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Amirthanayagam A, O'Neill S, Goss C, Moss EL. Physical and psychological impact of surgery on the operating surgeon. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2024; 34:459-467. [PMID: 38438178 DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-004594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of surgery on the surgeon's well-being encompasses both physical and psychological aspects. Physically, surgeons are at risk of work-related musculoskeletal symptoms due to the nature of their work, and this risk can be impacted by theater environment, equipment design, and workload. Many symptoms will be self-limiting, but work related musculoskeletal symptoms can lead to the development of an injury, which can have far reaching effects, including the need for medical or surgical treatment, time away from work, or a change in clinical duties. Additionally, surgery can place a significant cognitive workload on the lead operator and this can be exacerbated, or alleviated, by the surgical environment, experience of the assistance, surgical modality, and case complexity. Measuring and quantifying the impact of surgery on the surgeon is a challenging undertaking. Tools such as motion capture, physiological markers, including heart rate variability and salivary cortisol, and questionnaires can provide insights into understanding the overall impact of surgery on the surgeon. A holistic approach that incorporates injury prevention strategies, communication, and support, is vital in assessing and mitigating risk factors. Injury prevention assessment tools and interventions that can be used within the busy surgical environment are needed, alongside increased ergonomic awareness. Addressing the impact of surgery on the surgeon is a multifaceted challenge, and long term positive changes can only be sustained with the support of the whole surgical team and healthcare organizations by developing and maintaining a supportive working environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seth O'Neill
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Charles Goss
- Department of Occupational Health, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Esther L Moss
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Gynaecological Oncology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
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Barnabé MA, Elliott J, Harris PA, Menzies-Gow NJ. Insulin, but not adiponectin, is detectable in equine saliva using an automated, commercial assay. Equine Vet J 2024; 56:361-367. [PMID: 37872702 DOI: 10.1111/evj.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hormones insulin and adiponectin are commonly measured in equids because of their involvement in endocrinopathic laminitis. These are currently measured in serum/plasma, although jugular venipuncture can cause stress in some animals and may be impossible in needle-shy individuals. However, both hormones can be measured in saliva in other species. OBJECTIVES To determine whether [insulin] and [total adiponectin] are detectable in equine saliva using automated assays and whether saliva collection is associated with changes in stress indicators. Additionally, the correlation between serum and salivary [insulin] was investigated. STUDY DESIGN In vivo experiment. METHODS Paired blood and saliva samples were collected from eight adult ponies at multiple time-points (n = 45 paired samples). [Insulin] and [total adiponectin] were measured using automated assays validated for equine serum/plasma. Blink rates and heart rates were determined, using video recordings and a wearable heart rate monitor respectively, to assess the effects of sample collection on stress indicators compared with a control situation without a stressful stimulus. RESULTS [Total adiponectin] was undetectable in saliva. However, salivary [insulin] was measurable with acceptable inter-assay (1.3 ± 0.9%) and intra-assay (1.1 ± 0.6%) variability. Blink and heart rates during saliva collection did not differ significantly from those in the control setting. Serum and salivary [insulin] were not significantly correlated. MAIN LIMITATIONS Small sample size comprising native UK ponies; potential sampling bias as animals were recruited to the study partly based on their behaviour during blood sampling; saliva collected from unfasted animals. CONCLUSIONS Insulin is measurable in equine saliva using an automated assay currently available in the UK, but further validation and the determination of specific diagnostic thresholds are required. Saliva collection was not associated with changes in stress indicators. Further research is therefore needed to determine the potential of equine saliva as a non-invasive alternative to blood for insulin determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine A Barnabé
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Jonathan Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Patricia A Harris
- Equine Studies Group, Waltham Petcare Science Institute, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Nicola J Menzies-Gow
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, Hertfordshire, UK
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Merzah MH, Diajil AR. Serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictive markers for diabetes mellitus in children with a family history of diabetes. J Med Life 2023; 16:1561-1565. [PMID: 38313182 PMCID: PMC10835556 DOI: 10.25122/jml-2023-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic, metabolic condition marked by defects in insulin production, action, or both. Environmental and genetic factors can contribute to the onset of diabetes mellitus. Adiponectin, a hormone affecting pancreatic beta cell proliferation, has emerged as a potential indicator of diabetes risk. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate serum and salivary adiponectin levels as predictors of diabetes mellitus in children with/without a family history of diabetes mellitus. The study was conducted at Al-Zahra Hospital in Najaf city and included 125 children aged 5 to 16. Data on demographics, including name, age, and gender, were collected, and body mass index (BMI) was assessed. Serum and salivary adiponectin levels were measured and analyzed in relation to family history and BMI. Children with a family history of DM had high serum adiponectin (ADP) levels. Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in children with first-degree relatives having a history of diabetes mellitus, except for cases involving mothers and other relatives with diabetes mellitus history (p<0.05). Furthermore, serum adiponectin levels were higher in obese children. Salivary adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in children with a maternal family history of diabetes (p=0.01), while no significant correlation was found with BMI. A significant negative correlation (r=-0.180, p=0.05) between salivary and serum adiponectin concentrations was observed. Compared to children with a normal, healthy weight, children with obesity had decreased salivary adiponectin levels and increased serum adiponectin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hamid Merzah
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ameena Ryhan Diajil
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
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Rafiei H, Omidian K, Chang CR, Little JP. Saliva insulin tracks plasma insulin across the day following high-carbohydrate and low-carbohydrate meals. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:700-709. [PMID: 37262929 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive monitoring of insulin could hold promise to identify those with, or at risk for developing, insulin resistance. We aimed to examine saliva insulin responses across the day following high- and low-carbohydrate meals and evaluate whether changes in saliva insulin might accurately reflect changes in plasma insulin. In two randomized crossover studies, young normal weight men (NW; n = 8; Study 1) and adults with overweight/obesity (OO; n = 8; Study 2) completed two 9-h experimental trials in which the participants consumed isocaloric mixed high-carbohydrate (HC) or low-carbohydrate (LC) meals at 0, 3, and 6 h. Plasma and saliva samples were collected at fasted baseline and every 30 min for a total of 19 samples across 9 h. Overall, findings revealed a similar trend for postprandial saliva and plasma insulin responses regardless of the time of the day with a ∼30-45 min lag between saliva and plasma insulin responses. In both NW and OO groups, saliva and plasma insulin area under the curve (AUC) and incremental AUC were significantly higher in HC condition as compared to LC condition (all P ≤ 0.002). Nine-hour plasma and saliva insulin total AUCs were strongly and very strongly correlated in both HC (r = 0.68; P = 0.007) and LC (r = 0.84, P < 0.001) conditions, respectively. Saliva insulin is proportionate to and appears to reasonably track plasma insulin across the day with a ∼30-45 min delay. Saliva insulin shows promise as a non-invasive method to discern between low and high plasma insulin and may have utility in predicting the degree of insulin resistance (NCT03374436).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Rafiei
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Kosar Omidian
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Courtney Rochelle Chang
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Jonathan Peter Little
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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Ni J, Zhang Q, Lei F. Non-invasive diagnostic potential of salivary miR-25-3p for periodontal disease and osteoporosis among a cohort of elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:318. [PMID: 37221590 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Osteoporosis (OP) and periodontal disease (PD) are two common health issues that threaten the older population and potentially connected each other in the context of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) may contribute to the development and progression of both OP and PD among elderly T2DM patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of miR-25-3p expression for the detection of OP and PD when compared to a mixed group of patients with T2DM. METHODS The study recruited 45 T2DM patients with normal bone mineral density (BMD) and healthy periodontium, 40 type 2 diabetic osteoporosis patients coexistent with PD, 50 type 2 diabetic osteoporosis patients with healthy periodontium, and 52 periodontally healthy individuals. miRNA expression measurements in the saliva were determined by real-time PCR. RESULTS The salivary expression of miR-25-3p was higher in type 2 diabetic osteoporosis patients than patients with T2DM only and healthy individuals (P < 0.05). Among type 2 diabetic osteoporosis patients, those with PD exhibited a higher salivary expression of miR-25-3p than those with healthy periodontium (P < 0.05). Among type 2 diabetic patients with healthy periodontium, a higher salivary expression of miR-25-3p was noted in those with OP than those without (P < 0.05). We also found a higher salivary expression of miR-25-3p in T2DM patients than healthy individuals (P < 0.05). It was revealed that the salivary expression of miR-25-3p was increased as the T scores of BMD of patients were lowered, the PPD and CAL values of patients were enhanced. The salivary expression of miR-25-3p used as a test to predict a diagnosis of PD among type 2 diabetic osteoporosis patients, a diagnosis of OP among type 2 diabetic patients, and a diagnosis of T2DM among healthy individuals produced AUC of 0.859. 0.824, and 0.886, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings obtained from the study support salivary miR-25-3p confers non-invasive diagnostic potential for PD and OP among a cohort of elderly T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ni
- Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Fei Lei
- Department of Stomatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Medical University, No. 167, Fangdong Street, Baqiao District, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi, China.
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Tang KS, Tsai CM, Cheng MC, Huang YH, Chang CH, Yu HR. Salivary Biomarkers to Differentiate between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus-Related Pneumonia in Children. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13081468. [PMID: 37189569 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13081468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is common among children and can be fatal in certain conditions. In children, CAP can be caused by viral or bacterial infections. Identification of pathogens can help select appropriate therapeutic strategies. Salivary analysis may be a potential diagnostic tool because it is noninvasive, patient-friendly, and easy to perform in children. A prospective study was conducted in children with pneumonia admitted to a hospital. Salivary samples from patients with definite Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A strains were used for gel-free (isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)) proteomics. No statistically significant difference was detected in salivary CRP levels between Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A pneumonia in children. Several potential salivary biomarkers were identified using gel-free iTRAQ proteomics to differentiate pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae or influenza A virus infections in pediatric patients. ELISA validated that Streptococcus pneumoniae group has a higher abundance of salivary alpha 1-antichymotrypsin than those in the influenza A group. Whether these salivary biomarkers can be used to distinguish other bacteria from viral pneumonia requires further verification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Shu Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hao Chang
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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Aydın EB, Aydın M, Sezgintürk MK. Biosensors for saliva biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem 2023; 113:1-41. [PMID: 36858644 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of salivary biomarkers has gained interest and is advantageous for simple, safe, and non-invasive testing in diagnosis as well as treatment. This chapter explores the importance of saliva biomarkers and summarizes recent advances in biosensor fabrication. The identification of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic markers in this matrix enables more rapid and frequent testing when combined with the use of biosensor technology. Challenges and future goals are highlighted and examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Muhammet Aydın
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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Ketmen S, Er Zeybekler S, Gelen SS, Odaci D. Graphene Oxide-Magnetic Nanoparticles Loaded Polystyrene-Polydopamine Electrospun Nanofibers Based Nanocomposites for Immunosensing Application of C-Reactive Protein. Biosensors (Basel) 2022; 12:1175. [PMID: 36551142 PMCID: PMC9776388 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The large surface area/volume ratio and controllable surface conformation of electrospun nanofibers (ENFs) make them highly attractive in applications where a large surface area is desired, such as sensors and affinity membranes. In this study, nanocomposite-based ENFs were produced and immobilization of Anti-CRP was carried out for the non-invasive detection of C-reactive protein (CRP). Initially, the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) was carried out and it was modified with magnetic nanoparticles (MNP, Fe3O4) and polydopamine (PDA). Catechol-containing and quinone-containing functional groups were created on the nanocomposite surface for the immobilization of Anti-CRP. Polystyrene (PS) solution was mixed with rGO-MNP-PDA nanocomposite and PS/rGO-MNP-PDA ENFs were produced with bead-free, smooth, and uniform. The surface of the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) was covered with PS/rGO-MNP-PDA ENFs by using the electrospinning technique under the determined optimum conditions. Next, Anti-CRP immobilization was carried out and the biofunctional surface was created on the PS/rGO-MNP-PDA ENFs coated SPCE. Moreover, PS/rGO-PDA/Anti-CRP and PS/MNP-PDA/Anti-CRP immunosensors were also prepared and the effect of each component in the nanocomposite-based electrospun nanofiber (MNP, rGO) on the sensor response was investigated. The analytic performance of the developed PS/rGO-MNP-PDA/Anti-CRP, PS/rGO-PDA/Anti-CRP, and PS/MNP-PDA/Anti-CRP immunosensors were examined by performing electrochemical measurements in the presence of CRP. The linear detection range of PS/rGO-MNP-PDA/Anti-CRP immunosensor was found to be from 0.5 to 60 ng/mL and the limit of detection (LOD) was calculated as 0.33 ng/mL for CRP. The PS/rGO-MNP-PDA/Anti-CRP immunosensor also exhibited good repeatability with a low coefficient of variation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dilek Odaci
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +90-232-311-17-11; Fax: +90-232-311-54-85
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Javanbakht A, Grasser LR. Biological Psychiatry in Displaced Populations: What We Know, and What We Need to Begin to Learn. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2022; 7:1242-1250. [PMID: 35580738 PMCID: PMC9678009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Conflict and climate change continue to displace millions of people, who experience unique trauma and stressors as they resettle in host countries. Both children and adults who are forcibly displaced, or choose to migrate, experience posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, depression, and other mental health conditions at higher rates than the general population. This may be attributed to severe, cumulative stress and trauma (largely interpersonal traumas); discrimination and harassment in host countries; and structural barriers to accessing and addressing mental health concerns, including clinician availability, language barriers, cultural differences, geographic accessibility, health care access, and stigma. Despite high exposure to and clinical impact of such experiences, and despite representing 1% of the world population, forcibly displaced people are underrepresented in neuroscientific research. The availability of such literature and research findings is significant in understanding the unique genetic and cultural aspects of trauma- and stress-related mental health, advocacy, reducing stigma, informing prevention, and treatment. The present work aimed to explore how the field of neuroscience can address mental health equity for individuals who have been uprooted in relation to land, with a focus on refugee populations. We offer practical suggestions on how to improve research in this area and narrow the gap in knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Javanbakht
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan.
| | - Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Stress, Trauma, and Anxiety Research Clinic, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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Ngatu NR, Ikeda M, Tonduangu DK, Nangana SL, Hirao T. Modulatory Effects of NBF1, an Algal Fiber-Rich Bioformula, on Adiponectin and C-Reactive Protein Levels, and Its Therapeutic Prospects for Metabolic Syndrome and Type-2 Diabetes Patients. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102572. [PMID: 36289836 PMCID: PMC9599379 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An unhealthy diet can lead to the development of metabolic disorders. C-reactive protein (CRP) has been reported to be an inflammatory component of metabolic disorders. Additionally, reduced adiponectin (APN) levels is known as a predictor of metabolic disorders. We report on the beneficial effects of NBF1, an algal fiber-rich formula, on CRP, APN, and diabetes markers. Additionally, associations between dietary nutrients, CRP, and APN were investigated. A dietary survey that used a brief self-administered diet history questionnaire, a validated 58-item fixed-portion-type questionnaire, and a 4-week placebo-controlled dietary intervention were carried out. The latter consisted of a twice daily intake of 3 g of sujiaonori alga-based powder as a supplement (NBF1, n = 16), whereas the placebo group received the same amount of corn starch powder (n = 15). CRP and APN levels were assayed by ELISA. Clinical cases comprising three subjects with metabolic disorders treated with NBF1, including two type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and one subject with hypercholesterolemia, are also reported. They received 2.1g NBF1 once daily for 12 weeks. Intakes of algal fiber and n-3 PUFA were positively associated with the increase of APN, and n-3PUFA intake was inversely associated with CRP. All cases had improved metabolic health profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nlandu Roger Ngatu
- Department of Public Health, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.R.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Mitsunori Ikeda
- Wellness and Longevity Center, University of Kochi, Kochi 781-8515, Japan
- Correspondence: (N.R.N.); (M.I.)
| | - Daniel Kuezina Tonduangu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Severin Luzitu Nangana
- Preventive Medicine Unit, Kimbanguist Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Tomohiro Hirao
- Department of Public Health, Kagawa University Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
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Tollenaar MSM, Pittner KK, Buisman RSMR, Knipping KK, Garssen JJ, Nimphy CAC, van den Berg LJML, Bolijn JEA, Alink LRAL, Elzinga BMB, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJM, IJzendoorn MHM. Salivary immune markers are not associated with self-reported childhood maltreatment or psychopathology in adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2022; 144:105867. [PMID: 35863154 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress has repeatedly been found to be associated with pro-inflammatory markers in blood, and neuro-inflammation may play a role in the development of psychopathology after early life stress. Salivary immune testing is a novel method to non-invasively assess immune functioning. We examined a large range of salivary immune markers in relation to self-reported childhood maltreatment and psychopathology in an adult sample. METHODS Participants (N = 118, 51% female, mean age = 46.6 yrs, range 22-64) were drawn from a cross-sectional three-generation study, and supplied 2 ml of saliva via passive drool. They reported on childhood maltreatment experiences and on psychopathological symptoms in the last 6 months. Hair cortisol was additionally assessed in a subsample (n = 68). Levels of IL1ß, IL6, IL8, IFNγ, TNFα, tIgE, sIgA, FLCƛ, and FLCƙ were assessed. RESULTS Linear mixed model analyses showed that several salivary immune markers were associated with age (sIgA and IgE), BMI (sIgA, IL1ß, and IL6), sex (FLCs and IgE), and bad health (IL6, IL8, TNFα). No associations with (anti-inflammatory) medication use or oral health problems were found. Notably, no associations between the immune markers and self-reported childhood maltreatment, psychopathology, or hair cortisol were found. CONCLUSIONS Salivary immune measures were found to be sensitive to individual differences in age, sex, health and BMI. However. in the current sample there was no indication of inflammation in relation to chronic psychological stress. Larger studies, including participants with higher stress levels, are needed to further examine associations between salivary immune markers and psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Marieke Tollenaar
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - K Katharina Pittner
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R S M Renate Buisman
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - K Karen Knipping
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - J Johan Garssen
- Danone Nutricia Research, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - C A Cosima Nimphy
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L J M Lisa van den Berg
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J E Annelies Bolijn
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - L R A Lenneke Alink
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - B M Bernet Elzinga
- Institute of Psychology, Clinical Psychology Unit, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M J Marian Bakermans-Kranenburg
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition (LIBC), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Attachment Research, The New School, New York, United States
| | - M H Marinus IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Sharif-Askari FS, Sharif-Askari NS, Hafezi S, Mdkhana B, Alsayed HAH, Ansari AW, Mahboub B, Zakeri AM, Temsah MH, Zahir W, Hamid Q, Halwani R. Interleukin-17, a salivary biomarker for COVID-19 severity. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274841. [PMID: 36136963 PMCID: PMC9498944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives T-helper 17 cell-mediated response and their effector IL-17 cytokine induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is a major cause of COVID-19 disease severity and death. Therefore, the study aimed to determine if IL-17 level in saliva mirrors its circulatory level and hence can be used as a non-invasive biomarker for disease severity. Methods Interleukin-17 (IL-17) level was evaluated by ELISA in saliva and blood of 201 adult COVID-19 patients with different levels of severity. The IL-17 saliva level was also associated with COVID-19 disease severity, and need for mechanical ventilation and/or death within 29 days after admission of severe COVID-19 patients. Results We found that IL-17 level in saliva of COVID-19 patients reflected its circulatory level. High IL-17 level in saliva was associated with COVID-19 severity (P<0.001), need for mechanical ventilation (P = 0.002), and/or death by 29 days (P = 0.002), after adjusting for patients’ demographics, comorbidity, and COVID-19 serum severity markers such as D-Dimer, C-reactive protein, and ferritin. Conclusion We propose that saliva IL-17 level could be used as a biomarker to identify patients at risk of developing severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shirin Hafezi
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bushra Mdkhana
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Abdul Wahid Ansari
- Dermatology Institute, Translational Research Institute, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Bassam Mahboub
- Rashid Hospital, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adel M. Zakeri
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad-Hani Temsah
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology Research Lab, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Walid Zahir
- G42 Health Care, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Qutayba Hamid
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Rabih Halwani
- Sharjah Institute of Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Prince Abdullah Ben Khaled Celiac Disease Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail:
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Safabakhsh D, Jazaeri M, Abdolsamadi H, Abassi E, Farhadian M. Comparison of Salivary Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, C - reactive protein levels and Total Antioxidants Capacity of Obese Individuals with Normal Weight Ones. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine 2022; 0. [DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: Obesity is a worldwide concern that may lead in type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, etc. Several serum biomarkers have been identified in the saliva of obese individuals, including inflammatory cytokines, adipokines, insulin, and cortisol. The present study aimed to compare salivary interleukin-6(IL-6), interleukin-8(IL-8), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and total antioxidants capacity (TAC) of obese individuals with normal-weighted ones.
Methods: In this case–control study, 92 participants matched in terms of age and gender were placed into two groups according to the body mass index (BMI); case group: BMI>30 and control group: 18.5<BMI<24.99. Unstimulated saliva was collected. ELISA and FRAP method were used to determine IL-6, IL-8, CRP and TAC. Data was analyzed using SPSS 24, at the significant level of 0.05.
Results: Mean salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in the normal individuals were 53.36 and 421.25ng/mL, with 86.09ng/mL and 510.19ng/mL in obese individuals, respectively. There were significant differences in the mean salivary levels of IL-6 and IL-8 between two experimental groups.
The mean salivary levels of CRP of control and case group was 2.84 and2.63 ng/mL and the total salivary antioxidant levels in the normal and obese individuals were 0.29 and 0.36, respectively which had no significant different.
Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, salivary levels IL-8 and IL-6 was significantly higher in obese individuals than in those with normal weight. However, the mean salivary CRP and TAC were not significantly different between the obese individuals and normal-weighted ones.
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Bargues-Navarro G, Ibáñez-del Valle V, El Mlili N, Cauli O. Salivary Biomarkers Associated with Psychological Alterations in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review. Medicina (Kaunas) 2022; 58:medicina58081091. [PMID: 36013558 PMCID: PMC9416232 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58081091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The care of individuals with diabetes needs a holistic perspective, taking into account both the physical disease and the mental health problems that may be associated. Different studies show a higher prevalence of depression or anxiety issues in diabetes patients than in the general population, which is why diabetes can be considered one of the chronic diseases in which psychological care is crucial to maintain quality of life. The objective of this review is to examine the published articles that relate the bidirectional associations between objective and subjective measures of anxiety, depressive symptomatology, stress, sleep quality, and salivary biomarkers in patients with diabetes. For this, a search was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane, and SCOPUS using the keywords "diabetes", "saliva", "sleep", "anxiety", "depression", and "stress" for works published up until May 2022 and limited to the English and Spanish languages. The sample comprised 14 articles, 5 of which analysed the associations between depressive symptomatology and salivary biomarkers in people with diabetes. Among the salivary biomarkers most frequently used to evaluate psychological alterations in persons with diabetes are cortisol and melatonin. Thus, significant changes in the levels of these biomarkers were observed in most studies. Four out of five studies reported a statistically significant relationship between increased salivary cortisol in the evening/midnight or the cortisol awakening response and depressive symptoms. In contrast, lower cortisol levels upon waking in the morning were observed when there was no depression or anxiety. Regarding the association between salivary cortisol values and sleep quality in patients with diabetes, lower morning cortisol values related to prolonged nighttime sleep were common in the analysed studies. Low melatonin concentrations showed a negative correlation with sleep quality. As it is an easy-to-apply and non-invasive method, the measurement of salivary biomarkers can be very useful for predicting psychological alterations in patients with diabetes. Further scientific studies are required to determine the sensitivity of these biological substances acting as biomarkers for detecting sleep disorders and psychological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Bargues-Navarro
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Avda Menéndez Pidal 19, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vanessa Ibáñez-del Valle
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Avda Menéndez Pidal 19, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Organized Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Chair of Active Ageing, University of Valencia, 4610 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nisrin El Mlili
- Higher Institute of Nursing Professions and Health Techniques (ISPITS), Tetouan 93000, Morocco
- Department of Biology and Health, Faculty of Sciences, University Abdelmalek Essâadi, Tetouan 93000, Morocco
| | - Omar Cauli
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, Avda Menéndez Pidal 19, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Frailty and Cognitive Impairment Organized Group (FROG), University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Chair of Active Ageing, University of Valencia, 4610 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Lee S, Chey J, Ahn W, Woo C, Youm Y, Kim H, Oh N, Park H, Gim S, Lee E, Choi I. Psychological well‐being and salivary markers of inflammation: The moderating effect of age. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2022; 15:466-478. [PMID: 35851762 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a significant impact of higher psychological well-being (PWB) on health outcomes; however, such associations have been studied exclusively in middle-aged to older adults. This study examined the aging effect on PWB measures as well as the moderating effect of age on the link between PWB and inflammation, using salivary markers by comparing the younger adults (n = 127; Mage = 22.98 years) versus older adults (n = 75; Mage = 75.60 years). Older adults showed significantly lower levels of PWB, particularly regarding purpose in life and personal growth. Moreover, higher purpose in life was associated with lower salivary IL-1ß and IL-6 (b = 0.83, p < .001; b = 0.81, p < .01) only in the older adult group but not in younger adults. These findings highlight the potential buffering effect of the sense of living well on physiological pathways in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung‐Ha Lee
- Center for Happiness Studies Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Jeanyung Chey
- Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Woo‐Young Ahn
- Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Choong‐Wan Woo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Suwon South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
| | - Yoosik Youm
- Department of Sociology Yonsei University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hairin Kim
- Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
- Department of Psychiatry Seoul National University College of Medicine and SMG‐SNU Boramae Medical Center Seoul South Korea
| | - Naeun Oh
- Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Hyeyoung Park
- Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
| | - Suhwan Gim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Suwon South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
| | - Eunjin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Suwon South Korea
- Department of Intelligent Precision Healthcare Convergence Sungkyunkwan University Suwon South Korea
| | - Incheol Choi
- Center for Happiness Studies Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
- Department of Psychology Seoul National University Seoul South Korea
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Steigmann L, Maekawa S, Kauffmann F, Reiss J, Cornett A, Sugai J, Venegas J, Fan X, Xie Y, Giannobile WV, Pop-Busui R, Lombaert IMA. Changes in salivary biomarkers associated with periodontitis and diabetic neuropathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11284. [PMID: 35788667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15430-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this pilot clinical study was to identify salivary biomarkers that are associated with periodontal disease and measures of diabetic autonomic dysfunction. Saliva samples from 32 participants were obtained from 3 groups: healthy (H), type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), and type 1 diabetes mellitus with neuropathy (DMN). Based on the periodontal examination, individuals’ mean Periodontal Screening and Recording scores were categorized into two groups (periodontally healthy and gingivitis), and correlated to specific salivary inflammatory biomarkers assessed by a customized protein array and enzyme assay. The mean salivary IgA level in DM was 9211.5 ± 4776.4 pg/ml, which was significantly lower than H (17,182.2 ± 8899.3 pg/ml). IgA in DMN with healthy periodontium was significantly lower (5905.5 ± 3124.8 pg/ml) compared to H, although IgA levels in DMN patients with gingivitis (16,894. 6 ± 7084.3) were not. According to the result of a logistic regression model, IgA and periodontal condition were the indicators of the binary response given by H versus DM, and H versus DMN, respectively. These data suggest that selected salivary biomarkers, such as IgA, combined with a periodontal examination prior to obtaining salivary samples can offer a non-invasive method to assess risk for developing diabetic neuropathy.
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Leme LAFP, Rizzardi KF, Santos IB, Parisotto TM. Exploring the Relationship between Salivary Levels of TNF-α, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus gasseri, Obesity, and Caries in Early Childhood. Pathogens 2022; 11:579. [PMID: 35631100 PMCID: PMC9145422 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the relationship between tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus gasseri (L. gasseri), obesity, and early childhood caries. After caries and obesity diagnosis based on the WHO criteria, 94 preschoolers were assessed. Unstimulated saliva was collected for analysis of TNF-α by the Milliplex system and for L. acidophilus and L. gasseri using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In obese children, each unit increase in the body mass index (BMI), and the TNF-α levels was associated with a one-time increase in the number of decayed surfaces (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, in eutrophic preschoolers, the presence of L. gasseri and L. acidophilus was linked, respectively, to an increase of 3.04 and 1.59 times in the number of decayed surfaces (p < 0.05); in obese children, the presence of L. acidophilus was not significant (p > 0.05) and L. gasseri was shown as a possible protective indicator (RR:0.49−p < 0.05). In conclusion, TNF-α and BMI were connected to carious lesions only in obese preschoolers, suggesting that inflammation could be underscored when both pathologies are concomitant. The presence of both species of lactobacilli investigated was connected with early childhood caries in eutrophic children, whereas in obese children only L. gasseri was significant, and in an opposite way, reinforcing that obesity can modulate oral bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thaís Manzano Parisotto
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Microbiology, University São Francisco, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo 12916-900, Brazil; (L.A.F.P.L.); (K.F.R.); (I.B.S.)
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Clephane K, O'Loughlin JI, Bodnar TS, Wilson MC, Stariha JT, Craig AN, Weinberg J, Brotto LA, Lorenz TK. Lack of Evidence for a Relationship Between Salivary CRP and Women's Sexual Desire: An Investigation Across Clinical and Healthy Samples. J Sex Med 2022; 19:745-760. [PMID: 35296386 PMCID: PMC9064911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2022.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation has been linked to a variety of mental and physical health outcomes that disproportionately impact women, and which can impair sexual function; thus, there is reason to expect a link between inflammation and women's sexual functioning. AIM To test the hypothesis that higher concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP), a general biomarker of inflammation, would predict women's lower sexual desire. METHOD As 2 independent research teams, we conducted 3 separate studies (total n = 405) that assessed salivary CRP and various measurements of sexual desire in different women populations. OUTCOMES Female Sexual Function Index, Sexual Desire Inventory-2, Decreased Sexual Desire Screener, and Sexual Interest and Desire Inventory. RESULTS Regardless of the way sexual desire was measured (e.g., state vs trait; general desire vs. desire functioning) and the population sampled (i.e., healthy vs. clinically diagnosed with sexual dysfunction), all the studies revealed null results. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS While exploratory, the convergence of these null results across studies and researchers suggests that if there is an association between inflammation and women's sexual desire, it is likely very subtle. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS Across 2 independent research teams, 3 unrelated studies, and various measurements of sexual desire, results were consistent. These points lend to the generalizability of the results. However, study designs were cross-sectional. CONCLUSIONS Future research may reveal (i) a non-linear threshold effect, such that inflammation does not begin to impact women's sexual desire until it is at a high level, (ii) inflammatory biomarkers other than CRP might be more sensitive in detecting associations between inflammation and desire, should they exist, or (iii) the mechanisms underlying sexual dysfunction may differ between sexes. Clephane K, et al. Lack of Evidence for a Relationship Between Salivary CRP and Women's Sexual Desire: An Investigation Across Clinical and Healthy Samples. J Sex Med 2022;19:745-760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Clephane
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, Lincoln, NE, USA; University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Psychology Department, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Julia I O'Loughlin
- University of British Columbia, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA, USA
| | - Tamara S Bodnar
- University of British Columbia, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA, USA
| | - M Claire Wilson
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jordan Tb Stariha
- University of British Columbia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA, USA
| | - Amber N Craig
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joanne Weinberg
- University of British Columbia, Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA, USA
| | - Lori A Brotto
- University of British Columbia, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA, USA; University of British Columbia, Faculty of Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia, CA, USA
| | - Tierney K Lorenz
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Center for Brain, Biology and Behavior, Lincoln, NE, USA; University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Psychology Department, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Selvaraju V, Babu JR, Geetha T. Multiplexed measurements of salivary fetuin-A, insulin, and adiponectin as potential non-invasive biomarkers in childhood obesity. Cytokine 2022; 153:155843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Chen P, Wu H, Yao H, Zhang J, Fan W, Chen Z, Su W, Wang Y, Li P. Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals the Systematic Relationship Between Oral Homeostasis and Chronic Sleep Deprivation in Rats. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847132. [PMID: 35432311 PMCID: PMC9009293 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep disorders were associated with oral health. Inflammation has especially been thought to be a key factor in linking oral diseases and sleep deficiency. However, how chronic sleep deprivation (CSD) affects oral homeostasis, particularly oral inflammation and oral microbiota, is still unknown. This study aimed to uncover the systematic relationship between oral homeostasis and CSD in rats. The metabolomics in serum, proteomics in the tongue tissues, and microbiome analysis in the oral cavity in CSD rats were performed. Multi-omics data integration analysis was performed to uncover the systematic relationship between oral homeostasis and CSD through the weighted correlation network analysis. We found that CSD could lead to oral inflammation in rats. CSD significantly increased systemic inflammation by enhancing the serum levels of IL-1β, IL-6 and inhibiting the serum level of IL-10. Serum levels of adrenocorticotropin hormone, corticosterone, and triiodothyronine were increased in CSD rats, and the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway was also found to be involved in the perturbation resulting from CSD, together suggesting the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical and hypothalamic‐pituitary‐thyroid axis. CSD led to changes of oral microbiota composition, and g_Acinetobacter, Candidatus Chryseobacterium massiliae, and g_Moraxella were significantly correlated with multiple proteins in bacterial invasion of epithelial cells pathway, which may partially responsible for oral inflammation resulting from CSD. The changes of proteomic profiling expression caused by CSD in tongue tissues were mainly enriched in neurodegenerative diseases pathways and immune/inflammation-related pathways. Multi-omics analysis indicated that the inflammatory response-related modules were significantly correlated with the neurodegenerative disease-related module suggesting a possible link between neurodegenerative diseases and oral inflammation. Together, CSD induced oral inflammation and subtle changes on oral microbiota. Our study is helpful to further understand the role that oral homeostasis plays in the process by which CSD affects human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Yao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiashuo Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Fan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Westwell-Roper C, Best JR, Naqqash Z, Au A, Lin B, Lu C, Shao L, Beasley CL, Stewart SE. Severe symptoms predict salivary interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in children and youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Psychosom Res 2022; 155:110743. [PMID: 35190349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been associated with immune dysregulation, including aberrant plasma inflammatory markers and increased rates of infectious and immune-mediated disorders. Saliva may provide a minimally-invasive tool for assessing oral mucosal immunity and inflammatory biomarkers in this population. The primary aim of this study was to compare salivary defense proteins and inflammatory mediators in saliva from children and youth with OCD and healthy controls, and evaluate their associations with measures of oral health and OCD phenotype. METHODS In this cross-sectional observational study, saliva was collected from 41 children and youth with childhood-onset OCD and 46 healthy controls. Levels of lysozyme, α-amylase, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or electrochemiluminescent-based immunoassays. RESULTS All analytes were detectable in saliva. When adjusting for salivary flow rate and total protein, multiple linear regression models including demographic variables, oral health measures, and OCD status explained a significant proportion of the variance in IL-6, IL-1β, and sIgA but not TNF-α, CRP, α-amylase, or lysozyme levels. Diagnosis of OCD was associated with significantly higher IL-6 (β = 0.403, p = 0.026), while severity of OCD was a significant predictor of increased cytokines (IL-6, β = 0.325, p = 0.009; IL-1β, β = 0.284, p = 0.020; TNF-α, β = 0.269, p = 0.036), but not other analytes. CONCLUSION These data point to the feasibility of analyzing soluble immune mediators in the saliva in childhood-onset OCD, suggesting that pro-inflammatory cytokines are associated with OCD diagnosis and symptom severity. Further work is required to elucidate the factors contributing to this association and implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Westwell-Roper
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - John R Best
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Zainab Naqqash
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Antony Au
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Boyee Lin
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Cynthia Lu
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Clare L Beasley
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - S Evelyn Stewart
- Provincial OCD Program, BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; BC Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Pundir M, Papagerakis S, De Rosa MC, Chronis N, Kurabayashi K, Abdulmawjood S, Prince MEP, Lobanova L, Chen X, Papagerakis P. Emerging biotechnologies for evaluating disruption of stress, sleep, and circadian rhythm mechanism using aptamer-based detection of salivary biomarkers. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 59:107961. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Handajani J, Kusumajati D, Fathiyah H, Susilowati H, Tandelilin RT. Quality improvement of saliva by chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks: a randomized experimental trial. F1000Res 2022; 10:56. [PMID: 35387272 PMCID: PMC8938629 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28028.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Bubble tea drinks contain tea and tapioca pearls. Chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks may increase salivary components. Because of its proteins, inorganic components, and enzymes, saliva plays an important role in the body’s defense against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to analyze the effect of chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels. Methods: The inclusion criterion was 18–25 years of age. The exclusion criteria were receiving medication, using dentures, a history of dry mouth, smoking and systemic disease. In the first week of the experiment, subjects drank bubble tea with tapioca pearls for three days (intervention week). In the second week, the same subjects drank tea without pearls for three days (control week). Each subject drank the bubble tea for 5 minutes per day over 3 days. Saliva samples were collected on the first day before bubble tea consumption (pretest) and on the third day after tea consumption (posttest). Saliva collection was performed in the morning (09:00 am–12:00 pm) for 1 minute. Sixty saliva samples were collected from 15 subjects. Salivary CRP levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit, and Ca levels were determined using semi-quantitative test strips. Results: Salivary CRP decreased significantly on the third day in the intervention group but showed no significant difference with the control group. Calcium levels increased significantly on the third day in both groups. Conclusion: Bubble tea drinks could improve the quality of saliva by decreasing salivary CRP and increasing Ca levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov,
NCT04670341 (17
th December 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Handajani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dinda Kusumajati
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hania Fathiyah
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Heni Susilowati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Regina T.C. Tandelilin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
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24
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Papakonstantinou E, Xaidara M, Siopi V, Giannoglou M, Katsaros G, Theodorou G, Maratou E, Poulia KA, Dimitriadis GD, Skandamis PN. Effects of Spaghetti Differing in Soluble Fiber and Protein Content on Glycemic Responses in Humans: A Randomized Clinical Trial in Healthy Subjects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19053001. [PMID: 35270698 PMCID: PMC8909947 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19053001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This randomized, single blind, cross-over study investigated the glycemic responses to three spaghetti No 7 types differing in dietary protein and soluble fiber content. Fourteen clinically and metabolically healthy, fasting individuals (25 ± 1 years; ten women; BMI 23 ± 1 kg/m2) received isoglucidic test meals (50 g available carbohydrate) and 50 g glucose reference, in random order. GI was calculated using the FAO/WHO method. Capillary blood glucose and salivary insulin samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, and 120 min. Subjective appetite ratings (hunger, fullness, and desire to eat) were assessed by visual analogue scales (VAS, 100 mm) at baseline and 120 min. All three spaghetti types (regular, whole wheat, and high soluble fiber–low carbohydrates) provided low GI values (33, 38, and 41, respectively, on glucose scale) and lower peak glucose values compared to glucose or white bread. No differences were observed between spaghetti No 7 types for fasting glucose, fasting and post-test-meal insulin concentrations, blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), and subjective appetite. Conclusions: all spaghetti No 7 types, regardless of soluble fiber and/or protein content, attenuated postprandial glycemic response, which may offer advantages to glycemic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Papakonstantinou
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2105294967
| | - Marina Xaidara
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
| | - Vassiliki Siopi
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
| | - Marianna Giannoglou
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (G.K.)
| | - George Katsaros
- Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization “DEMETER”, 14123 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgios Theodorou
- Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
| | - Eirini Maratou
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, “Attikon” University General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Haidari, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Kalliopi-Anna Poulia
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Quality of Life, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (M.X.); (V.S.); (K.-A.P.)
| | - George D. Dimitriadis
- Sector of Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis N. Skandamis
- Laboratory of Food Quality Control and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece;
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25
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Abstract
The maintenance of balanced oral homeostasis depends on saliva. A readily available and molecularly rich source of biological fluid, saliva fulfills many functions in the oral cavity, including lubrication, pH buffering, and tooth mineralization. Saliva composition and flow can be modulated by different factors, including circadian rhythm, diet, age, drugs, and disease. Recent events have revealed that saliva plays a central role in the dissemination and detection of the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. A working knowledge of saliva function and physiology is essential for dental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Uchida
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Catherine E. Ovitt
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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26
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Khairul-Anwar I, Wan-Nazatul-Shima S, Siti-Lailatul-Akmar Z, Hamid Siti-Azrin A, Zunaina E. Evaluation of TNF-α and IL-6 in saliva among diabetic retinopathy patients in East Coast Malaysia. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:310-316. [PMID: 35048479 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in saliva between different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2018 and November 2020. This study included diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with no DR, non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and proliferative DR (PDR). None of the patients with DM were included in the control group. Unstimulated saliva samples were then collected. TNF-α and IL-6 levels were measured. RESULTS Altogether, 120 patients were included in the study (DM without DR, 33 patients; DM with NPDR, 30 patients; DM with PDR, 32 patients; non-DM, 25 patients). The mean IL-6 level in saliva was significantly higher in the DM group (0.033±0.005 pg/ml) than in the non-DM group (0.027±0.001 pg/ml) (p<0.001 after adjusting for covariates). There was no significant difference in mean salivary TNF-α between patients with DM and those without DM after adjusting for covariates. The mean IL-6 in saliva was significantly higher in the NPDR (0.036±0.003 pg/ml) and PDR (0.093±0.023 pg/ml) groups than in the no DR group (0.027±0.001 pg/ml) (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). Mean TNF-α in saliva was significantly higher in the NPDR (0.086±0.022 pg/ml) and PDR (0.093±0.023 pg/ml) groups than in the no DR group (0.049±0.011 pg/ml) (p=0.015 and p=0.003, respectively). CONCLUSION There is an association between inflammatory biomarkers in saliva (IL-6 and TNF-α) and severity of DR among patients with DM, suggesting that these salivary biomarkers are potential biomarkers for screening, monitoring, and predicting the progression of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Khairul-Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shahidan Wan-Nazatul-Shima
- Basic Science & Oral Biology Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Zainuddin Siti-Lailatul-Akmar
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ab Hamid Siti-Azrin
- Biostatistics and Research Methodology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Embong Zunaina
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab II, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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27
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Faura G, Boix-Lemonche G, Holmeide AK, Verkauskiene R, Volke V, Sokolovska J, Petrovski G. Colorimetric and Electrochemical Screening for Early Detection of Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Retinopathy-Application of Sensor Arrays and Machine Learning. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:s22030718. [PMID: 35161465 PMCID: PMC8839630 DOI: 10.3390/s22030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this review, a selection of works on the sensing of biomarkers related to diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are presented, with the scope of helping and encouraging researchers to design sensor-array machine-learning (ML)-supported devices for robust, fast, and cost-effective early detection of these devastating diseases. First, we highlight the social relevance of developing systematic screening programs for such diseases and how sensor-arrays and ML approaches could ease their early diagnosis. Then, we present diverse works related to the colorimetric and electrochemical sensing of biomarkers related to DM and DR with non-invasive sampling (e.g., urine, saliva, breath, tears, and sweat samples), with a special mention to some already-existing sensor arrays and ML approaches. We finally highlight the great potential of the latter approaches for the fast and reliable early diagnosis of DM and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Faura
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (G.F.); (G.B.-L.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Boix-Lemonche
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (G.F.); (G.B.-L.)
| | | | - Rasa Verkauskiene
- Institute of Endocrinology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, LT-50009 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Vallo Volke
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Institute of Biomedical and Transplant Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Tartu University Hospital, L. Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway; (G.F.); (G.B.-L.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, 0450 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +47-9222-6158
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28
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Lin X, Wang G, Ma L, Liu G. Study on Factors Affecting the Performance of a CRISPR/Cas-Assisted New Immunoassay: Detection of Salivary Insulin as an Example. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:752514. [PMID: 34858958 PMCID: PMC8632245 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.752514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas is now playing a significant role in biosensing applications, especially when the trans-cleavage activity of several Cas effectors is discovered. Taking advantages of both CRISPR/Cas and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in analytical and clinical investigations, CRISPR/Cas-powered ELISA has been successfully designed to detect a spectrum of analytes beyond nucleic acid. Herein, we developed a CRISPR/Cas12a-assisted new immunoassay (CANi) for detection of salivary insulin as an example. Specifically, factors (antibody selection, temperature, and assay time) affecting the CRISPR/Cas-based ELISA system's performance were investigated. It was observed that the concentration of blocking solution, selection of the capture antibody pairs, and the sequences of triggering ssDNA and guiding RNA affected this immunoassay sensitivity. In contrast, the preincubation of CRISPR/Cas12a working solution and pre-mixture of detection antibody with anti-IgG-ssDNA did not show influence on the performance of CANi for the detection of insulin. Under optimized conditions, the sensitivity for detection of salivary insulin was 10 fg/ml with a linear range from 10 fg/ml to 1 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Lin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gonglei Wang
- School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Long Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industry Microbiology, Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Lab of Metabolic Control Fermentation Technology, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Life and Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
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29
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Aydin E, Drotleff B, Noack H, Derntl B, Lämmerhofer M. Fast accurate quantification of salivary cortisol and cortisone in a large-scale clinical stress study by micro-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS using a surrogate calibrant approach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1182:122939. [PMID: 34547590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and cortisone are common markers for stress and thus preferentially analyzed in matrices that allow non-invasive sampling such as saliva. Though the major drawback of immunoassays is lack of specificity due to cross reactivities, they are still most commonly used for quantification of steroid hormones. To overcome such problems, sensitive methods based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are becoming more and more accepted as the golden standard for steroid bioanalysis as they achieve accurate quantification at trace levels for multiple analytes in the same run. Along this line, the aim of this study was the development of a new microflow UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the measurement of salivary cortisol and cortisone, which due to its microflow regime provides enhanced sensitivity and is more ecofriendly. The developed method implemented sample preparation by Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) in a 96-well plate format. Data acquisitions were carried out in MRM (multiple reaction monitoring) mode. The quantitative determination of endogenous compounds in saliva remains a challenge since analyte-free matrix is lacking. Hence, a surrogate calibrant approach with cortisol-d4 andcortisone-13C3 was applied for the target compounds in the presented method. A number of factors were optimized and the method validated. The lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) was 72 and 62 pg mL-1for cortisol and cortisone, respectively. Linear calibration was achieved in the range from 0.062 to 75.5 ng mL-1for cortisol-d4 and 0.072 to 44 ng mL-1forcortisone-13C3. The performance of the method was also evaluated via proficiency test for salivary cortisol. Finally, it was applied successfully to evaluate cortisol and cortisone concentrations in multiple batches in routine clinical stress study samples (4056 total injections with 1983 study samples). Moreover, the instrument performance (in particular retention time variability) within each batch, between different batches and lot-to-lot of 5 investigated capillary columns over time is described. The work documents that micro-UHPLC-ESI-MS/MS is suitable and robust enough to carry out a full clinical study with greater than 1000s of samples over an extended period if adequate internal standards can be used.
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30
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Abdalla MMI. Salivary resistin level and its association with insulin resistance in obese individuals. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1507-1517. [PMID: 34630903 PMCID: PMC8472494 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i9.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The escalating global burden of type 2 diabetes mellitus necessitates the implementation of strategies that are both more reliable and faster in order to improve the early identification of insulin resistance (IR) in high-risk groups, including overweight and obese individuals. The use of salivary biomarkers offers a promising alternative to serum collection because it is safer, more comfortable, and less painful to obtain saliva samples. As obesity is the foremost contributory factor in IR development, the adipocytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin secreted from the adipose tissue have been studied as potential reliable biomarkers for IR. Measurement of salivary adipokines as predictors for IR has attracted widespread attention because of the strong correlation between their blood and salivary concentrations. One of the adipokines that is closely related to IR is resistin. However, there are conflicting findings on resistin’s potential role as an etiological link between obesity and IR and the reliability of measuring salivary resistin as a biomarker for IR. Hence this study reviewed the available evidence on the potential use of salivary resistin as a biomarker for IR in order to attempt to gain a better understanding of the role of resistin in the development of IR in obese individuals.
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31
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Fernandez-Botran R, Szabo YZ, Lyle KB, Newton TL. The levels of soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in saliva are influenced by acute stress. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108147. [PMID: 34492333 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although elevations in systemic suPAR levels have been associated with inflammatory conditions and with exposure to life stress and adversity, it is not yet clear whether acute psychological stress influences suPAR levels, either systemically and/or in saliva. The aim of this study was to investigate whether salivary suPAR levels are increased following exposure to acute psychological stress. Healthy subjects, aged 18-40 years, completed a laboratory psychological stressor and provided saliva samples before and after the stress test (60 min apart). Levels of suPAR as well as those of cytokines increased in the post-stress samples (all ps < .001). Baseline and post-stress IL-1β and TNF-α as well as post-stress IL-6 correlated significantly with suPAR (all ps < .01), but IL-10 and baseline IL-6 did not. These results show that suPAR levels in saliva are stress-reactive and suggest a potential application as stress biomarkers in saliva, particularly given the advantage of easily detectable concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Fernandez-Botran
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Yvette Z Szabo
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States; Department of Veteran Affairs, VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, United States.
| | - Keith B Lyle
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
| | - Tamara L Newton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States.
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32
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Shakeeb N, Varkey P, Ajit A. Human Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen for Early Detection of Inflammatory Biomarkers by Real-Time RT-PCR. Inflammation 2021. [PMID: 34031776 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-021-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays human saliva is more frequently studied as a non-invasive, stress-free, and preferable diagnostic material than blood. Supporting evidences acknowledge saliva as a mirror that reflects the body’s physical state. Numerous studies have also demonstrated the presence and use of RNA derived from saliva in the early diagnosis of disease by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Assessing the host inflammatory response in patients and its resolution at an early stage can serve as a prognostic and predictive method in determining therapeutic response or disease progression. In this context, the potential of saliva as a specimen to diagnose early inflammatory biomarkers using RT-PCR seems fascinating and useful. Here, we review inflammatory biomarkers within the saliva, focusing on early detection of these biomarkers using RT-PCR and the factors influencing the quality of saliva specimen.
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33
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Maciejczyk M, Bielas M, Zalewska A, Gerreth K. Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2021; 2021:5545330. [PMID: 33897941 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5545330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a serious worldwide health problem, as can be seen by the global epidemic of the disease. In this disorder, when the blood flow is compromised by ruptures or blocked arteries, sudden death of neurons is observed as a result of a lack of oxygen and nutrients. Numerous severe problems and frequent complications also exist in stroke patients; therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new therapeutic, diagnostic, and prognostic methods for the disease. At present, the diagnosis of stroke is based on a neurological examination, medical history, and neuroimaging, due to the fact that rapid and noninvasive diagnostic tests are unavailable. Nevertheless, oxidative stress and inflammation are considered key factors in stroke pathogenesis. Oxygen free radicals are responsible for oxidation of lipids, proteins, and DNA/RNA, which in turn contributes to oxidative damage of the brain. Toxic products of the oxidation reactions act cytostatically on the cell by damaging cell membranes and leading to neuronal death by apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, it seems that redox/inflammatory biomarkers might be used in the diagnosis of the disease. Nowadays, saliva is of increasing interest in clinical laboratory medicine. Redox biomarkers could be obtained easily, noninvasively, cheaply, and stress-free from saliva. This minireview is aimed at presenting the current knowledge concerning the use of salivary biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the diagnosis and prognosis of stroke.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistin concentrations in saliva; which is a noninvasive and stress-free diagnostic sample, and to investigate the significance of salivary resistin concentrations in screening GDM. METHODS This cross-sectional case-control study included 41 newly diagnosed GDM patients and 40 healthy pregnant. The participants were consecutively included in the study among eligible pregnant women; who were in the age range from 18 to 40 years of age and at the gestational age between 24 and 28 weeks. The levels of serum and salivary resistin were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. RESULTS Maternal serum resistin and salivary resistin concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with GDM compared to the individuals in the control group. The data were evaluated by the receiver-operator curve analysis; which revealed that serum and saliva resistin concentrations were moderately successful markers to differentiate subjects with GDM from healthy pregnant women. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the determination of saliva resistin levels at the gestational age between 24 to 28 weeks may be used as an alternative, stress-free, and noninvasive technique that may be used in GDM screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beril Gürlek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Sabri Çolak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
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35
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Shetty B, Divakar DD, Al-Kheraif AA, Alharbi AO, Almutairi MST, Alanazi MM. Role of PDT as an adjunct to SRP on whole salivary RANKL and OPG ratio in type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic individuals with chronic periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 34:102220. [PMID: 33610736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to assess the effect of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without adjunct photodynamic therapy (PDT) on the levels of osteoprotegerin (OPG) receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand (RANKL) in the unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) of type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic individuals with chronic periodontitis (CP). METHODS Type-2 diabetic and normoglycemic subjects with CP (Groups 1 and 2, respectively) were divided into test- (SRP + PDT) and control (SRP only) groups. Patient demographics were recorded; and periodontal parameters (marginal bone loss [MBL], probing depth [P.D], plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and clinical attachment loss [CAL]) were assessed at baseline and at 3-months-follow-up. Rate of flow of unstimulated whole saliva and levels of RANKL and osteoprotegerin were measured at both time intervals. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Eighty-four persons with CP (42 with and 42 without type-2 DM) were included. At baseline, clinicoradiographic parameters were comparable in all groups. At 3-months of follow-up, there was no significant difference in the clinicoradiographic parameters in all groups. At 3-months of follow-up, there was no significant reduction in whole salivary RANKL and osteoprotegerin levels among individuals in the test and control groups among CP patients with and without CP. CONCLUSION The whole salivary RANKL/OPG ratio remains high in patients with poorly-controlled type-2 DM after SRP with or without adjunct PDT.
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Handajani J, Kusumajati D, Fathiyah H, Susilowati H, Tandelilin RT. Quality improvement of saliva by chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks: a randomized experimental trial: (Study on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels). F1000Res 2021; 10:56. [PMID: 35387272 PMCID: PMC8938629 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.28028.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Bubble tea drinks contain tea and tapioca pearls. Chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks may increase salivary components. Because of its proteins, inorganic components, and enzymes, saliva plays an important role in the body's defense against bacteria and viruses. This study aims to analyze the effect of chewing tapioca pearls in bubble tea drinks on salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and calcium (Ca) levels. Methods: The inclusion criterion was 18-25 years of age. The exclusion criteria were receiving medication, using dentures, a history of dry mouth, smoking and systemic disease. In the first week of the experiment, subjects drank bubble tea with tapioca pearls for three days (intervention week). In the second week, the same subjects drank tea without pearls for three days (control week). Each subject drank the bubble tea for 5 minutes per day over 3 days. Saliva samples were collected on the first day before bubble tea consumption (pretest) and on the third day after tea consumption (posttest). Saliva collection was performed in the morning (09:00 am-12:00 pm) for 1 minute. Sixty saliva samples were collected from 15 subjects. Salivary CRP levels were measured using a commercial ELISA kit, and Ca levels were determined using semi-quantitative test strips. Results: Salivary CRP decreased significantly on the third day in the intervention group but showed no significant difference with the control group. Calcium levels increased significantly on the third day in both groups. Conclusion: Bubble tea drinks could improve the quality of saliva by decreasing salivary CRP and increasing Ca levels. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04670341 (17 th December 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juni Handajani
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Dinda Kusumajati
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hania Fathiyah
- Dental Hygiene Study Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Heni Susilowati
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Regina T.C. Tandelilin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 55281, Indonesia
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Szabo YZ, Slavish DC. Measuring salivary markers of inflammation in health research: A review of methodological considerations and best practices. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 124:105069. [PMID: 33316694 PMCID: PMC8412951 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is an increasing interest in using saliva to measure inflammatory biomarkers. Compared to blood, saliva is non-invasive, requires a lower biosafety classification, and requires less specialized personnel to collect. As the assessment of inflammation in saliva becomes more popular in psychoneuroimmunology research, the development of gold-standard methodological practices is paramount. This paper reviews different considerations for designing studies to assess salivary measures of inflammation. We review saliva collection procedures, sample storage and processing considerations, assay techniques, flow rate, correspondence with blood-based markers, and potential demographic and health moderators of levels of salivary markers of inflammation. Together, this review highlights critical gaps for future research, including calls for standardization of study protocols, transparent reporting of results, assessing predictive validity of markers of salivary inflammation for disease, and the need for assessment of participants' oral and general health status. Although additional work is needed to elucidate gold standards for study design, measurement, and analysis, salivary markers of inflammation may be a useful tool for understanding oral and peripheral inflammation dynamics non-invasively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Z. Szabo
- Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA,Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA, Corresponding Authors: Yvette Z. Szabo, 4800 Memorial Drive (151C), Waco, Texas 76711 (254) 297-3179;
| | - Danica C. Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Bahbah EI, Noehammer C, Pulverer W, Jung M, Weinhaeusel A. Salivary biomarkers in cardiovascular disease: An insight into the current evidence. FEBS J 2020; 288:6392-6405. [PMID: 33370493 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of mortality worldwide. In acute cardiovascular conditions, time is a crucial player in the outcomes of disease management. Given the ease and noninvasiveness of obtaining saliva, salivary biomarkers may provide a rapid and efficient diagnosis of CVD. Here, we reviewed the published data on the value of salivary molecules for diagnosis of CVD, especially in acute care settings. In this review, we show that some biomarkers such as salivary creatinine kinase myocardial band, C-reactive protein, troponin-1, and myoglobin exhibited promising diagnostic values that were comparable to their serum counterparts. Other molecules were also investigated and showed controversial results, including myeloperoxidase, brain natriuretic peptide, and some oxidative stress markers. Based on our review, we concluded that the clinical use of salivary biomarkers to diagnose CVD is promising; however, it is still in the early stage of development. Further studies are needed to validate these findings, determine cutoff values for diagnosis, and compare them to other established biomarkers currently in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshak I Bahbah
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.,Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Christa Noehammer
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Pulverer
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Jung
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Weinhaeusel
- AIT Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria
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Iroanya OO, Obi JC, Ogunyinka OO, Bosede OT, Egwuatu TF, Adewole RA. Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based age determination using skin-specific markers of saliva epithelial cells. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-020-00067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Age determination is a vital factor in biological identification in forensics. This study was carried out to determine the expression levels of three target genes (Keratin 9 (KRT9), Loricrin (LOR) and Corneodesmosin (CDSN)) in salivary epithelial cells and how they can be used in age determination using reference gene, β-actin. Thirty young adults participated in the study and were divided into three groups according to their ages (16–20, 21–25, and 26–30). Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extraction, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) synthesis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were performed. Data analysis was done using IBM SPSS Version 26 and the comparative Ct method (2−∆∆Ct method).
Results
CDSN was detected in all the sampled age groups. Though the age group 16–20 had the highest (0.4237) expression of CDSN among the three age groups, there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the expression of the gene among the three age groups. The LOR gene was lowly expressed across all age groups used in the study. The expression of the gene did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) between the control and 26–30 years age group, but they were however significantly higher (F = 36.47, p ≤ 0.05) than the expression of the gene in both 16–20 and 21–25 years age groups. The KRT9 gene was expressed only in age groups 16–20 and 26–30 and the expression of the gene did not significantly (p > 0.05) differ between these age groups. Though the expression of all the target genes was low, it was observed that the LOR gene expression varied among 21–25 and 26–30 age groups; therefore, more data and further analyses are still required since this experimental approach for age determination using gene expression is still at an emerging stage.
Conclusion
Although RNA concentration was low and the expression values of the genes were low and could not be used in comparing the expression levels among the three age groups, it can be concluded that the three messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) markers CDSN, LOR and KRT9, as well as the ACTB reference mRNA marker analysed via the described qPCR assays, are suitable for identifying epithelial cells in saliva.
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Finamore A, Peluso I, Cauli O. Salivary Stress/Immunological Markers in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8562. [PMID: 33202858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There is continuous and growing interest in research into new alternatives to standard biomarkers to detect and follow-up disease, reducing physical and psychological stress in patients needing regular and invasive medical examinations for the evaluation of pathologies, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Saliva is one of the most promising body fluids in the research of new biomarkers, thanks to the large number of molecules it contains. Many molecules present in saliva are often directly correlated to their concentration in the blood but may be affected by the condition of the oral cavity. This means that a careful selection of a specific biomarker is required for each pathology, especially pathologies such as IBD, which may induce inflammation in the oral cavity. Here, we analyze the currently used and the proposed new salivary biomarkers (i.e., calprotectin, cytokines, IgA, cortisol, and oxidative stress markers) for the detection and follow-up of the main subtypes of IBD, known as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
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Pappa E, Vougas K, Zoidakis J, Vastardis H. Proteomic advances in salivary diagnostics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2020; 1868:140494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tsai CM, Tang KS, Cheng MC, Liu TY, Huang YH, Chen CC, Yu HR. Use of saliva sample to detect C-reactive protein in children with pneumonia. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:2457-2462. [PMID: 32633868 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) is a sensitive biomarker for inflammation and is broadly used to clinically diagnose infectious diseases, including pneumonia. However, blood sampling is fraught with technical difficulties in children. The salivary analysis may be a potential diagnostic tool, as it is noninvasive, patient-friendly, and easy to perform in children. This study aimed to evaluate the use of salivary CRP as a biomarker for children with pneumonia. METHODS A prospective study was conducted in patients aged 2 to 17 years, admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. Saliva and serum samples for CRP and chemokine determination were collected at the initial admission and during a follow-up from pediatric patients with pneumonia. Salivary samples were also collected from healthy subjects used as controls. RESULTS A total of 60 healthy children and 106 pediatric patients with pneumonia were enrolled in this study. The salivary CRP level was much higher in pediatric patients with pneumonia than in healthy children (48.77 ± 5.52 ng/mL vs 14.78 ± 3.92 ng/mL; P < .001). Salivary CRP level was highly correlated with serum CRP level in pediatric patients with pneumonia (r = .679; P < .001). Salivary CRP level (≥40.307 ng/mL) can be used to predict high serum CRP levels (≥80 mg/L) with an area under the curve of 0.810 (95% confidence interval, 0.740-0.881). As pneumonia improved, both salivary and serum CRP levels decreased during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Salivary CRP could be an alternative biomarker for serum CRP in pediatric patients with pneumonia. This is especially beneficial for pediatric patients, as saliva collection is simple, noninvasive, and patient-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Min Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Shu Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chou Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Yu Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsien Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Lin GC, Smajlhodzic M, Bandian AM, Friedl HP, Leitgeb T, Oerter S, Stadler K, Giese U, Peham JR, Bingle L, Neuhaus W. An In Vitro Barrier Model of the Human Submandibular Salivary Gland Epithelium Based on a Single Cell Clone of Cell Line HTB-41: Establishment and Application for Biomarker Transport Studies. Biomedicines 2020; 8:E302. [PMID: 32842479 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8090302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood–saliva barrier (BSB) consists of the sum of the epithelial cell layers of the oral mucosa and salivary glands. In vitro models of the BSB are inevitable to investigate and understand the transport of salivary biomarkers from blood to saliva. Up to now, standardized, cell line-based models of the epithelium of the submandibular salivary gland are still missing for this purpose. Therefore, we established epithelial barrier models of the submandibular gland derived from human cell line HTB-41 (A-253). Single clone isolation resulted in five different clones (B2, B4, B9, D3, and F11). Clones were compared to the parental cell line HTB-41 using measurements of the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), paracellular marker permeability assays and analysis of marker expression for acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. Two clones (B9, D3) were characterized to be of acinar origin, one clone (F11) to be of myoepithelial origin and one isolation (B4) derived from two cells, to be presumably a mixture of acinar and ductal origin. Clone B2, presumably of ductal origin, showed a significantly higher paracellular barrier compared to other clones and parental HTB-41. The distinct molecular identity of clone B2 was confirmed by immunofluorescent staining, qPCR, and flow cytometry. Experiments with ferritin, a biomarker for iron storage, demonstrated the applicability of the selected model based on clone B2 for transport studies. In conclusion, five different clones originating from the submandibular gland cell line HTB-41 were successfully characterized and established as epithelial barrier models. Studies with the model based on the tightest clone B2 confirmed its suitability for transport studies in biomarker research.
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Szabo YZ, Slavish DC, Graham-Engeland JE. The effect of acute stress on salivary markers of inflammation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:887-900. [PMID: 32371089 PMCID: PMC7478864 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary biomarkers of inflammation are increasingly used in stress research. This systematic review and meta-analysis provides a quantitative summary of changes in salivary inflammatory markers in response to acute stress. METHOD The review included 1558 participants (42 unique samples, 33 studies) obtained through electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase), reference treeing, and articles identified by a 2015 review on a similar topic. To be eligible, articles had to be quantitative and assess change in at least one biomarker of salivary inflammation in response to acute stress in adults. The primary outcome was magnitude of change in inflammatory biomarkers (Cohen's d for repeated measures [dav]). RESULTS Measures of salivary inflammation included: C-reactive protein (CRP), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-21, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Cytokines IL-6 (k = 26, dav = 0.27), IL-10 (k = 11, dav = 0.34), TNF-α (k = 10, dav = 0.57), and IFN-γ (k = 6, dav = 0.28) significantly increased in response to stress. Post hoc sensitivity analyses revealed that IL-1β (k = 19, dav = 0.16) and IL-8 (k = 7, dav = 0.30) also increased from pre- to post-stress, but findings with IFN-γ did not hold after removing one outlier study. Examination of moderators suggested that study methodology and sample demographics moderated some associations. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis revealed that certain salivary inflammatory cytokines increase in response to acute stress. Significant heterogeneity in results and moderator analyses suggest need for standardization of research protocols. Directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette Z. Szabo
- Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 17 Center of Excellence for Research on Returning War Veterans, Waco, TX, USA,Texas A&M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA,Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Danica C. Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
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Abdalla MMI, Choo SS. The Association Between Salivary Ghrelin Levels with Anthropometric Measures in Underweight, Normal, Overweight and Obese Healthy Adult Males. Eur Endocrinol 2020; 16:49-53. [PMID: 32595769 DOI: 10.17925/ee.2020.16.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study aimed to measure salivary ghrelin levels in healthy adult males and investigate their association with age, weight, height, total as well as regional body fat and muscle mass. The study also aimed to investigate the relative contribution of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in predicting salivary ghrelin levels in the studied groups. METHODS A sample of young adult males was divided into underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese groups, according to their BMI. Standardised methods were used to measure height, WC and HC. Total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, total and regional muscle mass were assessed by bioelectrical impedance technique utilising Karada scan. Salivary ghrelin concentrations were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS A total of 90 adult males were included in the analysis (underweight n=9, normal weight n=41, overweight n=22, and obese n=18). One-way ANOVA test revealed significant differences among the groups in all of the variables except height and salivary ghrelin levels. Multiple linear regression revealed a significant association between salivary ghrelin levels with total fat, subcutaneous fat, visceral fat and muscle mass in the obese group. The analysis also revealed that BMI, WC, HC, WHR and WHtR were reliable predictors for salivary ghrelin levels in the obese group but not in other groups. CONCLUSIONS Anthropometric measures can be used as predictors for salivary ghrelin levels in healthy obese adults. However, they are poor predictors for salivary ghrelin levels in healthy lean, normal and overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mohamed Ibrahim Abdalla
- Human Biology Department, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Soon Siew Choo
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Lucena S, Coelho AV, Muñoz-Prieto A, Anjo SI, Manadas B, Capela E Silva F, Lamy E, Tvarijonaviciute A. Changes in the salivary proteome of beagle dogs after weight loss. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106474. [PMID: 32361424 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Being overweight or obese represents an important health issue in humans and pets. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in the salivary proteome of overweight beagles after induced weight loss to better understand the physiological changes involved in this process. Five overweight/obese neutered males of pure breed beagles were evaluated. During the 3-mo period of weight loss, each animal received a strictly controlled amount of a low fat commercial diet per day. Body condition scores (BCS), body weight (BW), and serum biochemical parameters (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein) were assessed weekly. Quantitative proteomics analysis by SWATH was used to evaluate the salivary proteome changes induced by weight loss treatment. BCS, BW, serum total cholesterol concentration, and abundances of 23 salivary proteins differed significantly between before and after treatment. Some of the altered protein amounts, namely of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase C, and 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein, increased after weight loss. These proteins are related with the immune system, inflammatory status, oxidative stress, and glucose metabolism. The results obtained suggest a potential use of salivary proteins in monitoring physiological changes in dogs subjected to weight loss. Moreover, the type of changes identified reinforces the postulated physiological improvements, which weight loss induces. Further research is needed to determine whether the changes observed in this study are due to weight loss, dietary changes, or a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lucena
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Evora, Portugal
| | - A V Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Muñoz-Prieto
- Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - S I Anjo
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - B Manadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - F Capela E Silva
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Evora, Portugal
| | - E Lamy
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - A Tvarijonaviciute
- Interlab-UMU, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Slavish DC, Jones DR, Smyth JM, Engeland CG, Song S, McCormick NM, Graham-Engeland JE. Positive and Negative Affect and Salivary Markers of Inflammation Among Young Adults. Int J Behav Med 2020; 27:282-293. [PMID: 31222631 PMCID: PMC8374836 DOI: 10.1007/s12529-019-09795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that higher circulating levels of inflammatory biomarkers in blood are associated with higher negative affect (NA) and lower positive affect (PA). To our knowledge, the unique associations between NA and PA in daily life and salivary biomarkers of inflammation have not been examined. This study examined these associations in young adults. METHODS Measures of NA and PA were created from aggregated daily measures of affect (morning and evening ratings averaged across 14 days). We investigated associations between these measures and salivary C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 in a sample of 108 young adults (60% female, mean age = 20.45 ± 1.47), a subset of whom had self-reported chronic back pain (n = 49). CRP and IL-6 were determined from saliva obtained at the end of the daily diary period. RESULTS After covarying for age, gender, body mass index, chronic pain status, salivary flow rate, and NA, higher PA was associated with lower salivary CRP (β = - 0.02, 95% CI (- 0.03, - 0.00) sr2 = .06, p = .01) but not IL-6; removing NA from this model did not change results. In a model with the same covariates (and PA), NA was not significantly related to CRP or IL-6. Chronic back pain status and gender did not moderate results. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that higher PA may be associated with lower salivary CRP in young adults, even after accounting for NA and demographic characteristics. Findings highlight the utility of assessing emotional states in relation to salivary markers of inflammation in future biobehavioral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica C Slavish
- Department of Psychology, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA.
| | - Dusti R Jones
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joshua M Smyth
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Christopher G Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- College of Nursing, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sunmi Song
- Department of Public Health Sciences, BK21PLUS Program in Embodiment: Health-Society Interaction, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nolan M McCormick
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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de Oliveira LC, Pereira NB, Moreira CHV, Bierrenbach AL, Salles FC, de Souza-Basqueira M, Manuli ER, Ferreira AM, Oliveira CDL, Cardoso CS, Ribeiro ALP, Sabino EC. ELISA Saliva for Trypanosoma cruzi Antibody Detection: An Alternative for Serological Surveys in Endemic Regions. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:800-803. [PMID: 32100675 PMCID: PMC7124906 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas is a neglected disease endemic in Latin America. Vector transmission control had been aggressively performed. Recent entomological surveillance in Brazil has revealed natural infection rates ranging from 0.40% to 0.52%. Although serological surveys are complex to develop, they are important for disease control. In this study, we validated the use of saliva in ELISA commercial kits with a cohort of 100 patients with Chagas disease followed at Hospital das Clinicas in São Paulo, Brazil, and 50 healthy controls. Five ELISA kits for detecting antibodies against Trypanosoma cruzi were tested. The best discrimination between Chagas patients and controls was observed with the Wiener kit, which yielded a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100%. Our findings reveal that the use of saliva may be an alternative to large-scale screening surveys in detecting T. cruzi antibodies; it is a noninvasive sample collection method potentially key to large-scale screening in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Campos de Oliveira
- LIM03, Hospital das Clínicas, Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Luiz P. Ribeiro
- Hospital das Clínicas and School of Medicine, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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49
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Caixeta DC, Aguiar EMG, Cardoso-Sousa L, Coelho LMD, Oliveira SW, Espindola FS, Raniero L, Crosara KTB, Baker MJ, Siqueira WL, Sabino-Silva R. Salivary molecular spectroscopy: A sustainable, rapid and non-invasive monitoring tool for diabetes mellitus during insulin treatment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0223461. [PMID: 32182246 PMCID: PMC7077825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of blood glucose is an invasive, painful and costly practice in diabetes. Consequently, the search for a more cost-effective (reagent-free), non-invasive and specific diabetes monitoring method is of great interest. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy has been used in diagnosis of several diseases, however, applications in the monitoring of diabetic treatment are just beginning to emerge. Here, we used ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to evaluate saliva of non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D) and insulin-treated diabetic (D+I) rats to identify potential salivary biomarkers related to glucose monitoring. The spectrum of saliva of ND, D and D+I rats displayed several unique vibrational modes and from these, two vibrational modes were pre-validated as potential diagnostic biomarkers by ROC curve analysis with significant correlation with glycemia. Compared to the ND and D+I rats, classification of D rats was achieved with a sensitivity of 100%, and an average specificity of 93.33% and 100% using bands 1452 cm-1 and 836 cm-1, respectively. Moreover, 1452 cm-1 and 836 cm-1 spectral bands proved to be robust spectral biomarkers and highly correlated with glycemia (R2 of 0.801 and 0.788, P < 0.01, respectively). Both PCA-LDA and HCA classifications achieved an accuracy of 95.2%. Spectral salivary biomarkers discovered using univariate and multivariate analysis may provide a novel robust alternative for diabetes monitoring using a non-invasive and green technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas C Caixeta
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Emília M G Aguiar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Léia Cardoso-Sousa
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Líris M D Coelho
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephanie W Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Foued S Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Leandro Raniero
- Nanosensor Laboratory, IP&D, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Karla T B Crosara
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Matthew J Baker
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Technology & Innovation Centre, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Walter L Siqueira
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil.,College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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50
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Uthaug MV, Lancelotta R, Szabo A, Davis AK, Riba J, Ramaekers JG. Prospective examination of synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine inhalation: effects on salivary IL-6, cortisol levels, affect, and non-judgment. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:773-785. [PMID: 31822925 PMCID: PMC7036074 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05414-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine is a psychotropic substance found in various plant and animal species and is synthetically produced. 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine is used in naturalistic settings for spiritual exploration, recreation, or to address negative affect and mood problems. However, scientific knowledge on the effects of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine in humans is scarce. OBJECTIVES The first objective was to assess the effects of inhalation of vaporized synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine on neuroendocrine markers. The second objective was to assess effects of the substance on affect and mindfulness. In addition, we assessed whether ratings of subjective measures were associated with changes in stress biomarkers (i.e., cortisol) and immune response (i.e., IL-6, CRP, IL-1β), as well as the acute psychedelic experience. METHODS Assessments (baseline, immediately post-session, and 7-day follow-up) were made in 11 participants. Salivary samples were collected at baseline and post-session and analyzed by high-sensitivity enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine significantly increased cortisol levels and decreased IL-6 concentrations in saliva immediately post-session. These changes were not correlated to ratings of mental health or the psychedelic experience. Relative to baseline, ratings of non-judgment significantly increased, and ratings of depression decreased immediately post-session and at follow-up. Ratings of anxiety and stress decreased from baseline to 7-day follow-up. Participant ratings of the psychedelic experience correlated negatively with ratings of affect and positively with ratings of non-judgment. CONCLUSION Inhalation of vaporized synthetic 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine produced significant changes in inflammatory markers, improved affect, and non-judgment in volunteers. Future research should examine the effect of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamineamine with healthy volunteers in a controlled laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin V Uthaug
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Attila Szabo
- NORMENT, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alan K Davis
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Jordi Riba
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes G Ramaekers
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands.
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