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Singh MP, Rai S, Gupta SK, Singh NK, Srivastava S. Unsupervised machine learning-based clustering identifies unique molecular signatures of colorectal cancer with distinct clinical outcomes. Genes Dis 2023; 10:2270-2273. [PMID: 37554193 PMCID: PMC10404974 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pratap Singh
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
- Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur 273001, India
| | - Sandhya Rai
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
| | - Sarvesh K. Gupta
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
| | - Nand K. Singh
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Prayagraj 211004, India
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2
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González-Montero J, Burotto M, Valenzuela G, Mateluna D, Buen-Abad F, Toro J, Barajas O, Marcelain K. Classification of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer into consensus molecular subtypes into real-world: A pilot study. World J Clin Oncol 2023; 14:409-419. [PMID: 37970108 PMCID: PMC10631348 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v14.i10.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a complex disease with high mortality rates. Over time, the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) has gradually improved due to the development of modern chemotherapy and targeted therapy regimens. However, due to the inherent heterogeneity of this condition, identifying reliable predictive biomarkers for targeted therapies remains challenging. A recent promising classification system-the consensus molecular subtype (CMS) system-offers the potential to categorize mCRC patients based on their unique biological and molecular characteristics. Four distinct CMS categories have been defined: immune (CMS1), canonical (CMS2), metabolic (CMS3), and mesenchymal (CMS4). Nevertheless, there is currently no standardized protocol for accurately classifying patients into CMS categories. To address this challenge, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and next-generation genomic sequencing (NGS) techniques may hold promise for precisely classifying mCRC patients into their CMSs. AIM To investigate if mCRC patients can be classified into CMS categories using a standardized molecular biology workflow. METHODS This observational study was conducted at the University of Chile Clinical Hospital and included patients with unresectable mCRC who were undergoing systemic treatment with chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy. Molecular biology techniques were employed to analyse primary tumour samples from these patients. RT-qPCR was utilized to assess the expression of genes associated with fibrosis (TGF-β and β-catenin) and cell growth pathways (c-MYC). NGS using a 25-gene panel (TumorSec) was performed to identify specific genomic mutations. The patients were then classified into one of the four CMS categories according to the clinical consensus of a Tumour Board. Informed consent was obtained from all the patients prior to their participation in this study. All techniques were conducted at University of Chile. RESULTS Twenty-six patients were studied with the techniques and then evaluated by the Tumour Board to determine the specific CMS. Among them, 23% (n = 6), 19% (n = 5), 31% (n = 8), and 19% (n = 5) were classified as CMS1, CMS2, CMS3, and CMS4, respectively. Additionally, 8% of patients (n = 2) could not be classified into any of the four CMS categories. The median overall survival of the total sample was 28 mo, and for CMS1, CMS2, CMS3 and CMS4 it was 11, 20, 30 and 45 mo respectively, with no statistically significant differences between groups. CONCLUSION A molecular biology workflow and clinical consensus analysis can be used to accurately classify mCRC patients. This classification process, which divides patients into the four CMS categories, holds significant potential for improving research strategies and targeted therapies tailored to the specific characteristics of mCRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime González-Montero
- Bradford Hill Clinical Research Center, Santiago 8420383, Chile
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | | | - Guillermo Valenzuela
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Debora Mateluna
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Florencia Buen-Abad
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Jessica Toro
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Olga Barajas
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Katherine Marcelain
- Basic and Clinical Oncology Department, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile
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3
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Kasprzak A. Prognostic Biomarkers of Cell Proliferation in Colorectal Cancer (CRC): From Immunohistochemistry to Molecular Biology Techniques. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4570. [PMID: 37760539 PMCID: PMC10526446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Nonetheless, non-invasive and effective prognostic and predictive testing in CRC patients remains challenging. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., APC, KRAS/BRAF, TGF-β, and TP53). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as SERP, p14, p16, LINE-1, and RASSF1A. The number of proliferation-related long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) that could serve as potential CRC markers has also steadily increased in recent years. Among the immunohistochemical (IHC) proliferative markers, the prognostic value regarding the patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) has been confirmed for thymidylate synthase (TS), cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki-67. In most cases, the overexpression of these markers in tissues was related to worse OS and DFS. However, slowly proliferating cells should also be considered in CRC therapy (especially radiotherapy) as they could represent a reservoir from which cells are recruited to replenish the rapidly proliferating population in response to cell-damaging factors. Considering the above, the aim of this article is to review the most common proliferative markers assessed using various methods including IHC and selected molecular biology techniques (e.g., qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, RNA/DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing) as prognostic and predictive markers in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona Kasprzak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, Swiecicki Street 6, 60-781 Poznan, Poland
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4
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Wagman LD, Geller DA, Jacobs SA, Petrelli NJ, Allegra CJ, Lipchik C, Pogue‐Geile KL, Srinivasan A, Wang Y, O'Connell MJ. NSABP FC‐6: Surgical conversion rate in colorectal cancer patients with unresectable, KRAS wild‐type liver metastases receiving mFOLFOX7 plus cetuximab. J Surg Oncol 2022; 126:1494-1503. [DOI: 10.1002/jso.27078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence D. Wagman
- Department of Medicine NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Surgery/Oncology City of Hope Orange CA
| | - David A. Geller
- Department of Medicine NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Surgery/Oncology, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh PA
| | - Samuel A. Jacobs
- Department of Oncology/Hematology NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
| | - Nicholas J. Petrelli
- Department of Medicine NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Surgery/Oncology Christiana Care Health Service/Helen F Graham Cancer Center; Newark DE
| | - Carmen J. Allegra
- Department of Medicine NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology University of Florida Gainesville FL
| | - Corey Lipchik
- Department of Pathology NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
| | | | | | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pathology NSABP Foundation Pittsburgh PA
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5
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Alnuaimi AR, Nair VA, Malhab LJB, Abu-Gharbieh E, Ranade AV, Pintus G, Hamad M, Busch H, Kirfel J, Hamoudi R, Abdel-Rahman WM. Emerging role of caldesmon in cancer: A potential biomarker for colorectal cancer and other cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 14:1637-1653. [PMID: 36187394 PMCID: PMC9516648 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i9.1637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a devastating disease, mainly because of metastasis. As a result, there is a need to better understand the molecular basis of invasion and metastasis and to identify new biomarkers and therapeutic targets to aid in managing these tumors. The actin cytoskeleton and actin-binding proteins are known to play an important role in the process of cancer metastasis because they control and execute essential steps in cell motility and contractility as well as cell division. Caldesmon (CaD) is an actin-binding protein encoded by the CALD1 gene as multiple transcripts that mainly encode two protein isoforms: High-molecular-weight CaD, expressed in smooth muscle, and low-molecular weight CaD (l-CaD), expressed in nonsmooth muscle cells. According to our comprehensive review of the literature, CaD, particularly l-CaD, plays a key role in the development, metastasis, and resistance to chemoradiotherapy in colorectal, breast, and urinary bladder cancers and gliomas, among other malignancies. CaD is involved in many aspects of the carcinogenic hallmarks, including epithelial mesenchymal transition via transforming growth factor-beta signaling, angiogenesis, resistance to hormonal therapy, and immune evasion. Recent data show that CaD is expressed in tumor cells as well as in stromal cells, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts, where it modulates the tumor microenvironment to favor the tumor. Interestingly, CaD undergoes selective tumor-specific splicing, and the resulting isoforms are generally not expressed in normal tissues, making these transcripts ideal targets for drug design. In this review, we will analyze these features of CaD with a focus on CRC and show how the currently available data qualify CaD as a potential candidate for targeted therapy in addition to its role in the diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alya R Alnuaimi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vidhya A Nair
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lara J Bou Malhab
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anu Vinod Ranade
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gianfranco Pintus
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Mohamad Hamad
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hauke Busch
- University Cancer Center Schleswig-Holstein and Luebeck Institute for Experimental Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck 23560, Germany
| | - Jutta Kirfel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck 23560, Germany
| | - Rifat Hamoudi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Wael M Abdel-Rahman
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
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Ito M, Nakano M, Ariyama H, Yamaguchi K, Tanaka R, Semba Y, Sugio T, Miyawaki K, Kikushige Y, Mizuno S, Isobe T, Tanoue K, Taguchi R, Ueno S, Kawano T, Murata M, Baba E, Akashi K. Macrophages are primed to transdifferentiate into fibroblasts in malignant ascites and pleural effusions. Cancer Lett 2022; 532:215597. [PMID: 35150810 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in cancer progression. However, the origin of CAFs remains unclear. This study shows that macrophages in malignant ascites and pleural effusions (cavity fluid-associated macrophages: CAMs) transdifferentiate into fibroblast-like cells. CAMs obtained from gastrointestinal cancer patients were sorted by flow cytometry and cultured in vitro. CD45+CD14+ CAMs transdifferentiated into CD45-CD90+ fibroblast-like cells that exhibited spindle shapes. Then, cDNA microarray analysis showed that the CD45-CD90+ fibroblast-like cells (macrophage-derived CAFs: MDCAFs) had a fibroblast-specific gene expression signature and produced growth factors for epithelial cell proliferation. Human colon cancer cells transplanted into immunodeficient mice with MDCAFs formed larger tumors than cancer cells alone. Gene ontology analyses showed the involvement of TGFβ signaling and cell-matrix adhesion in MDCAFs, and transdifferentiation of CAMs into MDCAFs was canceled by inhibiting TGFβ and cell adhesion. Furthermore, the acquired genetic alterations in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were shared in CAMs and MDCAFs. Taken together, CAMs could be a source of CAFs and might originate from HSCs. We propose the transdifferentiation process of CAMs into MDCAFs as a new therapeutic target for fibrosis associated with gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Ito
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michitaka Nakano
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ariyama
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yamaguchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Risa Tanaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hamanomachi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Semba
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugio
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kohta Miyawaki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshikane Kikushige
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mizuno
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taichi Isobe
- Department of Oncology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kenro Tanoue
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Taguchi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Ueno
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahito Kawano
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaharu Murata
- Center for Advanced Medical Innovation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eishi Baba
- Department of Oncology and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Koichi Akashi
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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McAndrews KM, Vázquez-Arreguín K, Kwak C, Sugimoto H, Zheng X, Li B, Kirtley ML, LeBleu VS, Kalluri R. αSMA + fibroblasts suppress Lgr5 + cancer stem cells and restrain colorectal cancer progression. Oncogene 2021; 40:4440-4452. [PMID: 34108617 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development and progression of solid tumors is dependent on cancer cell autonomous drivers and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the TME possess both tumor-promoting and tumor-restraining functions. In the current study, we interrogated the role of αSMA+ CAFs in a genetic mouse model of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). Selective depletion of αSMA+ CAFs resulted in increased tumor invasiveness, lymph node metastasis, and reduced overall survival. Depletion of αSMA+ CAFs reduced BMP4 and increased TGFβ1 secretion from stromal cells, and was associated with increased Lgr5+ cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) and the generation of an immunosuppressive TME with increased frequency of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and suppression of CD8+ T cells. This study demonstrates that αSMA+ CAFs in CRC exert tumor-restraining functions via BMP4/TGFβ1 paracrine signaling that serves to suppress Lgr5+ CSCs and promote anti-tumor immunity, ultimately limiting CRC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M McAndrews
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Karina Vázquez-Arreguín
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Changsoo Kwak
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hikaru Sugimoto
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bingrui Li
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michelle L Kirtley
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Valerie S LeBleu
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raghu Kalluri
- Metastasis Research Center, Department of Cancer Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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8
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Shang Y, Zhang X, Lu L, Jiang K, Krohn M, Matschos S, Mullins CS, Vollmar B, Zechner D, Gong P, Linnebacher M. Pharmaceutical immunoglobulin G impairs anti-carcinoma activity of oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1411-20. [PMID: 33558709 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence proves that intravenous human immunoglobulin G (IgG) can impair cancer cell viability. However, no study evaluated whether IgG application benefits cancer patients receiving chemotherapeutics. METHODS Influence of pharmaceutical-grade human IgG on the viability of a series of patient-derived colon cancer cell lines with and without chemotherapeutic intervention was determined. Cell death was analysed flow cytometrically. In addition, the influence of oxaliplatin and IgG on the ERK1/2-signalling pathway was evaluated by western blots. RESULTS We evaluated the effects of pharmaceutical IgG, such as PRIVIGEN® IgG and Tonglu® IgG, in combination with chemotherapeutics. We did not observe any significant effects of IgG on tumour cell viability directly; however, human IgG significantly impaired the anti-tumoral effects of oxaliplatin. Primary cancer cell lines express IgG receptors and accumulate human IgG intracellularly. Moreover, while oxaliplatin induced the activation of ERK1/2, the pharmaceutical IgG inhibited ERK1/2 activity. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates that pharmaceutical IgG, such as PRIVIGEN® IgG and Tonglu® IgG, can impair the anti-carcinoma activity of oxaliplatin. These data strongly suggest that therapeutic IgG as co-medication might have harmful side effects in cancer patients. The clinical significance of these preclinical observations absolutely advises further preclinical, as well as epidemiological and clinical research.
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Singh MP, Rai S, Pandey A, Singh NK, Srivastava S. Molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer: An emerging therapeutic opportunity for personalized medicine. Genes Dis 2021; 8:133-145. [PMID: 33997160 PMCID: PMC8099693 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular subtypes-based therapies offer new potential framework for desired and precise outcome in clinical settings. Current treatment strategies in colorectal cancer are largely 'one drug fit all' model for patients that display same pathological conditions. However, CRC is a very heterogenous set of malignancy that does not support for above criteria. Each subtype displays different pathological and genetic signatures. Based on these features, therapeutic stratification for individual patients may be designed, which may ultimately lead to improved therapeutic outcomes. In this comprehensive review, we have attempted to briefly outline major CRC pathways. A detailed overview of molecular subtypes and their clinical significance has been discussed. Present and future methods, governing CRC subtyping in the era of personalized therapy with a special emphasis on CMS subtypes of CRC has been reviewed. Together, discovery and validation of new CRC patient stratification methods, screening for novel therapeutic targets, and enhanced diagnosis of CRC may improve the treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Sandhya Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Ashutosh Pandey
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Nand K. Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
| | - Sameer Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, UP, 211004, India
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10
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Buikhuisen JY, Torang A, Medema JP. Exploring and modelling colon cancer inter-tumour heterogeneity: opportunities and challenges. Oncogenesis 2020; 9:66. [PMID: 32647253 PMCID: PMC7347540 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-020-00250-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer inter-tumour heterogeneity is installed on multiple levels, ranging from (epi)genetic driver events to signalling pathway rewiring reflected by differential gene expression patterns. Although the existence of heterogeneity in colon cancer has been recognised for a longer period of time, it is sparingly incorporated as a determining factor in current clinical practice. Here we describe how unsupervised gene expression-based classification efforts, amongst which the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS), can stratify patients in biological subgroups associated with distinct disease outcome and responses to therapy. We will discuss what is needed to extend these subtyping efforts to the clinic and we will argue that preclinical models recapitulate CMS subtypes and can be of vital use to increase our understanding of treatment response and resistance and to discover novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Buikhuisen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arezo Torang
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Oncode Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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11
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Tieng FYF, Baharudin R, Abu N, Mohd Yunos RI, Lee LH, Ab Mutalib NS. Single Cell Transcriptome in Colorectal Cancer-Current Updates on Its Application in Metastasis, Chemoresistance and the Roles of Circulating Tumor Cells. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:135. [PMID: 32174835 PMCID: PMC7056698 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most common cancer worldwide, a challenge for research, and a model for studying the molecular mechanisms involved in its development. Previously, bulk transcriptomics analyses were utilized to classify CRC based on its distinct molecular and clinicopathological features for prognosis and diagnosis of patients. The introduction of single-cell transcriptomics completely turned the table by enabling the examination of the expression levels of individual cancer cell within a single tumor. In this review, we highlighted the importance of these single-cell transcriptomics analyses as well as suggesting circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as the main focus of single-cell RNA sequencing. Characterization of these cells might reveal the intratumoral heterogeneity present in CRC while providing critical insights into cancer metastasis. To summarize, we believed the analysis of gene expression patterns of CTC from CRC at single-cell resolution holds the potential to provide key information for identification of prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as the development of precise and personalized cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Yew Fu Tieng
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rashidah Baharudin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ryia-Illani Mohd Yunos
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Learn-Han Lee
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nurul-Syakima Ab Mutalib
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Pietrafesa M, Maddalena F, Possidente L, Condelli V, Zoppoli P, Li Bergolis V, Rodriquenz MG, Aieta M, Vita G, Esposito F, Landriscina M. Gene Copy Number and Post-Transductional Mechanisms Regulate TRAP1 Expression in Human Colorectal Carcinomas. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:E145. [PMID: 31878280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-Associated Protein 1 (TRAP1) is a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) molecular chaperone overexpressed in 60-70% human colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) and the co-upregulation of TRAP1 and associated 6-related proteins identifies metastatic CRCs with poor prognosis. Since the molecular mechanisms responsible for TRAP1 regulation are still unknown, the significance of TRAP1 gene copy number (CN) and the role of post-transductional protein modifications were addressed. TRAP1 gene aneuploidy accounted for 34.5% of cases in a cohort of 58 human CRCs and TRAP1 CN correlated with its mRNA and protein expression, suggesting that transcriptional mechanisms are responsible for TRAP1 upregulation. Furthermore, the analysis of the National Cancer Institute's Clinical Proteomic Tumor Analysis Consortium/The Cancer Genome Atlas (CPTAC/TCGA) CRC database showed that TRAP1 polysomy significantly correlates with lymph node involvement. However, a subgroup of tumors showed TRAP1 protein levels independent from its CN. Of note, a direct correlation was observed between TRAP1 protein levels and the expression of S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR), a denitrosylase involved in the regulation of protein S-nitrosylation. Furthermore, CRC cell lines exposed to hypoxia or dichloroacetate treatment showed the downregulation of TRAP1 upon GSNOR silencing and this resulted in increased TRAP1 mono/polyubiquitination. These data suggest that transcriptional and post-transductional mechanisms account for TRAP1 expression in human CRCs and GSNOR protects TRAP1 from S-nitrosylation and consequent proteasome degradation mostly in conditions of stress.
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13
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Hentzen JEKR, van der Plas WY, Kuipers H, Ramcharan S, Been LB, Hoogwater FJH, van Ginkel RJ, van Dam GM, Hemmer PHJ, Kruijff S. Delta peritoneal cancer index (ΔPCI): A new dynamic prognostic parameter for survival in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases. Eur J Surg Oncol 2020; 46:590-9. [PMID: 31806520 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2019.11.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peritoneal cancer index (PCI) calculated during exploratory laparotomy is a strong prognostic factor for overall survival (OS) in patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases (PM) who undergo cytoreductive surgery with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS + HIPEC). Progression of the PCI between diagnostic laparoscopy (DLS) and potential CRS + HIPEC (ΔPCI) might be a more dynamic prognostic factor for OS after CRS + HIPEC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between 2012 and 2018, all colorectal PM patients who underwent an exploratory laparotomy for potential CRS + HIPEC after DLS were retrospectively identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients were divided into stable disease (ΔPCI 0-3), mild progression (ΔPCI 4-9), or severe progression (ΔPCI ≥10). Kaplan-Meier analysis and a multivariate Cox regression were performed. RESULTS Eighty-four patients (ΔPCI 0-3, n = 35; ΔPCI 4-9, n = 34; and ΔPCI ≥10, n = 15) were analysed. Median OS after CRS + HIPEC was significantly decreased in patients with a ΔPCI of 4-9 (35.1 [95% CI 25.5-44.6]) or ΔPCI ≥10 (24.1 [95% CI 11.7-36.5]) compared to patients with a ΔPCI of 0-3 (47.9 [95% CI 40.0-55.7], p = 0.004). In multivariate regression analysis, ΔPCI remained an independent risk factor for OS: ΔPCI 4-9 HR 3.1 (95% CI 1.4-7.2, p = 0.007) and ΔPCI ≥10 HR 4.4 (95% CI 1.5-13.1, p = 0.007). CONCLUSION A high ΔPCI is an independent dynamic prognostic factor for OS and might reflect a more aggressive tumour biology in patients with colorectal PM. HIPEC surgeons should be aware of a high-ΔPCI-associated diminished prognosis and should reconsider CRS + HIPEC when confronted with a ΔPCI ≥10.
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14
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López-Sánchez LM, Jiménez-Izquierdo R, Peñarando J, Mena R, Guil-Luna S, Toledano M, Conde F, Villar C, Díaz C, Ortea I, De la Haba-Rodríguez JR, Aranda E, Rodríguez-Ariza A. SWATH-based proteomics reveals processes associated with immune evasion and metastasis in poor prognosis colorectal tumours. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:8219-8232. [PMID: 31560832 PMCID: PMC6850959 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Newly emerged proteomic methodologies, particularly data‐independent acquisition (DIA) analysis–related approaches, would improve current gene expression–based classifications of colorectal cancer (CRC). Therefore, this study was aimed to identify protein expression signatures using SWATH‐MS DIA and targeted data extraction, to aid in the classification of molecular subtypes of CRC and advance in the diagnosis and development of new drugs. For this purpose, 40 human CRC samples and 7 samples of healthy tissue were subjected to proteomic and bioinformatic analysis. The proteomic analysis identified three different molecular CRC subtypes: P1, P2 and P3. Significantly, P3 subtype showed high agreement with the mesenchymal/stem‐like subtype defined by gene expression signatures and characterized by poor prognosis and survival. The P3 subtype was characterized by decreased expression of ribosomal proteins, the spliceosome, and histone deacetylase 2, as well as increased expression of osteopontin, SERPINA 1 and SERPINA 3, and proteins involved in wound healing, acute inflammation and complement pathway. This was also confirmed by immunodetection and gene expression analyses. Our results show that these tumours are characterized by altered expression of proteins involved in biological processes associated with immune evasion and metastasis, suggesting new therapeutic options in the treatment of this aggressive type of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M López-Sánchez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jon Peñarando
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rafael Mena
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Silvia Guil-Luna
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Toledano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Conde
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Villar
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - César Díaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General y del Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio Ortea
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan R De la Haba-Rodríguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Enrique Aranda
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Ariza
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Oncología Médica, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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15
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Poudel P, Nyamundanda G, Patil Y, Cheang MCU, Sadanandam A. Heterocellular gene signatures reveal luminal-A breast cancer heterogeneity and differential therapeutic responses. NPJ Breast Cancer 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 31396557 PMCID: PMC6677833 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-019-0116-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Although differences between intrinsic breast cancer subtypes have been well studied, heterogeneity within each subtype, especially luminal-A cancers, requires further interrogation to personalize disease management. Here, we applied well-characterized and cancer-associated heterocellular signatures representing stem, mesenchymal, stromal, immune, and epithelial cell types to breast cancer. This analysis stratified the luminal-A breast cancer samples into five subtypes with a majority of them enriched for a subtype (stem-like) that has increased stem and stromal cell gene signatures, representing potential luminal progenitor origin. The enrichment of immune checkpoint genes and other immune cell types in two (including stem-like) of the five heterocellular subtypes of luminal-A tumors suggest their potential response to immunotherapy. These immune-enriched subtypes of luminal-A tumors (containing only estrogen receptor positive samples) showed good or intermediate prognosis along with the two other differentiated subtypes as assessed using recurrence-free and distant metastasis-free patient survival outcomes. On the other hand, a partially differentiated subtype of luminal-A breast cancer with transit-amplifying colon-crypt characteristics showed poor prognosis. Furthermore, published luminal-A subtypes associated with specific somatic copy number alterations and mutations shared similar cellular and mutational characteristics to colorectal cancer subtypes where the heterocellular signatures were derived. These heterocellular subtypes reveal transcriptome and cell-type based heterogeneity of luminal-A and other breast cancer subtypes that may be useful for additional understanding of the cancer type and potential patient stratification and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Poudel
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Gift Nyamundanda
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yatish Patil
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
- Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
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16
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Hentzen JEKR, Rovers KP, Kuipers H, van der Plas WY, Been LB, Hoogwater FJH, van Ginkel RJ, Hemmer PHJ, van Dam GM, de Hingh IHJT, Kruijff S. Impact of Synchronous Versus Metachronous Onset of Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases on Survival Outcomes After Cytoreductive Surgery (CRS) with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (HIPEC): A Multicenter, Retrospective, Observational Study. Ann Surg Oncol 2019; 26:2210-2221. [PMID: 30877495 PMCID: PMC6545176 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-019-07294-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background Careful selection of patients with colorectal peritoneal metastases (PM) for cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) is crucial. It remains unknown whether the time of onset of colorectal PM (synchronous vs metachronous) influences surgical morbidity and survival outcomes after CRS with HIPEC. Methods Patients with histologically proven colorectal PM who underwent CRS with HIPEC between February 2006 and December 2017 in two Dutch tertiary referral hospitals were retrospectively included from a prospectively maintained database. The onset of colorectal PM was classified as synchronous (PM diagnosed at the initiational presentation with colorectal cancer) or metachronous (PM diagnosed after initial curative colorectal resection). Major postoperative complications (Clavien–Dindo grade ≥ 3), overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between patients with synchronous colorectal PM and those with metachronous colorectal PM using Kaplan–Meier analyses, proportional hazard analyses, and a multivariate Cox regression analysis. Results The study enrolled 433 patients, of whom 231 (53%) had synchronous colorectal PM and 202 (47%) had metachronous colorectal PM. The major postoperative complication rate and median OS were similar between the patients with synchronous colorectal PM and those with metachronous colorectal PM (26.8% vs 29.7%; p = 0.693 and 34 vs 33 months, respectively; p = 0.819). The median DFS was significantly decreased for the patients with metachronous colorectal PM and those with synchronous colorectal PM (11 vs 15 months; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–2.26). Conclusions Metachronous onset of colorectal PM is associated with early recurrence after CRS with HIPEC compared with synchronous colorectal PM, without a difference in OS or major postoperative complications. Time to onset of colorectal PM should be taken into consideration to optimize patient selection for this major procedure. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1245/s10434-019-07294-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E K R Hentzen
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen P Rovers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hendrien Kuipers
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn Y van der Plas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lukas B Been
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik J H Hoogwater
- Department of Surgery, Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert J van Ginkel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick H J Hemmer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gooitzen M van Dam
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging and Intensive Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ignace H J T de Hingh
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,GROW, School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Schelto Kruijff
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Athauda A, Segelov E, Ali Z, Chau I. Integrative molecular analysis of colorectal cancer and gastric cancer: What have we learnt? Cancer Treat Rev 2019; 73:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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18
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Alwers E, Jia M, Kloor M, Bläker H, Brenner H, Hoffmeister M. Associations Between Molecular Classifications of Colorectal Cancer and Patient Survival: A Systematic Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 17:402-410.e2. [PMID: 29306042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with different mechanisms of pathogenesis. Classification systems have been proposed based on molecular features of tumors, but none are used in clinical practice. We performed a systematic review of studies on the associations between molecular classifications of CRC and patient survival. METHODS We searched the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases for combinations of terms related to CRC, molecular markers, subtype classifications, and survival (overall survival, disease-specific survival, disease-free survival). We included only studies that used at least 3 molecular markers to classify tumors and provided an estimate of survival associated with each subtype. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by 2 reviewers. RESULTS We identified 6 studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria. In these studies, molecular subtypes were assigned based on pathways associated with tumor development or findings from gene expression clustering analyses. Most studies proposed classification systems with 5 subtypes, including information on microsatellite instability, mutations in BRAF, and mutations in KRAS. None of the studies included TNM stage in their classification system. Three classification systems used similar definitions. Only 3 studies provided internal or external validation of the proposed classification schemes. Tumors with microsatellite stability and mutations in KRAS or BRAF were associated with decreased survival times, compared with tumors with microsatellite stability and no mutations. CONCLUSIONS In a systematic review of studies of molecular classifications of CRC and patient survival, we found that most subtypes were not significantly or not differentially associated with survival. None of the systems integrated TNM staging. Further research and validation are needed to develop molecular subtype classification systems for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Alwers
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Min Jia
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kloor
- Department of Applied Tumor Biology, Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Pathology, Charité University Medicine Hospital, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Preventive Oncology, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Preventive Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Eason K, Nyamundanda G, Sadanandam A. polyClustR: defining communities of reconciled cancer subtypes with biological and prognostic significance. BMC Bioinformatics 2018; 19:182. [PMID: 29801433 PMCID: PMC5970540 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-018-2204-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To ensure cancer patients are stratified towards treatments that are optimally beneficial, it is a priority to define robust molecular subtypes using clustering methods applied to high-dimensional biological data. If each of these methods produces different numbers of clusters for the same data, it is difficult to achieve an optimal solution. Here, we introduce “polyClustR”, a tool that reconciles clusters identified by different methods into subtype “communities” using a hypergeometric test or a measure of relative proportion of common samples. Results The polyClustR pipeline was initially tested using a breast cancer dataset to demonstrate how results are compatible with and add to the understanding of this well-characterised cancer. Two uveal melanoma datasets were then utilised to identify and validate novel subtype communities with significant metastasis-free prognostic differences and associations with known chromosomal aberrations. Conclusion We demonstrate the value of the polyClustR approach of applying multiple consensus clustering algorithms and systematically reconciling the results in identifying novel subtype communities of two cancer types, which nevertheless are compatible with established understanding of these diseases. An R implementation of the pipeline is available at: https://github.com/syspremed/polyClustR Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12859-018-2204-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Eason
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, UK
| | - Gift Nyamundanda
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, UK.,Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH), London, UK
| | - Anguraj Sadanandam
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, UK. .,Centre for Molecular Pathology, Royal Marsden Hospital (RMH), London, UK.
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20
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Wang W, Kandimalla R, Huang H, Zhu L, Li Y, Gao F, Goel A, Wang X. Molecular subtyping of colorectal cancer: Recent progress, new challenges and emerging opportunities. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 55:37-52. [PMID: 29775690 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Similar to many other malignancies, CRC is a heterogeneous disease, making it a clinical challenge for optimization of treatment modalities in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. A more precise understanding of the biological properties that distinguish patients with colorectal tumors, especially in terms of their clinical features, is a key requirement towards a more robust, targeted-drug design, and implementation of individualized therapies. In the recent decades, extensive studies have reported distinct CRC subtypes, with a mutation-centered view of tumor heterogeneity. However, more recently, the paradigm has shifted towards transcriptome-based classifications, represented by six independent CRC taxonomies. In 2015, the colorectal cancer subtyping consortium reported the identification of four consensus molecular subtypes (CMSs), providing thus far the most robust classification system for CRC. In this review, we summarize the historical timeline of CRC classification approaches; discuss their salient features and potential limitations that may require further refinement in near future. In other words, in spite of the recent encouraging progress, several major challenges prevent translation of molecular knowledge gleaned from CMSs into the clinic. Herein, we summarize some of these potential challenges and discuss exciting new opportunities currently emerging in related fields. We believe, close collaborations between basic researchers, bioinformaticians and clinicians are imperative for addressing these challenges, and eventually paving the path for CRC subtyping into routine clinical practice as we usher into the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Raju Kandimalla
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3410 Worth Street, Suite 610, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Hao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lina Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute and Charles A Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor Research Institute and Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, 3410 Worth Street, Suite 610, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Testa U, Pelosi E, Castelli G. Colorectal cancer: genetic abnormalities, tumor progression, tumor heterogeneity, clonal evolution and tumor-initiating cells. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E31. [PMID: 29652830 PMCID: PMC6024750 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide. Most colorectal cancer occurrences are sporadic, not related to genetic predisposition or family history; however, 20-30% of patients with colorectal cancer have a family history of colorectal cancer and 5% of these tumors arise in the setting of a Mendelian inheritance syndrome. In many patients, the development of a colorectal cancer is preceded by a benign neoplastic lesion: either an adenomatous polyp or a serrated polyp. Studies carried out in the last years have characterized the main molecular alterations occurring in colorectal cancers, showing that the tumor of each patient displays from two to eight driver mutations. The ensemble of molecular studies, including gene expression studies, has led to two proposed classifications of colorectal cancers, with the identification of four/five non-overlapping groups. The homeostasis of the rapidly renewing intestinal epithelium is ensured by few stem cells present at the level of the base of intestinal crypts. Various experimental evidence suggests that colorectal cancers may derive from the malignant transformation of intestinal stem cells or of intestinal cells that acquire stem cell properties following malignant transformation. Colon cancer stem cells seem to be involved in tumor chemoresistance, radioresistance and relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Germana Castelli
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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22
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Sagaert X, Vanstapel A, Verbeek S. Tumor Heterogeneity in Colorectal Cancer: What Do We Know So Far? Pathobiology 2018; 85:72-84. [PMID: 29414818 DOI: 10.1159/000486721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is not one disease but rather a collection of neoplastic diseases. Due to heterogeneity in the disease biology, therapy response, and prognosis, extensive disease stratification is required. Therefore, TNM stage, microsatellite status, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, and other parameters are assessed in the pathology report to indicate the extent and prognosis of the disease. The mutation status of KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS is also investigated in a metastatic context to predict the response to anti-EGFR therapy. Recently, 4 distinct molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer have been described that have both prognostic and therapeutic relevance. In addition, characterization of the inflammatory infiltrate revealed major differences in the amount and location of inflammatory cells in distinct colorectal tumor types. Together, all of these parameters help to stratify patients into different therapeutic and prognostic subgroups. However, this stratification is not unambiguous since tumors often display intratumoral heterogeneity, whereby several subpopulations within one tumor show differences in morphology, inflammatory infiltrate, mutational status, or gene expression profile. This article gives an overview of all of the current known data with regard to tumor heterogeneity at both inter- and intratumoral levels.
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Kim WG, Kim JY, Park DY. Simple classifiers for molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Arab J Gastroenterol 2017; 18:191-200. [PMID: 29241727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIM Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease entity with a diverse biological pathogenesis. This study aims to validate the two studies published in 2013 which established a separate CRC molecular subtype classification by utilizing a rapidly accessible miniclassifier, and verify a simplified version thereof. PATIENTS AND METHODS Participants diagnosed with CRC (n = 568) were subtyped in three classifications for characteristic, and prognostic purposes. Colorectal cancer subtypes (CCS) were classified as: i) CCS1 (CDX2+, microsatellite stable (MSS)/microsatellite instability (MSI)-low), ii) CCS2 (MSI-high), and iii) CCS3 (FRMD6/ZEB1/HTR2B +, CDX2-, MSS/MSI-low]. Simplified CCS (SiCCS) subtypes were grouped as: i) CDX2 (CDX2+, MSS/MSI-low, ZEB1 ≤ 2), ii) MSI-H (MSI-high, CDX2/FRMD6/ZEB1/HTR2B +/-), and iii) ZEB1 (ZEB1 ≥ 2, CDX2-, MSS/MSI-low). New molecular classification (NMC) subtypes were defined as: i) enterocyte (E-C) (MUC2 +), ii) goblet-like (G-L) (MUC2 + and TFF3 +), iii) transit-amplifying (T-A) (CFTR +), and iv) stem-like (S-L) (ZEB1 +). RESULTS In total, 53.5% (n = 304) CCS, 58.3% (n = 331) SiCCS, and 37.7% (n = 214) NMC tumours could be evaluated. CCS2 and MSI-H CRCs had the most favourable survival outcome, whereas the CCS3, ZEB1 and S-L subtypes showed the poorest prognosis. A significant overlap between CCS3, ZEB1, and S-L tumours was demonstrated. CONCLUSION There is still a need for a consensus gene expression-based subtyping classification system for CRCs, thereby allowing the categorization of most CRC tumours. This study reveals that a simple and rapidly accessible process could replace the complicated, costly and mostly inapproachable methods clinical practices that have been introduced in the majority of previous studies.
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24
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Hughes LAE, Simons CCJM, van den Brandt PA, van Engeland M, Weijenberg MP. Lifestyle, Diet, and Colorectal Cancer Risk According to (Epi)genetic Instability: Current Evidence and Future Directions of Molecular Pathological Epidemiology. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2017;13:455-469. [PMID: 29249914 PMCID: PMC5725509 DOI: 10.1007/s11888-017-0395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review In this review, we describe molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) studies from around the world that have studied diet and/or lifestyle factors in relation to molecular markers of (epi)genetic pathways in colorectal cancer (CRC), and explore future perspectives in this realm of research. The main focus of this review is diet and lifestyle factors for which there is evidence for an association with CRC as identified by the World Cancer Research Fund reports. In addition, we review promising hypotheses, that warrant consideration in future studies. Recent Findings Associations between molecular characteristics of CRC have been published in relation to smoking, alcohol consumption; body mass index (BMI); waist:hip ratio; adult attained height; physical activity; early life energy restriction; dietary acrylamide, fiber, fat, methyl donors, omega 3 fatty acids; meat, including total protein, processed meat, and heme iron; and fruit and vegetable intake. Summary MPE studies help identify where associations between diet, lifestyle, and CRC risk may otherwise be masked and also shed light on how timing of exposure can influence etiology. Sample size is often an issue, but this may be addressed in the future by pooling data.
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25
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Maddalena F, Simeon V, Vita G, Bochicchio A, Possidente L, Sisinni L, Lettini G, Condelli V, Matassa DS, Li Bergolis V, Fersini A, Romito S, Aieta M, Ambrosi A, Esposito F, Landriscina M. TRAP1 protein signature predicts outcome in human metastatic colorectal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:21229-21240. [PMID: 28177905 PMCID: PMC5400579 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAP1 is a HSP90 molecular chaperone upregulated in colorectal carcinomas and involved in control of intracellular signaling, cell cycle, apoptosis and drug resistance, stemness and bioenergetics through co-traslational regulation of a network of client proteins. Thus, the clinical significance of TRAP1 protein network was analyzed in human colorectal cancers. TRAP1 and/or its client proteins were quantified, by immunoblot analysis, in 60 surgical specimens of colorectal carcinomas at different stages and, by immunohistochemistry, in 9 colorectal adenomatous polyps, 11 in situ carcinomas and 55 metastatic colorectal tumors. TRAP1 is upregulated at the transition between low- and high-grade adenomas, in in situ carcinomas and in about 60% of human colorectal carcinomas, being downregulated only in a small cohort of tumors. The analysis of TCGA database showed that a subgroup of colorectal tumors is characterized by gain/loss of TRAP1 copy number, this correlating with its mRNA and protein expression. Interestingly, TRAP1 is co-expressed with the majority of its client proteins and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the upregulation of TRAP1 and associated 6-protein signature (i.e., IF2α, eF1A, TBP7, MAD2, CDK1 and βCatenin) identifies a cohort of metastatic colorectal carcinomas with a significantly shorter overall survival (HR 5.4; 95% C.I. 1.1-26.6; p=0.037). Consistently, the prognostic relevance of TRAP1 was confirmed in a cohort of 55 metastatic colorectal tumors. Finally, TRAP1 positive expression and its prognostic value are more evident in left colon cancers. These data suggest that TRAP1 protein network may provide a prognostic signature in human metastatic colorectal carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maddalena
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Vittorio Simeon
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giulia Vita
- Pathology, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Annamaria Bochicchio
- Medical Oncology Units, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Luciana Possidente
- Pathology, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Lorenza Sisinni
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lettini
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Valentina Condelli
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Danilo Swann Matassa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Li Bergolis
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Alberto Fersini
- General Surgery Units, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Sante Romito
- Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Aieta
- Medical Oncology Units, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery Units, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Franca Esposito
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, IRCCS, Referral Cancer Center of Basilicata, 85028 Rionero in Vulture, Italy.,Medical Oncology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
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26
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Abstract
Molecular testing in colorectal cancer helps to address multiple clinical needs. Evaluating the mismatch repair pathway status is the most common use for molecular diagnostics and this testing provides prognostic information, guides therapeutic decisions and helps identify Lynch syndrome patients. For patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, testing for activating mutations in downstream components of the EGFR signaling pathway can identify patients who will benefit from anti-EGFR therapy. Emerging molecular tests for colorectal cancer will help further refine patient selection for targeted therapies and may provide new options for monitoring disease recurrence and the development of treatment resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Jason L Hornick
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Trumpi K, Ubink I, Trinh A, Djafarihamedani M, Jongen JM, Govaert KM, Elias SG, van Hooff SR, Medema JP, Lacle MM, Vermeulen L, Borel Rinkes IHM, Kranenburg O. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy affects molecular classification of colorectal tumors. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e357. [PMID: 28692036 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of ‘molecular subtypes’ in human primary colorectal cancer has revealed correlations between subtype, propensity to metastasize and response to therapy. It is currently not known whether the molecular tumor subtype is maintained after distant spread. If this is the case, molecular subtyping of the primary tumor could guide subtype-targeted therapy of metastatic disease. In this study, we classified paired samples of primary colorectal carcinomas and their corresponding liver metastases (n=129) as epithelial-like or mesenchymal-like, using a recently developed immunohistochemistry-based classification tool. We observed considerable discordance (45%) in the classification of primary tumors and their liver metastases. Discordant classification was significantly associated with the use of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of chemotherapy-exposed versus chemotherapy naive liver metastases revealed expression of a mesenchymal program in pre-treated tumors. To explore whether chemotherapy could cause gene expression changes influencing molecular subtyping, we exposed patient-derived colonospheres to six short cycles of 5-fluorouracil. Gene expression profiling and signature enrichment analysis subsequently revealed that the expression of signatures identifying mesenchymal-like tumors was strongly increased in chemotherapy-exposed tumor cultures. Unsupervised clustering of large cohorts of human colon tumors with the chemotherapy-induced gene expression program identified a poor prognosis mesenchymal-like subgroup. We conclude that neoadjuvant chemotherapy induces a mesenchymal phenotype in residual tumor cells and that this may influence the molecular classification of colorectal tumors.
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28
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Glynne-Jones R, Wyrwicz L, Tiret E, Brown G, Rödel C, Cervantes A, Arnold D. Rectal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol 2017; 28:iv22-iv40. [PMID: 28881920 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 932] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Glynne-Jones
- Department of Radiotherapy, Mount Vernon Centre for Cancer Treatment, Northwood, London, UK
| | - L Wyrwicz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Tiret
- Department of Surgery, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Paris
- APHP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - G Brown
- Department of Radiology, The Imperial College and Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey, UK
| | - C Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - A Cervantes
- CIBERONC, Medical Oncology Department, INCLIVA University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - D Arnold
- Instituto CUF de Oncologia (I.C.O.), Lisbon, Portugal
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29
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Isella C, Brundu F, Bellomo SE, Galimi F, Zanella E, Porporato R, Petti C, Fiori A, Orzan F, Senetta R, Boccaccio C, Ficarra E, Marchionni L, Trusolino L, Medico E, Bertotti A. Selective analysis of cancer-cell intrinsic transcriptional traits defines novel clinically relevant subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15107. [PMID: 28561063 PMCID: PMC5499209 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal content heavily impacts the transcriptional classification of colorectal cancer (CRC), with clinical and biological implications. Lineage-dependent stromal transcriptional components could therefore dominate over more subtle expression traits inherent to cancer cells. Since in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) stromal cells of the human tumour are substituted by murine counterparts, here we deploy human-specific expression profiling of CRC PDXs to assess cancer-cell intrinsic transcriptional features. Through this approach, we identify five CRC intrinsic subtypes (CRIS) endowed with distinctive molecular, functional and phenotypic peculiarities: (i) CRIS-A: mucinous, glycolytic, enriched for microsatellite instability or KRAS mutations; (ii) CRIS-B: TGF-β pathway activity, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, poor prognosis; (iii) CRIS-C: elevated EGFR signalling, sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors; (iv) CRIS-D: WNT activation, IGF2 gene overexpression and amplification; and (v) CRIS-E: Paneth cell-like phenotype, TP53 mutations. CRIS subtypes successfully categorize independent sets of primary and metastatic CRCs, with limited overlap on existing transcriptional classes and unprecedented predictive and prognostic performances. Stromal cells contribute to the gene expression profiles based on which colorectal cancer (CRC) molecular subtypes are classified. Here, patient-derived xenografts enable the authors to obtain cancer cell-specific transcriptomes by excluding transcripts from murine stromal cells, based on which they define CRC intrinsic subtypes (CRIS) and evaluate their prognostic and predictive potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Isella
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Brundu
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Torino School of Engineering, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara E Bellomo
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Galimi
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Eugenia Zanella
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | | | - Consalvo Petti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fiori
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Orzan
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Rebecca Senetta
- Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Carla Boccaccio
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Ficarra
- Department of Control and Computer Engineering, Torino School of Engineering, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Luigi Marchionni
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21287 Maryland, USA
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Bertotti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,Candiolo Cancer Institute-FPO IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo Torino, Italy.,National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, INBB, 00136 Rome, Italy
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30
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Li H, Courtois ET, Sengupta D, Tan Y, Chen KH, Goh JJL, Kong SL, Chua C, Hon LK, Tan WS, Wong M, Choi PJ, Wee LJK, Hillmer AM, Tan IB, Robson P, Prabhakar S. Reference component analysis of single-cell transcriptomes elucidates cellular heterogeneity in human colorectal tumors. Nat Genet 2017; 49:708-718. [PMID: 28319088 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 671] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is a major obstacle to cancer treatment and a significant confounding factor in bulk-tumor profiling. We performed an unbiased analysis of transcriptional heterogeneity in colorectal tumors and their microenvironments using single-cell RNA-seq from 11 primary colorectal tumors and matched normal mucosa. To robustly cluster single-cell transcriptomes, we developed reference component analysis (RCA), an algorithm that substantially improves clustering accuracy. Using RCA, we identified two distinct subtypes of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Additionally, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes were found to be upregulated only in the CAF subpopulation of tumor samples. Notably, colorectal tumors previously assigned to a single subtype on the basis of bulk transcriptomics could be divided into subgroups with divergent survival probability by using single-cell signatures, thus underscoring the prognostic value of our approach. Overall, our results demonstrate that unbiased single-cell RNA-seq profiling of tumor and matched normal samples provides a unique opportunity to characterize aberrant cell states within a tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Li
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elise T Courtois
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Developmental Cellomics Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Debarka Sengupta
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering and Center for Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, Delhi, India
| | - Yuliana Tan
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Developmental Cellomics Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hao Chen
- Synthetic Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Say Li Kong
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clarinda Chua
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lim Kiat Hon
- Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Wah Siew Tan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mark Wong
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Lawrence J K Wee
- Data Analytics Department, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore
| | - Axel M Hillmer
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Iain Beehuat Tan
- Cancer Therapeutics and Stratified Oncology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Paul Robson
- Developmental Cellomics Laboratory, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shyam Prabhakar
- Computational and Systems Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Del Rio M, Mollevi C, Bibeau F, Vie N, Selves J, Emile JF, Roger P, Gongora C, Robert J, Tubiana-Mathieu N, Ychou M, Martineau P. Molecular subtypes of metastatic colorectal cancer are associated with patient response to irinotecan-based therapies. Eur J Cancer 2017; 76:68-75. [PMID: 28284171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, metastatic colorectal cancer is treated as a homogeneous disease and only RAS mutational status has been approved as a negative predictive factor in patients treated with cetuximab. The aim of this study was to evaluate if recently identified molecular subtypes of colon cancer are associated with response of metastatic patients to first-line therapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS We collected and analysed 143 samples of human colorectal tumours with complete clinical annotations, including the response to treatment. Gene expression profiling was used to classify patients in three to six classes using four different molecular classifications. Correlations between molecular subtypes, response to treatment, progression-free and overall survival were analysed. RESULTS We first demonstrated that the four previously described molecular classifications of colorectal cancer defined in non-metastatic patients also correctly classify stage IV patients. One of the classifications is strongly associated with response to FOLFIRI (P=0.003), but not to FOLFOX (P=0.911) and FOLFIRI + Bevacizumab (P=0.190). In particular, we identify a molecular subtype representing 28% of the patients that shows an exceptionally high response rate to FOLFIRI (87.5%). These patients have a two-fold longer overall survival (40.1 months) when treated with FOLFIRI, as first-line regimen, instead of FOLFOX (18.6 months). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate the interest of molecular classifications to develop tailored therapies for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and a strong impact of the first-line regimen on the overall survival of some patients. This however remains to be confirmed in a large prospective clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Del Rio
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - C Mollevi
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - F Bibeau
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - N Vie
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - J Selves
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31300, France; Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1037 INSERM - Université Toulouse III, France
| | - J-F Emile
- Université de Versailles, Boulogne, France; Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne, France
| | - P Roger
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU Nîmes, Place du Professeur Debré, 30029, Nîmes, France
| | - C Gongora
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - J Robert
- INSERM U916, Institut Bergonié, Université de Bordeaux, France
| | - N Tubiana-Mathieu
- Service d'oncologie médicale, CHU Dupuytren, avenue Luther-King, 87000, Limoges, France
| | - M Ychou
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - P Martineau
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France; INSERM, U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France; Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France; Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
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32
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Qureshi-Baig K, Ullmann P, Haan S, Letellier E. Tumor-Initiating Cells: a criTICal review of isolation approaches and new challenges in targeting strategies. Mol Cancer 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28209178 PMCID: PMC5314476 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-017-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancers contain a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells (TICs). Targeting TICs may be essential to achieve cure, because of their self-renewal and tumorigenic properties as well as their resistance to conventional therapies. Despite significant advances in TIC biology, their isolation and identification remain largely disputed and incompletely established. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in isolation and culturing approaches of TICs, with focus on colorectal cancer (CRC). We feature recent findings on TIC-relevant signaling pathways and the metabolic identity of TICs, as well as their current clinical implications. Lastly, we highlight the influence of inter- and intra-tumoral heterogeneity on TIC function and targeting approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Qureshi-Baig
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pit Ullmann
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Serge Haan
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Elisabeth Letellier
- Life Sciences Research Unit, Molecular Disease Mechanisms Group, University of Luxembourg, 6, Avenue du Swing, L-4367, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg.
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Song N, Pogue-Geile KL, Gavin PG, Yothers G, Kim SR, Johnson NL, Lipchik C, Allegra CJ, Petrelli NJ, O'Connell MJ, Wolmark N, Paik S. Clinical Outcome From Oxaliplatin Treatment in Stage II/III Colon Cancer According to Intrinsic Subtypes: Secondary Analysis of NSABP C-07/NRG Oncology Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol 2017; 2:1162-9. [PMID: 27270348 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Oxaliplatin added to fluorouracil plus leucovorin therapy for patients with colon cancer has been shown to provide significant but modest absolute benefit for disease-free survival. However, acute and chronic neurotoxic effects from this regimen underscore the need for markers that predict oxaliplatin benefit. OBJECTIVE To test our hypothesis that molecular subtypes of colon cancer would be associated with differential prognosis and benefit from oxaliplatin added to fluorouracil plus leucovorin therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Participants in the NSABP C-07 trial were divided into discovery (n = 848) and validation (n = 881) cohorts based on the order of tissue block submission. A reestimated centroid using 72 genes was used to determine Colorectal Cancer Assigner subtypes and their association with oxaliplatin benefit in the discovery cohort. The validation cohort was examined with a locked-down algorithm for subtype classification and statistical analysis plan. Post hoc analysis included examination of the entire cohort with Colorectal Cancer Assigner, Colorectal Cancer Subtype (CCS), and Consensus Molecular Subtype (CMS) methods. INTERVENTIONS Fluorouracil plus leucovorin with or without oxaliplatin. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Percent recurrence-free survival. RESULTS Among 1729 patients, 744 (43%) were female and mean (SD) age was 58 (11) years. Although C-07 participants with stage III disease with an enterocyte subtype showed a statistically significant benefit from oxaliplatin in the discovery cohort (hazard ratio, 0.22 [95% CI, 0.09-0.56]; P = .001 [N = 65]), no statistically significant benefit was observed in the validation cohort (hazard ratio, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.22-1.24]; P = .14 [N = 70]). The stemlike subtype was associated with poor prognosis and lack of benefit from oxaliplatin treatment (HR, 0.99 [95% CI, 0.73-1.34]; P = .96 [N = 367]). Examination of the different subtyping methods shows that all 3 methods robustly identified patients with poor prognosis (stemlike, CCS-3, and CMS-4) in both stage II and III. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients with stemlike tumors may be appropriate for clinical trials testing experimental therapies because stemlike tumors were robustly identified and associated with a poor prognosis regardless of stage or chemotherapy regimen. The clinical utility of using subtyping for the identification of patients for treatment with oxaliplatin requires validation in independent clinical trial cohorts. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00004931.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Song
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Katherine L Pogue-Geile
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick G Gavin
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Greg Yothers
- NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania3University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - S Rim Kim
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole L Johnson
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Corey Lipchik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Carmen J Allegra
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania4Department of Medicine, University of Florida Health, Gainesville
| | - Nicholas J Petrelli
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania5Helen F. Graham Cancer Center and Research Institute at Christiana Care, Newark, Delaware
| | - Michael J O'Connell
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Norman Wolmark
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania6Allegheny Cancer Center at Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Soonmyung Paik
- National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)/NRG Oncology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania7Division of Medical Oncology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Rodriguez-Salas N, Dominguez G, Barderas R, Mendiola M, García-Albéniz X, Maurel J, Batlle JF. Clinical relevance of colorectal cancer molecular subtypes. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 109:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Hammerling U, Bergman Laurila J, Grafström R, Ilbäck NG. Consumption of Red/Processed Meat and Colorectal Carcinoma: Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Significant Association. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 56:614-34. [PMID: 25849747 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.972498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiology and experimental studies provide an overwhelming support of the notion that diets high in red or processed meat accompany an elevated risk of developing pre-neoplastic colorectal adenoma and frank colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The underlying mechanisms are disputed; thus several hypotheses have been proposed. A large body of reports converges, however, on haem and nitrosyl haem as major contributors to the CRC development, presumably acting through various mechanisms. Apart from a potentially higher intestinal mutagenic load among consumers on a diet rich in red/processed meat, other mechanisms involving subtle interference with colorectal stem/progenitor cell survival or maturation are likewise at play. From an overarching perspective, suggested candidate mechanisms for red/processed meat-induced CRC appear as three partly overlapping tenets: (i) increased N-nitrosation/oxidative load leading to DNA adducts and lipid peroxidation in the intestinal epithelium, (ii) proliferative stimulation of the epithelium through haem or food-derived metabolites that either act directly or subsequent to conversion, and (iii) higher inflammatory response, which may trigger a wide cascade of pro-malignant processes. In this review, we summarize and discuss major findings of the area in the context of potentially pertinent mechanisms underlying the above-mentioned association between consumption of red/processed meat and increased risk of developing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Hammerling
- a Cancer Pharmacology & Computational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Uppsala Academic Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergman Laurila
- b Sahlgrenska Biobank, Gothia Forum, Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Roland Grafström
- c Institute of Environmental Medicine, The Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Knowledge Intensive Products and Services, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland , Turku , Finland
| | - Nils-Gunnar Ilbäck
- e Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University and Uppsala Academic Hospital , Uppsala , Sweden
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Abstract
In recent years, the high heterogeneity of colorectal cancer (CRC) has become evident. Hence, biomarkers need to be developed that enable the stratification of patients with CRC into different prognostic subgroups and in relation to response to therapies, according to the distinctive tumour biology. Currently, only RAS-mutation status is used routinely as a negative predictive marker to avoid treatment with anti-EGFR agents in patients with metastatic CRC, and mismatch-repair status can guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early stage colon cancer. Advances in molecular biology over the past decade have enabled a better understanding of the development of CRC, as well as the more-precise use of innovative targeted therapies for this disease, and include three fundamental achievements. First, the availability of large databases to capture and store the genomic landscape of patients with CRC, providing information on the genes that are frequently deregulated in CRC. Second, the possibility of using gene-expression profiling to differentiate the subtypes of CRC into prognostic groups. Third, results from highly sensitive next-generation sequencing analyses have led to an appreciation of the extensive intratumoural heterogeneity of CRC. Herein, we discuss these advances and place them into the clinical context, and present the novel targets and therapeutic opportunities that are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J A Punt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory for Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology (LEXOR), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Centre for Experimental Molecular Medicine (CEMM), Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Lennard KS, Goosen RW, Blackburn JM. Bacterially-Associated Transcriptional Remodelling in a Distinct Genomic Subtype of Colorectal Cancer Provides a Plausible Molecular Basis for Disease Development. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166282. [PMID: 27846243 PMCID: PMC5112903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of specific microbial colonisation to colorectal cancer (CRC) disease pathogenesis is increasingly recognised, but our understanding of possible underlying molecular mechanisms that may link colonisation to disease in vivo remains limited. Here, we investigate the relationships between the most commonly studied CRC-associated bacteria (Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, pks+ Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium spp., afaC+ E. coli, Enterococcus faecalis & Enteropathogenic E. coli) and altered transcriptomic and methylation profiles of CRC patients, in order to gain insight into the potential contribution of these bacteria in the aetiopathogenesis of CRC. We show that colonisation by E. faecalis and high levels of Fusobacterium is associated with a specific transcriptomic subtype of CRC that is characterised by CpG island methylation, microsatellite instability and a significant increase in inflammatory and DNA damage pathways. Analysis of the significant, bacterially-associated changes in host gene expression, both at the level of individual genes as well as pathways, revealed a transcriptional remodeling that provides a plausible mechanistic link between specific bacterial colonisation and colorectal cancer disease development and progression in this subtype; these included upregulation of REG3A, REG1A and REG1P in the case of high-level colonization by Fusobacterium, and CXCL10 and BMI1 in the case of colonisation by E. faecalis. The enrichment of both E. faecalis and Fusobacterium in this CRC subtype suggests that polymicrobial colonisation of the colonic epithelium may well be an important aspect of colonic tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie S. Lennard
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ryan W. Goosen
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jonathan M. Blackburn
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine & Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Fontana E, Homicsko K, Eason K, Sadanandam A. Molecular Classification of Colon Cancer: Perspectives for Personalized Adjuvant Therapy. Curr Colorectal Cancer Rep 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-016-0341-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Morley-Bunker A, Walker LC, Currie MJ, Pearson J, Eglinton T. Translating colorectal cancer genetics into clinically useful biomarkers. Colorectal Dis 2016; 18:749-62. [PMID: 26990814 DOI: 10.1111/codi.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major health problem worldwide accounting for over a million deaths annually. While many patients with Stage II and III CRC can be cured with combinations of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, this is morbid costly treatment and a significant proportion will suffer recurrence and eventually die of CRC. Increased understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CRC has the potential to identify high risk patients and target therapy more appropriately. Despite increased understanding of the molecular events underlying CRC development, established molecular techniques have only produced a limited number of biomarkers suitable for use in routine clinical practice to predict risk, prognosis and response to treatment. Recent rapid technological developments, however, have made genomic sequencing of CRC more economical and efficient, creating potential for the discovery of genetic biomarkers that have greater diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic capabilities for the management of CRC. This paper reviews the current understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CRC, and summarizes molecular biomarkers that surgeons will encounter in current clinical use as well as those under development in clinical and preclinical trials. New molecular technologies are reviewed together with their potential impact on the understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of CRC and their potential clinical utility in classification, diagnosis, prognosis and targeting of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morley-Bunker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - L C Walker
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - M J Currie
- Mackenzie Cancer Research Group, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Pearson
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Unit, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - T Eglinton
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Britzen-Laurent N, Herrmann C, Naschberger E, Croner RS, Stürzl M. Pathophysiological role of guanylate-binding proteins in gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:6434-6443. [PMID: 27605879 PMCID: PMC4968125 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs) are interferon-stimulated factors involved in the defense against cellular pathogens and inflammation. These proteins, particularly GBP-1, the most prominent member of the family, have been established as reliable markers of interferon-γ-activated cells in various diseases, including colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). In CRC, GBP-1 expression is associated with a Th1-dominated angiostatic micromilieu and is correlated with a better outcome. Inhibition of tumor growth by GBP-1 is the result of its strong anti-angiogenic activity as well as its direct anti-tumorigenic effect on tumor cells. In IBD, GBP-1 mediates the anti-proliferative effects of interferon-γ on intestinal epithelial cells. In addition, it plays a protective role on the mucosa by preventing cell apoptosis, by inhibiting angiogenesis and by regulating the T-cell receptor signaling. These functions rely to a large extent on the ability of GBP-1 to interact with and remodel the actin cytoskeleton.
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41
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Vellinga TT, den Uil S, Rinkes IHB, Marvin D, Ponsioen B, Alvarez-Varela A, Fatrai S, Scheele C, Zwijnenburg DA, Snippert H, Vermeulen L, Medema JP, Stockmann HB, Koster J, Fijneman RJA, de Rooij J, Kranenburg O. Collagen-rich stroma in aggressive colon tumors induces mesenchymal gene expression and tumor cell invasion. Oncogene 2016; 35:5263-5271. [PMID: 26996663 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression-based classification systems have identified an aggressive colon cancer subtype with mesenchymal features, possibly reflecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumor cells. However, stromal fibroblasts contribute extensively to the mesenchymal phenotype of aggressive colon tumors, challenging the notion of tumor EMT. To separately study the neoplastic and stromal compartments of colon tumors, we have generated a stroma gene filter (SGF). Comparative analysis of stromahigh and stromalow tumors shows that the neoplastic cells in stromahigh tumors express specific EMT drivers (ZEB2, TWIST1, TWIST2) and that 98% of differentially expressed genes are strongly correlated with them. Analysis of differential gene expression between mesenchymal and epithelial cancer cell lines revealed that hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), a transcriptional activator of intestinal (epithelial) differentiation, and its target genes are highly expressed in epithelial cancer cell lines. However, mesenchymal-type cancer cell lines expressed only part of the mesenchymal genes expressed by tumor-derived neoplastic cells, suggesting that external cues were lacking. We found that collagen-I dominates the extracellular matrix in aggressive colon cancer. Mimicking the tumor microenvironment by replacing laminin-rich Matrigel with collagen-I was sufficient to induce tumor-specific mesenchymal gene expression, suppression of HNF4α and its target genes, and collective tumor cell invasion of patient-derived colon tumor organoids. The data connect collagen-rich stroma to mesenchymal gene expression in neoplastic cells and to collective tumor cell invasion. Targeting the tumor-collagen interface may therefore be explored as a novel strategy in the treatment of aggressive colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- T T Vellinga
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S den Uil
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - I H B Rinkes
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D Marvin
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Ponsioen
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A Alvarez-Varela
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S Fatrai
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C Scheele
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D A Zwijnenburg
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Snippert
- Department Molecular Cancer Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - L Vermeulen
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J P Medema
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H B Stockmann
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - J Koster
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R J A Fijneman
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J de Rooij
- Department of Surgery, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - O Kranenburg
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Vargas T, Moreno-Rubio J, Herranz J, Cejas P, Molina S, González-Vallinas M, Mendiola M, Burgos E, Aguayo C, Custodio AB, Machado I, Ramos D, Gironella M, Espinosa-Salinas I, Ramos R, Martín-Hernández R, Risueño A, De Las Rivas J, Reglero G, Yaya R, Fernández-Martos C, Aparicio J, Maurel J, Feliu J, Ramírez de Molina A. ColoLipidGene: signature of lipid metabolism-related genes to predict prognosis in stage-II colon cancer patients. Oncotarget 2015; 6:7348-63. [PMID: 25749516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism plays an essential role in carcinogenesis due to the requirements of tumoral cells to sustain increased structural, energetic and biosynthetic precursor demands for cell proliferation. We investigated the association between expression of lipid metabolism-related genes and clinical outcome in intermediate-stage colon cancer patients with the aim of identifying a metabolic profile associated with greater malignancy and increased risk of relapse. Expression profile of 70 lipid metabolism-related genes was determined in 77 patients with stage II colon cancer. Cox regression analyses using c-index methodology was applied to identify a metabolic-related signature associated to prognosis. The metabolic signature was further confirmed in two independent validation sets of 120 patients and additionally, in a group of 264 patients from a public database. The combined analysis of these 4 genes, ABCA1, ACSL1, AGPAT1 and SCD, constitutes a metabolic-signature (ColoLipidGene) able to accurately stratify stage II colon cancer patients with 5-fold higher risk of relapse with strong statistical power in the four independent groups of patients. The identification of a group of 4 genes that predict survival in intermediate-stage colon cancer patients allows delineation of a high-risk group that may benefit from adjuvant therapy, and avoids the toxic and unnecessary chemotherapy in patients classified as low-risk group.
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43
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Storm EE, Durinck S, de Sousa e Melo F, Tremayne J, Kljavin N, Tan C, Ye X, Chiu C, Pham T, Hongo JA, Bainbridge T, Firestein R, Blackwood E, Metcalfe C, Stawiski EW, Yauch RL, Wu Y, de Sauvage FJ. Targeting PTPRK-RSPO3 colon tumours promotes differentiation and loss of stem-cell function. Nature 2015; 529:97-100. [DOI: 10.1038/nature16466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Tobin NP, Foukakis T, De Petris L, Bergh J. The importance of molecular markers for diagnosis and selection of targeted treatments in patients with cancer. J Intern Med 2015; 278:545-70. [PMID: 26373821 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The past 30 years have seen the introduction of a number of cancer therapies with the aim of restricting the growth and spread of primary and metastatic tumours. A shared commonality among these therapies is their targeting of various aspects of the cancer hallmarks, that is traits that are essential to successful tumour propagation and dissemination. The evolution of molecular-scale technology has been central to the identification of new cancer targets, and it is not a coincidence that improved therapies have emerged at the same time as gene expression arrays and DNA sequencing have enhanced our understanding of cancer genetics. Modern tumour pathology is now viewed at the molecular level ranging from IHC biomarkers, to gene signature classifiers and gene mutations, all of which provide crucial information about which patients will respond to targeted therapy regimens. In this review, we briefly discuss the general types of targeted therapies used in a clinical setting and provide a short background on immunohistochemical, gene expression and DNA sequencing technologies, before focusing on three tumour types: breast, lung and colorectal cancers. For each of these cancer types, we provide a background to the disease along with an overview of the current standard therapies and then focus on the relevant targeted therapies and the pathways they inhibit. Finally, we highlight several strategies that are pivotal to the successful development of targeted anti-cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Tobin
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Foukakis
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L De Petris
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Bergh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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45
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Sadanandam A, Wullschleger S, Lyssiotis CA, Grötzinger C, Barbi S, Bersani S, Körner J, Wafy I, Mafficini A, Lawlor RT, Simbolo M, Asara JM, Bläker H, Cantley LC, Wiedenmann B, Scarpa A, Hanahan D. A Cross-Species Analysis in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors Reveals Molecular Subtypes with Distinctive Clinical, Metastatic, Developmental, and Metabolic Characteristics. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:1296-313. [PMID: 26446169 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Seeking to assess the representative and instructive value of an engineered mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNET) for its cognate human cancer, we profiled and compared mRNA and miRNA transcriptomes of tumors from both. Mouse PanNET tumors could be classified into two distinctive subtypes, well-differentiated islet/insulinoma tumors (IT) and poorly differentiated tumors associated with liver metastases, dubbed metastasis-like primary (MLP). Human PanNETs were independently classified into these same two subtypes, along with a third, specific gene mutation-enriched subtype. The MLP subtypes in human and mouse were similar to liver metastases in terms of miRNA and mRNA transcriptome profiles and signature genes. The human/mouse MLP subtypes also similarly expressed genes known to regulate early pancreas development, whereas the IT subtypes expressed genes characteristic of mature islet cells, suggesting different tumorigenesis pathways. In addition, these subtypes exhibit distinct metabolic profiles marked by differential pyruvate metabolism, substantiating the significance of their separate identities. SIGNIFICANCE This study involves a comprehensive cross-species integrated analysis of multi-omics profiles and histology to stratify PanNETs into subtypes with distinctive characteristics. We provide support for the RIP1-TAG2 mouse model as representative of its cognate human cancer with prospects to better understand PanNET heterogeneity and consider future applications of personalized cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anguraj Sadanandam
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), Lausanne, Switzerland. Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Swiss Federal Institute of Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland. Division of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR), London, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephan Wullschleger
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Swiss Federal Institute of Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Carsten Grötzinger
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Barbi
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Samantha Bersani
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jan Körner
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ismael Wafy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Swiss Federal Institute of Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Mafficini
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rita T Lawlor
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michele Simbolo
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - John M Asara
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Hendrik Bläker
- Institut für Pathologie, Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charite, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-Net Research Centre and Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, University and Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Douglas Hanahan
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), Swiss Federal Institute of Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Turksma AW, Coupé VMH, Shamier MC, Lam KLH, de Weger VA, Belien JAM, van den Eertwegh AJ, Meijer GA, Meijer CJLM, Hooijberg E. Extent and Location of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Microsatellite-Stable Colon Cancer Predict Outcome to Adjuvant Active Specific Immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 22:346-56. [PMID: 26420855 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the prognostic and predictive value of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) in colon cancer in a cohort of patients who previously took part in a trial on adjuvant active specific immunotherapy (ASI). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined the number and location of CD3 and CD8 positive T cells in archival tumor samples of 106 colon cancers. We correlated stromal and epithelial TIL numbers with tumor stage and treatment and determined the effects on disease-specific survival (DSS) and recurrence-free interval (RFI). RESULTS On the basis of the data presented, we concluded that (i) high numbers of stromal CD3 T cells have positive prognostic value measured as DSS for patients with stage II microsatellite-stable tumors and (ii) high numbers of epithelial CD8-positive T cells have positive prognostic value measured as RFI for the group of patients with stage II microsatellite-stable tumors as well as for the whole group (so stage II plus stage III together). Furthermore, we concluded that high numbers of pre-existing stromal CD3-positive T cells are of positive predictive value in adjuvant ASI treatment measured as DSS as well as RFI. CONCLUSIONS ASI therapy may contribute to an improved DSS and RFI in patients with microsatellite-stable colon tumors harboring high numbers of pre-existing stromal CD3(+) TIL. Validation in future clinical trials is awaited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies W Turksma
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Blood Supply, Division of Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veerle M H Coupé
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc C Shamier
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin L H Lam
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent A de Weger
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen A M Belien
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfons J van den Eertwegh
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerrit A Meijer
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Department of Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek hospital, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris J L M Meijer
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erik Hooijberg
- VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Department of Pathology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Wang C, Zhou Y, Ruan R, Zheng M, Han W, Liao L. High expression of COUP-TF II cooperated with negative Smad4 expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015; 8:7112-21. [PMID: 26261604 PMCID: PMC4525938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to evaluate whether the role of chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor II (COUP-TF II) could sever as a predictor to stratify risk of human colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, and to elucidate the preliminary molecular mechanisms of COUP-TF II involved in the development and advancement of CRC reflected by investigating the relationship of COUP-TF II with PTEN, Smad4. METHODS 112 cases tissue microarray and immunohistochemical SP method were used to detect the expression of COUP-TF II, PTEN and Smad4 in CRC tissues and adjacent non-tumorous tissues. The clinical relevance and prognosis of COUP-TF II, PTEN, Smad4 in CRC patients were analyzed. Furthermore, Cox proportional hazards model was performed to indicate the independent prognostic factors for CRC patients using various clinicopathological parameters and COUP-TF II, PTEN and Smad4. RESULTS COUP-TF II proteins were positively expressed in 65.2% of CRC tissues and 15.5% paired non-CRC tissues, respectively. The expression of COUP-TF II was significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis and a negative correlation with Smad4 expression. Patients bearing higher levels of COUP-TF II expression showed lower DFS and OS. Most importantly, Cox proportional hazards regression analyses showed COUP-TF II positive/Smad4 negative status (DFS, P=0.001; OS, P=0.005) were independent prognostic factors for CRC patients. CONCLUSION Positive COUP-TF II expression levels has significant value in determining CRC stage and metastasis and cooperates with negative Smad4 expression contributing to assess prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer, suggesting Smad4 may be involved in the above regulation progress probably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical CollegeXuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Xuzhou City Central HospitalXuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruoyun Ruan
- College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Maojin Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical CollegeXuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wencan Han
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical CollegeXuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linchuan Liao
- College of Basic and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
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Abstract
The identification of molecular markers with prognostic value in colorectal cancer is a challenging task that is needed to define therapeutic guidelines. Clinical factors are insufficient to identify those patients with stage II at risk of relapse or those patients with stage III at low risk. There is a current effort to define a consensus in molecular subtypes based on expression profiles, which are characterized by a distinctive prognostic outcome. Also several gene expression signatures based on individual genes have been proposed to predict prognosis, but they show low consistency and reproducibility. Slattery et al. describe a pathway-based approach to analyze gene expression differences between normal and colon cancer tissues. The most interesting finding is that having more deregulated pathways is associated with good prognosis. If these findings are properly validated, new insights into the mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis may be revealed. Please see related article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12916-015-0292-9 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Moreno
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rebeca Sanz-Pamplona
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBEResp), Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Personalized cancer medicine is becoming increasingly important in colorectal cancer treatment. Especially for targeted therapies, large variations between individual treatment responses exist. Predicting therapy response is of utmost significance, as it prevents overtreatment and adverse effects in patients. For EGFR-targeted therapy, many mechanisms of resistance have been uncovered, for example, mutations in KRAS and BRAF, and upregulation of alternative receptors. Currently, routine testing for all known modifiers of response is unpractical, and as a result, decision-making for anti-EGFR therapy is still largely based on assessing the mutation status of an individual gene (KRAS). Recently, comprehensive classifications of colorectal cancer have been presented that integrate many of the (epi-)genetic and microenvironmental factors that contribute to colorectal cancer heterogeneity. These classification systems are not only of prognostic value but also predict therapy efficacy, including the response to anti-EGFR agents. Therefore, molecular subtype-based stratification to guide therapeutic decisions is a promising new strategy that might overcome the shortcomings of single gene testing in colorectal cancer as well as in other malignancies. Furthermore, the development of new agents in a disease subtype-specific fashion has the potential to transform drug-discovery studies and generate novel, more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke F Linnekamp
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Xin Wang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jan Paul Medema
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology and Radiobiology, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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