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Porter JM, Yitayew M, Tabrizian M. Renewable Human Cell Model for Type 1 Diabetes Research: EndoC- βH5/HUVEC Coculture Spheroids. J Diabetes Res 2023; 2023:6610007. [PMID: 38162632 PMCID: PMC10757655 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6610007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro drug screening for type 1 diabetes therapies has largely been conducted on human organ donor islets for proof of efficacy. While native islets are the ultimate target of these drugs (either in situ or for transplantation), significant benefit can be difficult to ascertain due to the highly heterogeneous nature of individual donors and the overall scarcity of human islets for research. We present an in vitro coculture model based on immortalized insulin-producing beta-cell lines with human endothelial cells in 3D spheroids that aims to recapitulate the islet morphology in an effort towards developing a standardized cell model for in vitro diabetes research. Human insulin-producing immortalized EndoC-βH5 cells are cocultured with human endothelial cells in varying ratios to evaluate 3D cell culture models for type 1 diabetes research. Insulin secretion, metabolic activity, live cell fluorescence staining, and gene expression assays were used to compare the viability and functionality of spheroids composed of 100% beta-cells, 1 : 1 beta-cell/endothelial, and 1 : 3 beta-cell/endothelial. Monoculture and βH5/HUVEC cocultures formed compact spheroids within 7 days, with average diameter ~140 μm. This pilot study indicated that stimulated insulin release from 0 to 20 mM glucose increased from ~8-fold for monoculture and 1 : 1 coculture spheroids to over 20-fold for 1 : 3 EndoC-βH5/HUVEC spheroids. Metabolic activity was also ~12% higher in the 1 : 3 EndoC-βH5/HUVEC group compared to other groups. Stimulating monoculture beta-cell spheroids with 20 mM glucose +1 μg/mL glycine-modified INGAP-P increased the insulin stimulation index ~2-fold compared to glucose alone. Considering their availability and consistent phenotype, EndoC-βH5-based spheroids present a useful 3D cell model for in vitro testing and drug screening applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Porter
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Michael Yitayew
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0G4
| | - Maryam Tabrizian
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 0G4
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 1G1
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2
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Chen QD, Liu L, Zhao XH, Liang JB, Li SW. Challenges and opportunities in the islet transplantation microenvironment: a comprehensive summary of inflammatory cytokine, immune cells, and vascular endothelial cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1293762. [PMID: 38111575 PMCID: PMC10725940 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1293762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now understood that islet transplantation serves as a β-cell replacement therapy for type 1 diabetes. Many factors impact the survival of transplanted islets, especially those related to the microenvironment. This review explored microenvironmental components, including vascular endothelial cells, inflammatory cytokines, and immune cells, and their profound effects on post-islet transplantation survival rates. Furthermore, it revealed therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting these elements. Current evidence suggests that vascular endothelial cells are pivotal in facilitating vascularization and nutrient supply and establishing a new microcirculation network for transplanted islets. Consequently, preserving the functionality of vascular endothelial cells emerges as a crucial strategy to enhance the survival of islet transplantation. Release of cytokines will lead to activation of immune cells and production and release of further cytokines. While immune cells hold undeniable significance in regulating immune responses, their activation can result in rejection reactions. Thus, establishing immunological tolerance within the recipient's body is essential for sustaining graft functionality. Indeed, future research endeavors should be directed toward developing precise strategies for modulating the microenvironment to achieve higher survival rates and more sustained transplantation outcomes. While acknowledging certain limitations inherent to this review, it provides valuable insights that can guide further exploration in the field of islet transplantation. In conclusion, the microenvironment plays a paramount role in islet transplantation. Importantly, we discuss novel perspectives that could lead to broader clinical applications and improved patient outcomes in islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-dong Chen
- Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Long Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-hong Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University , Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-bo Liang
- Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shao-wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Techniques & Rapid Rehabilitation of Digestive System Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
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3
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Kale A, Rogers NM. No Time to Die-How Islets Meet Their Demise in Transplantation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050796. [PMID: 36899932 PMCID: PMC10000424 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation represents an effective treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and severe hypoglycaemia unawareness, capable of circumventing impaired counterregulatory pathways that no longer provide protection against low blood glucose levels. The additional beneficial effect of normalizing metabolic glycaemic control is the minimisation of further complications related to T1DM and insulin administration. However, patients require allogeneic islets from up to three donors, and the long-term insulin independence is inferior to that achieved with solid organ (whole pancreas) transplantation. This is likely due to the fragility of islets caused by the isolation process, innate immune responses following portal infusion, auto- and allo-immune-mediated destruction and β-cell exhaustion following transplantation. This review covers the specific challenges related to islet vulnerability and dysfunction that affect long-term cell survival following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atharva Kale
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natasha M. Rogers
- Centre for Transplant and Renal Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Renal and Transplant Unit, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
- Correspondence:
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4
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Abstract
Methods to induce islet β-cells from induced pluripotent stem cells or embryonic stem cells have been established. However, islet β-cells are susceptible to apoptosis under hypoxic conditions, so the technique used to transplant β-cells must maintain the viability of cells in vivo. This study describes the development of a tricultured cell sheet, which was made by coculturing islet β-cells, vascular endothelial cells, and mesenchymal stem cells for 1 day. The islet β-cells in the tricultured cell sheet self-organized into islet-like structures surrounded by a dense vascular network in vitro. Triple-layered tricultured cell sheets engrafted well after transplantation in vivo and developed into insulin-secreting tissue with abundant blood vessels and a high density of islet β-cells. We anticipate that the tricultured cell sheet could be used as an in vitro pseudo-islet model for pharmaceutical testing and may have potential for development into transplantable grafts for use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Homma
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Sekine
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Shimizu
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Park WY, Kim J, Le H, Kim B, Berggren PO, Kim KH. Longitudinal monitoring of pancreatic islet damage in streptozotocin-treated mice with optical coherence microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2023; 14:54-64. [PMID: 36698658 PMCID: PMC9841987 DOI: 10.1364/boe.470188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic islets regulate glucose homeostasis in the body, and their dysfunction is closely related to diabetes. Islet transplantation into the anterior chamber of the eye (ACE) was recently developed for both in vivo islet study and diabetes treatment. Optical coherence microscopy (OCM) was previously used to monitor ACE transplanted islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice for detecting autoimmune attack. In this study, OCM was applied to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mouse models for the early detection of islet damage. A custom extended-focus OCM (xfOCM) was used to image islet grafts in the ACE longitudinally during STZ-induced beta cell destruction together with conventional bright-field (BF) imaging and invasive glucose level measurement. xfOCM detected local structural changes and vascular degradation during the islet damage which was confirmed by confocal imaging of extracted islet grafts. xfOCM detection of islet damage was more sensitive than BF imaging and glucose measurement. Longitudinal xfOCM images of islet grafts were quantitatively analyzed. All these results showed that xfOCM could be used as a non-invasive and sensitive monitoring method for the early detection of deficient islet grafts in the ACE with potential applications to human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Yeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoan Le
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Per-Olof Berggren
- Division of Integrative Biosciences & Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- The Rolf Luft Research Center for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-17 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
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Granlund L, Hedin A, Korsgren O, Skog O, Lundberg M. Altered microvasculature in pancreatic islets from subjects with type 1 diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276942. [PMID: 36315525 PMCID: PMC9621430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The transcriptome of different dissociated pancreatic islet cells has been described in enzymatically isolated islets in both health and disease. However, the isolation, culturing, and dissociation procedures likely affect the transcriptome profiles, distorting the biological conclusions. The aim of the current study was to characterize the cells of the islets of Langerhans from subjects with and without type 1 diabetes in a way that reflects the in vivo situation to the highest possible extent. METHODS Islets were excised using laser capture microdissection directly from frozen pancreatic tissue sections obtained from organ donors with (n = 7) and without (n = 8) type 1 diabetes. Transcriptome analysis of excised samples was performed using AmpliSeq. Consecutive pancreatic sections were used to estimate the proportion of beta-, alpha-, and delta cells using immunofluorescence and to examine the presence of CD31 positive endothelial regions using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The proportion of beta cells in islets from subjects with type 1 diabetes was reduced to 0% according to both the histological and transcriptome data, and several alterations in the transcriptome were derived from the loss of beta cells. In total, 473 differentially expressed genes were found in the islets from subjects with type 1 diabetes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that several of the most upregulated gene sets were related to vasculature and angiogenesis, and histologically, vascular density was increased in subjects with type 1 diabetes. Downregulated in type 1 diabetes islets was the gene set epithelial mesenchymal transition. CONCLUSION A number of transcriptional alterations are present in islets from subjects with type 1 diabetes. In particular, several gene sets related to vasculature and angiogenesis are upregulated and there is an increased vascular density, suggesting an altered microvasculature in islets from subjects with type 1 diabetes. By studying pancreatic islets extracted directly from snap-frozen pancreatic tissue, this study reflects the in vivo situation to a high degree and gives important insights into islet pathophysiology in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Granlund
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Hedin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Skog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marcus Lundberg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Bosi E, Marselli L, Suleiman M, Tesi M, De Luca C, Del Guerra S, Cnop M, Eizirik D, Marchetti P. A single-cell human islet interactome atlas identifies disrupted autocrine and paracrine communications in type 2 diabetes. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac084. [DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
A sensible control of hormone secretion from pancreatic islets requires concerted inter-cellular communications, but a comprehensive picture of the whole islet interactome is presently missing. Single-cell transcriptomics allows to overcome this and we used here a single-cell dataset from type 2 diabetic (T2D) and non-diabetic (ND) donors to leverage islet interaction networks. The single-cell dataset contains 3046 cells classified in 7 cell types. The interactions across cell types in T2D and ND were obtained and resulting networks analysed to identify high-centrality genes and altered interactions in T2D. The T2D interactome displayed a higher number of interactions (10 787) than ND (9707); 1289 interactions involved beta cells (1147 in ND). High-centrality genes included EGFR, FGFR1 and FGFR2, important for cell survival and proliferation. In conclusion, this analysis represents the first in silico model of the human islet interactome, enabling the identification of signatures potentially relevant for T2D pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Bosi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Marta Tesi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Carmela De Luca
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Silvia Del Guerra
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research , Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels , Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital , Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels , Belgium
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research , Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels , Belgium
| | - Piero Marchetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Pancreatic islets laboratory, University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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8
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Novelli M, Masini M, Vecoli C, Moscato S, Funel N, Pippa A, Mattii L, Ippolito C, Campani D, Neglia D, Masiello P. Dysregulated insulin secretion is associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia and direct acinar-β-cell trans-differentiation in partially eNOS-deficient mice. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15425. [PMID: 35986504 PMCID: PMC9391603 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
eNOS-deficient mice were previously shown to develop hypertension and metabolic alterations associated with insulin resistance either in standard dietary conditions (eNOS-/- homozygotes) or upon high-fat diet (HFD) (eNOS+/- heterozygotes). In the latter heterozygote model, the present study investigated the pancreatic morphological changes underlying the abnormal glycometabolic phenotype. C57BL6 wild type (WT) and eNOS+/- mice were fed with either chow or HFD for 16 weeks. After being longitudinally monitored for their metabolic state after 8 and 16 weeks of diet, mice were euthanized and fragments of pancreas were processed for histological, immuno-histochemical and ultrastructural analyses. HFD-fed WT and eNOS+/- mice developed progressive glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Differently from WT animals, eNOS+/- mice showed a blunted insulin response to a glucose load, regardless of the diet regimen. Such dysregulation of insulin secretion was associated with pancreatic β-cell hyperplasia, as shown by larger islet fractional area and β-cell mass, and higher number of extra-islet β-cell clusters than in chow-fed WT animals. In addition, only in the pancreas of HFD-fed eNOS+/- mice, there was ultrastructural evidence of a number of hybrid acinar-β-cells, simultaneously containing zymogen and insulin granules, suggesting the occurrence of a direct exocrine-endocrine transdifferentiation process, plausibly triggered by metabolic stress associated to deficient endothelial NO production. As suggested by confocal immunofluorescence analysis of pancreatic histological sections, inhibition of Notch-1 signaling, likely due to a reduced NO availability, is proposed as a novel mechanism that could favor both β-cell hyperplasia and acinar-β-cell transdifferentiation in eNOS-deficient mice with impaired insulin response to a glucose load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Novelli
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Matilde Masini
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Cecilia Vecoli
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Niccola Funel
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Anna Pippa
- Institute of Clinical PhysiologyNational Research Council (CNR)PisaItaly
| | - Letizia Mattii
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
- Interdepartmental Research Centre "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health"University of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Chiara Ippolito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Daniela Campani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care MedicineUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
| | - Danilo Neglia
- Cardiovascular DepartmentFondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio per la Ricerca Medica e di Sanità PubblicaPisaItaly
| | - Pellegrino Masiello
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and SurgeryUniversity of PisaPisaItaly
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Urbanczyk M, Zbinden A, Schenke-Layland K. Organ-specific endothelial cell heterogenicity and its impact on regenerative medicine and biomedical engineering applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114323. [PMID: 35568103 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) are a key cellular component of the vascular system as they form the inner lining of the blood vessels. Recent findings highlight that ECs express extensive phenotypic heterogenicity when following the vascular tree from the major vasculature down to the organ capillaries. However, in vitro models, used for drug development and testing, or to study the role of ECs in health and disease, rarely acknowledge this EC heterogenicity. In this review, we highlight the main differences between different EC types, briefly summarize their different characteristics and focus on the use of ECs in in vitro models. We introduce different approaches on how ECs can be utilized in co-culture test systems in the field of brain, pancreas, and liver research to study the role of the endothelium in health and disease. Finally, we discuss potential improvements to current state-of-the-art in vitro models and future directions.
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10
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Wassmer CH, Lebreton F, Bellofatto K, Perez L, Cottet-Dumoulin D, Andres A, Bosco D, Berney T, Othenin-Girard V, Martinez De Tejada B, Cohen M, Olgasi C, Follenzi A, Berishvili E. Bio-Engineering of Pre-Vascularized Islet Organoids for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Transpl Int 2022; 35:10214. [PMID: 35185372 PMCID: PMC8842259 DOI: 10.3389/ti.2021.10214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lack of rapid revascularization and inflammatory attacks at the site of transplantation contribute to impaired islet engraftment and suboptimal metabolic control after clinical islet transplantation. In order to overcome these limitations and enhance engraftment and revascularization, we have generated and transplanted pre-vascularized insulin-secreting organoids composed of rat islet cells, human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs), and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Our study demonstrates that pre-vascularized islet organoids exhibit enhanced in vitro function compared to native islets, and, most importantly, better engraftment and improved vascularization in vivo in a murine model. This is mainly due to cross-talk between hAECs, HUVECs and islet cells, mediated by the upregulation of genes promoting angiogenesis (vegf-a) and β cell function (glp-1r, pdx1). The possibility of adding a selected source of endothelial cells for the neo-vascularization of insulin-scereting grafts may also allow implementation of β cell replacement therapies in more favourable transplantation sites than the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Wassmer
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Lebreton
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Bellofatto
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Perez
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David Cottet-Dumoulin
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Axel Andres
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Berney
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Othenin-Girard
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Begoña Martinez De Tejada
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christina Olgasi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Organ Regeneration, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Medical and Public Health Research, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
- *Correspondence: Ekaterine Berishvili,
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11
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Xiong L, Chen L, Wu L, He W, Chen D, Peng Z, Li J, Zhu X, Su L, Li Y, Gong Y, Xiao H. Lipotoxicity-induced circGlis3 impairs beta cell function and is transmitted by exosomes to promote islet endothelial cell dysfunction. Diabetologia 2022; 65:188-205. [PMID: 34751796 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-021-05591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Lipotoxicity constitutes the major driving force for type 2 diabetes. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play important roles in regulating beta cell function and exosomes are essential mediators of intercellular communication. The role of exosomal circRNAs in type 2 diabetes remains largely unknown. We aimed to examine whether lipotoxicity induces dysregulation of circRNAs in beta cell-derived exosomes and to determine the contribution of exosomal circRNAs to the development of type 2 diabetes. METHODS Exosomes were extracted from MIN6 cells treated with palmitate or BSA, and RNA sequencing was performed. CircGlis3 (Gli-similar 3) expression level was validated by qPCR. The impact of circGlis3 on beta cell function and the deleterious effects of exosomal circGlis3 on islet endothelial cells (islet ECs) were investigated in vitro and in vivo in human and mouse models by gain or loss of function assays. The molecular mechanism of circGlis3 was explored by RNA pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS Beta cell-derived exosomal circGlis3 was significantly upregulated under lipotoxic conditions, and exosomal circGlis3 levels were also elevated in the serum of mouse models of diabetes and participants with type 2 diabetes. CircGlis3 participated in lipotoxicity-induced beta cell dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, beta cell-derived exosomal circGlis3 could be transferred to islet ECs and reduce the cell viability, cell migration and angiogenesis of islet ECs. Mechanistically, circGlis3 promoted the degradation of glucocorticoid modulatory element-binding protein 1 (GMEB1) by facilitating the interaction between GMEB1 and mindbomb E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2 (MIB2), thus suppressing the phosphorylation of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our study points to the involvement of circGlis3 in diabetes development, and exosomal circGlis3 transfer as a communication mode between beta cells and islet ECs, suggesting that circGlis3 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes. DATA AVAILABILITY The RNA-sequencing data have been deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) database, with accession number PRJNA689673. Mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024693.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weiman He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dubo Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zishan Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhong‑Shan School of Medicine, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanbing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingying Gong
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Aghazadeh Y, Poon F, Sarangi F, Wong FTM, Khan ST, Sun X, Hatkar R, Cox BJ, Nunes SS, Nostro MC. Microvessels support engraftment and functionality of human islets and hESC-derived pancreatic progenitors in diabetes models. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1936-1949.e8. [PMID: 34480863 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Islet transplantation is a promising treatment for type 1 diabetes (T1D), yet the low donor pool, poor islet engraftment, and life-long immunosuppression prevent it from becoming the standard of care. Human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived pancreatic cells could eliminate donor shortages, but interventions to improve graft survival are needed. Here, we enhanced subcutaneous engraftment by employing a unique vascularization strategy based on ready-made microvessels (MVs) isolated from the adipose tissue. This resulted in improved cell survival and effective glucose response of both human islets and hESC-derived pancreatic cells, which ameliorated preexisting diabetes in three mouse models of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Aghazadeh
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Frankie Poon
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Deparment of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Farida Sarangi
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Frances T M Wong
- Deparment of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Safwat T Khan
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Xuetao Sun
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Rupal Hatkar
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Brian J Cox
- Deparment of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1E2, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Laboratory of Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Heart & Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada.
| | - M Cristina Nostro
- McEwen Stem Cell Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Deparment of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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13
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Ghezelayagh Z, Zabihi M, Kazemi Ashtiani M, Ghezelayagh Z, Lynn FC, Tahamtani Y. Recapitulating pancreatic cell-cell interactions through bioengineering approaches: the momentous role of non-epithelial cells for diabetes cell therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7107-32. [PMID: 34613423 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03951-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Over the past few years, extensive efforts have been made to generate in-vitro pancreatic micro-tissue, for disease modeling or cell replacement approaches in pancreatic related diseases such as diabetes mellitus. To obtain these goals, a closer look at the diverse cells participating in pancreatic development is necessary. Five major non-epithelial pancreatic (pN-Epi) cell populations namely, pancreatic endothelium, mesothelium, neural crests, pericytes, and stellate cells exist in pancreas throughout its development, and they are hypothesized to be endogenous inducers of the development. In this review, we discuss different pN-Epi cells migrating to and existing within the pancreas and their diverse effects on pancreatic epithelium during organ development mediated via associated signaling pathways, soluble factors or mechanical cell-cell interactions. In-vivo and in-vitro experiments, with a focus on N-Epi cells' impact on pancreas endocrine development, have also been considered. Pluripotent stem cell technology and multicellular three-dimensional organoids as new approaches to generate pancreatic micro-tissues have also been discussed. Main challenges for reaching a detailed understanding of the role of pN-Epi cells in pancreas development in utilizing for in-vitro recapitulation have been summarized. Finally, various novel and innovative large-scale bioengineering approaches which may help to recapitulate cell-cell interactions and are crucial for generation of large-scale in-vitro multicellular pancreatic micro-tissues, are discussed.
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14
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Mao H, Li L, Fan Q, Angelini A, Saha PK, Coarfa C, Rajapakshe K, Perera D, Cheng J, Wu H, Ballantyne CM, Sun Z, Xie L, Pi X. Endothelium-specific depletion of LRP1 improves glucose homeostasis through inducing osteocalcin. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5296. [PMID: 34489478 PMCID: PMC8421392 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25673-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present within metabolic organs and actively regulates energy metabolism. Here we show osteocalcin, recognized as a bone-secreted metabolic hormone, is expressed in mouse primary endothelial cells isolated from heart, lung and liver. In human osteocalcin promoter-driven green fluorescent protein transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein signals are enriched in endothelial cells lining aorta, small vessels and capillaries and abundant in aorta, skeletal muscle and eye of adult mice. The depletion of lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 induces osteocalcin through a Forkhead box O -dependent pathway in endothelial cells. Whereas depletion of osteocalcin abolishes the glucose-lowering effect of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 depletion, osteocalcin treatment normalizes hyperglycemia in multiple mouse models. Mechanistically, osteocalcin receptor-G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A and insulin-like-growth-factor-1 receptor are in the same complex with osteocalcin and required for osteocalcin-promoted insulin signaling pathway. Therefore, our results reveal an endocrine/paracrine role of endothelial cells in regulating insulin sensitivity, which may have therapeutic implications in treating diabetes and insulin resistance through manipulating vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mao
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Luge Li
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qiying Fan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aude Angelini
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pradip K Saha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kimal Rajapakshe
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dimuthu Perera
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jizhong Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Selzman Institute for Kidney Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christie M Ballantyne
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Diabetes Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liang Xie
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinchun Pi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Athero & Lipo, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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15
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Amin KN, Palanisamy R, Sarada DVL, Ali D, Suzuki T, Ramkumar KM. Effect of Rosolic acid on endothelial dysfunction under ER stress in pancreatic microenvironment. Free Radic Res 2021; 55:698-713. [PMID: 33788639 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2021.1892090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction is the underlying cause for the development of several pathologies, and the interdependency between the pancreatic β-cells and ECs has been established in the pathophysiology of diabetes. ECs release several factors that govern the expression of genes involved in the proliferation, physiology, and survival of the β-cells. Of the known factors that collapse this intricately balanced system, endothelial dysfunction is the crucial condition that manifests as the causative factor for micro and macrovascular diseases. Our earlier studies demonstrated that activation of nuclear factor erythroid-related factor (Nrf2) renders protection to the ECs experiencing ER stress. In this study, using a co-culture system, the crosstalk between pancreatic cells under ER stress and ECs and the effect of a novel Nrf2 activator Rosolic Acid (RA), on the crosstalk was investigated. ECs pre-treated with different concentrations RA and co-cultured with thapsigargin-induced ER stressed pancreatic β-cells showed increased levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets such as heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NADPH-quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO-1), and reduction of ER stress evinced by the decreased levels of glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 78 and C/ERB homologous protein (CHOP). The sensitization of ECs using RA, offered protection to pancreatic cells against ER stress as displayed by increased intracellular insulin and upregulated expression of cell survival and proliferative genes BCl2 and PDX-1. In addition, RA treatment resulted in elevated levels of various angiogenic factors, while inflammatory (TNF-α and IL-1β) and apoptotic markers (CXCL10 and CCL2) decreased. RA treatment normalized the levels of 115 proteins of the 277, which were differentially regulated as revealed by proteomic studies of ER stressed pancreatic β-cells in co-culture conditions. These findings clearly indicate the role of small molecule activators of Nrf2 not only in restoring the functioning of pancreatic cells but also in increasing the cell mass. Further, the study impinges on the strategies that can be developed to balance the pancreatic microenvironment, leading to the restoration of β-cell mass and their normophysiology in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Naresh Amin
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Rajaguru Palanisamy
- Bharathidasan Institute of Technology, Anna University, Tiruchirappalli, India
| | - D V L Sarada
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Daoud Ali
- Department of Zoology, College of Science King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takayoshi Suzuki
- Division Cellular and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- SRM Research Institute and Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
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16
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Vakilian M, Ghaedi K. A new hypothetical model for pancreatic development based on change in the cell division orientation. Gene 2021; 785:145607. [PMID: 33775847 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although lifelong renewal and additional compensatory growth in response to demand are undeniable facts, so far, no specific stem cells have been found for pancreatic cells. According to the consensus model, the development of pancreas results from the hierarchical differentiation of pluripotent stem cells towards the appearance of the first endocrine and exocrine cells at approximately 7.5 to 8th gestation week (GW) of human embryo. However, the primitive endocrine cells arising from the embryonic phase of development do not appear to be mature or fully functional. Asymmetric localization of cellular components, such as Numb, partition protein complexes (PAR), planar cell polarity components, and certain mRNAs on the apical and basal sides of epithelial cells, causes cellular polarization. According to our model, the equal distribution of cellular components during symmetric cell division yields similar daughter cells that are associated with duct expansion. In contrast, asymmetric cell division is associated with uneven distribution of cellular components among daughter cells, resulting in different fates. Asymmetric cell division leads to duct branching and the development of acinar and stellate cells by a daughter cell, as well as the development of islet progenitor cells through partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and delamination of another daughter cell. Recently, we have developed an efficient method to obtain insulin-secreting cells from the transdifferentiation of hESC-derived ductal cells inducing a partial EMT by treatment with Wnt3A and activin A in a hypoxic environment. Similar models can be offered for other tissues and organs such as mammary glands, lungs, prostate, liver, etc. This model may open a new horizon in the field of regenerative medicine and be useful in explaining the cause of certain abnormalities, such as the occurrence of certain cysts and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Vakilian
- Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Sevilla, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, University of Malaga (UMA), The Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science & Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Sq., Isfahan, Iran.
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17
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Abstract
Diabetes is a disease of insulin insufficiency, requiring many to rely on exogenous insulin with constant monitoring to avoid a fatal outcome. Islet transplantation is a recent therapy that can provide insulin independence, but the procedure is still limited by both the availability of human islets and reliable tests to assess their function. While stem cell technologies are poised to fill the shortage of transplantable cells, better methods are still needed for predicting transplantation outcome. To ensure islet quality, we propose that the next generation of islet potency tests should be biomimetic systems that match glucose stimulation dynamics and cell microenvironmental preferences and rapidly assess conditional and continuous insulin secretion with minimal manual handing. Here, we review the current approaches for islet potency testing and outline technologies and methods that can be used to arrive at a more predictive potency test that tracks islet secretory capacity in a relevant context. With the development of potency tests that can report on islet secretion dynamics in a context relevant to their intended function, islet transplantation can expand into a more widely accessible and reliable treatment option for individuals with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron L Glieberman
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Benjamin D Pope
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Douglas A Melton
- Harvard Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA
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18
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Abstract
Vascularization is undoubtedly one of the greatest challenges in tissue engineering. Its importance is particularly evident when considering the transplantation of (bioengineered) pancreatic islets of Langerhans, which are highly sensitive to the delivery of oxygen and nutrients for their survival and function. Here we studied pseudoislets of Langerhans, which are three-dimensional spheroids composed of β (INS1E), α (alpha TC-1), and endothelial (HUVEC) cells, and were interested in how the location and prevalence of the different cell types affected the presence of endothelial cells in the pseudoislet. We hypothesized that alpha (α) cells play an essential role in islet self-assembly and the incorporation of endothelial cells into the pseudoislet, and are thus important to consider in tissue engineering or regenerative medicine strategies, which typically focuses on the insulin-producing beta (β) cells alone. We first determined the effect of changing the relative ratios of the cells and found the cell distribution converged on a steady state of ∼21% α cells, 74% β cells, and 5% endothelial cells after 10 days of culture regardless of their respective ratios at seeding. We also found that the incorporation of endothelial cells was related to the pseudoislet size, with more endothelial cells found in the core of larger pseudoislets following a concomitant increase of α cells and a decrease in β cells. Finally, we observed that both endothelial and β cells were found adjacent to α cells significantly more frequently than to each other. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the self-assembly of a pseudoislet is an intrinsically cell-regulated process. The endothelial cells had preferential proximity to the α cells, and this persisted even when challenged with changing the cell ratios and numbers. This study gives insight into the rules governing the self-organization of pseudoislets and suggests an important role for α cells to promote the incorporation of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik C Wieland
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mireille M J P E Sthijns
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Geuens
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Vanessa L S LaPointe
- MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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19
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Abstract
Pancreatic islet transplantation is a reliable approach for treating insulin-deficient diabetes. This established β-cell replacement approach has shown considerable improvements in the last 2 decades. It has helped achieve metabolic homeostasis and safe outcomes for a subset of patients with type 1 diabetes and severe pancreatitis. Nutrition support, until recently, was considered as a secondary factor, merely identified as a means of providing all the necessary nutrients for such patients. However, new literature suggests that several factors, such as the route, timing, quantity, and composition of all the nutrients administered, have key disease-altering properties and are vital during the perioperative management of such patients. This review will highlight the benefits of performing the clinical islet transplantation on a subgroup of patients with type 1 diabetes and pancreatitis and summarize new data that identify the pivotal role of nutrition support as a critical intervention in their management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Narayanan
- Division of Transplantation, Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Neal Bhutiani
- Division of Transplantation, Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dylan T Adamson
- Division of Transplantation, Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Division of Transplantation, Hiram C. Polk Jr. MD Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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20
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Wassmer CH, Lebreton F, Bellofatto K, Bosco D, Berney T, Berishvili E. Generation of insulin-secreting organoids: a step toward engineering and transplanting the bioartificial pancreas. Transpl Int 2020; 33:1577-1588. [PMID: 32852858 PMCID: PMC7756715 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major health issue of increasing prevalence. ß‐cell replacement, by pancreas or islet transplantation, is the only long‐term curative option for patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes. Despite good functional results, pancreas transplantation remains a major surgery with potentially severe complications. Islet transplantation is a minimally invasive alternative that can widen the indications in view of its lower morbidity. However, the islet isolation procedure disrupts their vasculature and connection to the surrounding extracellular matrix, exposing them to ischemia and anoikis. Implanted islets are also the target of innate and adaptive immune attacks, thus preventing robust engraftment and prolonged full function. Generation of organoids, defined as functional 3D structures assembled with cell types from different sources, is a strategy increasingly used in regenerative medicine for tissue replacement or repair, in a variety of inflammatory or degenerative disorders. Applied to ß‐cell replacement, it offers the possibility to control the size and composition of islet‐like structures (pseudo‐islets), and to include cells with anti‐inflammatory or immunomodulatory properties. In this review, we will present approaches to generate islet cell organoids and discuss how these strategies can be applied to the generation of a bioartificial pancreas for the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles-Henri Wassmer
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fanny Lebreton
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Bellofatto
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Domenico Bosco
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Berney
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Geneva Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ekaterine Berishvili
- Cell Isolation and Transplantation Center, Department of Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Faculty Diabetes Center, University of Geneva Medical Center, Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Medical and Public Health Research, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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21
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Tian M, Carroll LS, Tang L, Uehara H, Westenfelder C, Ambati BK, Huang Y. Systemic AAV10.COMP-Ang1 rescues renal glomeruli and pancreatic islets in type 2 diabetic mice. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2020; 8:8/1/e000882. [PMID: 32792355 PMCID: PMC7430492 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2019-000882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic hyperglycemia causes progressive and generalized damage to the microvasculature. In renal glomeruli, this results in the loss of podocytes with consequent loss of constitutive angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) signaling, which is required for stability of the glomerular endothelium. Repeated tail vein injection of adenovirus expressing COMP-Ang1 (a stable bioengineered form of Ang1) was previously reported to improve diabetic glomerular damage despite the liver and lungs being primary targets of adenoviral infection. We thus hypothesized that localizing delivery of sustained COMP-Ang1 to the kidney could increase its therapeutic efficacy and safety for the treatment of diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Using AAVrh10 adeno-associated viral capsid with enhanced kidney tropism, we treated 10-week-old uninephrectomized db/db mice (a model of type 2 diabetes) with a single dose of AAVrh10.COMP-Ang1 delivered via the intracarotid artery, compared with untreated diabetic db/db control and non-diabetic db/m mice. RESULTS Surprisingly, both glomerular and pancreatic capillaries expressed COMP-Ang1, compensating for diabetes-induced loss of tissue Ang1. Importantly, treatment with AAVrh10.COMP-Ang1 yielded a significant reduction of glycemia (blood glucose, 241±193 mg/dL vs 576±31 mg/dL; glycosylated hemoglobin, 7.2±1.5% vs 11.3±1.3%) and slowed the progression of albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis in db/db mice by 70% and 61%, respectively, compared with untreated diabetic db/db mice. Furthermore, COMP-Ang1 ameliorated diabetes-induced increases of NF-kBp65, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) oxidase-2 (Nox2), p47phox and productions of myeloperoxidase, the inflammatory markers in both renal and pancreatic tissues, and improved beta-cell density in pancreatic islets. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the potential of localized Ang1 therapy for treatment of diabetic visceropathies and provide a mechanistic explanation for reported improvements in glucose control via Ang1/Tie2 signaling in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Tian
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lara S Carroll
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Hironori Uehara
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Ophthalmology and Visual Science, John A. Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Yufeng Huang
- Internal Medicine/Nephrology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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22
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Loganathan G, Balamurugan AN, Venugopal S. Human pancreatic tissue dissociation enzymes for islet isolation: Advances and clinical perspectives. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2020; 14:159-166. [PMID: 32088647 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Successful clinical human allo or auto-islet transplantation requires the recovery of a sufficient number of functional islets from either brain-dead or chronic pancreatitis pancreases respectively. METHODS In the last two decades (2000-2019), significant progress has been made in improving the human islet isolation procedures and in standardizing the use of different tissue dissociation enzyme (TDE; a mixture of collagenase and protease enzymes) blends to recover higher islet yields. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS This review presents information focusing on properties and role of TDE blends during the islet isolation process, particularly emphasizing on the current developments, associated challenges and future perspectives within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopalakrishnan Loganathan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Appakalai N Balamurugan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Subhashree Venugopal
- School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
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23
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Urbanczyk M, Zbinden A, Layland SL, Duffy G, Schenke-Layland K. Controlled Heterotypic Pseudo-Islet Assembly of Human β-Cells and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Using Magnetic Levitation. Tissue Eng Part A 2019; 26:387-399. [PMID: 31680653 PMCID: PMC7187983 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2019.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cell functionality and survival are highly dependent on the cells' microenvironment and cell–cell interactions. Since the pancreas is a highly vascularized organ, the crosstalk between β-cells and endothelial cells (ECs) is vital to ensure proper function. To understand the interaction of pancreatic β-cells with vascular ECs, we sought to investigate the impact of the spatial distribution on the interaction of human cell line-based β-cells (EndoC-βH3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). We focused on the evaluation of three major spatial distributions, which can be found within human islets in vivo, in tissue-engineered heterotypic cell spheroids, so-called pseudo-islets, by controlling the aggregation process using magnetic levitation. We report that heterotypic spheroids formed by spontaneous aggregation cannot be maintained in culture due to HUVEC disassembly over time. In contrast, magnetic levitation allows the formation of stable heterotypic spheroids with defined spatial distribution and significantly facilitated HUVEC integration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that introduces a human-only cell line-based in vitro test system composed of a coculture of β-cells and ECs with a successful stimulation of β-cell secretory function monitored by a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion assays. In addition, we systematically investigate the impact of the spatial distribution on cocultures of human β-cells and ECs, showing that the architecture of pseudo-islets significantly affects β-cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Urbanczyk
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Aline Zbinden
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shannon L Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Garry Duffy
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katja Schenke-Layland
- Department of Women's Health, Research Institute for Women's Health, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,The Natural and Medical Sciences Institute (NMI) at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies," Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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24
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Abstract
The pancreatic islet is a complex mini organ composed of a variety of endocrine cells and their support cells, which together tightly control blood glucose homeostasis. Changes in glucose concentration are commonly regarded as the chief signal controlling insulin-secreting beta cells, glucagon-secreting alpha cells and somatostatin-secreting delta cells. However, each of these cell types is highly responsive to a multitude of endocrine, paracrine, nutritional and neural inputs, which collectively shape the final endocrine output of the islet. Here, we review the principal inputs for each islet-cell type and the physiological circumstances in which these signals arise, through the prism of the insights generated by the transcriptomes of each of the major endocrine-cell types. A comprehensive integration of the factors that influence blood glucose homeostasis is essential to successfully improve therapeutic strategies for better diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glyn M Noguchi
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mark O Huising
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology & Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Physiology & Membrane Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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25
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Current therapeutic strategies for type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rely on increasing or substituting endogenous insulin secretion in combination with lifestyle changes. β-cell regeneration, a process whereby new β-cells arise from progenitors, self-renewal or transdifferentiation, has the potential to become a viable route to insulin self-sufficiency. Current regeneration strategies capture many of the transcriptomic and protein features of native β-cells, generating cells capable of glucose-dependent insulin secretion in vitro and alleviation of hyperglycemia in vivo. However, whether novel β-cells display appreciable heterogeneity remains poorly understood, with potential consequences for long-term functional robustness. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review brings together crucial discoveries in the β-cell regeneration field with state-of-the-art knowledge regarding β-cell heterogeneity. Aspects that might aid production of longer-lasting and more plastic regenerated β-cells are highlighted and discussed. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Different β-cell regeneration approaches result in a similar outcome: glucose-sensitive, insulin-positive cells that mimic the native β-cell phenotype but which lack normal plasticity. The β-cell subpopulations identified to date expand our understanding of β-cell survival, proliferation and function, signposting the direction for future regeneration strategies. Therefore, regenerated β-cells should exhibit stimulus-dependent differences in gene and protein expression, as well as establish a functional network with different β-cells, all while coexisting with other cell types on a three-dimensional platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Nasteska
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Katrina Viloria
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lewis Everett
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
| | - David J Hodson
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK.
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26
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW Here, we review recent findings in the field of generating insulin-producing cells by pancreatic transcription factor (pTF)-induced liver transdifferentiation (TD). TD is the direct conversion of functional cell types from one lineage to another without passing through an intermediate stage of pluripotency. We address potential reasons for the restricted efficiency of TD and suggest modalities to overcome these challenges, to bring TD closer to its clinical implementation in autologous cell replacement therapy for insulin-dependent diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Liver to pancreas TD is restricted to cells that are a priori predisposed to undergo the developmental process. In vivo, the predisposition of liver cells is affected by liver zonation and hepatic regeneration. The TD propensity of liver cells is related to permissive epigenome which could be extended to TD-resistant cells by specific soluble factors. An obligatory role for active Wnt signaling in continuously maintaining a "permissive" epigenome is suggested. Moreover, the restoration of the pancreatic niche and vasculature promotes the maturation of TD cells along the β cell function. Future studies on liver to pancreas TD should include the maturation of TD cells by 3D culture, the restoration of vasculature and the pancreatic niche, and the extension of TD propensity to TD-resistant cells by epigenetic modifications. Liver to pancreas TD is expected to result in the generation of custom-made "self" surrogate β cells for curing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, 56261, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, 56261, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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27
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Townsend SE, Gannon M. Extracellular Matrix-Associated Factors Play Critical Roles in Regulating Pancreatic β-Cell Proliferation and Survival. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1885-1894. [PMID: 31271410 PMCID: PMC6656423 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes formation of the islet basement membrane and the function of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in β-cell proliferation and survival. Implications for islet transplantation are discussed. The insulin-producing β-cell is key for maintaining glucose homeostasis. The islet microenvironment greatly influences β-cell survival and proliferation. Within the islet, β-cells contact the ECM, which is deposited primarily by intraislet endothelial cells, and this interaction has been shown to modulate proliferation and survival. ECM-localized growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor and cellular communication network 2, signal through specific receptors and integrins on the β-cell surface. Further understanding of how the ECM functions to influence β-cell proliferation and survival will provide targets for enhancing functional β-cell mass for the treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Townsend
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Maureen Gannon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Health Authority, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Correspondence: Maureen Gannon, PhD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2213 Garland Avenue, MRB IV 7465, Nashville, Tennessee 37232. E-mail:
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Theories about the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) refer to the potential of primary islet inflammatory signaling as a trigger for the loss of self-tolerance leading to disease onset. Emerging evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EV) may represent the missing link between inflammation and autoimmunity. Here, we review the evidence for a role of EV in the pathogenesis of T1D, as well as discuss their potential value in the clinical sphere, as biomarkers and therapeutic agents. RECENT FINDINGS EV derived from β cells are enriched in diabetogenic autoantigens and miRNAs that are selectively sorted and packaged. These EV play a pivotal role in antigen presentation and cell to cell communication leading to activation of autoimmune responses. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests the potential of EV as novel tools in clinical diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. In-depth analysis of EV cargo using modern multi-parametric technologies may be useful in enhancing our understanding of EV-mediated immune mechanisms and in identifying robust biomarkers and therapeutic strategies for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Negi
- Human Islet Transplant Laboratory, Department of Surgery, D5.5736, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Alissa K Rutman
- Human Islet Transplant Laboratory, Department of Surgery, D5.5736, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Steven Paraskevas
- Human Islet Transplant Laboratory, Department of Surgery, D5.5736, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Boulevard Décarie, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E1, Canada.
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29
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Meivar-Levy I, Zoabi F, Nardini G, Manevitz-Mendelson E, Leichner GS, Zadok O, Gurevich M, Mor E, Dima S, Popescu I, Barzilai A, Ferber S, Greenberger S. The role of the vasculature niche on insulin-producing cells generated by transdifferentiation of adult human liver cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:53. [PMID: 30760321 PMCID: PMC6373031 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin-dependent diabetes is a multifactorial disorder that could be theoretically cured by functional pancreatic islets and insulin-producing cell (IPC) implantation. Regenerative medicine approaches include the potential for growing tissues and organs in the laboratory and transplanting them when the body cannot heal itself. However, several obstacles remain to be overcome in order to bring regenerative medicine approach for diabetes closer to its clinical implementation; the cells generated in vitro are typically of heterogenic and immature nature and the site of implantation should be readily vascularized for the implanted cells to survive in vivo. The present study addresses these two limitations by analyzing the effect of co-implanting IPCs with vasculature promoting cells in an accessible site such as subcutaneous. Secondly, it analyzes the effects of reconstituting the in vivo environment in vitro on the maturation and function of insulin-producing cells. Methods IPCs that are generated by the transdifferentiation of human liver cells are exposed to the paracrine effects of endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are the “building blocks” of the blood vessels. The role of the vasculature on IPC function is analyzed upon subcutaneous implantation in vivo in immune-deficient rodents. The paracrine effects of vasculature on IPC maturation are analyzed in culture. Results Co-implantation of MSCs and ECFCs with IPCs led to doubling the survival rates and a threefold increase in insulin production, in vivo. ECFC and MSC co-culture as well as conditioned media of co-cultures resulted in a significant increased expression of pancreatic-specific genes and an increase in glucose-regulated insulin secretion, compared with IPCs alone. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that ECFC and MSC co-culture increases the expression of CTGF and ACTIVINβα, which play a key role in pancreatic differentiation. Conclusions Vasculature is an important player in generating regenerative medicine approaches for diabetes. Vasculature displays a paracrine effect on the maturation of insulin-producing cells and their survival upon implantation. The reconstitution of the in vivo niche is expected to promote the liver-to-pancreas transdifferentiation and bringing this cell therapy approach closer to its clinical implementation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-019-1157-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irit Meivar-Levy
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel. .,Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Fatima Zoabi
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gil Nardini
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | | | - Gil S Leichner
- The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Oranit Zadok
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Michael Gurevich
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Eytan Mor
- The Organ Transplantation Division, Schneider Children Medical Center, Petach Tikvah, Israel
| | - Simona Dima
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Irinel Popescu
- Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine - Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania.,Center of Digestive Diseases and Liver Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aviv Barzilai
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Sarah Ferber
- The Sheba Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Dia-Cure, Institute of Medical Scientific Research Acad. Nicolae Cajal, University Titu Maiorescu, Bucharest, Romania.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shoshana Greenberger
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,The Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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30
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Burzava ALS, Forget A, Harding FJ, Cockshell MP, Penko D, Rouzaud C, Ahmadi V, Marina PF, Rojas-Canales D, Bonder CS, Coates PTH, Waibel M, Thomas HE, Kay TW, Loudovaris T, Blencowe A, Voelcker NH. Replica moulded poly(dimethylsiloxane) microwell arrays induce localized endothelial cell immobilization for coculture with pancreatic islets. Biointerphases 2019; 14:011002. [PMID: 30700091 DOI: 10.1116/1.5087737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PolyJet three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for the rapid manufacturing of 3D moulds for the fabrication of cross-linked poly(dimethylsiloxane) microwell arrays (PMAs). As this 3D printing technique has a resolution on the micrometer scale, the moulds exhibit a distinct surface roughness. In this study, the authors demonstrate by optical profilometry that the topography of the 3D printed moulds can be transferred to the PMAs and that this roughness induced cell adhesive properties to the material. In particular, the topography facilitated immobilization of endothelial cells on the internal walls of the microwells. The authors also demonstrate that upon immobilization of endothelial cells to the microwells, a second population of cells, namely, pancreatic islets could be introduced, thus producing a 3D coculture platform.
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31
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Narayanan S, Loganathan G, Mokshagundam S, Hughes MG, Williams SK, Balamurugan AN. Endothelial cell regulation through epigenetic mechanisms: Depicting parallels and its clinical application within an intra-islet microenvironment. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2018; 143:120-133. [PMID: 29953914 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intra-islet endothelial cells (ECs), the building blocks of islet microvasculature, govern a number of cellular and pathophysiological processes associated with the pancreatic tissue. These cells are key to the angiogenic process and essential for islet revascularization after transplantation. Understanding fundamental mechanisms by which ECs regulate the angiogenic process is important as these cells maintain and regulate the intra-islet environment facilitated by a complex signaling crosstalk with the surrounding endocrine cells. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated the impact of epigenetic regulation on islet cell development and function. This review will present an overview of the reports involving endothelial epigenetic mechanisms particularly focusing on histone modifications which have been identified to play a critical role in governing EC functions by modifying the chromatin structure. A better understanding of epigenetic mechanisms by which these cells regulate gene expression and function to orchestrate cellular physiology and pathology is likely to offer improved insights on the functioning and regulation of an intra-islet endothelial microvascular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Narayanan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Center for Cellular Transplantation, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Gopalakrishnan Loganathan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Center for Cellular Transplantation, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | | | - Michael G Hughes
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Center for Cellular Transplantation, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Stuart K Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Appakalai N Balamurugan
- Clinical Islet Cell Laboratory, Center for Cellular Transplantation, Cardiovascular Innovation Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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32
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Liu M, Lu W, Hou Q, Wang B, Sheng Y, Wu Q, Li B, Liu X, Zhang X, Li A, Zhang H, Xiu R. Gene expression profiles of glucose toxicity-exposed islet microvascular endothelial cells. Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12450. [PMID: 29575333 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Islet microcirculation is mainly composed by IMECs. The aim of the study was to investigate the differences in gene expression profiles of IMECs upon glucose toxicity exposure and insulin treatment. METHODS IMECs were treated with 5.6 mmol L-1 glucose, 35 mmol L-1 glucose, and 35 mmol L-1 glucose plus 10-8 mol L-1 insulin, respectively. Gene expression profiles were determined by microarray and verified by qPCR. GO terms and KEGG analysis were performed to assess the potential roles of differentially expressed genes. The interaction and expression tendency of differentially expressed genes were analyzed by Path-Net algorithm. RESULTS Compared with glucose toxicity-exposed IMECs, 1574 mRNAs in control group and 2870 mRNAs in insulin-treated IMECs were identified with differential expression, respectively. GO and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these genes conferred roles in regulation of apoptosis, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and metabolic process etc. Additionally, MAPK signaling pathway and apoptosis were the dominant nodes in Path-Net. IMECs survival and function pathways were significantly changed, and the expression tendency of genes from euglycemia and glucose toxicity exposure to insulin treatment was revealed and enriched in 7 patterns. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides a microcirculatory framework for gene expression profiles of glucose toxicity-exposed IMECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbao Lu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youming Sheng
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qingbin Wu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bingwei Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xueting Liu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ailing Li
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Honggang Zhang
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruijuan Xiu
- Institute of Microcirculation, Key Laboratory of Microcirculation, Ministry of Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Pereira LX, Viana CTR, Orellano LAA, de Almeida SA, de Lazari MGT, Couto LC, Vasconcelos AC, Andrade SP, Campos PP. Kinetics of pancreatic tissue proliferation in a polymeric platform in mice. Pancreatology 2018; 18:221-229. [PMID: 29289464 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Pancreas regenerative capacity after injury is not always sufficient to comply with the body's requirement of digestive enzymes and hormones. We present an alternative system to induce pancreas parenchyma proliferation (exocrine and endocrine components), rather than regeneration or remodeling in normoglycemic mice. METHODS Porous discs of polyether-polyurethane were surgically placed adjacent to the native pancreas and removed at days 15, 30 and 45 after implantation. No exogenous growth factors or extracellular matrix components were added to the platform. The synthetic matrix provided a platform that was filled with parenchymal and non-parenchymal pancreas tissue as detected by histological analysis. Immunohistochemistry analysis were performed to identify insulin positive cells in the newly formed tissue. In addition, angiogenic, inflammatory and metabolic parameters were carried out in those mice. RESULTS At day 15, the pores of the platform were filled with inflammatory cells, spindled-shaped like fibroblasts, extracellular matrix components, blood vessels and clusters of pancreatic parenchyma (acini, ducts and islet-like structures). At days 30 and 45 the pancreas features remained well organized; its organization resembled that of a native pancreas. Interestingly, besides islet-like structures that showed positive cells to insulin, some ductal cells were also positive for insulin immunostaining. No significant differences in serum glucose and c-peptide concentrations during the experimental period were detected. CONCLUSIONS The plain synthetic porous platform (without addition of exogenous molecules) placed adjacent to the native organ exhibits potential to restore and/or expand exocrine (acini, ducts) and endocrine (β-cell mass) components in pancreatic injuries and in high metabolic demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Xavier Pereira
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Celso Tarso Rodrigues Viana
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura Alejandra Ariza Orellano
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Simone Aparecida de Almeida
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Letícia Chinait Couto
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anilton Cesar Vasconcelos
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Silvia Passos Andrade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula Peixoto Campos
- Department of General Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Pomatto MAC, Gai C, Deregibus MC, Tetta C, Camussi G. Noncoding RNAs Carried by Extracellular Vesicles in Endocrine Diseases. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:4302096. [PMID: 29808089 PMCID: PMC5902008 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4302096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA molecules are essential and fine regulators of important biological processes. Their role is well documented also in the endocrine system, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Increasing interest is arising about the function and the importance of noncoding RNAs shuttled by extracellular vesicles (EVs). In fact, EV membrane protects nucleic acids from enzyme degradation. Nowadays, the research on EVs and their cargoes, as well as their biological functions, faces the lack of standardization in EV purification. Here, the main techniques for EV isolation are discussed and compared for their advantages and vulnerabilities. Despite the possible discrepancy due to methodological variability, EVs and their RNA content are reported to be key mediators of intercellular communication in pathologies of main endocrine organs, including the pancreas, thyroid, and reproductive system. In particular, the present work describes the role of RNAs contained in EVs in pathogenesis and progression of several metabolic dysfunctions, including obesity and diabetes, and their related manifestations. Their importance in the establishment and progression of thyroid autoimmunity disorders and complicated pregnancy is also discussed. Preliminary studies highlight the attractive possibility to use RNAs contained in EVs as biomarkers suggesting their exploitation for new diagnostic approaches in endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Gai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- 2i3T Scarl, Univerity of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Ciro Tetta
- Unicyte AG, Oberdorf, Nidwalden, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- 2i3T Scarl, Univerity of Turin, Turin, Italy
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