930238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.628374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Lactobacillus plantarum 16 (Lac16) and Paenibacillus polymyxa 10 (BSC10) against Clostridium perfringens (Cp) infection in broilers. A total of 720 one-day-old chicks were randomly divided into four groups. The control and Cp group were only fed a basal diet, while the two treatment groups received basal diets supplemented with Lac16 (1 × 108 cfu·kg-1) and BSC10 (1 × 108 cfu·kg-1) for 21 days, respectively. On day 1 and days 14 to 20, birds except those in the control group were challenged with 1 × 108 cfu C. perfringens type A strain once a day. The results showed that both Lac16 and BSC10 could ameliorate intestinal structure damage caused by C. perfringens infection. C. perfringens infection induced apoptosis by increasing the expression of Bax and p53 and decreasing Bcl-2 expression and inflammation evidence by higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, iNOS, and IL-10 in the ileum mucosa, and NO production in jejunal mucosa, which was reversed by Lac16 and BSC10 treatment except for IL-1β (P < 0.05). Besides, the two probiotics restored the intestinal microbiota imbalance induced by C. perfringens infection, characterized by the reduced Firmicutes and Proteobacteria and the increased Bacteroidetes at the phyla level and decreased Bacteroides fragilis and Gallibacterium anatis at the genus level. The two probiotics also reversed metabolic pathways of the microbiota in C. perfringens-infected broilers, including B-vitamin biosynthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, and pyruvate fermentation to acetate and lactate II pathway. In conclusion, Lac16 and BSC10 can effectively protect broilers against C. perfringens infection through improved composition and metabolic pathways of the intestinal microbiota, intestinal structure, inflammation, and anti-apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Baikui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huihua Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Weifen Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition of the Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Institute of Feed Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Zanu HK, Kheravii SK, Morgan NK, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Interactive effect of dietary calcium and phytase on broilers challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: part 2. Gut permeability, phytate ester concentrations, jejunal gene expression, and intestinal morphology. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4914-4928. [PMID: 32988528 PMCID: PMC7598120 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium has the capacity to interact with phytate-P to form Ca-phytate complexes and decrease the ability of exogenous phytase to degrade phytic acid. This study investigated the hypothesis that high dietary Ca would impair gut permeability, phytate esters (inositol x-phosphate, IPx: IP3, IP4, IP5, and IP6) degradation, jejunal gene expression, and intestinal morphology. Ross 308 day-old male broilers (n = 768) were distributed into 48-floor pens each housing 16 birds in a factorial arrangement. Factors were NE challenge-no or yes; phytase level of 500 or 1,500 FTU/kg, and Ca level 0.6 or 1.0% starter, 0.5 or 0.9% grower, 0.4 or 0.8% finisher with available P in each phase. Challenged birds were gavaged with 3 field strains of Eimeria on day 9 and 108 CFU per mL of Clostridium perfringens Strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and day 15. A phytase × Ca interaction was observed in the ileum for IP3 (P < 0.01), IP4 (P < 0.05), and IP6 (P < 0.01). The IP3 and IP4 concentrations were similar for both doses of phytase in the presence of low Ca, but with high Ca, both increased significantly but to a greater extent when the high dose of phytase was used. While IP6 concentrations were low and similar between both doses of phytase at low Ca levels, increasing dietary Ca levels increased IP6 concentrations regardless of phytase dose, but the effect was greater in the low phytase diet. A phytase × Ca interaction was detected for vitamin D receptor (VDR) (P < 0.05) expression where bird fed low phytase and low Ca recorded the highest expression of VDR, all other treatments being equivalent. The challenge decreased crypt depth to villus height ratio (P < 0.001). Challenge birds had higher fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (P < 0.05) in blood compared with unchallenged birds. Thus, high Ca and high phytase, while not the best for IP6 destruction, did not lead to huge reductions in indicators of gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N K Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Maghsoudi A, Vaziri E, Feizabadi M, Mehri M. Fifty years of sheep red blood cells to monitor humoral immunity in poultry: a scientometric evaluation. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4758-4768. [PMID: 32988510 PMCID: PMC7598330 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep red blood cells (SRBC) are commonly employed by scientists to address humoral immune responses in poultry. While SRBC are closely related to the study of humoral immunity in poultry, the initial purpose of much research did not focus on the mechanisms involved. Here, we provide a qualitative approach and utilize scientometric techniques, including trend analyses, scientific collaborations and mapping, and word co-occurrence evaluations, to summarize the role of SRBC in the poultry studies. First, a search strategy on Web of Science (WoS) was conducted to find publications that included SRBC in the poultry studies. Publications were partitioned into 4 categories: nutrition, genetics, microbiology, and physiology. For scientometric evaluation, scientific maps and networks were produced to clarify the occurrence of SRBC in the poultry studies. Data used included 702 publications over a period of 50 y (1968-2018) that were retrieved from the WoS database. About 95% of the publications were published in English language. Indigenous, experimental, and commercial chickens, quail, and medicinal plants field/topics were the main subjects of publications. In recent years, authors have used SRBC to study humoral immune response as a secondary aim of their research, especially when poultry production/performance was studied. This was especially the case in recent decades for studies in poultry nutrition. Analysis of keywords co-occurrence showed that the phrase SRBC mostly occurred with chickens, immune response, and especially with broilers. Moreover, the “medicinal plants” are becoming important especially for research on broilers and the reduced use of antibiotics in feed. Consequently, in addition to studying the medicinal plants, finding antibiotic replacements, and/or growth performance in the birds, humoral immunity is suggested to be investigated using SRBC. Moreover, interdisciplinary studies with the cooperation of scientists from agriculture, veterinary, immunology, biochemistry and molecular biology, and toxicology will develop in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Maghsoudi
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Department of Bioinformatics, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran; Center of Agricultural Biotechnology, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Esmaeil Vaziri
- Department of Information Science and Knowledge Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Feizabadi
- Department of Information Science and Knowledge Studies, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Mehran Mehri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
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Lu M, Li RW, Zhao H, Yan X, Lillehoj HS, Sun Z, Oh S, Wang Y, Li C. Effects of Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens infections on cecal microbial composition and the possible correlation with body weight gain in broiler chickens. Res Vet Sci 2020; 132:142-149. [PMID: 32575030 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
With the voluntary and regulatory withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from animal feed, coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) emerge as the top two enteric poultry infectious diseases responsible for major economic loss worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between the cecal microbiota compositions with the growth trait after coccidiosis and NE. In this study, the effects of Eimeria maxima and/or Clostridium perfringens infections on the microbial composition and potential correlation with the body weight gain were investigated in broiler chickens using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. E. maxima and C. perfringens coinfection successfully induced NE with its typical gut lesions and significant reductions in the percentage of relative body weight gain (RBWG%). The NE challenge model did not affect cecal microbial diversity, but influenced the cecal microbial composition. KEGG enzymes in microbiota were significantly altered in abundance following dual infections. Furthermore, significant correlations between cecal microbiota modules and RBWG% were identified in the sham control, E. maxima or C. perfringens infected groups. Understanding of host-microbiota interaction in NE would enhance the development of antibiotics-independent strategies to reduce the harmful effect of NE on the gut microbiota structure, and improve the gut health and poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmin Lu
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Robert W Li
- Animal Genomics & Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environment Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - SungTak Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Yueying Wang
- Animal Genomics & Improvement Laboratory, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Zanu HK, Keerqin C, Kheravii SK, Morgan N, Wu SB, Bedford MR, Swick RA. Influence of meat and bone meal, phytase, and antibiotics on broiler chickens challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis: 2. intestinal permeability, organ weights, hematology, intestinal morphology, and jejunal gene expression. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2581-2594. [PMID: 32359594 PMCID: PMC7597457 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Undigested proteins entering the hindgut may favor the proliferation of Clostridium perfringens. Using phytase to eliminate the need for meat and bone meal (MBM) as a P source may reduce potential infection with C. perfringens. A study was conducted to determine the impact of MBM, phytase, and antibiotics (AB) on intestinal permeability and morphology, organ weights, and jejunal gene expression in Ross 308 chickens challenged with subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE). Male Ross 308-day-old chicks (672 each) were randomly allocated to 8 treatments with 6 replicate pens each housing 14 birds. A 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used: MBM (no or yes); AB (no or yes-Zn bacitracin 100 in S and 50 ppm in G/F and salinomycin Na 60 ppm in all phases); phytase (500 or 1,500 FTU/kg, both using 500 FTU matrix values) using wheat-SBM-canola meal diets. Birds were challenged with Eimeria spp on day 9, and C. perfringens strain EHE-NE18 on day 14 and 15. An AB × MBM interaction (P < 0.05) was detected for relative gizzard weight (with contents) being lower in birds fed MBM and AB compared to those fed MBM and no AB. A MBM × AB interaction (P > 0.01) was detected for lymphocyte counts being lower with MBM and AB compared to MBM without AB. A phytase × AB interaction (P < 0.05) was observed for villi length being increased with high phytase and no AB compared to with AB. Inclusion of MBM increased (P < 0.05) blood FICT-d concentration, whereas AB decreased it (P < 0.05). Antibiotics increased RBC (P < 0.05), Hgb (P < 0.05), and PCV (P < 0.05) and expression of Ca-binding protein, CALB1 (P > 0.05). Inclusion of MBM decreased expression of MUC2 (P < 0.05). Results indicate that dietary MBM has a detrimental effect on gut health of broilers but this may be counteracted using AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- H K Zanu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - C Keerqin
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - N Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - S-B Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - M R Bedford
- AB Vista, Marlborough, Wiltshire, SN8 4AN, United Kingdom
| | - R A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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Abstract
The genus Allium, belonging to the family Amaryllidaceae has been known since ancient times for their therapeutic potentials. As the number of multi-drug resistant infections has increased due to in-feed antibiotic usage in poultry, the relevance of alliums as feed additives has been critically assessed. Garlic and the other Allium species, such as onions, leek, shallot, scallion, and chives, have been characterized to contain a plethora of bioactive compounds such as organosulfur compounds, polyphenols, saponins, fructans, and fructo-oligosaccharides. Consequently, alliums have been validated to confer antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, immunostimulatory, gut homeostasis, and lipid- as well as cholesterol-lowering properties in poultry. This review intends to summarize recent progress on the use of edible alliums as poultry feed additives, their beneficial effects, and the underlying mechanisms of their involvement in poultry nutrition. Perspectives for future research and limitations are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damini Kothari
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Woo-Do Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kai-Min Niu
- Institute of Biological Resource, Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China
| | - Soo-Ki Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Kim HJ, Lee MJ, Jang JY, Lee SH. Allium hookeri Root Extract Inhibits Adipogenesis by Promoting Lipolysis in High Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2262. [PMID: 31547031 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Allium hookeri (AH) is widely consumed as a herbal medicine. It possesses biological activity against metabolic diseases. The objective of this study was to investigate effects of AH root water extract (AHR) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. AHR inhibited lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation by downregulation of gene expression, such as hormone sensitive lipase (HSL), lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and an adipogenic gene, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Oral administration of AHR significantly suppressed body weight gain, adipose tissue weight, serum leptin levels, and adipocyte cell size in HFD-induced obese mice. Moreover, AHR significantly decreased hepatic mRNA expression levels of cholesterol synthesis genes, such as 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor (SREBP)-2, and low-density lipoprotein receptor, as well as fatty acid synthesis genes, such as SREBP-1c and fatty acid synthase. Serum triglyceride levels were also lowered by AHR, likely as a result of the upregulating gene involved in fatty acid β-oxidation, carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a, in the liver. AHR treatment activated gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, which might have promoted HSL and LPL-medicated lipolysis, thereby reducing white adipose tissue weight. In conclusion, AHR treatment can improve metabolic alterations induced by HFD in mice by modifying expression levels of genes involved in adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis in the white adipose tissue and liver.
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Song J, Lei X, Luo J, Everaert N, Zhao G, Wen J, Yang Y. The effect of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate on small intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory effect in heat-stressed broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:1030-1038. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Xin Lei
- College of Animal Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
| | - Jingxian Luo
- College of Animal Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
| | - Nadia Everaert
- Precision Livestock and Nutrition Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech; University of Liège; Gembloux Belgium
| | - Guiping Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Jie Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Beijing China
| | - Ye Yang
- College of Animal Science; Yangtze University; Jingzhou China
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Su Y, Zhang X, Xin H, Li S, Li J, Zhang R, Li X, Li J, Bao J. Effects of prior cold stimulation on inflammatory and immune regulation in ileum of cold-stressed broilers. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4228-4237. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Lee Y, Kim WH, Lee SJ, Lillehoj HS. Detection of chicken interleukin-10 production in intestinal epithelial cells and necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens using capture ELISA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 204:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Patra AK, Amasheh S, Aschenbach JR. Modulation of gastrointestinal barrier and nutrient transport function in farm animals by natural plant bioactive compounds – A comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3237-3266. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1486284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amlan Kumar Patra
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37 K. B. Sarani, Belgachia, Kolkata, India
| | - Salah Amasheh
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Rudolf Aschenbach
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, Berlin, Germany
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