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Bashatah L, Aseri S, Al-Rawi MBA. Assessment of the Mental, Social, and Educational Impact of the COVID-19 Quarantine and Predictors: A Survey-Based- Study from Saudi Parents. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:317-328. [PMID: 38333628 PMCID: PMC10849916 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s448194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Quarantine has had a powerful effect on parents and children in Saudi Arabia in different aspects, namely, educational, mental, and social. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the mental, social, and educational impact of the COVID-19 Quarantine and its predictors among Saudi parents. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out over 6 months in 2020 using structured questionnaires with 42 items, detailing pre-quarantine assistance with childcare, followed by mental, educational, and social challenges answered using a 5-point Likert scale and the factors affecting their children's learning at home during the COVID-19 quarantine. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Results A response rate of 79.5% (n=831) was obtained. Mental challenges were experienced the most, and 68.1% of the parents worried about their children being infected with COVID-19. This was followed by the educational challenges related to their children's online learning, with 61.2% of the parents attributing it to their children's low motivation towards online learning. The mean score for the education domain was 31.14(±7.02). Similarly, the mean score for the mental impact and social impact was 33.13(±7.82) and 12.81(±2.98). The results of the multiple linear regression analysis revealed participants' gender was found significantly associated with the mean score of the educational domain (p = 0.010). Conclusion Social challenges were experienced the least, and parents confirmed that quarantine had helped them strengthen their family relations. Most participants agreed that they had fun spending time with both their partners and children. It is recommended to implement online remote activities and services that assist students and professionals in addressing pandemic concerns, such as virtual group exercise, virtual movie nights, and virtual office hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Bashatah
- Early Childhood Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safana Aseri
- Early Childhood Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmood Basil A Al-Rawi
- Department of Optometry, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aldossari HM, Salam AA. COVID-19 infections, recoveries, and mortality: an ANOVA model of locations and administrative areas in Saudi Arabia. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1281289. [PMID: 38299074 PMCID: PMC10829572 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1281289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Saudi Arabia has 13 administrative areas, all of which have been seriously affected by the COVID-19 epidemic regardless of their features. Being the largest and a prominent Arab country, epidemic intensity and dynamics have importance, especially in the era of Vision 2030 where infrastructure development and growth to enhance quality of life has of prime focus. Aims This analysis aims to trace the differentials in COVID-19 infections, recoveries, and deaths across the country depending upon various demographic and developmental dimensions and interactions. Data and methods This analysis used Saudi Arabia Ministry of Health data from March 15th, 2020 to August 31st, 2022, by classifying administrative areas and locations to build a generalized linear model (3 × 3): three types of administrative areas (major, middle-sized, and others) and localities (major, medium-sized, and others). Apart from two-way ANOVA, an one-way ANOVA also carried out in addition to calculating mean values of infections, recoveries, and deaths. Results A total of 205 localities were affected with varying severity, which are based on local demographics. Both the administrative areas and localities had a significant number of cases of infections, recoveries, and mortality, which are influenced by relationships and interactions, leading to differential mean values and proportional distributions across various types of administrative areas and localities. Conclusion There is dynamism that major administrative areas have lesser threats from the epidemics whereas medium-sized ones have serious threats. Moreover, an interaction of administrative areas and localities explains the dynamics of epidemic spread under varying levels of infrastructure preparedness. Thus, this study presents lessons learned to inform policies, programs, and development plans, especially for regional, urban, and infrastructure areas, considering grassroots level issues and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Mansur Aldossari
- Geography and Geographical Information Systems Department, College of Social Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Aljuhani O, Al Sulaiman K, B Korayem G, Alharbi A, Altebainawi AF, Aldkheel SA, Alotaibi SG, Vishwakarma R, Alshareef H, Alsohimi S, AlFaifi M, Al Shaya A, Alhaidal HA, Alsubaie RM, Alrashidi H, Albarqi KJ, Alangari DT, Alanazi RM, Altaher NM, Al-Dorzi HM. The use of Tocilizumab in COVID-19 critically ill patients with renal impairment: a multicenter, cohort study. Ren Fail 2023; 45:2268213. [PMID: 37870869 PMCID: PMC11001317 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2023.2268213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Tocilizumab (TCZ) is recommended in patients with COVID-19 who require oxygen therapy or ventilatory support. Despite the wide use of TCZ, little is known about its safety and effectiveness in patients with COVID-19 and renal impairment. Therefore, this study evaluated the safety and effectiveness of TCZ in critically ill patients with COVID-19 and renal impairment. A multicenter retrospective cohort study included all adult COVID-19 patients with renal impairment (eGFR˂60 mL/min) admitted to the ICUs between March 2020 and July 2021. Patients were categorized into two groups based on TCZ use (Control vs. TCZ). The primary endpoint was the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) during ICU stay. We screened 1599 patients for eligibility; 394 patients were eligible, and 225 patients were included after PS matching (1:2 ratio); there were 75 TCZ-treated subjects and 150 controls. The rate of AKI was higher in the TCZ group compared with the control group (72.2% versus 57.4%; p = 0.03; OR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.01, 3.34; p = 0.04). Additionally, the ICU length of stay was significantly longer in patients who received TCZ (17.5 days versus 12.5 days; p = 0.006, Beta coefficient: 0.30 days, 95% CI: 0.09, 0.50; p = 0.005). On the other hand, the 30-day and in-hospital mortality were lower in patients who received TCZ compared to the control group (HR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.73; p = 0.01 and HR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41, 0.96; p = 0.03, respectively). The use of TCZ in this population was associated with a statistically significantly higher rate of AKI while improving the overall survival on the other hand. Further research is needed to assess the risks and benefits of TCZ treatment in critically ill COVID-19 patients with renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohoud Aljuhani
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Al Sulaiman
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Saudi Critical Care Pharmacy Research (SCAPE) Platform, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghazwa B Korayem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha Alharbi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali F. Altebainawi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Salman Specialist Hospital, Hail Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shatha A. Aldkheel
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah G. Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hanan Alshareef
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiah Alsohimi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael AlFaifi
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Al Shaya
- Pharmaceutical Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifa A. Alhaidal
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raghad M. Alsubaie
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hessah Alrashidi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid J. Albarqi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal T. Alangari
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Alanazi
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noora M. Altaher
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hasan M. Al-Dorzi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Intensive Care Department, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Binsaleh NK, Eltayeb R, Sherwani S, Almishaal AA, Hindi EA, Qanash H, Bazaid AS, Alharbi AO, Bazaid MB, Altamimi SA. Comparison of Hematological Parameters Between Survivors and Non-Survivors COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:3955-3962. [PMID: 37670931 PMCID: PMC10476863 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s421418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a communicable disease transmitted through the respiratory route and bodily contact. The severity of infection and mortality rate of COVID-19 cases was significantly high in the initial stages of the pandemic. This study aims to investigate the hematological profile of COVID-19 survivors and non-survivors. Methods This is a single-center retrospective study. A total of 108 hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 at East Jeddah Hospital between April and August 2020 were categorized into two groups based on outcome as survivors (n = 54) and non-survivors (n = 54). Hematological parameters and clinical profiles were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Results The mean age and standard deviation of the survived (30-71 years) and non-survived (33-83) groups was 53 ± 10.8 and 57.9 ± 12.2 years, respectively, with no statistically significant difference in age between groups (p = 0.0513). Non-survivors had a significantly longer median length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) (7 days, IQR: 4.24 to 12) compared to survivors COVID-19 patients (5 days, IQR: 0 to 11.75) (p = 0.0151). For the survivors group, the participant's age positively correlated with the length of hospital stay (r(52) = 0.21, p = 0.0005) and ICU length of stay r(52) = 0.18, p = 0.001). The median red blood cells (RBC) counts were significantly higher in the survived group (4.56x109/L, IQR: 4.02 to 5.11) in comparison with the non-survived (4.23x109/L, IQR: 3.75 to 4.23) group (p = 0.0011). All COVID-19 patients exhibited lymphocytopenia and a significant negative correlation was observed between the lymphocyte values and length of hospital stay among the survived group (p < 0.001) as well as length of ICU stay among the survived group (p < 0.0480). Disease-related mortality was significantly associated with reduced white blood cells (WBCs) (8.5×109/L, IQR: 6.1 to 11.7) and reduced basophils (0.09%, IQR: 0.02 to 0.19). Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between the survived and non-survived groups with respect to prothrombin time (PT) (12.5 sec. vs 14 sec., p < 0.0001) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) (31.8 sec. vs 40 sec., p = 0.0008). Conclusion Hematological parameters can serve as valuable indicators to identify patients with severe COVID-19 and expected poor-prognosis/outcomes upon hospital admission. Cell counts of lymphocytes, WBCs, basophils and parameters such as PT and PTT can serve as clinical indicators to assess disease severity and predict progression to critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif K Binsaleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’il, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Eltayeb
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subuhi Sherwani
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’il, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Almishaal
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad A Hindi
- Department of Clinical Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Qanash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
- Medical and Diagnostic Research Centre, University of Ha’il, Hail, 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman S Bazaid
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha'il, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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AlBahrani S, Al-Maqati TN, Al Naam YA, Alqahtani JS, Alqahtani AS, AlRabeeah S, Aldhahir AM, Alkhalaf F, Alzuraiq HR, Alenezi MH, Alzahrani A, Bakkar M, Albahrani Z, Maawadh RM. The Association of Body Mass Index with COVID-19 Complications and Survival Rate at a Tertiary Hospital. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1572. [PMID: 37511947 PMCID: PMC10381797 DOI: 10.3390/life13071572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A high body mass index (BMI) is a known risk factor for coronavirus infection in hospitalized patients. Our study examined the association between BMI and complications and the survival rate among COVID-19 patients. This retrospective analysis used data from a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia during two waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study included 600 participants, with the majority being between 41 and 60 years old (41.3%) and men comprising 63.5% of the sample. Approximately 42.5% of patients were obese, and 31.3% were overweight. The results showed that BMI was significantly linked to respiratory diseases (p = 0.013); end-stage renal disease (p = 0.021); and cardiovascular disease (p = 0.003) but not diabetes mellitus (p = 0.064). Death occurred in 10.8% of patients; 33.8% were admitted to the ICU; 13.8% needed mechanical ventilation; and 60.7% had lung infiltration. Obese patients with oxygen saturation levels below 93% were 2.45 times more likely to require mechanical ventilation than those in the normal-weight group. Overweight and obese patients were also more likely to require mechanical ventilation than normal-weight patients, with odds ratios of 3.66 and 2.81, respectively. The BMI categorized was not associated with survival rate in COVID-19-hospitalized patients using Kaplan-Meier survival plots (p = 0.061). However, the BMI categorized was associated with survival rate in COVID-19 ICU patients (p < 0.001). In addition, the overweight showed a statistically significant higher hazard ratio of 2.22 (p = 0.01) compared to normal-weight patients using a Cox regression model. A high BMI was identified as an independent risk factor for reduced oxygen saturation (<93%), the need for mechanical ventilation, lung infiltration, mortality, and longer ICU stays in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma AlBahrani
- Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thekra N Al-Maqati
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser A Al Naam
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber S Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah S Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad AlRabeeah
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah M Aldhahir
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alkhalaf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hind R Alzuraiq
- Pharmacy Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Hamad Alenezi
- Medical Administration Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alzahrani
- Training Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohanad Bakkar
- Internal Medicine Department, King Fahad Military Medical Complex, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab Albahrani
- Internal Medicine Department, National Guard Hospital, Alhassa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan M Maawadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 31448, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammedsaeed W, Alsehli F, Alfarsi L, Bakhsh A, Alzahrani M, Almarwani M, Alharbi Y. COVID-19 in Pediatric Patients: A Study Based on Biomarker Levels. Cureus 2023; 15:e39408. [PMID: 37378147 PMCID: PMC10291959 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected people of all ages, but limited data are available on children with mild and severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Clinical characteristics, inflammation, and other biochemical biomarkers have been described, but information is scarce in asymptomatic and mild cases. Laboratory investigations were performed with pediatric patients (n=70) for liver function and kidney function, along with C-reactive protein (CRP). RESULTS Mild clinical characteristics and symptoms were observed in pediatric patients. Even in moderate cases of COVID-19, elevated levels of biomarkers indicate altered liver and kidney function in children. The levels of liver enzymes, bilirubin, creatinine, and CRP varied significantly between the three classes, particularly between asymptomatic and moderate cases. Liver enzymes, bilirubin, and creatinine levels in moderate COVID-19 pediatric cases were twice as elevated as in asymptomatic cases. Liver enzymes and CRP levels were moderately elevated. CONCLUSION Monitoring blood biomarkers consistently can assist in the accurate identification of infection in young patients as well as in the prevention of its spread and the administration of appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Mohammedsaeed
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Clinical Biochemistry, Taibah University, Madinah, SAU
| | | | | | - Ameen Bakhsh
- Laboratory, Maternity and Children Hospital, Madinah, SAU
| | - Mansour Alzahrani
- Laboratory, Poison control and Forensic Chemistry Center, Madinah, SAU
| | | | - Yousef Alharbi
- Laboratory, Maternity and Children Hospital, Madinah, SAU
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AlLehaibi LH, Alomar M, Almulhim A, Al-Makki S, Alrwaili NR, Al-Bassam S, Alsultan S, Al Saeed J, Alsheef M, Abraham I, Alamer A. Effectiveness and Safety of Enoxaparin Versus Unfractionated Heparin as Thromboprophylaxis in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Real-World Evidence. Ann Pharmacother 2023; 57:361-374. [PMID: 35942505 PMCID: PMC9996167 DOI: 10.1177/10600280221115299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients are at risk of thrombosis. Literature that compares the effectiveness of enoxaparin to unfractionated heparin (UFH) in COVID-19 patients is scarce. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of enoxaparin compared with UFH when used at their standard/intermediate dosing in COVID-19 patients. METHODS This was a retrospective study conducted at a large COVID-19 center located in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Confirmed COVID-19 cases (≥18 years old) admitted between January and December 2020 were randomly screened for inclusion. Exclusion criteria were patients receiving therapeutic anticoagulation, on chronic anticoagulation, had active bleeding, a platelet count <25 × 109/L, or an incomplete electronic file. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of any thrombotic event (pulmonary embolism, deep venous thrombosis, stroke, or myocardial infarction) or mortality. Secondary endpoints were major or minor bleeding. We applied inverse propensity score weighting (IPTW) with survival analysis to analyze the primary endpoint. Logistic regression was used for the secondary endpoint. RESULTS A total of 980 patients were included (enoxaparin, n = 470 and UFH, n = 510) with a mean age (±SD) of 47.7 (± 12.3) for the enoxaparin arm and 52 (±13.9) for the UFH arm. There was a statistically significant difference in the primary endpoint with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.46 (95%CI: 0.22 to 0.96, P = 0.039) in favor of the enoxaparin arm. There was no statistically significant difference in major or minor bleeding rates between the two arms. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE When compared with UFH, enoxaparin was associated with a significant reduction in thrombotic events or mortality among COVID-19 patients. The results need confirmation from randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina H. AlLehaibi
- Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mukhtar Alomar
- Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Almulhim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Al-Makki
- Eastern Health Cluster, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nazar R. Alrwaili
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad Al-Bassam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Semat Alsultan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jenan Al Saeed
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alsheef
- Department of Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivo Abraham
- Center for Health Outcomes & PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ahmad Alamer
- Center for Health Outcomes & PharmacoEconomic Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
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Nemery O, Nail AM, Hamed MS, Imad Z, William J. Consequences of COVID-19 Among Adult HIV Patients Versus Non-HIV Patients: Two-Year Data From the Primary Isolation Centre in Sudan. Cureus 2023; 15:e36939. [PMID: 37131575 PMCID: PMC10148964 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.36939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic remains to have a global impact despite the great efforts in prevention. Controversy persists regarding the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 among HIV patients versus non-HIV individuals. Objective This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 among adult patients with HIV versus non-HIV in the chief isolation centre in Khartoum state, Sudan. Methods This is an analytical cross-sectional, comparative single-centre study conducted at the Chief Sudanese Coronavirus Isolation Centre in Khartoum from March 2020 to July 2022. Data were analysed using SPSS V.26 (IBM Corp., Armonk, USA). Results This study included 99 participants. The overall age mean was 50±1 years old, with a male predominance of 66.7% (n=66). 9.1% (n=9) of the participants were HIV cases, 33.3% of whom were newly diagnosed. The majority, 77.8%, reported poor adherence to anti-retroviral therapy. The most common complications included acute respiratory failure (ARF) and multiple organ failure, 20.2% and 17.2%, respectively. The overall complications were higher among HIV cases than non-HIV cases; however, statistically insignificant (p>0.05 ), except for acute respiratory failure (p<0.05). 48.5% of participants were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), with slightly higher rates among HIV cases; however, this was statistically insignificant (p=0.656). Regarding the outcome, 36.4% (n=36) recovered and were discharged. Although a higher mortality rate was reported among HIV cases compared to non-HIV cases (55% vs 40%), it was statistically insignificant (p=0.238). Conclusion The mortality and morbidity percent proportion among HIV patients with superimposed COVID-19 infection was higher than in non-HIV patients but statistically insignificant aside from ARF. Consequently, this category of patients, to a large extent, should not be considered highly susceptible to adverse outcomes when infected with COVID-19; however, ARF should be closely monitored for.
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Al-Shareef E, Khan LM, Alsieni M, Karim S, Kamel FO, Alkreathy HM, Bafail DA, Ibrahim IM, Burzangi AS, Bazuhair MA. Detection of Adverse Drug Reactions in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Study by ADR Prompt Indicators. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11. [PMID: 36900665 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Seeking an alternative approach for detecting adverse drug reactions (ADRs) in coronavirus patients (COVID-19) and enhancing drug safety, a retrospective study of six months was conducted utilizing an electronic medical record (EMR) database to detect ADRs in hospitalized patients for COVID-19, using "ADR prompt indicators" (APIs). Consequently, confirmed ADRs were subjected to multifaceted analyses, such as demographic attribution, relationship with specific drugs and implication for organs and systems of the body, incidence rate, type, severity, and preventability of ADR. The incidence rate of ADRs is 37%, the predisposition of organs and systems to ADR is observed remarkably in the hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal systems at 41.8% vs. 36.2%, p < 0.0001, and the classes of drugs implicated in the ADRs are lopinavir-ritonavir 16.3%, antibiotics 24.1%, and hydroxychloroquine12.8%. Furthermore, the duration of hospitalization and polypharmacy are significantly higher in patients with ADRs at 14.13 ± 7.87 versus 9.55 ± 7.90, p < 0.001, and 9.74 ± 5.51 versus 6.98 ± 4.36, p < 0.0001, respectively. Comorbidities are detected in 42.5% of patients and 75.2%, of patients with DM, and HTN, displaying significant ADRs, p-value < 0.05. This is a symbolic study providing a comprehensive acquaintance of the importance of APIs in detecting hospitalized ADRs, revealing increased detection rates and robust assertive values with insignificant costs, incorporating the hospital EMR database, and enhancing transparency and time effectiveness.
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Basuodan RM, Bin sheeha BH, Basoudan NE, Abdljabbarl NA, Aldhahi MI. Tele-Physical Activity Promotion Program among College Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medicina (Kaunas) 2023; 59:medicina59020332. [PMID: 36837532 PMCID: PMC9960905 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown and distance learning affected physical activity (PA) levels among college students. The aims were to assess the effectiveness of a tele-health PA promotion program for 6 weeks, among junior college students, on PA level and on the proportion of physically active students during the pandemic. Materials and Methods: A pre-post study design was conducted on 46 students aged 19 (±0.9) years old in Saudi Arabia. The study consisted of online introductory and educational PA classes, followed by a 6-week course during which students received daily online PA promotive messages. Wilcoxon signed-rank and McNemar's tests were used to measure the mean differences in PA level and the changes in proportion of physically active students before and after the program, respectively. Results: The proportion of students who perform walking increased significantly from 47.4% to 68.4% (p = 0.02), while the number of students who perform moderate PA in their leisure time increased significantly from 38.9% to 69.4% (p = 0.02). No significant differences were detected between other PA levels. Conclusions: This program is effective in encouraging more college students to be physically active, but not in improving PA levels. Larger scale studies using PA objective measurement tools are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M. Basuodan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bodor H. Bin sheeha
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada E. Basoudan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nada A. Abdljabbarl
- College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monira I. Aldhahi
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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11
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Alyahyawi HE, Alharbi RA, Alatawi SK, Ahmed WAM, Almalki SSR. Assessment of the Prevalence and Incidence of COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:227-236. [PMID: 36718380 PMCID: PMC9883987 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s394038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) is reported to have started in Wuhan City, Hebei Province, China. It has spread rapidly all over the world, including Saudi Arabia, having a severe health emergency. This new virus was named as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), and now severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) based on previous practice and phylogenetic and taxonomic investigations. SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the family of Coronaviridae, Betacoronavirus, Sarbecovirus subgenus, genome β. Throughout the COVID 19 pandemic, several strains of SARS-CoV-2 have been recognized around the world. The SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused significant morbidity and mortality worldwide and in Saudi Arabia as well. The rate at which COVID-19 spread across borders and affected countries has highlighted the significance of health care systems to nations and global operations. This review focuses on the origin, epidemiology, pathophysiology, transmission, and the impact of this disease, while highlighting the knowledge about SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan E Alyahyawi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed A Alharbi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleha Keder Alatawi
- Department of Optometry, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waled A M Ahmed
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaia S R Almalki
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia,Correspondence: Shaia SR Almalki, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Albaha University, Al Bahah, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966- 556556714, Email
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Maghraby N, Alshahrani A, Alghamdi M, Alzahid A, Almulhim M, Alshahrani K. Prevalence of COVID-19 Among Patients Arriving in Pre-arrest/Cardiac Arrest, at a Tertiary Hospital's ED in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Med Arch 2023; 77:440-445. [PMID: 38313101 PMCID: PMC10834047 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2023.77.440-445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background COVID-19 pandemic has thrown the healthcare systems into confusion worldwide, resulting in major modifications on the practice due to fear of exposure to this virus and its fatal consequences. Objective the study aimed to establish the prevalence of COVID-19 in cardiac arrest patients. Methods single-centered, Retrospective, observational cohort study that included all patients who presented to ED during the period of the pandemic from January 2021 to May 2022 and documented to have either IN-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA), specifically within the ED, or OUT-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Results This study analyzed 177 patients. Out of which, 30.5% of the patients were aged more than 70 years old. Those with associated comorbidities, the most frequently mentioned comorbidity was hypertension (40.7%). It was found that the prevalence of positive COVID-19 infection was significantly more common among non-Arab (p=0.019), patients with associated chronic kidney disease (p=0.019) and those who had an in-hospital cardiac arrest (p=0.010). No significant associations were observed between COVID-19 infection in terms of age, gender, nationality, associated comorbidities, symptoms, and trauma (all p>0.05). Conclusion This study showed the prevalence of COVID-19 among cardiac arrest patients within ED and outside the hospital in our study population. Based on the study's results, the major adjustments in practice were not absolutely needed. Also, this study could help in establishing a good mitigation strategy for at-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisreen Maghraby
- Department of Emergency, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University Hospital, Khobar, KSA
| | - Abdullah Alshahrani
- Department of Emergency, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University Hospital, Khobar, KSA
| | - Mohannad Alghamdi
- Department of Emergency, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University Hospital, Khobar, KSA
| | - Abdullah Alzahid
- Department of Emergency, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University Hospital, Khobar, KSA
| | - Mohammad Almulhim
- Department of Emergency, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University Hospital, Khobar, KSA
| | - Khalid Alshahrani
- Department of Anesthesiology, King Fahad military medical complex, Dhahran, KSA
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13
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Altarazi E, AlKhotani A, Mohorjy D, Almoabdi A, Almatrafi R. Prevalence of neurological manifestations in coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients in Makkah city – Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Health Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.4103/sjhs.sjhs_145_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
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Al Qahtani S, Al Wuhayb F, Manaa H, Younis A, Sehar S. Environmental impact assessment of plastic waste during the outbreak of COVID-19 and integrated strategies for its control and mitigation. Rev Environ Health 2022; 37:585-596. [PMID: 34592070 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2021-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, many positive shifts have been observed in the ecosystem, with a significant decrease in the greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. On the other hand, there were unavoidable negative shifts due to a surge in demand for plastic products such as food and groceries' delivery packaging, single-use plastics, medical and personal protective equipment to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Plastic pollution can be considered as a key environmental issue in world due to the huge footprints of plastics on natural ecosystems and public health. Herein, we presented an overview on the rise of plastic pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. The potential sources of plastic waste during COVID-19 with its negative effects on the environment such as marine ecosystems and the global economics are highlighted. We also suggested some strategies and recommendations to tackle plastic leakages by applying feedstock recycling, sterilization, and with the use of biodegradable plastics that have become a sustainable alternative to fossil fuel plastics. Also, the importance of elevating public awareness and some recommendations to mitigate plastic generated during the pandemic has been addressed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatimah Al Wuhayb
- College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Hacene Manaa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Adnan Younis
- Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
| | - Shama Sehar
- College of Science, University of Bahrain, Sakhir, Kingdom of Bahrain
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15
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Khan YH, Mallhi TH, Salman M, Tanveer N, Butt MH, Mustafa ZU, Aftab RA, Alanazi AS. Parental Perceptions and Barriers towards Childhood COVID-19 Vaccination in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10. [PMID: 36560503 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10122093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The vaccination of children against Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a prime area of focus around the globe and is considered a pivotal challenge during the ongoing pandemic. This study aimed to assess parents′ intentions to vaccinate their children and the barriers related to pediatric COVID-19 vaccination. Methodology: An online web-based survey was conducted to recruit parents with at least one child under the age of 12 years from Saudi Arabia’s Al-Jouf region. The parental intentions to vaccinate children were assessed via six items, while barriers against vaccination were assessed through seven items in validated study instrument. A 5-point Likert scale was used to record the responses of parents regarding both their intentions and barriers. Results: In total, 444 parents (28.41 ± 7.4 years, 65% females) participated in this study. Almost 90% of parents were vaccinated against COVID-19 but only 42% of parents intended to vaccinate their children. The mean intention score was 2.9 ± 1.36. More than one-third of study participants had no plan to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. The majority of the respondents agreed to vaccinate their children if vaccination was made compulsory by the government (relative index: 0.76, 73%). Out of seven potential barriers analyzed, concerns over vaccine safety and side effects were ranked highest (RII: 0.754), reported by 290 (65%) participants. In multivariate logistic regression, significant predictors of parental intention to vaccinate children were the increased education level of the parents (secondary education: OR = 3.617, p = 0.010; tertiary education: OR = 2.775, p = 0.042), COVID-19 vaccination status (vaccinated: OR = 7.062, p = 0.003), mother’s involvement in decisions regarding the child’s healthcare (mother: OR 4.353, p < 0.001; both father and mother: OR 3.195, p < 0.001) and parents’ trust in the vaccine’s safety (OR = 2.483, p = 0.022). Conclusions: This study underscored the low intention among parents to vaccinate their children against COVID-19. Vaccination intention was found to be associated with education, parents’ vaccination status, the mother’s involvement in healthcare decisions, and parents’ trust in the vaccine’s safety. On the other hand, parents’ concerns over the safety and efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccine were widely reported as barriers to childhood vaccination. The health authorities should focus on addressing parental concerns about vaccines to improve their COVID-19 vaccination coverage.
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Alwafi H, Naser AY, Aldhahir AM, Alhazmi A, Alosaimi AN, Mandili RA, Majeed Z, Salawati E, Ekram R, Samannodi M, Assaggaf H, Almatrafi M, Alqahtani JS, Alsanosi SM, Minshawi F. COVID-19 vaccination side effects among the child age group: a large cross-sectional online based survey in Saudi Arabia. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:911. [PMID: 36474174 PMCID: PMC9724422 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple vaccines have been tested in clinical trials for their efficacy and safety. In Saudi Arabia, Pfizer-BioNTech or Moderna were approved for children, however, previous studies to report their safety profile are limited. This research aims to understand the side effect of children's vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 infection in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This was an observational retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey in Saudi Arabia from March to May 2022. The inclusion criteria were parents aged 18 years and above who live in Saudi Arabia and have vaccinated their children. The self-reported questionnaire was adopted from published studies to investigate the study objectives Descriptive statistics were used to describe patients' demographic characteristics, continuous data were reported as mean ± S.D., categorical data were reported as percentages (frequencies), and logistic regression was used to identify predictors of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms. RESULTS This study had a total of 4,069 participants. Only 41.9% of the participants reported that their child(ren) had been infected with the coronavirus. 2.00 was the median number of children (IQR: 1.00-4.00). More than half of the study participants (64.2%) reported that a family member had been infected with the coronavirus. Both parents received COVID-19 vaccination, according to most participants (88.7%). Most participants (70.5%) stated that all children who met the vaccination criteria had received the vaccine. Most participants (83.5%) said their child or children had two doses of their vaccine, and about half (50.4%) of those who received the vaccine reported experiencing side effects. In addition, the majority (78.9%) reported that the side effects appeared within one day of receiving the vaccine, and nearly two-thirds (65.7%) reported that the side effects lasted between one and three. A total of 11,831 side effects cases were documented. Pain at the injection site, hyperthermia, and fatigue were the most reported side effects, accounting for 15.3%, 14.1%, and 13.2%, respectively. CONCLUSION It appears that the side effects of the COVID-19 vaccine for children are minor, tolerable, and like those described previously in clinical trials. Our data should encourage the public about the safety of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alwafi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia ,grid.413517.50000 0004 1796 5802Al-Noor Specialist Hospital, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y. Naser
- grid.460941.e0000 0004 0367 5513Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Abdulelah M. Aldhahir
- grid.411831.e0000 0004 0398 1027Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Alhazmi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areen Naif Alosaimi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rasha Abdulaziz Mandili
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zaid Majeed
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Salawati
- grid.412125.10000 0001 0619 1117Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan Ekram
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644School of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Samannodi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamza Assaggaf
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Almatrafi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaber S. Alqahtani
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammām, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safaa Mohammed Alsanosi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minshawi
- grid.412832.e0000 0000 9137 6644Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
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Almousa LA, Alagal RI. Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet and physical activity and the possible influence factors among Saudi in Riyadh. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1029744. [PMID: 36337667 PMCID: PMC9630832 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1029744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim The COVID-19 pandemic has been spreading throughout the world, having a significant impact on people’s lifestyles and health through social isolation and home confinement. The purpose of this study is to look into the impact of COVID-19 on diet and physical activity, as well as the possible influence factors, among ≥ 13-year-olds in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Materials and methods In the present study data were collected from 2,649 participants via an online survey. The Google online questionnaire was available from April 23 to May 6, 2020. During the COVID-19 lockdown, the survey asked respondents about their demographic characteristics (gender, age, education, economic income, and occupation), anthropometric data, physical activity, and diet habits. Results The study included 2,649 respondents, with 23.3% being male and 76.7% female. The majority of them were in good health and ranged in age from 21 to 29 years. 31% of those polled were overweight, and 14.3% were obese. The majority of respondents have a bachelor’s degree, diploma, or the equivalent, and a monthly family income of ≤ 25.000 SR. Those who were following a healthy diet (32.3%) were unable to maintain it during confinement, with males being affected more than females (42.7%, 29.3%, respectively, P = 0.004), and those most impacted were aged 21–29 years (38.0%, P = 0.046). Furthermore, 59.5% of males significantly failed to continue exercising during confinement compared to females who exercised consistently (P = 0.01). In terms of age, females aged less than 40 increased their exercise rate by about 23.4%, while males aged 40 and up decreased their exercise rate by 25.7% (P = 0.000). Moreover, 40.5% of the subjects’ weight increased, according to the findings. However, there was no significant effect on body mass index, despite the fact that 51% of participants were overweight or obese. Conclusion The data showed that the COVID-19 lockdown had a negative impact on maintaining a healthy diet (p = 0.023*) and physical activity (p = 0.000**).
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Alshubaith IH, Alhajri S, Alhajri A, Alsultan RA, Azhar EI, Alhussaini BH, Al Solami LS, de Oliveira MC, Khafaga AF, Alqurashi AD, Attia YA. The impact of COVID-19 on the sustainability of the environment, animal health and food security, and safety. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:70822-70831. [PMID: 36066798 PMCID: PMC9446590 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic influenced the environment, animal health, and food security. Due to reduced human mobility, the air and water quality increased. Other environmental consequences were the personal protective types of equipment and their haphazard disposal. Atmospheric pollution could be a cofactor leading to an increased COVID-19 mortality rate. Lockdown, however, caused a reduction in air and water pollution. Noise pollution affects the health of individuals and communities in terms of cardiovascular disorders and sleeping problems. Meanwhile, the COVID-19 lockdown controls human activities that reduce noise pollution. Municipal waste affects the environment. Recycling has been reduced in some countries but not in Saudi Arabia. COVID-19 had a drastic effect on livestock production on national, regional, and global levels, affecting countries' capacities to prevent and control diseases of animals and increasing global poverty, becoming a threat to the sustainability of global food security and safety. Many lessons have been learned from the COVID-19 pandemic, so it is wise to study and analyze the previous lessons and shed some light on past pandemics such as the Spanish flu to understand the readings and earn experiences. This paper is focused on the interaction between the pandemic and environmental health from the public health concern rather than other health classifications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salah Alhajri
- Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture, Hofuf, Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam Alhajri
- Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, King Faisal University, Ahsa, 31982, P.O. Box 60066, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed A. Alsultan
- Ministry of Environment, Water, and Agriculture, Riyadh, 11195 Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam I. Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit - BSL3, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 128442, Jeddah, 21362 Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakr Hussain Alhussaini
- Faculty of Medicine, Pediatric Department, Gastroenterology Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition Unit, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lafi S. Al Solami
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Marine Science Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah, 21589 Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Asmaa F. Khafaga
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, 22758 Egypt
| | - Adel D. Alqurashi
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80208, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Youssef A. Attia
- The Strategic Center to Kingdom Vision Realization, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Sustainable Agriculture Research Group, Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box: 80208, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Al-Khaldi YM, AlAsmari BA, Al-Mosa KM, Falqi TA, Aldawood KM, AlAseeri KAZ, Asiri MY. Preparedness of Primary Care Centers for COVID-19 epidemic in Aseer region, KSA. J Family Med Prim Care 2022; 11:6303-6309. [PMID: 36618239 PMCID: PMC9810942 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_707_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study is to assesses the preparedness of primary care centers (PHCs) in Aseer region, KSA, for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods This survey was conducted during April 2020 in PHCs. The questionnaire was developed by the investigators and sent via e-mail to health care providers of primary health care centers (PHCCs). The questionnaire consisted of five parts to assesses readiness of PHCs, knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care providers (HCPs) concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Data entry and analysis were managed by SPSS version 20. Results Three hundred and seventy-one HCPs participated in this study. Most of them were males (58%), doctors or nurses (81%). Almost all PHCCs have adequate infection control resources, with some shortage in sterilization rooms. Most of participants received on-job training (85%) and had good knowledge about COVID-19. Attitudes of participants showed variation toward COVID-19; 74% were afraid to be infected, 54% were afraid to care for infected patients, 58% were ready for vaccination, and 80% thought that COVID-19 has a huge negative impact on the health care system. Compliance with preventive measures ranged from 66% for keeping social distance to 90% for using personal protective equipment. Most of the participants had positive contributions regarding health education of individuals and communities using different methods including the new social media (80%). Conclusion This study revealed that PHCCs in Aseer region were well equipped and HCPs were well prepared to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are some shortage in a few items of infection control at PHCCs and gaps in knowledge and practice among HCPs which need continuous assessment and monitoring to overcome such barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahia M. Al-Khaldi
- Department of Research and Studies, Health Affairs, Aseer, Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Dr. Yahia M. Al-Khaldi, Department of Research and Studies, Health Affairs, Aseer, KSA. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Tariq A. Falqi
- Department of Public Health, Aseer Region, MOH, KSA, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kasim Mohammed Aldawood
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Al-Qahtani MH, Bukhamseen FM, Al-Qassab AT, Yousef AA, Awary BH, Albuali WH, Alkhalifa ZM, Yousef HA. The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Incidence of Type 1 DM and the Glycemic Control of Diabetic Children: Findings from a Teaching Hospital, Saudi Arabia. Rev Diabet Stud 2022; 18:152-156. [PMID: 36309774 PMCID: PMC9652708 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2022.18.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We evaluated glycemic control among T1DM pediatric patients attending the endocrinology pediatrics clinics at King Fahd Hospital of the University (KFHU) prior to and during COVID-19 restraining regulations. In addition, we assessed the trends and variations in the incidence of T1DM during 2017-2021, including the COVID-19 years by identifying newly diagnosed patients presenting to pediatrics emergency department (ED) in KFHU. METHODS: To estimate the effect of COVID-19 on the incidence of T1DM, we identified newly diagnosed cases of T1DM among pediatric patients attending the ED during the years 2017- 2021. The participants' data were collected through electronic medical records. Information collected included patient age, sex, and HbA1c readings. Three HbA1c readings of interest that were defined and collected are pre-COVID reading, in-COVID reading, and post-COVID reading. RESULTS: The difference of female participants' readings was statistically non-significant (Z= -0.416, p = 0.678), with a pre- and post-COVID median of 10.70 (Q1= 9.00, Q3= 12.15), and 10.50 (Q1= 8.80, Q3= 12.35), respectively. In contrast, the difference was statistically significant among male participants (Z= -2.334, p = 0.02), with a pre- and post-COVID median of 10.20 (Q1= 8.70, Q3= 11.80), and 10.65 (Q1= 9.00, Q3= 12.70), respectively. There was a statistically significant increase in HbA1c of persons > 11 years old (Z= -2.471, p= 0.013), with a pre- and post-COVID median of 10.40 (Q1= 9.00, Q3= 12.10), and 10.90 (Q1= 9.00, Q3= 12.60), respectively. Conversely, persons ≤ 11 years old showed no statistically significant change in HbA1c (Z= -.457, p= 0.648), with a pre- and post-COVID median of 10.45 (Q1= 8.70, Q3= 11.85), and 10.20 (Q1= 8.40, Q3= 12.075), respectively. Disregarding any influence of time, the effect of sex showed no statistically significant difference in HbA1c between males and females [F (1,125) = 0.008, p = 0.930]. Meanwhile, the age effect on HbA1c, regardless of time influence, was statistically significant [F (1,125) = 4.993, p = 0.027]. There was no statistically significant interaction between time and sex on HbA1c levels [F (1.74, 217) = 0.096, p = 0.883] and between age and time [F (3.92,289.57) = 1.693, p = 0.190]. CONCLUSIONS: The number of visits to healthcare facilities dropped significantly during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the rate of newly diagnosed T1DM increased. There was a variable effect on HbA1c levels of those patients, which suggests that each demographic group in the population might have been affected differently by the pandemic. Future research should determine factors associated with better glycemic control and measures to sustain these changes the pandemic might have created.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hussain Al-Qahtani
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia,,Address correspondence to: Mohammad Hussain Al-Qahtani, e-mail:
| | | | | | - Abdullah Abdulsalam Yousef
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bassam Hassan Awary
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Hamad Albuali
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haneen Abdulsalam Yousef
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal university, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Asseri AA, Alsabaani A. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among Children Visiting a Tertiary Hospital during the Prevaccination Period, Southwest Region, Saudi Arabia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1344. [PMID: 36016232 PMCID: PMC9415489 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic, tests to ascertain whether individuals were infected with SARS-CoV-2 were often unavailable. One method to deal with this issue is to test for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. This study sought to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in children in Saudi Arabia before vaccines were available to them. Methods: This study was conducted among children who visited the tertiary Maternity and Children Hospital in Abha city, Saudi Arabia. Serum samples were screened for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM, and IgA antibodies using ELISA. The crude and adjusted seroprevalence values among the studied children were calculated. Results: Among the 413 children studied, the ages of enrolled patients ranged from newborn to 12 years, with a median age of three years. We identified 127 (30.7%) seropositive children. IgG was exclusively positive in 43 (10.4%); IgM was exclusively positive in 8 (1.9%), and IgA was exclusively positive in 15 (3.6%) children. Conclusions: This study is the first to estimate the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the pediatric population seeking medical care in southwestern Saudi Arabia. The findings shed light on the dynamics of virus transmission in the community and provide a good reference for future studies. Future research should examine factors related to SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroprevalence among pediatric populations.
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22
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Algahtani FD, Alsaif B, Ahmed AA, Almishaal AA, Obeidat ST, Mohamed RF, Kamel RM, Gul I, Hassan SUN. Using Spiritual Connections to Cope With Stress and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:915290. [PMID: 35967642 PMCID: PMC9371003 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.915290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, stress and anxiety were pervasive among the masses due to high morbidity and mortality. Besides the fear of coronavirus was also particularly driven by social media. Many people started to look for faith and spiritual connections to gain comfort. The role of spiritual ties and religious beliefs in relation to coping with pandemic stress has acquired the attention of researchers in some parts of the world. This cross-sectional survey aimed at assessing the intensity of stress and anxiety symptoms experienced by people and how much they were alleviated by employing spiritual connections. The study sample comprises 795 respondents with 52% males and 48% females living in Saudi Arabia. The brief online study questionnaire collected data about background variables, anxiety and stress scale from DASS-21, and items from the WHOQOL (SRBP) instrument assessed the use of spiritual beliefs to cope. Multiple regression models were tested to determine the role of spiritual connections after adjusting demographic variables. Results illustrated that after adjusting for gender and age, participants' anxiety symptoms decreased by (β = -0.27; p = 0.000) units with each unit increase in the use of spiritual connections, and participants' stress symptoms reduce by (β = -0.36; p = 0.000) units with each unit increase in coping with spirituality. Additionally, females' risk to experience anxiety and stress symptoms was more than males [(β = 0.88; p = 0.01) and (β = 0.92; p = 0.000)], respectively. An increase in age decreases the likelihood of experiencing anxiety symptoms and stress symptoms by (β = -0.75; p = 0.02) and (β = -0.11; p = 0.000) units, respectively. Findings support the protective role of spiritual connections despite small beta coefficients. The social and cultural context in Saudi Arabia favors deep-rooted connections with spirituality and faith. Our findings support the fact that the reliance on spiritual connections helped older people to deal with exaggerated fear during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic and reduces the risk of experiencing anxiety and stress symptoms. Females and younger participants were relatively vulnerable to developing these symptoms. We discussed these findings considering some recent studies that reported similar relationships and made recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahad D. Algahtani
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alsaif
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Ahmed
- Department of Working With Individuals and Families, Faculty of Social Work, Helwan University, Helwan, Egypt
- Department of Social Sciences, College of Arts, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Almishaal
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sofian T. Obeidat
- Department of Basic Sciences, Preparatory Year, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Fathy Mohamed
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Iram Gul
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, Fatima Jinnah Women University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Sehar un Nisa Hassan
- College of Public Health and Health Informatics, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Elkhalifa AME. D-dimer as a predictive and prognostic marker among COVID-19 patients. Saudi Med J 2022; 43:723-729. [PMID: 35830989 PMCID: PMC9749687 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2022.43.7.20220213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine D-dimer, coagulation profile, and platelet count among patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) and compare them to findings from non-COVID-19 subjects. METHODS The participants in this retrospective hospital-based observational study design included 112 confirmed diagnosed with COVID-19 who were admitted to King Khaled Hospital, Najran, Saudi Arabia, and another 112 non-COVID-19 subjects as a comparative group. Laboratory investigations, demographic and clinical records were obtained from participants' electronic indexed medical records. Coronavirus disease-19 diagnosis was confirmed according to positive real time polymerase chain reaction assay carried out at the hospital's central laboratory, where samples were extracted from a nasopharyngeal swab. Pneumonia related to COVID-19 is classified as critical, severe, moderate, mild, and asymptomatic whereas thrombocytopenia was marked when the platelet count was <150.00×109/L. Suitable statistical analysis was applied to determine possible differences between the findings from the 2 groups. RESULTS The D-dimer and activated partial thromboplastin clotting time mean values were significantly elevated (p<0.001). The international normalized ratio and platelet count mean values confirmed a significant decrease (p<0.001). Thrombocytopenia was found 9 times in COVID-19 higher than in the non-COVID-19. D-dimer and prothrombin time mean values increased significantly among the COVID-19 patients with all patterns of symptoms on admission (p<0.001). CONCLUSION D-dimer mean values increased significantly in deceased COVID-19 and in hospitalized intensive care unit (ICU) wards patients (p<0.001), indicating a potential predictive and prognostic severity marker, particularly among COVID-19 patients in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa
- From the Department of Public Health, Health Sciences College, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and from the Department of Haematology, Medical Laboratory Sciences College, University of El Imam El Mahdi, Kosti, Sudan
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Ahmed M. E. Elkhalifa, Public Health Department, Health Sciences College, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2660-5054
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24
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Aljuaid M, Alotair H, Alnajjar F, Alonazi W, Sharaf H, Sheshah E, Alashgar L, Alshaikh M. Risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270062. [PMID: 35749537 PMCID: PMC9231697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality of COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia have not been well studied. Previous reports from other countries have highlighted the effect of age, gender, clinical presentation and health conditions on the outcome of COVID-19 patients. Saudi Arabia has a different epidemiological structure with a predominance of young population, which calls for separate study. The objective of this study is to assess the predictors of mortality among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia. This is a retrospective observational cohort study of hospitalized adult COVID-19 patients at two tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia between May to July 2020. Electronic charts were retrospectively reviewed comparing survivors and non-survivors in terms of demographic and clinical variables and comorbid conditions. A total of 564 hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were included in the study. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 20%. The non-survivors were significantly older than survivors (59.4 ± 13.7 years and 50.5 ± 13.9 years respectively P< 0.001). Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease were more prevalent among non-survivors (P< 0.001). The mean values of glycosylated hemoglobin HgA1C, D-dimer, ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase LDH, Alanin aminotransferase ALT and creatinine were significantly higher among non-survivors (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that age (aOR = 1.04; 95% CI 1.02–1.08; P < 0.01), chronic kidney disease (aOR = 4.04; 95% CI 1.11–14.77; P < 0.05), acute respiratory distress syndrome ARDS (aOR = 14.53; 95% CI 5.42–38.69; P < 0.01), Mechanical Ventilation (aOR = 10.57; 95% CI 5.74–23.59; P < 0.01), Shock (aOR = 3.85; 95% CI 1.02–14.57; P < 0.05), admission to intensive care unit (ICU) (aOR = 0.12; 95% CI 0.04–0.33; P < 0.01) and length of stay (aOR = 0.96; 95% CI 0.93–0.99; P < 0.05) were significant contributors towards mortality. The in-hospital mortality rate of COVID-19 patients admitted to tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia is high. Older age, chronic kidney disease and ARDS were the most important predictors of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljuaid
- Department of Health Administration, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
| | - Hadil Alotair
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farrah Alnajjar
- Yanbu General Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wadi Alonazi
- Department of Health Administration, College of Business Administration, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanaa Sharaf
- Department of Cytogenetics Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Sheshah
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Salman Hospital, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lolwah Alashgar
- Department of Medicine, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alshaikh
- Department of Pharmacy Services, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Azad Allarakia BM, Gattan HS, Abdeen RH, Al-ahmadi BM, Shater AF, Bazaid MB, Althomali OW, Bazaid AS, Ledda C. Predicting Intensive Care Unit Admission for COVID-19 Patients from Laboratory Results. Disease Markers 2022; 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35634446 PMCID: PMC9133894 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4623901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Trends in routine laboratory tests, such as high white blood cell and low platelet counts, correlate with COVID-19-related intensive care unit (ICU) admissions. Other related biomarkers include elevated troponin, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate transaminase levels (liver function tests). To this end, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of changes in laboratory test parameters on ward-based and ICU COVID-19 patients. A total of 280 COVID-19 patients were included in the study and were divided based on admission status into ICU (37) or ward (243) patients. ICU admission correlated significantly with higher levels of several tested parameters, including lactate dehydrogenase, creatinine, D-dimer, creatine kinase, white blood cell count, and neutrophil count. In conclusion, routine laboratory tests offer an indication of which COVID-19 patients are most likely to be admitted to the ICU. These associations can assist healthcare providers in addressing the needs of patients who are at risk of COVID-19 complications.
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26
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EL Hassan ELW, Abu Alhommos AK, Aliadhy D, Alsalman S, Alnafaa O, Mohamed A. Public Knowledge, Beliefs and Attitudes toward the COVID-19 Vaccine in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10050853. [PMID: 35627990 PMCID: PMC9140746 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10050853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With the help of vaccines, the world has witnessed a substantial decrease and even the eradication of many infectious diseases. Many factors influenced the public’s acceptance and compliance with the COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire link was distributed through social media platforms. The questionnaire tool assessed the participants’ general knowledge and the barriers to taking the COVID-19 vaccine. All people who are currently living in Saudi Arabia and are at least 16 years old were included in the study and formed the study population. Based on our inclusion criteria, a total of 2,198 individuals were enrolled in this study. Results: Participants who were willing to take the vaccine were 68%. After vaccination, 10% of the participants think they can stop wearing face masks and washing their hands. Two-thirds of the participants think that the vaccine is effective in preventing COVID-19 infection. A total of 44.0% of the participants were afraid of the vaccine. The most common reasons were fear of unknown side effects (53.9%) and believing that the vaccine was not tested enough (27%). More than half of the study participants had a preference for receiving the Pfizer vaccine (52%). Conclusion: The public’s acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine in Saudi Arabia is insufficient. Unknown side effects, widespread misconceptions, and a lack of adequate safety trials are all important reasons for concern among Saudis. More educational materials and awareness efforts will help to alleviate the fear that surrounds it. This will boost the vaccine’s acceptance rate in the long run.
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Abdelgawad SM, Hassab MAE, Abourehab MAS, Elkaeed EB, Eldehna WM. Olive Leaves as a Potential Phytotherapy in the Treatment of COVID-19 Disease; A Mini-Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:879118. [PMID: 35496299 PMCID: PMC9045134 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.879118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beginning from December 2019, widespread COVID-19 has caused huge financial misfortunes and exceptional wellbeing emergencies across the globe. Discovering an effective and safe drug candidate for the treatment of COVID-19 and its associated symptoms became an urgent global demand, especially due to restricted information that has been discharged with respect to vaccine efficacy and safety in humans. Reviewing the recent research, olive leaves were selected as a potential co-therapy supplement for the treatment and improvement of clinical manifestations in COVID-19 patients. Olive leaves were reported to be rich in phenolic compounds such as oleuropein, hydroxytyrosol, verbascoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, and luteolin-7-O-glucoside and also triterpenoids such as maslinic, ursolic, and oleanolic acids that have been reported as anti-SARS-CoV-2 metabolites in recent computational and in vitro studies. In addition, olive leaf extract was previously reported in several in vivo studies for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, immunomodulatory, and antithrombotic activities which are of great benefit in the control of associated inflammatory cytokine storm and disseminated intravascular coagulation in COVID-19 patients. In conclusion, the described biological activities of olive leaves alongside their biosafety, availability, and low price make them a potential candidate drug or supplement to control COVID-19 infection and are recommended for clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa M Abdelgawad
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A El Hassab
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Salman International University (KSIU), South Sinai, Egypt
| | - Mohammed A S Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- School of Biotechnology, Badr University in Cairo, Badr City, Egypt.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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Alzain MA, Asweto CO, Atique S, Elhassan NEE, Kassar A, Hassan S, Humaida MI, Yusuf RA, Adeboye AA. Effectiveness of Human Mobility Change in Reducing the Spread of COVID-19: Ecological Study of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Sustainability 2022; 14:3368. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Non-pharmacological interventions including mobility restriction have been developed to curb transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We provided precise estimates of disease burden and examined the impact of mobility restriction on reducing the COVID-19 effective reproduction number in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study involved secondary analysis of open-access COVID-19 data obtained from different sources between 2 March and 26 December 2020. The dependent and main independent variables of interest were the effective reproduction number and anonymized mobility indices, respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between the community mobility change and the effective reproduction number for COVID-19. By 26 December 2020, the total number of COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia reached 360,690, with a cumulative incidence rate of 105.41/10,000 population. Al Jouf, Northern Border, and Jazan regions were ≥2.5 times (OR = 2.93; 95% CI: 1.29–6.64), (OR = 2.50; 95% CI: 1.08–5.81), and (OR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.09–5.79) more likely to have a higher case fatality rate than Riyadh, the capital. Mobility changes in public and residential areas were significant predictors of the COVID-19 effective reproduction number. This study demonstrated that community mobility restrictions effectively control transmission of the COVID-19 virus.
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29
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Albuali WH, AlGhamdi AA, Aldossary SJ, AlHarbi SA, Al Majed SI, Alenizi A, Al-Qahtani MH, Lardhi AA, Al-Turki SA, AlSanea AS, Bubshait DK, Kobeisy SA, Herzallah NH, Alqarni WA, AlHarbi AH, Albuali HW, Aldossary BJ, AlQurashi FO, Yousef AA. Clinical profile, risk factors and outcomes of ric COVID-19: a retrospective cohort multicentre study in Saudi Arabia. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053722. [PMID: 35277403 PMCID: PMC8919130 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the risk factors, clinical profile and outcomes of COVID-19 in the paediatric population. DESIGN Multicentre, retrospective observational study. SETTING Four tertiary hospitals in Saudi Arabia. PATIENTS We recruited 390 paediatric patients aged 0-18 years who presented from March to December 2020 and tested positive for COVID-19 on PCR. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We retrospectively analysed medical records for sociodemographics, health indicators, clinical presentations, laboratory findings, clinical complications, and outcomes. RESULTS The mean participant age was 5.66±4.90 years, and the mean hospital stay was 2.17±3.48 days. Forty patients, mostly school-aged children (16, 40.00%; p=0.005) and children with comorbidities (25, 62.50%; p<0.001), received more than just supportive care. Complications were seen in 15 (3.9%) patients, bacterial infection being the most common (6, 40.00%). Patients presented with dyspnoea (OR 6.89; 95% CI 2.89 to 20.72), abnormal chest radiographs (OR 6.11; 95% CI 1.26 to 29.38), lethargy (OR 9.04; 95% CI 2.91 to 28.06) and elevated ferritin (OR 14.21; 95% CI 4.18 to 48.37) and D-dimer (OR 48.40; 95% CI 14.32 to 163.62), with higher odds of developing complications. The odds of paediatric intensive care unit (ICU) admission were higher for patients with dyspnoea (adjusted OR 4.66; 95% CI 1.24 to 17.50) and elevated white blood cell count (adjusted OR 3.54; 95% CI 1.02 to 12.30). CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 complications were limited among our patients. However, dyspnoea, abnormal chest radiographs, lethargy and elevated ferritin and D-dimer were associated with an increased risk of complications. Dyspnoea, leucocytosis, comorbidities and abnormal chest radiographs at presentation increased the risk of ICU admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed H Albuali
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal A AlGhamdi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaikha J Aldossary
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A AlHarbi
- Department of Pediatrics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Al Majed
- Department of Pediatrics, John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alenizi
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad H Al-Qahtani
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University College of Medicine, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer A Lardhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams A Al-Turki
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz S AlSanea
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal K Bubshait
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sumayyah A Kobeisy
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Noor H Herzallah
- Department of Pediatrics, John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wejdan A Alqarni
- Department of Pediatrics, John Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer H AlHarbi
- Pediatric Pulmonology and Sleep Medicine Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad W Albuali
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader J Aldossary
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal O AlQurashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Yousef
- Department of Pediatrics, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, AlKhobar, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Haider MZ, Al-Mannai A, Al-Sirhan S, Elsabagh A, Nasser N, Al-Quraishi N, Ouda A, Erradi K, Ashour AA, Gupta I, Abdulmajeed J, Al-Romaihi HE, Bansal D, Musa OAH, Abd Farag EAB, Al-Thani MHJ, Al Moustafa AE. Impact of Smoking on COVID-19 Symptoms in Non-Vaccinated Patients: A Matched Observational Study from Qatar. J Multidiscip Healthc 2022; 15:531-540. [PMID: 35321233 PMCID: PMC8937311 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s347130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Predisposition to acute illness from COVID-19 is suggested to correlate with cigarette smoking as it augments the risk of developing cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses, including infections. However, the effects of smoking on COVID-19 symptoms are not well described and controversial. In this study, we aim to explore the associations between smoking and COVID-19 symptoms. Subjects and Methods A cross-sectional study using the Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), Qatar database was administered to a Qatari population with confirmed COVID-19 disease who filled in pre-defined phone-call questionnaire between 27th February 2020 and 31st December 2020. We analyzed 11,701 non-vaccinated COVID-19 individuals (2952 smokers and 8749 non-smokers) with confirmed RT-PCR test results. The association of smoking and the presence of symptoms as well as patient characteristics was calculated using Pearson’s Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, adjusting for potential covariates. Results Compared with the non-smokers, symptomatic COVID-19 infection is significantly higher in smokers. In addition, we found fever as the most common symptom developed in COVID-19 patients followed by cough, headache, muscle ache, and sore throat. As compared to other symptoms, association of smoking with chills and abdominal pain was less evident (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). However, both groups showed similar rates of developing cough. Conclusion In conclusion, smoking is associated with COVID-19 symptoms frequency in non-vaccinated patients; nevertheless, further investigations are necessary to understand the mechanism of this association which could generate new targets for the management of COVID-19 in smoker patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amna Al-Mannai
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sally Al-Sirhan
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Elsabagh
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasser Nasser
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Amr Ouda
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Khadija Erradi
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Anas A Ashour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ishita Gupta
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar, Tel +974 4403 7817, Fax +974 4403-3333, Email
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Saudi Arabia, a prominent Arabian country, has 35. 3 million persons living in 2.2 million square kilometers, undergone serious threats recently due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With the built-in infrastructure and disciplined lifestyle, the country could address this pandemic. AIMS This analysis of COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia attempts to assess the situation, explore its global percentage share, percentage of population affected, and local distribution from the beginning of infection until recently, tracing historical developments and changes. DATA AND METHODS This analysis made use of data released by the Ministry of Health on a daily basis for a number of parameters. They are compiled on an excel sheet on a daily basis: the dataset has undergone rigorous analysis along with the trends and patterns; proportion to the world statistics and geographic distribution. RESULTS COVID-19 spread rapidly in the country with periodic variations, during June-August, 2020. But, recoveries accelerated in the period, thus bridging the gap of increasing infections. In comparison with the world statistics, the country proportions are lower, while the percentage of population affected is similar. It appears that the intensity varied across all 13 administrative areas. CONCLUSION COVID-19 transmission since March 2020 is considered to be widespread, creating excess burden on the public health system, delineated into stages (early infection, rapid spread, declining, stabilizing, and second wave). Control measures are set, stage-wise, without impinging upon normal life but to ensure that the proportion of globally affected persons is lesser than the population share: credit goes to the Ministry of Health. Area-wise spread depends largely on population density and development infrastructure dimensions. Ultimately, the disciplined life in compliance with law and order paved the way for effective program implementation and epidemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rshood M Al-Khraif
- Center for Population Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Elsegaey
- Center for Population Studies, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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AlGhamdi A, Al Talhi Y, Al Najjar A, Sobhi A, Al Juaid A, Ibrahim A, Alshengeti A, Al-Hebshi A, Farahat F, Al Qurainees G, Al Saif M, Hamdan N, Al Jehani S, Al Mansouri W, AlDabbagh M. Epidemiology, clinical characteristics and risk factors of COVID-19 among children in Saudi Arabia: a multicenter chart review study. BMC Pediatr 2022; 22:86. [PMID: 35151286 PMCID: PMC8840071 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-021-02959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected over 100 million cases worldwide. Children accounted for 1–5% of all cases with less reported symptoms and better prognosis compared to adults. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics and outcomes of pediatric COVID-19 cases in Saudi Arabia in addition to identifying risk factors associated with disease severity. Methods This was a multicenter, cross-sectional retrospective study that included confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection among pediatric patients (< 14 years) from the time of initial identification in March 2020 to the end of July 2020 in 6 centers across the country. Patients were classified based on clinical severity. Study outcomes included time to recovery, need for invasive ventilation, and mortality. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore factors associated with increased disease severity. Results The study enrolled 567 children with (51.5%) were males, and (44.6%) aged from 6 to 14 years old. Asymptomatic patients accounted for 38.98% of the cases: while 319 patients (56%) had mild disease, and 27 patients (4.76%) had moderate-to-severe disease. Only 10 patients (1.76%) required Pediatric Intensive Care Unit admission. The calculated case-fatality was 0.7%. After performing multivariate regression analysis, chronic lung conditions [adjusted OR = 12.73, 95% CI (2.05–79.12)] and decreased red blood cells (RBCs) count [adjusted OR = 2.43, 95% CI (1.09–5.41] were found to be significant predictors for moderate-to-severe disease (p = 0.006 and 0.030, respectively). Conclusion Most COVID-19 cases in the current study had a benign course of illness and carried an excellent prognosis. Children with chronic lung conditions or low RBCs count are at higher risk to develop moderate-to-severe COVID-19 disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-021-02959-8.
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Mohamed RAE, Abdelsalam EM, Maghraby HM, Al Jedaani HS, Rakha EB, Hussain K, Sultan I. Performance features and mortality prediction of the 4C Score early in COVID-19 infection: a retrospective study in Saudi Arabia. J Investig Med 2022; 70:421-427. [PMID: 34836890 PMCID: PMC8635889 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The ISARIC4C consortium developed and internally validated the 4C Score for prediction of mortality only in hospitalized patients. We aimed to assess the validity of the 4C Score in mortality prediction of patients with COVID-19 who had been home isolated or hospitalized.This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed after the first wave of COVID-19. Data of all PCR-positive COVID-19 patients who had been discharged, hospitalized, or died were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were classified into four risk groups according to the 4C Mortality Score. A total of (506) patients were classified as follows: low (57.1%), intermediate (27.9%), high (13%), and very high (2%) risk groups. Clinical, radiological, and laboratory data were significantly more severe in the high and very high-risk groups compared with other groups (p<0.001 for all). Mortality rate was correctly estimated by the model with 71% sensitivity, 88.6% specificity, and area under the curve of 0.9. The mortality rate was underestimated among the very high-risk group (66.2% vs 90%). The odds of mortality were significantly greater in the presence of hypoxia (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 4.6, p<0.001) and high respiratory rate (OR 5.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 17.9, p<0.007), C reactive protein (CRP) (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.8 to 6.8, p<0.001), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 3.1, p<0.002). Other components of the model had non-significant predictions. In conclusion, the 4C Mortality Score has good sensitivity and specificity in early risk stratification and mortality prediction of patient with COVID-19. Within the model, only hypoxia, tachypnea, high BUN, and CRP were the independent mortality predictors with the possibility of overlooking other important predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehab Abd Elfattah Mohamed
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
- Internal Medicine Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Mahmoud Abdelsalam
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hend Maghraby Maghraby
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Huda Shali Al Jedaani
- Obs/Gyn Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Badran Rakha
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mansoura University, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khamrunissa Hussain
- Quality Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Intessar Sultan
- Internal Medicine Department, Ibn Sina National College for Medical Studies, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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AlKhafaji D, Al Argan R, Albaker W, Al Elq A, Al-Hariri M, AlSaid A, Alwaheed A, Alqatari S, Alzaki A, Alwarthan S, AlRubaish F, AlGuaimi H, Ismaeel F, Alsaeed N, AlElq Z, Zainuddin F. The Impact of Vitamin D Level on the Severity and Outcome of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Disease. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:343-352. [PMID: 35027842 PMCID: PMC8752578 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s346169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The world is experiencing a life-altering and extraordinary situation in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. There are limited data and controversies regarding the relationship between vitamin D (Vit D) status and COVID-19 disease. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the association between Vit D levels and the severity or outcomes of COVID-19 disease. Methods A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Eastern province of Saudi Arabia from January to August 2021. All the admitted patients who were diagnosed with COVID-19 infection were distributed into three groups depending on their Vit D levels: normal, insufficiency, and deficiency. For the three groups, demographic data, and laboratory investigations as well as data regarding the severity of COVID-19 were collected and analysed. Results A total of 203 diagnosed cases of COVID-19 were included in this study. The Vit D level was normal (>30) in 31 (15.3%) cases, insufficient in 45 (22.2%) cases and deficient in 127 (62.6%) cases. Among the included cases, 58 (28.6%) were critical cases, 109 (53.7%) were severe and 36 (17.7%) had a mild-moderate COVID-19 infection. The most prevalent comorbidity of patients was diabetes mellitus 117 (57.6%), followed by hypertension 70 (34.5%), cardiac disease 24 (11.8%), chronic kidney disease 19 (9.4%) and chronic respiratory disease in 17 (8.4%) cases. Importantly, the current study did not detect any significant association between Vit D status and COVID-19 severity (p-value=0.371) or outcomes (hospital stay, intensive care units admission, ventilation, and mortality rate) (p-value > 0.05), even after adjusting the statistical model for the confounders. Conclusion In hospital settings, Vit D levels are not associated with the severity or outcomes of COVID-19 disease. Further, well‐designed studies are required to determine whether Vit D status provides protective effects against worse COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania AlKhafaji
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Al Argan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed Albaker
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmohsen Al Elq
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al-Hariri
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abir AlSaid
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Alwaheed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Safi Alqatari
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alzaki
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah AlRubaish
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haya AlGuaimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatema Ismaeel
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nidaa Alsaeed
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zainab AlElq
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Zainuddin
- Department of Medical Allied Services, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Khobar, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
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Jan H, Waheeb A, AlAhwal H, Almohammadi A, Al-Marzouki A, Barefah A, Bahashawan S, Radhwi O. COVID-19 Vaccine Perception and Hesitancy Among Patients With Sickle Cell Disease in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2022; 14:e21026. [PMID: 35154996 PMCID: PMC8820497 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Alshammari S, Alotaibi R, Almajed A, Omar T. Depression, anxiety, and stress among the community during COVID-19 lockdown in Saudi Arabia. J Nat Sci Med 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jnsm.jnsm_62_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Alwafi H, Shabrawishi MH, Naser AY, Aldobyany AM, Qanash SA, Touman AA. Negative Nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 PCR Conversion in Response to Different Therapeutic Interventions. Cureus 2022; 14:e21442. [PMID: 35223227 PMCID: PMC8860677 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.21442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The current management practices for patients with COVID-19 consist of infection prevention and supportive care. We aimed to explore the association between negative nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) clearance and different therapeutic interventions. Methods This study is a retrospective cohort study of 93 patients who were admitted to a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia with a PCR confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19. There were three intervention subgroups (group A) (n = 45), which included those who received chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) only (A1), those who received chloroquine or HCQ in combination with azithromycin (A2), and those who received chloroquine or HCQ in combination with antiviral drugs with or without azithromycin (A3), as well as one supportive care group (group B) (n = 48). The primary and secondary endpoints were achieving negative SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal PCR samples within five and 12 days from the start of the intervention, respectively. Results A median time of three days (interquartile range (IQR): 2.00-6.50) is needed from the time of starting the intervention/supportive care to the first negative PCR sample. There was no statistically significant difference neither between the percentage of patients in the intervention group and the supportive care group who achieved the primary or secondary endpoint nor in the median time needed to achieve the first negative PCR sample (p > 0.05). Conclusion Prescribing antimalarial medications was not shown to shorten the disease course nor to accelerate the negative PCR conversion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alwafi
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Sultan A Qanash
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, SAU
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Al Shahrani AS. Does COVID-19 Policy Affect Initiation and Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding? A Single-center Retrospective Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2022; 15:27-36. [PMID: 35058722 PMCID: PMC8765603 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s343150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose It assessed the effect of a COVID-19 policy that involved maternal-neonatal separation on early initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at two weeks, three, and six months postpartum during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Patients and Methods This retrospective study included consecutive mother-newborn dyads with deliveries between mid-March and the end of December 2020 who agreed to participate and were eligible according to the following criteria: full-term pregnancy, singleton birth, and healthy newborn. Participants were called at least twice during the study period to inquire about exclusive breastfeeding status at two weeks, three, and six months postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify associated factors with EBF. Results A total of 454 eligible mother-infant dyads were included. Mean maternal age (in years), gestational age (in weeks), birth weight (in kilograms), and 5-min Apgar score was, respectively, 32±5.4 years, 39±1.3 weeks, 3.1±0.42 kg, and 9.24±0.6. Most of the mothers (86.1%) had no known chronic diseases and had a normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (NSVD, 91.4%). Approximately 44.7% of the sample initiated breastfeeding either directly or with expressed breastmilk during their hospital stay. Prevalence of EBF during the first two weeks, three, and six months postpartum was, respectively, 30%, 19.8%, and 31.7%. EBF was associated with birth weight, hospital breastfeeding and EIBF at early postpartum period, while EBF at six months was associated with parity and method of delivery. Conclusion During the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and EBF in the first six months postpartum were low among Saudi mothers. However, multicenter, prospective, cohort studies with adjustment for known confounding factors are required to explore the impact of infection control policies on breastfeeding. Meanwhile, these policies should support early and safe breastfeeding practices, especially with new and evolving information regarding the current pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Salem Al Shahrani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Abeer Salem Al Shahrani Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, PO Box 84428, Riyadh11671, Saudi Arabia, Tel +9660118239031 Email
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AbuAlhommos AK, Alhadab FE, Almajhad MM, Almutawaa R, Alabdulkareem ST. Community Knowledge of and Attitudes towards COVID-19 Prevention Techniques in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182312783. [PMID: 34886506 PMCID: PMC8657056 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the community knowledge of and to obtain a broad overview of attitudes towards appropriate prevention techniques that are recommended by the Ministry of Health to prevent COVID-19 transmission in Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 1 May and 30 November 2020 to assess the community knowledge of and attitudes towards appropriate COVID-19 prevention techniques in Saudi Arabia. The study tool was developed based on an extensive literature review. RESULTS A total of 577 individuals were involved in this study. The majority of the participants knew that COVID-19 is classified as a severe acute respiratory syndrome, is caused by viral infection, and that it is more common among the elderly and those who have a chronic illness. More than half of the participants were able to identify the symptoms of COVID-19 correctly, which are fever, dry cough, and loss of taste. Approximately half the study participants were knowledgeable about appropriate distancing, handwashing, and preventive measures (e.g., wearing a cloth mask, smoking cessation, avoiding dangerous cultural behaviors that increase the probability of disease transmission). More than half of the study participants were able to identify the appropriate actions that should be taken if common COVID-19 symptoms appear. CONCLUSION A promising level of knowledge and positive attitudes towards COVID-19 was observed in Saudi Arabia. Continuous efforts should be maintained to sustain the level of awareness among the public. Further studies are warranted to explore the level of knowledge and attitudes after the introduction of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Samannodi M, Alwafi H, Naser AY, Alabbasi R, Alsahaf N, Alosaimy R, Minsahwi F, Almatrafi M, Khalifa R, Ekram R, Salawati E. Assessment of caregiver willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4857-4864. [PMID: 34856857 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.2004054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination against COVID-19 is the key to controlling the pandemic. Parents are the decision makers in the case of children vaccination as they are responsible for them. This study aims to investigate the acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination for children among parents in Saudi Arabia. METHODS This cross-sectional study used an online self-administered questionnaire. A 35-items questionnaire was distributed via social media platforms between June 6 and July 9-2021. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the participants' characteristics. Categorical variables were reported as frequencies and percentages. Predictors of vaccination acceptance were identified using binary logistic regression. RESULTS A total of 581 parents were involved in this study. A majority of parents 63.9% reported that they will vaccinate their children if the vaccine becomes available. Around 40% of them confirmed that they want their child to be among the first to receive the COVID-19 vaccine. Nearly a quarter, 23.9%, reported that they will vaccinate their child against influenza this year. The most commonly reported reason for hesitancy was poor awareness about the vaccine's effectiveness on children. Adequate information about the COVID-19 vaccine was the most agreed cause to accept the vaccine. Having five or more children was a significant predictor for poor vaccination acceptance (OR: 0.42 (95%CI: 0.21-0.86), p < .05). CONCLUSION An appropriate proportion of parents are willing to vaccinate their children if the vaccine becomes available for children in Saudi Arabia. Public health awareness must be raised to gain public trust in the vaccination and the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Samannodi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Renan Alabbasi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alsahaf
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rawan Alosaimy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Minsahwi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Almatrafi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rami Khalifa
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, King Abdallah Medical City, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan Ekram
- School of Public Health and Health Informatics, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Emad Salawati
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Alwahaibi N, Al Maskari M, Al Dhahli B, Al Issaei H, Al-Jaaidi Shadia Al Bahlani S. One-year Review of COVID-19 in the Arab World. Qatar Med J 2021; 2021:66. [PMID: 34888202 PMCID: PMC8627575 DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2021.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected almost every country worldwide, including all 22 Arab countries. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to follow the prevalence of COVID-19 in all Arab countries. In this review, we aimed to assess the 12-month prevalence of COVID-19 in Arab countries and to compare these findings with other significantly affected countries. World Health Organization, Worldometer, and Ministries of Health websites were used to search for COVID-19 data in all Arab countries. The period covered started from February 2020 to February 2021. In all Arab countries, the median age of the population was 26.25 years. As of March 01, 2021, the total number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in all Arab countries was 4,259,756. Bahrain, Qatar, Lebanon, Kuwait, and United Arab Emirates had the highest reported number of confirmed COVID-19 cases per million population. The total number of COVID-19 deaths was 72,950, with predominance in Lebanon, followed by Tunisia, Jordan, Palestine, and Iraq. In comparison with the topmost affected countries, and based on both the highest number of confirmed and deaths per million population, Arab countries ranked second last before India, with 9,646 and 165 cases, respectively. Among the Arab countries, Qatar, Bahrain, and Lebanon showed the highest number of recovered, confirmed, and death cases per million populations, respectively. The number of confirmed and death cases among all Arab countries triggered significant worries about morbidity and mortality of COVID-19, respectively. However, the younger population in Arab countries may have contributed to fewer COVID-19 deaths in comparison with the topmost affected countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasar Alwahaibi
- , Allied Health Sciences Department, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Alghamdi SM, Alsulayyim AS, Alqahtani JS, Aldhahir AM. Digital Health Platforms in Saudi Arabia: Determinants from the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:1517. [PMID: 34828563 PMCID: PMC8618772 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9111517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 poses a significant burden to healthcare systems. Healthcare organisations with better health innovation infrastructures have faced a reduced burden and achieved success in curbing COVID-19. In Saudi Arabia, digital technologies have played a vital role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In this paper, we aimed to summarise the experience of optimising digital health technologies in Saudi Arabia as well as to discuss capabilities and opportunities during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature search was conducted up to September 2021 to document the experience of using DHTPs in Saudi Arabia in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. We also considered any published data, press briefings, and announcements by the MOH in Saudi Arabia. The findings were synthesised in narrative form. Health officials succeeded in optimising and maintaining a strategy to mitigate the spread of the virus via different digital technologies, such as mobile health applications, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The quick digital response in Saudi Arabia was facilitated by governmental support and by considering users and technology determinants. Future research must concentrate on establishing and updating the guidelines for using DHTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed M. Alghamdi
- Respiratory Care Program, Clinical Technology Department, College of Applied Health Science, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
| | - Abdullah S. Alsulayyim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK;
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Jaber S. Alqahtani
- UCL Respiratory, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
- Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam 34313, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah M. Aldhahir
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
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Alghamdi S. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia: A single centre study. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:1096-1101. [PMID: 34366685 PMCID: PMC8332927 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information describing the presenting features and treatment outcomes of intensive care unit (ICU) patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Saudi Arabia. OBJECTIVE To investigates the clinical, epidemiological, laboratory, radiological, vital signs and treatment characteristics/outcomes of severe (ICU) COVID-19 patients in Albaha region, Saudi Arabia. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted from 01 April 2020 to 31 August 2020 involving files review of 171 patients admitted to the ICU of a COVID-19 treatment centre as a result of severe symptoms. RESULTS Around a third of the ICU patients admitted were over 66 years of age, 59.6% males, 45% diabetics, 39% hypertensive, 25.7% smokers. Patients had symptoms such as 79% fever, 78% cough, 75% headache, 59% sore throat, 57% runny nose, and 75% cough. More than half of the patients had <90% oxygen saturation. Bilateral infiltration was present in about 43% of patients. 85.4% lymphopenia, and 70.8% D-dimer (>0.5 u/ml) were the most significant laboratory results. The median stay in the hospital ranged from 4 to 15.6 days, and the ICU time ranged from 4 to 12.7 days. Approximately 29% of patients received antiviral, antimalarial, and antibiotic treatment, while 27.5% of patients received antibiotics and antimalarial therapy alone. Incorporating hydroxychloroquine in treatment protocols did not improve patients' outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Older age and cardio-metabolic comorbidities increase the risks of sever COVID-19. Different treatment protocols fail to improve mortality rates and urgent efforts are required to prevent the disease and reduce its severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Alghamdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
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Shaikh FS, Aldhafferi N, Buker A, Alqahtani A, Dey S, Abdulhamid S, AlBuhairi DAM, Alkabour RSA, Atiyah WSO, Bachar Chrouf S, Alshehri A, Olatunji SO, Almuhaideb AM, Alshahrani MS, AlMunsour Y, Abdul-Salam VB. Comorbidities and Risk Factors for Severe Outcomes in COVID-19 Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:2169-2183. [PMID: 34408431 PMCID: PMC8367214 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s317884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The first novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) case in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) was reported in Qatif in March 2020 with continual increase in infection and mortality rates since then. In this study, we aim to determine risk factors which effect severity and mortality rates in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients in KSA. Method We reviewed medical records of hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 positive results via reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) tests at Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh between May and August 2020. Data were obtained for patient’s demography, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities. Additional data on patients that required intensive care unit (ICU) admission and clinical outcomes were recorded and analyzed with Python Pandas. Results A total of 565 COVID-19 positive patients were inducted in the study out of which, 63 (11.1%) patients died while 101 (17.9%) patients required ICU admission. Disease incidences were significantly higher in males and non-Saudi nationals. Patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal diseases displayed significantly higher association with ICU admissions (p<0.001) while mortality rates were significantly higher in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular, respiratory, renal and neurological diseases. Univariate cox proportional hazards regression model showed that COVID-19 positive patients requiring ICU admission [Hazard’s ratio, HR=4.2 95% confidence interval, CI 2.5–7.2); p<0.001] with preexisting cardiovascular [HR=4.1 (CI 2.5–6.7); p<0.001] or respiratory [HR=4.0 (CI 2.0–8.1); p=0.010] diseases were at significantly higher risk for mortality among the positive patients. There were no significant differences in mortality rates or ICU admissions among males and females, and across different age groups, BMIs and nationalities. Hospitalized patients with cardiovascular comorbidity had the highest risk of death (HR=2.9, CI 1.7–5.0; p=0.020). Conclusion Independent risk factors for critical outcomes among COVID-19 in KSA include cardiovascular, respiratory and renal comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema S Shaikh
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahier Aldhafferi
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Areej Buker
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alqahtani
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Subhodeep Dey
- Indian Institute of Management - Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Saema Abdulhamid
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dalal Ali Mahaii AlBuhairi
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raha Saud Abdulaziz Alkabour
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad Sami O Atiyah
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Bachar Chrouf
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Sunday Olusanya Olatunji
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M Almuhaideb
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed S Alshahrani
- College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousof AlMunsour
- College of Computer Science and Information Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vahitha B Abdul-Salam
- Centre for Cardiovascular Medicine and Device Innovation, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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Alharbi MM, Rabbani SI, Asdaq SMB, Alamri AS, Alsanie WF, Alhomrani M, Mohzari Y, Alrashed A, Bamogaddam RF, Alajlan SA, Alharbi MA, Aldhawyan NN, Najmi SA. Infection Spread, Recovery, and Fatality from Coronavirus in Different Provinces of Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9080931. [PMID: 34442068 PMCID: PMC8394587 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9080931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) announced COVID-19, a novel coronavirus outbreak, as a pandemic in 2020. In the month of February 2020, the disease began to spread through the Middle East. The first case of COVID-19 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was identified in March 2020, and it is now one of the region’s most affected countries. Analyzing the disease’s propagation pattern may aid in the development of pandemic-fighting strategies. This study aims to analyze the trend of COVID-19’s spread, its recovery, and mortality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Two to three major cities from the 13 provinces of the country were chosen, and the rate of infection recovery was recorded from the first month until the number of confirmed cases showed a decline. The data published on the official Ministry of Health website were recorded on an Excel sheet, graphically represented as figures to indicate the pattern of spread. According to the study’s findings, COVID-19 positive cases were discovered in the majority of provinces as early as March 2020. The province of Makkah had the largest number of COVID-19 positive cases (30.7%), followed by Riyadh (23%). The province of Al Jowf had the lowest number of COVID-19 cases (0.3%). Tabuk province had the highest rate of recovery (97.8%), followed by the Northern Border Province (96.7%). Makkah province had the highest mortality rate (2.6%), followed by Al Jawf province (2.4%). The peak case–fatality ratio was recorded in August and September. The highest number of tests to detect the COVID-19 was performed in the month of July, and the highest percentage of positive cases was detected in June (19.55%). All the provinces from the month of September 2020 showed a progressive decline in the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases. According to this study, COVID-19 infection was found in the majority of Saudi Arabian provinces in March 2020, with a peak in June–July 2020. Considering the climatic and demographic characteristics of the region, specific modalities need to be adopted in collaboration with international guidelines to defeat the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Muberek Alharbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (S.I.R.)
| | - Syed Imam Rabbani
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (S.I.R.)
| | - Syed Mohammed Basheeruddin Asdaq
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Dariyah, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-1-403555-3399
| | - Abdulhakeem S. Alamri
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (W.F.A.); (M.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walaa F. Alsanie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (W.F.A.); (M.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alhomrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, The Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; (A.S.A.); (W.F.A.); (M.A.)
- Centre of Biomedical Sciences Research (CBSR), Deanship of Scientific Research, Taif University, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahya Mohzari
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (N.N.A.)
| | - Ahmed Alrashed
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, Inpatient Department, Main Hospital, KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Reem Faisal Bamogaddam
- Pharmaceutical Services Department, Clinical Pharmacy, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saleh Ahmad Alajlan
- Pharmaceutical Services Administration, Inpatient Department, Main Hospital, KFMC, Riyadh 11525, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Mansour A. Alharbi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (N.N.A.)
| | - Norah N. Aldhawyan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia; (Y.M.); (M.A.A.); (N.N.A.)
| | - Saeed A. Najmi
- Pharmaceutical Care Services, Samtah General Services, Ministry of Health, Jazan 86735, Saudi Arabia;
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AlRasheed MM, AlShahrani AH, AlMuhaini SA, AlKofide HA, Alhawassi TM, Aldemerdash A, Alhaj OA, Bragazzi NL, Jahrami HA. Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Towards COVID-19 Among Pharmacists: A Cross-Sectional Study. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:3079-3090. [PMID: 34326673 PMCID: PMC8315811 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s317779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The COVID-19 outbreak has caused governments to put pandemic-related guidelines requiring compliance and understanding by healthcare professionals to mitigate its spread uncontrollably. We studied pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude, and practice towards the COVD-19 outbreak compared with other healthcare workers during the pandemic in Saudi Arabia. Methods We surveyed pharmacists’ socio-demographics (n=50) compared with other healthcare professionals (n=378) during lockdown starting in June 2020. We measured respondents’ level of knowledge (n=10 questions, maximum score of 10), attitude (n=17 questions, maximum score of 80), and their practices (n=16 questions, maximum score of 80) towards COVID-19 infection. Results Median knowledge score was 8 (25th–75th percentiles: 7–9), attitude score 76 (70–80) and practice score 74 (68–78). Good knowledge predictors were >20 years working experience [OR: 2.05 (95% CI: 1.03–4.06); P=0.04] and >50% working in clinical practice [OR: 1.72 (95% CI: 1.12–2.66); P=0.01], in inverse relationship with paramedical professions [OR: 0.45 (95% CI: 0.45 (0.28–0.72)); P=0.001] and working in a university hospital [OR: 0.51 (95% CI: 0.33. 0.81); P=0.004]. Availability of pharmaceutical information and treatment options was associated with good attitude [OR: 2.19 (95% CI: 1.04–4.59); P=0.039] and acquaintance as primary information sources negatively associated with good attitude [OR: 0.34 (95% CI: 0.15–0.8); P=0.013]. Good practice predictors were female gender [OR: 3.84 (95% CI: 2.37–6.24); P<0.001], military hospital employment [OR: 2.32 (95% CI: 1.25–4.31); P=0.008], USA [OR: 3.41 (95% CI: 1.03–11.22); P=0.044] or UK [OR: 8.86 (95% CI: 1.91–41.07); P=0.005] qualifications, and information on supportive measures [OR: 2.2 (95% CI: 1.36–3.56); P=0.001]. Conclusion Health workers displayed good knowledge about COVID-19, while profession and working experience predicted adequate knowledge, positive attitude, or practice towards disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M AlRasheed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amani H AlShahrani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara A AlMuhaini
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hadeel A AlKofide
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq M Alhawassi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Medication Safety Research Chair, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Aldemerdash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences,University of Petra, Amman, Jordan
| | - Nicola L Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Departments and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Haitham A Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama, Bahrain.,College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
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Alyami HS, Naser AY, Dahmash EZ, Alyami MH, Alyami MS. Depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14244. [PMID: 33876864 PMCID: PMC8249996 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The emergence of the COVID-19 global pandemic, with a high transmission and mortality rate, has created an extraordinary crisis worldwide. Such an unusual situation may have an undesirable impact on the mental health of individuals which, in turn, may influence their outcomes. This study aimed to explore the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the psychological disposition of residents of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. METHODS A cross-sectional study using an online survey was conducted in Saudi Arabia between 27 March and 27 April 2020. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to assess depression and anxiety. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of these. RESULTS A total of 2081 individuals participated in the study. The prevalence of depression and anxiety among the study participants was 9.4% and 7.3% respectively. Non-Saudi residents, individuals aged 50 years and above, divorced people, retired people, university students and those with an income between 2000 and 10 000 SR were at higher risk of developing depression. Saudi individuals, married people, the unemployed and those with a high income (>10 000 RS) were at higher risk of developing anxiety. CONCLUSION We found that there is a wide range of Saudi residents who are at higher risk of developing mental illness during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Policymakers and mental healthcare providers are advised to provide continuous monitoring of the psychological consequences during this pandemic and provide the required health support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad S. Alyami
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Y. Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyIsra UniversityAmmanJordan
| | - Eman Zmaily Dahmash
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical PharmacyFaculty of PharmacyIsra UniversityAmmanJordan
| | - Mohammed H. Alyami
- Department of PharmaceuticsCollege of PharmacyNajran UniversityNajranSaudi Arabia
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Asseri AA, Alzaydani I, Al-Jarie A, Albishri A, Alsabaani A, Almaghrabi MK, Ali AS. Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Abnormalities of Hospitalized and Critically Ill Children with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Retrospective Study from Saudi Arabia. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:1949-1958. [PMID: 34040426 PMCID: PMC8141390 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s311831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 was reported in several studies characterized by milder clinical course, benign disease, and peculiar epidemiologic patterns among pediatric patients compared to adults' disease. However, other studies indicated that critical cases also exist and are associated with preexisting cardiopulmonary comorbidities and concurrent multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. METHODS The study period was six months, May-October 2020. Data on demographics, clinical manifestations, laboratory abnormalities were extracted from the patients' hospital records. During the study period, 644 pediatric patients attended the hospital. They were all screened for SARS-CoV-2 using RT-PCR. Only the confirmed positive patients were included in the subsequent study analysis. They were hospitalized either in the general pediatric wards (GPW) or pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). RESULTS Out of the total patients screened, 79 (12.3%) children were confirmed to have COVID-19 infection. All the confirmed COVID-19 patients were either admitted to the general pediatric wards (58; 73.4%) or PICU (21; 26.6%). The admission diagnoses for these children were acute gastroenteritis (22.85%), acute pneumonia (19%), clinical sepsis (17.7%), and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (10.1%). A significantly higher percentage of the PICU admitted patients showed shortness of breath (SOB) (P= 0.016). Respiratory insufficiencies, prematurity, and congenital heart diseases are the most reported comorbid conditions among the admitted children. The oxygen saturation was significantly lower among PICU patients than those in GPW (P=0.001). The total hospital stays differ significantly between the two groups, which were ten days for the PICU group compared to 4.5 days for the GPW group with a statistical significance noted (P= 0.001). CONCLUSION Despite the observable variations in the clinical and laboratory findings among the hospitalized pediatric COVID-19 patients, no serious consequences among all patients were observed. The history of SOB and the initial oxygen saturation level were significantly associated with PICU admissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alsuheel Asseri
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alzaydani
- Department of Pediatrics, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al-Jarie
- Department of Pediatrics, Abha Maternity and Children Hospital, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Albishri
- Department of Pediatrics, Khamis Military Hospital, Ministry of Defense, Khamis Mushait, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alsabaani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Khamash Almaghrabi
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelwahid Saeed Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Parasitology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Alobaidi S. Predictors of Intent to Receive the COVID-19 Vaccination Among the Population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Survey Study. J Multidiscip Healthc 2021; 14:1119-1128. [PMID: 34040382 PMCID: PMC8140927 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s306654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant economic and social impact on the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. This study explored various factors influencing the COVID-19 vaccination intention and the applicability of the health belief model (HBM) to explore vaccination intention among the population of Saudi Arabia. Methods This is an online survey conducted between January 6, 2021, and January 19, 2021, using a GoogleTM form questionnaire among Saudi population. The questionnaire aimed to assess the factors that influence the intent to receive the vaccine, by evaluating demographic details, COVID-19 experience and health self-assessment, acceptability of COVID-19 vaccination and preferences and health belief regarding COVID-19 illness and vaccination. Results The survey generated a total of 1333 responses from all over the 13 provinces of the Kingdom. The participants had mixed perceptions regarding the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19. A total of 959 (71.9%) subjects responded positively to COVID-19 vaccine intent. Those with >15,000 SR per month income, no past exposure to COVID-19, and comorbidities reported significantly higher intention to take vaccination (p<0.05). Among the HBM variables, the perceived susceptibility construct (OR=3.82, 95% CI 1.64-8.94) and perceived benefit construct (OR=7.59, CI 1.65-34.86) were important facilitators for a definite intention to vaccinate. The perceived barriers construct (safety [OR= 0.062, CI 0.03-0.15]; side effects of the vaccine [OR=0.31, CI 0.13-0.75]) and cues to action construct (OR=0.32, CI 0.13-0.77) were the significant factors hindering the uptake of COVID-19 vaccine. However, the perceived severity construct did not play an important role in predicting definite intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in the Saudi population. Conclusion The study has important implications for promoting COVID-19 vaccination uptake among the population of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Alobaidi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Almubark RA, Memish ZA, Tamim H, Alenazi TH, Alabdulla M, Sanai FM, BinDhim NF, Alfaraj S, Alqahtani SA. Natural History and Clinical Course of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Med Med Sci 2021; 9:118-124. [PMID: 34084102 PMCID: PMC8152377 DOI: 10.4103/sjmms.sjmms_853_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: To analyze symptomatic and asymptomatic COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia in terms of initial presentation, risk factors, laboratory findings, clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization. Methods: All laboratory-confirmed reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction positive COVID-19 patients who had been tested at three governmental hospitals in Saudi Arabia (two in Riyadh and one in Makkah) between March 8 and May 18, 2020 were included. Demographics, COVID-19 variables, clinical characteristics and healthcare utilization variables were extracted and combined, and a descriptive analysis was conducted. Symptomatic and asymptomatic (on presentation) patients' data were compared. Results: Eighty percent of the patients were males (81.4% of symptomatic and 73.2% of asymptomatic patients, P = 0.02). Moreover, 47.6% and 38.4% of symptomatic and asymptomatic patients were aged 40–64 years, respectively. Fever, cough and breathing difficulties were frequent presenting symptoms. Overall, diabetes (16.4%), hypertension (11.7%), chronic respiratory disease (7.1%) were the most frequent comorbidities, with no differences between the two groups. Symptomatic patients had higher C-reactive protein levels (3.55 vs. 0.30 mg/L; P < 0.0001) and lower total lymphocytes (1.41 vs. 1.70; P = 0.02). ICU admission and mortality were 12.1% and 4.1% in symptomatic, compared to 6.0% and 2.9% in asymptomatic patients, respectively. Conclusion: In the studied COVID-19 cohort, symptomatic patients tended to be older, had higher C-reactive protein and more lymphopenia with worse outcome than asymptomatic patients. This granular analysis of COVID-19 cohorts enables identification of at-risk cohorts in future waves, optimizing development of patient pathways and public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha A Almubark
- Scientific Affairs Department, Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hani Tamim
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thamer H Alenazi
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alabdulla
- Department of Transplant Infectious Disease, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal M Sanai
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser F BinDhim
- Scientific Affairs Department, Sharik Association for Health Research, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Al-Faisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,CEO Office, Saudi Food and Drug Authority, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sarah Alfaraj
- Infection Control and Corona Center, Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Liver Transplantation Unit, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
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