1
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Gonzalez A, Vihervaara P, Balvanera P, Bates AE, Bayraktarov E, Bellingham PJ, Bruder A, Campbell J, Catchen MD, Cavender-Bares J, Chase J, Coops N, Costello MJ, Czúcz B, Delavaud A, Dornelas M, Dubois G, Duffy EJ, Eggermont H, Fernandez M, Fernandez N, Ferrier S, Geller GN, Gill M, Gravel D, Guerra CA, Guralnick R, Harfoot M, Hirsch T, Hoban S, Hughes AC, Hugo W, Hunter ME, Isbell F, Jetz W, Juergens N, Kissling WD, Krug CB, Kullberg P, Le Bras Y, Leung B, Londoño-Murcia MC, Lord JM, Loreau M, Luers A, Ma K, MacDonald AJ, Maes J, McGeoch M, Mihoub JB, Millette KL, Molnar Z, Montes E, Mori AS, Muller-Karger FE, Muraoka H, Nakaoka M, Navarro L, Newbold T, Niamir A, Obura D, O'Connor M, Paganini M, Pelletier D, Pereira H, Poisot T, Pollock LJ, Purvis A, Radulovici A, Rocchini D, Roeoesli C, Schaepman M, Schaepman-Strub G, Schmeller DS, Schmiedel U, Schneider FD, Shakya MM, Skidmore A, Skowno AL, Takeuchi Y, Tuanmu MN, Turak E, Turner W, Urban MC, Urbina-Cardona N, Valbuena R, Van de Putte A, van Havre B, Wingate VR, Wright E, Torrelio CZ. Author Correction: A global biodiversity observing system to unite monitoring and guide action. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:2173. [PMID: 37985899 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elisa Bayraktarov
- EcoCommons Australia, Research, Specialised and Data Foundations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Bruder
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Jillian Campbell
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael D Catchen
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Nicholas Coops
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark J Costello
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord Universitet, Bodø, Norway
| | - Bálint Czúcz
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Guia Marine Lab, MARE, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Grégoire Dubois
- Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Emmett J Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Hilde Eggermont
- Belgian Science Policy Office, Belgian Biodiversity Platform/Biodiversa+, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miguel Fernandez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Nestor Fernandez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gary N Geller
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Tim Hirsch
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sean Hoban
- The Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Margaret E Hunter
- US Geological Survey, Wetland & Aquatic Research Center, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Norbert Juergens
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia B Krug
- bioDISCOVERY, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kullberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Nature Solutions Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yvan Le Bras
- Pôle national de données de biodiversité, PatriNat, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | - Brian Leung
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Michel Lord
- The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | | | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Melodie McGeoch
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Baptiste Mihoub
- Centre d'Écologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CP 135, Paris, France
| | - Katie L Millette
- The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zsolt Molnar
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Enrique Montes
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Muraoka
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakaoka
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Tim Newbold
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Mary O'Connor
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Henrique Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Adriana Radulovici
- The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Duccio Rocchini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Science, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Roeoesli
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schaepman
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk S Schmeller
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ute Schmiedel
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian D Schneider
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Skidmore
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yayioi Takeuchi
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mao-Ning Tuanmu
- Thematic Center for Systematics and Biodiversity Informatics, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eren Turak
- NSW Department of Environment and Planning, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Woody Turner
- Earth Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark C Urban
- Center of Biological Risk and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Nicolás Urbina-Cardona
- Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ruben Valbuena
- Division of Remote Sensing of Forests, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anton Van de Putte
- Royal Belgian Institute for Naturalsciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Elaine Wright
- NZ Department of Conservation, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | |
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Gonzalez A, Vihervaara P, Balvanera P, Bates AE, Bayraktarov E, Bellingham PJ, Bruder A, Campbell J, Catchen MD, Cavender-Bares J, Chase J, Coops N, Costello MJ, Czúcz B, Delavaud A, Dornelas M, Dubois G, Duffy EJ, Eggermont H, Fernandez M, Fernandez N, Ferrier S, Geller GN, Gill M, Gravel D, Guerra CA, Guralnick R, Harfoot M, Hirsch T, Hoban S, Hughes AC, Hugo W, Hunter ME, Isbell F, Jetz W, Juergens N, Kissling WD, Krug CB, Kullberg P, Le Bras Y, Leung B, Londoño-Murcia MC, Lord JM, Loreau M, Luers A, Ma K, MacDonald AJ, Maes J, McGeoch M, Mihoub JB, Millette KL, Molnar Z, Montes E, Mori AS, Muller-Karger FE, Muraoka H, Nakaoka M, Navarro L, Newbold T, Niamir A, Obura D, O'Connor M, Paganini M, Pelletier D, Pereira H, Poisot T, Pollock LJ, Purvis A, Radulovici A, Rocchini D, Roeoesli C, Schaepman M, Schaepman-Strub G, Schmeller DS, Schmiedel U, Schneider FD, Shakya MM, Skidmore A, Skowno AL, Takeuchi Y, Tuanmu MN, Turak E, Turner W, Urban MC, Urbina-Cardona N, Valbuena R, Van de Putte A, van Havre B, Wingate VR, Wright E, Torrelio CZ. A global biodiversity observing system to unite monitoring and guide action. Nat Ecol Evol 2023; 7:1947-1952. [PMID: 37620553 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-023-02171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Amanda E Bates
- Biology Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elisa Bayraktarov
- EcoCommons Australia, Research, Specialised and Data Foundations, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Bruder
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Mendrisio, Switzerland
| | - Jillian Campbell
- Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael D Catchen
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jonathan Chase
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Nicholas Coops
- University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mark J Costello
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord Universitet, Bodø, Norway
| | - Bálint Czúcz
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Maria Dornelas
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
- Guia Marine Lab, MARE, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Cascais, Portugal
| | - Grégoire Dubois
- Knowledge Centre for Biodiversity, Joint Research Centre of the European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Emmett J Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, USA
| | - Hilde Eggermont
- Belgian Science Policy Office, Belgian Biodiversity Platform/Biodiversa+, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Miguel Fernandez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Nestor Fernandez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Department of Computer Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Gary N Geller
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Robert Guralnick
- Department of Natural History, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Tim Hirsch
- Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sean Hoban
- The Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL, USA
| | - Alice C Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Margaret E Hunter
- US Geological Survey, Wetland & Aquatic Research Center, Sirenia Project, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Norbert Juergens
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelia B Krug
- bioDISCOVERY, Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kullberg
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Nature Solutions Unit, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yvan Le Bras
- Pôle national de données de biodiversité, PatriNat, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Station Marine de Concarneau, Concarneau, France
| | - Brian Leung
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Michel Lord
- The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michel Loreau
- Theoretical and Experimental Ecology Station, CNRS, Moulis, France
| | | | - Keping Ma
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | - Melodie McGeoch
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jean Baptiste Mihoub
- Centre d'Écologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CP 135, Paris, France
| | - Katie L Millette
- The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zsolt Molnar
- Centre for Ecological Research, Institute of Ecology and Botany, Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - Enrique Montes
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Akira S Mori
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroyuki Muraoka
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nakaoka
- Akkeshi Marine Station, Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Tim Newbold
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aidin Niamir
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Institute, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Mary O'Connor
- Biodiversity Research Centre and Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Henrique Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laura J Pollock
- Department of Biology, Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | - Adriana Radulovici
- The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Duccio Rocchini
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Science, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Roeoesli
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schaepman
- Remote Sensing Laboratories, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela Schaepman-Strub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk S Schmeller
- Laboratoire écologie fonctionnelle et environnement, Université de Toulouse, INPT, UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ute Schmiedel
- Institute of Plant Science and Microbiology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian D Schneider
- NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Skidmore
- Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew L Skowno
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Kirstenbosch National Botanical Gardens, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yayioi Takeuchi
- Biodiversity Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mao-Ning Tuanmu
- Thematic Center for Systematics and Biodiversity Informatics, Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Eren Turak
- NSW Department of Environment and Planning, Parramatta, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Woody Turner
- Earth Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark C Urban
- Center of Biological Risk and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Nicolás Urbina-Cardona
- Facultad de Estudios Ambientales y Rurales, Departamento de Ecología y Territorio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ruben Valbuena
- Division of Remote Sensing of Forests, Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anton Van de Putte
- Royal Belgian Institute for Naturalsciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Elaine Wright
- NZ Department of Conservation, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Hoban S, Bruford MW, da Silva JM, Funk WC, Frankham R, Gill MJ, Grueber CE, Heuertz M, Hunter ME, Kershaw F, Lacy RC, Lees C, Lopes-Fernandes M, MacDonald AJ, Mastretta-Yanes A, McGowan PJK, Meek MH, Mergeay J, Millette KL, Mittan-Moreau CS, Navarro LM, O'Brien D, Ogden R, Segelbacher G, Paz-Vinas I, Vernesi C, Laikre L. Genetic diversity goals and targets have improved, but remain insufficient for clear implementation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework. CONSERV GENET 2023; 24:181-191. [PMID: 36683963 PMCID: PMC9841145 DOI: 10.1007/s10592-022-01492-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity among and within populations of all species is necessary for people and nature to survive and thrive in a changing world. Over the past three years, commitments for conserving genetic diversity have become more ambitious and specific under the Convention on Biological Diversity's (CBD) draft post-2020 global biodiversity framework (GBF). This Perspective article comments on how goals and targets of the GBF have evolved, the improvements that are still needed, lessons learned from this process, and connections between goals and targets and the actions and reporting that will be needed to maintain, protect, manage and monitor genetic diversity. It is possible and necessary that the GBF strives to maintain genetic diversity within and among populations of all species, to restore genetic connectivity, and to develop national genetic conservation strategies, and to report on these using proposed, feasible indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hoban
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, Lisle, USA.,The University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Jessica M da Silva
- South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria, South Africa.,Centre for Ecological Genomics and Wildlife Conservation, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | - Richard Frankham
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Michael J Gill
- NatureServe, Biodiversity Indicators Program, Arlington, USA
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Margaret E Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, USA
| | - Francine Kershaw
- Oceans Division, Natural Resources Defense Council, NewYork, USA
| | - Robert C Lacy
- Chicago Zoological Society, Species Conservation Toolkit Initiative, Brookfield, USA
| | - Caroline Lees
- Conservation Planning Specialist Group, IUCN SSC, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Anna J MacDonald
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water, Kingston, Australia
| | - Alicia Mastretta-Yanes
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO), Mexico City, Mexico.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia Y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Philip J K McGowan
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mariah H Meek
- Department of Integrative Biology; Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, AgBio Research, Lansing, USA
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Katie L Millette
- Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cinnamon S Mittan-Moreau
- Kellogg Biological Station; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Michigan State University, Lansing, USA
| | | | | | - Rob Ogden
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, EH25 9RG, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivan Paz-Vinas
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
| | | | - Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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4
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von Takach B, Ranjard L, Burridge CP, Cameron SF, Cremona T, Eldridge MDB, Fisher DO, Frankenberg S, Hill BM, Hohnen R, Jolly CJ, Kelly E, MacDonald AJ, Moussalli A, Ottewell K, Phillips BL, Radford IJ, Spencer PBS, Trewella GJ, Umbrello LS, Banks SC. Population genomics of a predatory mammal reveals patterns of decline and impacts of exposure to toxic toads. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5468-5486. [PMID: 36056907 PMCID: PMC9826391 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mammal declines across northern Australia are one of the major biodiversity loss events occurring globally. There has been no regional assessment of the implications of these species declines for genomic diversity. To address this, we conducted a species-wide assessment of genomic diversity in the northern quoll (Dasyurus hallucatus), an Endangered marsupial carnivore. We used next generation sequencing methods to genotype 10,191 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 352 individuals from across a 3220-km length of the continent, investigating patterns of population genomic structure and diversity, and identifying loci showing signals of putative selection. We found strong heterogeneity in the distribution of genomic diversity across the continent, characterized by (i) biogeographical barriers driving hierarchical population structure through long-term isolation, and (ii) severe reductions in diversity resulting from population declines, exacerbated by the spread of introduced toxic cane toads (Rhinella marina). These results warn of a large ongoing loss of genomic diversity and associated adaptive capacity as mammals decline across northern Australia. Encouragingly, populations of the northern quoll established on toad-free islands by translocations appear to have maintained most of the initial genomic diversity after 16 years. By mapping patterns of genomic diversity within and among populations, and investigating these patterns in the context of population declines, we can provide conservation managers with data critical to informed decision-making. This includes the identification of populations that are candidates for genetic management, the importance of remnant island and insurance/translocated populations for the conservation of genetic diversity, and the characterization of putative evolutionarily significant units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton von Takach
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia,School of Molecular and Life SciencesCurtin UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Louis Ranjard
- The Research School of Biology, Faculty of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia,PlantTech Research InstituteTaurangaNew Zealand
| | | | - Skye F. Cameron
- Australian Wildlife ConservancyKimberleyWestern AustraliaAustralia,School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Teigan Cremona
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | | | - Diana O. Fisher
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | | | - Brydie M. Hill
- Flora and Fauna Division, Department of Environment, Parks and Water SecurityNorthern Territory GovernmentNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Rosemary Hohnen
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Chris J. Jolly
- Institute of Land, Water and Society, School of Environmental ScienceCharles Sturt UniversityAlburyNew South WalesAustralia,School of Natural SciencesMacquarie UniversityMacquarie ParkNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Ella Kelly
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- The Research School of Biology, Faculty of ScienceThe Australian National UniversityActonAustralian Capital TerritoryAustralia,Australian Antarctic Division, Department of AgricultureWater and the EnvironmentKingstonTasmaniaAustralia
| | - Adnan Moussalli
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia,Department of ScienceMuseums VictoriaMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Kym Ottewell
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Ben L. Phillips
- School of BioSciencesUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ian J. Radford
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Peter B. S. Spencer
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch UniversityPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Gavin J. Trewella
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
| | - Linette S. Umbrello
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and AttractionsPerthWestern AustraliaAustralia,Collections and Research CentreWestern Australian MuseumWelshpoolWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Sam C. Banks
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsCharles Darwin UniversityDarwinNorthern TerritoryAustralia
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5
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Roycroft E, Fabre PH, MacDonald AJ, Moritz C, Moussalli A, Rowe KC. New Guinea uplift opens ecological opportunity across a continent. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4215-4224.e3. [PMID: 36057260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sahul unites the world's largest and highest tropical island and the oldest and most arid continent on the backdrop of dynamic environmental conditions. Massive geological uplift in New Guinea is predicted to have acted as a species pump from the late Miocene onward, but the impact of this process on biogeography and diversification remains untested across Sahul as a whole. To address this, we reconstruct the assembly of a recent and diverse radiation of rodents (Murinae: Hydromyini) spanning New Guinea, Australia, and oceanic islands. Using phylogenomic data from 270 specimens, including many recently extinct and highly elusive species, we find that the orogeny and expansion of New Guinea opened ecological opportunity and triggered diversification across a continent. After a single over-water colonization from Asia ca. 8.5 Ma, ancestral Hydromyini were restricted to the tropical rainforest of proto-New Guinea for 3.5 million years. Following a shift in diversification coincident with the orogeny of New Guinea ca. 5 Ma and subsequent colonization of Australia, transitions between geographic regions (n = 24) and biomes (n = 34) become frequent. Recurrent over-water colonization between mainland and islands demonstrate how islands can play a substantial role in the assembly of continental fauna. Our results are consistent with a model of increased ecological opportunity across Sahul following major geological uplift in New Guinea ca. 5 Ma, with sustained diversification facilitated by over-water colonization from the Pleistocene to present. We show how geological processes, biome transitions, and over-water colonization collectively drove the diversification of an expansive continental radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Roycroft
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.
| | - Pierre-Henri Fabre
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM, UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-UM), Université de Montpellier, Place E. Bataillon, CC 064, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Craig Moritz
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Adnan Moussalli
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Kevin C Rowe
- Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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6
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O'Brien D, Laikre L, Hoban S, Bruford MW, Ekblom R, Fischer MC, Hall J, Hvilsom C, Hollingsworth PM, Kershaw F, Mittan CS, Mukassabi T, Ogden R, Segelbacher G, Shaw RE, Vernesi C, MacDonald AJ. Bringing together approaches to reporting on within species genetic diversity. J Appl Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Laikre
- Division of Population Genetics Department of Zoology Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sean Hoban
- Center for Tree Science Lisle Illinois USA
| | | | - Robert Ekblom
- Wildlife Analysis Unit Swedish Environmental Protection Agency Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cinnamon S. Mittan
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Tarek A. Mukassabi
- University of Benghazi Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences Benghazi Libya
| | - Rob Ogden
- Royal (DIck) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Wildlife Ecology and Management University Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Robyn E. Shaw
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Australia
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Forest Ecology Unit Research and Innovation Centre ‐ Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all'Adige Italy
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Australian Antarctic Division Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment Kingston Tasmania Australia
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7
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Hoban S, Archer FI, Bertola LD, Bragg JG, Breed MF, Bruford MW, Coleman MA, Ekblom R, Funk WC, Grueber CE, Hand BK, Jaffé R, Jensen E, Johnson JS, Kershaw F, Liggins L, MacDonald AJ, Mergeay J, Miller JM, Muller-Karger F, O'Brien D, Paz-Vinas I, Potter KM, Razgour O, Vernesi C, Hunter ME. Global genetic diversity status and trends: towards a suite of Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) for genetic composition. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1511-1538. [PMID: 35415952 PMCID: PMC9545166 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity underlies ecosystem resilience, ecosystem function, sustainable economies, and human well‐being. Understanding how biodiversity sustains ecosystems under anthropogenic stressors and global environmental change will require new ways of deriving and applying biodiversity data. A major challenge is that biodiversity data and knowledge are scattered, biased, collected with numerous methods, and stored in inconsistent ways. The Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON) has developed the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs) as fundamental metrics to help aggregate, harmonize, and interpret biodiversity observation data from diverse sources. Mapping and analyzing EBVs can help to evaluate how aspects of biodiversity are distributed geographically and how they change over time. EBVs are also intended to serve as inputs and validation to forecast the status and trends of biodiversity, and to support policy and decision making. Here, we assess the feasibility of implementing Genetic Composition EBVs (Genetic EBVs), which are metrics of within‐species genetic variation. We review and bring together numerous areas of the field of genetics and evaluate how each contributes to global and regional genetic biodiversity monitoring with respect to theory, sampling logistics, metadata, archiving, data aggregation, modeling, and technological advances. We propose four Genetic EBVs: (i) Genetic Diversity; (ii) Genetic Differentiation; (iii) Inbreeding; and (iv) Effective Population Size (Ne). We rank Genetic EBVs according to their relevance, sensitivity to change, generalizability, scalability, feasibility and data availability. We outline the workflow for generating genetic data underlying the Genetic EBVs, and review advances and needs in archiving genetic composition data and metadata. We discuss how Genetic EBVs can be operationalized by visualizing EBVs in space and time across species and by forecasting Genetic EBVs beyond current observations using various modeling approaches. Our review then explores challenges of aggregation, standardization, and costs of operationalizing the Genetic EBVs, as well as future directions and opportunities to maximize their uptake globally in research and policy. The collection, annotation, and availability of genetic data has made major advances in the past decade, each of which contributes to the practical and standardized framework for large‐scale genetic observation reporting. Rapid advances in DNA sequencing technology present new opportunities, but also challenges for operationalizing Genetic EBVs for biodiversity monitoring regionally and globally. With these advances, genetic composition monitoring is starting to be integrated into global conservation policy, which can help support the foundation of all biodiversity and species' long‐term persistence in the face of environmental change. We conclude with a summary of concrete steps for researchers and policy makers for advancing operationalization of Genetic EBVs. The technical and analytical foundations of Genetic EBVs are well developed, and conservation practitioners should anticipate their increasing application as efforts emerge to scale up genetic biodiversity monitoring regionally and globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hoban
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, 4100 Illinois Rt 53, Lisle, IL, 60532, USA
| | - Frederick I Archer
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA/NMFS, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Laura D Bertola
- City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Jason G Bragg
- Research Centre for Ecosystem Resilience, Australian Institute of Botanical Science, The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, Mrs Macquaries Rd, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Martin F Breed
- College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, University Drive, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Michael W Bruford
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cathays Park, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Melinda A Coleman
- Department of Primary Industries, New South Wales Fisheries, National Marine Science Centre, 2 Bay Drive, Coffs Harbour, NSW, 2450, Australia
| | - Robert Ekblom
- Wildlife Analysis Unit, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Blekholmsterrassen 36, Stockholm, SE-106 48, Sweden
| | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree in Ecology, Colorado State University, 1878 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1878, USA
| | - Catherine E Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Carslaw Building, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Brian K Hand
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, 32125 Bio Station Ln, Polson, MT, 59860, USA
| | - Rodolfo Jaffé
- Exponent, 15375 SE 30th Place, Suite 250, Bellevue, WA, 98007, USA
| | - Evelyn Jensen
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Agriculture Building, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Jeremy S Johnson
- Department of Environmental Studies, Prescott College, 220 Grove Avenue, Prescott, AZ, 86303, USA
| | - Francine Kershaw
- Natural Resources Defense Council, 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY, 10011, USA
| | - Libby Liggins
- School of Natural Sciences, Massey University, Ōtehā Rohe campus, Gate 4 Albany Highway, Auckland, Aotearoa, 0745, New Zealand
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Gaverstraat 4, 9500, Geraardsbergen, Belgium.,Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KULeuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, box 2439, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joshua M Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, 10700 104 Avenue, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Frank Muller-Karger
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, 140 7th Avenue South, Saint Petersburg, Florida, 33701, USA
| | - David O'Brien
- NatureScot, Great Glen House, Leachkin Road, Inverness, IV3 8NW, UK
| | - Ivan Paz-Vinas
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, UPS, UMR-5174 EDB, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse, 31062, France
| | - Kevin M Potter
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, 3041 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Orly Razgour
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Streatham Campus, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Forest Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre- Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach, 1, San Michele all'Adige, 38010, (TN), Italy
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
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8
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Kershaw F, Bruford MW, Funk WC, Grueber CE, Hoban S, Hunter ME, Laikre L, MacDonald AJ, Meek MH, Mittan C, O´Brien D, Ogden R, Shaw RE, Vernesi C, Segelbacher G. The Coalition for Conservation Genetics: Working across organizations to build capacity and achieve change in policy and practice. Conservat Sci and Prac 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - W. Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
| | - Catherine E. Grueber
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Sean Hoban
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science Lisle Illinois USA
| | - Margaret E. Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics Stockholm University Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Research School of Biology The Australian National University Canberra Acton Australia
| | - Mariah H. Meek
- Department of Integrative Biology, AgBio Research, and Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan USA
| | - Cinnamon Mittan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York USA
| | | | - Rob Ogden
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh UK
| | - Robyn E. Shaw
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences Murdoch University Perth Australia
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Forest Ecology Unit, Research and Innovation Centre‐Fondazione Edmund Mach San Michele all’Adige Trentino Italy
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9
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Hoban S, Bruford MW, Funk WC, Galbusera P, Griffith MP, Grueber CE, Heuertz M, Hunter ME, Hvilsom C, Stroil BK, Kershaw F, Khoury CK, Laikre L, Lopes-Fernandes M, MacDonald AJ, Mergeay J, Meek M, Mittan C, Mukassabi TA, O'Brien D, Ogden R, Palma-Silva C, Ramakrishnan U, Segelbacher G, Shaw RE, Sjögren-Gulve P, Veličković N, Vernesi C. Global Commitments to Conserving and Monitoring Genetic Diversity Are Now Necessary and Feasible. Bioscience 2021; 71:964-976. [PMID: 34475806 PMCID: PMC8407967 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global conservation policy and action have largely neglected protecting and monitoring genetic diversity—one of the three main pillars of biodiversity. Genetic diversity (diversity within species) underlies species’ adaptation and survival, ecosystem resilience, and societal innovation. The low priority given to genetic diversity has largely been due to knowledge gaps in key areas, including the importance of genetic diversity and the trends in genetic diversity change; the perceived high expense and low availability and the scattered nature of genetic data; and complicated concepts and information that are inaccessible to policymakers. However, numerous recent advances in knowledge, technology, databases, practice, and capacity have now set the stage for better integration of genetic diversity in policy instruments and conservation efforts. We review these developments and explore how they can support improved consideration of genetic diversity in global conservation policy commitments and enable countries to monitor, report on, and take action to maintain or restore genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Hoban
- The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, Lisle, Illinois, United States
| | | | - W Chris Funk
- Department of Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Peter Galbusera
- Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Catherine E Grueber
- University of Sydney's School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Myriam Heuertz
- INRAE, and the University of Bordeaux, Biogeco, Cestas, France
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- US Geological Survey's Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Gainesville, Florida, United States
| | | | - Belma Kalamujic Stroil
- University of Sarajevo Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Laboratory for Molecular Genetics of Natural Resources, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Francine Kershaw
- Natural Resources Defense Council, New York, New York, United States
| | - Colin K Khoury
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Cali, Colombia
| | - Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Division of Population Genetics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anna J MacDonald
- Australian National University, John Curtin School of Medical Research and Research School of Biology, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joachim Mergeay
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Mariah Meek
- Michigan State University Department of Integrative Biology, AgBio Research, Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior Program, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Cinnamon Mittan
- Cornell University's Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, New York, United States
| | - Tarek A Mukassabi
- University of Benghazi Department of Botany, Faculty of Sciences, Benghazi, Libya
| | | | - Rob Ogden
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and with the Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - Uma Ramakrishnan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Chair of wildlife ecology and management, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robyn E Shaw
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Per Sjögren-Gulve
- Wildlife Analysis Unit, Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nevena Veličković
- University of Novi Sad's Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Forest Ecology and Biogeochemical Fluxes Unit, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all' Adige, Italy
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10
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Laikre L, Hohenlohe PA, Allendorf FW, Bertola LD, Breed MF, Bruford MW, Funk WC, Gajardo G, González-Rodríguez A, Grueber CE, Hedrick PW, Heuertz M, Hunter ME, Johannesson K, Liggins L, MacDonald AJ, Mergeay J, Moharrek F, O’Brien D, Ogden R, Orozco-terWengel P, Palma-Silva C, Pierson J, Paz-Vinas I, Russo IRM, Ryman N, Segelbacher G, Sjögren-Gulve P, Waits LP, Vernesi C, Hoban S. Correction to: Authors’ Reply to Letter to the Editor: Continued improvement to genetic diversity indicator for CBD. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01376-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-021-01376-9
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11
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Laikre L, Hoban S, Bruford MW, Segelbacher G, Allendorf FW, Gajardo G, Rodríguez AG, Hedrick PW, Heuertz M, Hohenlohe PA, Jaffé R, Johannesson K, Liggins L, MacDonald AJ, OrozcoterWengel P, Reusch TBH, Rodríguez-Correa H, Russo IRM, Ryman N, Vernesi C. Post-2020 goals overlook genetic diversity. Science 2020; 367:1083-1085. [PMID: 32139534 DOI: 10.1126/science.abb2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Laikre
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm. .,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Sean Hoban
- Center for Tree Science, The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL 60532, USA.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Michael W Bruford
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Gernot Segelbacher
- Wildlife Ecology and Management, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Fred W Allendorf
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Gonzalo Gajardo
- Universidad de Los Lagos, Lab Genetics, Aquaculture & Biodiversity, Osorno, Chile
| | - Antonio González Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Philip W Hedrick
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Myriam Heuertz
- Biodiversity, Genes, & Communities (BIOGECO), Joint Research Unit (UMR) of French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE) and University of Bordeaux, FR-33610 Cestas, France.,Faculté des Sciences, Évolution Biologique et Écologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, BE-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paul A Hohenlohe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3051, USA
| | - Rodolfo Jaffé
- Instituto Tecnológico Vale, 66055-090 Belém PA, Brazil.,Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, 05508-090 São Paulo SP, Brazil.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | | | - Libby Liggins
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research/Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Pablo OrozcoterWengel
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | | | - Hernando Rodríguez-Correa
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Isa-Rita M Russo
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland
| | - Nils Ryman
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, SE 10691 Stockholm
| | - Cristiano Vernesi
- Department of Sustainable Agroecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy.,Conservation Genetics Specialist Group, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 1196 Gland, Switzerland.,Genomic Biodiversity Knowledge for Resilient Ecosystems (G-BiKE) Action network of the European Cooperation in Science & Technology (COST CA18134) c/o Department of Sustainable Agroecosystems and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre-Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, TN, Italy
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Nair HS, Knight SR, McKenzie C, MacDonald AJ, Macdonald A. Age at death and the effect of lead-time bias in patients with colorectal cancer: a 10-year follow-up. Colorectal Dis 2019; 21:775-781. [PMID: 30848537 DOI: 10.1111/codi.14602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Studies addressing the benefit of early intervention are prone to lead-time bias, which results in an artificial improvement in cancer-specific mortality. We have previously compared the age at death for patients with colorectal cancer presenting on an emergency or elective basis. In this study, we aimed to repeat the analysis with a minimum follow-up of 10 years. METHOD A nonscreen-detected cohort of patients presenting with colorectal cancer to three Lanarkshire Hospitals between 2000 and 2006 were entered into a prospective database, with analysis performed on 28 November 2016. The following data were collected: age at death, presentation type (emergency/elective), operative intent (palliative/curative) and Dukes stage. Results are presented as [mean (95% confidence intervals)]. Statistical analysis was undertaken using Student's t-test and multivariate analysis performed using Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS One thousand six hundred and thirty-six patients were identified. Elective patients presented younger than emergency patients [67.9 (67.3-68.5) vs 70.9 (69.6-72.2) years; P < 0.0001]. Overall mortality was 71.1% at time of analysis; no difference was seen in the mean age at death between emergency and elective presentation [73.5 (72.4-74.8) vs 73.6 (72.3-74.9) years; P = 0.841]. CONCLUSION Current early detection strategies to diagnose colorectal cancer may improve cancer-specific survival by increasing lead-time bias. However, in our cohort of symptomatic patients, treatment on an elective or emergency basis does not influence overall survival. These data suggest that in selected patients, particularly where there is comorbidity, it may be reasonable to adopt a more expectant approach to investigate and treat colorectal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Nair
- Lanarkshire Colorectal Study Group, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
| | - S R Knight
- Lanarkshire Colorectal Study Group, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
| | - C McKenzie
- Lanarkshire Colorectal Study Group, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
| | - A J MacDonald
- Lanarkshire Colorectal Study Group, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
| | - A Macdonald
- Lanarkshire Colorectal Study Group, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
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Melville J, Chaplin K, Hutchinson M, Sumner J, Gruber B, MacDonald AJ, Sarre SD. Taxonomy and conservation of grassland earless dragons: new species and an assessment of the first possible extinction of a reptile on mainland Australia. R Soc Open Sci 2019; 6:190233. [PMID: 31218062 PMCID: PMC6549961 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.190233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taxonomic research is of fundamental importance in conservation management of threatened species, providing an understanding of species diversity on which management plans are based. The grassland earless dragon lizards (Agamidae: Tympanocryptis) of southeastern Australia have long been of conservation concern but there have been ongoing taxonomic uncertainties. We provide a comprehensive taxonomic review of this group, integrating multiple lines of evidence, including phylogeography (mtDNA), phylogenomics (SNPs), external morphology and micro X-ray CT scans. Based on these data we assign the lectotype of T. lineata to the Canberra region, restrict the distribution of T. pinguicolla to Victoria and name two new species: T. osbornei sp. nov. (Cooma) and T. mccartneyi sp. nov. (Bathurst). Our results have significant conservation implications. Of particular concern is T. pinguicolla, with the last confident sighting in 1969, raising the possibility of the first extinction of a reptile on mainland Australia. However, our results are equivocal as to whether T. pinguicolla is extant or extinct, emphasizing the immediate imperative for continued surveys to locate any remaining populations of T. pinguicolla. We also highlight the need for a full revision of conservation management plans for all the grassland earless dragons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Melville
- Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Kirilee Chaplin
- Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Mark Hutchinson
- South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Joanna Sumner
- Department of Sciences, Museums Victoria, Carlton Gardens, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Bernd Gruber
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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MacDonald AJ, Miller J, Ramage MI, Greig C, Stephens NA, Jacobi C, Preston T, Fearon KCH, Skipworth RJE. Cross sectional imaging of truncal and quadriceps muscles relates to different functional outcomes in cancer. Clin Nutr 2018; 38:2875-2880. [PMID: 30612853 PMCID: PMC6876543 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Following the consensus definition of cancer cachexia, more studies are using CT scan analysis of truncal muscles as a marker of muscle wasting. However, how CT-derived body composition relates to function, strength and power in patients with cancer is largely unknown. Aims We aimed to describe the relationship between CT truncal (L3) skeletal muscle index (SMI) and MRI quadriceps cross sectional area with lower limb strength, power and measures of complex function. Methods Patients undergoing assessment for potentially curative surgery for oesophagogastric or pancreatic cancer were recruited from the regional upper gastrointestinal (UGI) or hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) multi-disciplinary team meetings. Maximum Isometric Knee Extensor Strength (IKES) and Maximum Leg Extensor Power (Nottingham Power Rig) (LEP) were used as measures of lower limb performance. Both Sit to Stand (STS) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) were used as measures of global complex muscle function. Muscle SMI was measured from routine CT scans at the level of the third lumbar vertebrae (L3) and MRI scan was used for the assessment of quadriceps muscles. Linear regression analysis was performed for CT SMI or MRI quadriceps as a predictor of each measure of performance. Results Forty-four patients underwent assessment. Height and weight were significantly related to function in terms of quadriceps power, while only weight was associated with strength (P < 0.001). CT SMI was not related to measures of quadriceps strength or power but had significant association with more complex functional measures (P = 0.006, R2 = 0.234 and 0.0019, R2 = 0.175 for STS and TUG respectively). In comparison, both gross and fat-subtracted measures of quadriceps muscle mass from MRI were significantly correlated with quadriceps strength and power (P < 0.001), but did not show any significant association with complex functional measures. Conclusion CT SMI and MRI quadriceps have been shown to reflect different aspects of functional ability with CT SMI being a marker of global muscle function and MRI quadriceps being specific to quadriceps power and strength. This should therefore be considered when choosing outcome measures for trials or definitions of muscle mass and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - J Miller
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom.
| | - M I Ramage
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - C Greig
- School of Sport, Exercise, and Rehabilitation Sciences, MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, NIHR Birmingham BRC, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - N A Stephens
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - C Jacobi
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Area, Muscle Group, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, WSJ- 152.2.72.04, CH-4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Preston
- Stable Isotope Biochemistry Laboratory, Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre, The University of Glasgow, East Kilbride, G75 0QF, United Kingdom
| | - K C H Fearon
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - R J E Skipworth
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, 51 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
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Modave E, MacDonald AJ, Sarre SD. A single mini-barcode test to screen for Australian mammalian predators from environmental samples. Gigascience 2018; 6:1-13. [PMID: 28810700 PMCID: PMC5545080 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of species from trace samples is now possible through the comparison of diagnostic DNA fragments against reference DNA sequence databases. DNA detection of animals from non-invasive samples, such as predator faeces (scats) that contain traces of DNA from their species of origin, has proved to be a valuable tool for the management of elusive wildlife. However, application of this approach can be limited by the availability of appropriate genetic markers. Scat DNA is often degraded, meaning that longer DNA sequences, including standard DNA barcoding markers, are difficult to recover. Instead, targeted short diagnostic markers are required to serve as diagnostic mini-barcodes. The mitochondrial genome is a useful source of such trace DNA markers because it provides good resolution at the species level and occurs in high copy numbers per cell. We developed a mini-barcode based on a short (178 bp) fragment of the conserved 12S ribosomal ribonucleic acid mitochondrial gene sequence, with the goal of discriminating amongst the scats of large mammalian predators of Australia. We tested the sensitivity and specificity of our primers and can accurately detect and discriminate amongst quolls, cats, dogs, foxes, and devils from trace DNA samples. Our approach provides a cost-effective, time-efficient, and non-invasive tool that enables identification of all 8 medium-large mammal predators in Australia, including native and introduced species, using a single test. With modification, this approach is likely to be of broad applicability elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Modave
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Canberra, Australia
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, ACT, 2601, Canberra, Australia
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Campbell CD, Sarre SD, Stojanovic D, Gruber B, Medlock K, Harris S, MacDonald AJ, Holleley CE. When is a native species invasive? Incursion of a novel predatory marsupial detected using molecular and historical data. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | - Dejan Stojanovic
- Fenner School of Environment and Society; Australian National University; Acton ACT Australia
| | - Bernd Gruber
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | | | - Stephen Harris
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Queensland; St Lucia QLD Australia
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
| | - Clare E. Holleley
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Bruce ACT Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection; National Research Collections Australia; CSIRO; Canberra ACT Australia
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Cooper SJB, Ottewell K, MacDonald AJ, Adams M, Byrne M, Carthew SM, Eldridge MDB, Li Y, Pope LC, Saint KM, Westerman M. Phylogeography of southern brown and golden bandicoots: implications for the taxonomy and distribution of endangered subspecies and species. AUST J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/zo19052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Southern brown (Isoodon obesulus) and golden (Isoodon auratus) bandicoots are iconic Australian marsupials that have experienced dramatic declines since European settlement. Conservation management programs seek to protect the remaining populations; however, these programs are impeded by major taxonomic uncertainties. We investigated the history of population connectivity to inform subspecies and species boundaries through a broad-scale phylogeographic and population genetic analysis of Isoodon taxa. Our analyses reveal a major east–west phylogeographic split within I. obesulus/I. auratus, supported by both mtDNA and nuclear gene analyses, which is not coincident with the current species or subspecies taxonomy. In the eastern lineage, all Tasmanian samples formed a distinct monophyletic haplotype group to the exclusion of all mainland samples, indicative of long-term isolation of this population from mainland Australia and providing support for retention of the subspecific status of the Tasmanian population (I. o. affinis). Analyses further suggest that I. o. obesulus is limited to south-eastern mainland Australia, representing a significant reduction in known range. However, the analyses provide no clear consensus on the taxonomic status of bandicoot populations within the western lineage, with further analyses required, ideally incorporating data from historical museum specimens to fill distributional gaps.
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Ramsey DSL, Barclay C, Campbell CD, Dewar E, MacDonald AJ, Modave E, Quasim S, Sarre SD. Detecting rare carnivores using scats: Implications for monitoring a fox incursion into Tasmania. Ecol Evol 2017; 8:732-743. [PMID: 29321909 PMCID: PMC5756840 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect the incursion of an invasive species or destroy the last individuals during an eradication program are some of the most difficult aspects of invasive species management. The presence of foxes in Tasmania is a contentious issue with recent structured monitoring efforts, involving collection of carnivore scats and testing for fox DNA, failing to detect any evidence of foxes. Understanding the likelihood that monitoring efforts would detect fox presence, given at least one is present, is therefore critical for understanding the role of scat monitoring for informing the response to an incursion. We undertook trials to estimate the probability of fox scat detection through monitoring by scat‐detector dogs and person searches and used this information to critically evaluate the power of scat monitoring efforts for detecting foxes in the Tasmanian landscape. The probability of detecting a single scat present in a 1‐km2 survey unit was highest for scat‐detector dogs searches (0.053) compared with person searches (x¯≅0.015) for each 10 km of search effort. Simulation of the power of recent scat monitoring efforts undertaken in Tasmania from 2011 to 2015 suggested that single foxes would have to be present in at least 20 different locations or fox breeding groups present in at least six different locations, in order to be detected with a high level of confidence (>0.80). We have shown that highly structured detection trials can provide managers with the quantitative tools needed to make judgments about the power of large‐scale scat monitoring programs. Results suggest that a fox population, if present in Tasmania, could remain undetected by a large‐scale, structured scat monitoring program. Therefore, it is likely that other forms of surveillance, in conjunction with scat monitoring, will be necessary to demonstrate that foxes are absent from Tasmania with high confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S L Ramsey
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Arthur Rylah Institute Heidelberg VIC Australia.,School of Biological Sciences University of Adelaide Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Candida Barclay
- Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Invasive Species Branch Prospect TAS Australia
| | - Catriona D Campbell
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Elise Dewar
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Anna J MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Elodie Modave
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Sumaiya Quasim
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT 2617 Australia
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Macey A, Al-Badran L, MacDonald AJ. A cheap, simple and sterile surgical bolster. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2017; 100:342-344. [PMID: 29022818 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2017.0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arm Macey
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University Hospital Ayr , Scotland , UK
| | - L Al-Badran
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wishaw General Hospital , Wishaw, Scotland , UK
| | - A J MacDonald
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Wishaw General Hospital , Wishaw, Scotland , UK
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MacDonald AJ, Sarre SD. A framework for developing and validating taxon-specific primers for specimen identification from environmental DNA. Mol Ecol Resour 2016; 17:708-720. [PMID: 27768246 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Taxon-specific DNA tests are applied to many ecological and management questions, increasingly using environmental DNA (eDNA). eDNA facilitates noninvasive ecological studies but introduces additional risks of bias and error. For effective application, PCR primers must be developed for each taxon and validated in each system. We outline a nine step framework for the development and validation of taxon-specific primers for eDNA analysis in ecological studies, involving reference database construction, phylogenetic evaluation of the target gene, primer design, primer evaluation in silico, and laboratory evaluation of primer specificity, sensitivity and utility. Our framework makes possible a rigorous evaluation of likely sources of error. The first five steps can be conducted relatively rapidly and (where reference DNA sequences are available) require minimal laboratory resources, enabling assessment of primer suitability before investing in further work. Steps six to eight require more costly laboratory analyses but are essential to evaluate risks of false-positive and false-negative results, while step 9 relates to field implementation. As an example, we have developed and evaluated primers to specifically amplify part of the mitochondrial ND2 gene from Australian bandicoots. If adopted during the early stages of primer development, our framework will facilitate large-scale implementation of well-designed DNA tests to detect specific wildlife from eDNA samples. This will provide researchers and managers with an understanding of the strengths and limitations of their data and the conclusions that can be drawn from them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Stephen D Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Carlson E, MacDonald AJ, Adamack A, McGrath T, Doucette LI, Osborne WS, Gruber B, Sarre SD. How many conservation units are there for the endangered grassland earless dragons? CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J. MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Ramsey DSL, MacDonald AJ, Quasim S, Barclay C, Sarre SD. An examination of the accuracy of a sequential PCR and sequencing test used to detect the incursion of an invasive species: the case of the red fox in Tasmania. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. L. Ramsey
- Department of Environment, Land Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute; 123 Brown Street Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences; University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2616 Australia
| | - Sumaiya Quasim
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2616 Australia
| | - Candida Barclay
- Department of Primary Industry, Parks, Water and the Environment; 171 Westbury Road Prospect TAS 7250 Australia
| | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2616 Australia
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MacDonald AJ, Knopp T, Pepper M, Keogh JS, Sarre SD. The first complete mitochondrial genome of Pygopodidae (Aprasia parapulchella Kluge). AUST J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/zo14092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Pygopodidae comprise an enigmatic group of legless lizards endemic to the Australo-Papuan region. Here we present the first complete mitochondrial genome for a member of this family, Aprasia parapulchella, from Australia. The mitochondrial genome of A. parapulchella is 16 528 base pairs long and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNA genes, two rRNA genes and the control region, conforming to the typical vertebrate gene order. The overall mitochondrial nucleotide composition is 31.7% A, 24.5% T, 30.5% C and 13.2% G. This corresponds to a total A+T content of 56.3%, which is similar to that of other squamate lizard genomes.
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Sarre SD, Aitken N, Adamack AT, MacDonald AJ, Gruber B, Cowan P. Creating new evolutionary pathways through bioinvasion: the population genetics of brushtail possums in New Zealand. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:3419-33. [PMID: 24943509 DOI: 10.1111/mec.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid increases in global trade and human movement have created novel mixtures of organisms bringing with them the potential to rapidly accelerate the evolution of new forms. The common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula), introduced into New Zealand from Australia in the 19th century, is one such species having been sourced from multiple populations in its native range. Here, we combine microsatellite DNA- and GIS-based spatial data to show that T. vulpecula originating from at least two different Australian locations exhibit a population structure that is commensurate with their introduction history and which cannot be explained by landscape features alone. Most importantly, we identify a hybrid zone between the two subspecies which appears to function as a barrier to dispersal. When combined with previous genetic, morphological and captive studies, our data suggest that assortative mating between the two subspecies may operate at a behavioural or species recognition level rather than through fertilization, genetic incompatibility or developmental inhibition. Nevertheless, hybridization between the two subspecies of possum clearly occurs, creating the opportunity for novel genetic combinations that would not occur in their natural ranges and which is especially likely given that multiple contact zones occur in New Zealand. This discovery has implications for wildlife management in New Zealand because multiple contact zones are likely to influence the dispersal patterns of possums and because differential susceptibility to baiting with sodium fluoroacetate between possums of different origins may promote novel genetic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Sarre
- Wildlife Genetics Laboratory, Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, 2601, Australia
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MacDonald AJ, Small AC, Greig CA, Husi H, Ross JA, Stephens NA, Fearon KCH, Preston T. A novel oral tracer procedure for measurement of habitual myofibrillar protein synthesis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2013; 27:1769-1777. [PMID: 23821570 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Conventionally, myofibrillar protein synthesis is measured over time periods of hours. In clinical studies, interventions occur over weeks. Functional measures over such periods may be more representative. We aimed to develop a novel method to determine myofibrillar protein fractional synthetic rate (FSR) to estimate habitual rates, while avoiding intravenous tracer infusions. METHODS Four healthy males were given 100 g water enriched to 70 Atom % with (2)H2O as a single oral bolus. Vastus-lateralis needle biopsies were performed and plasma samples collected, 3-13 days post-dose. (2)H enrichment in body water was measured in plasma using continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Myofibrillar protein was isolated from muscle biopsies and acid hydrolysed. (2)H enrichment of protein-bound and plasma-free alanine was measured by gas chromatography (GC)/pyrolysis/IRMS. Myofibrillar protein FSR was calculated (% day(-1)). RESULTS The tracer bolus raised the initial enrichment of body water to 1514 ppm (2)H excess. Water elimination followed a simple exponential. The average elimination half-time was 8.3 days. Plasma alanine, labelled during de novo synthesis, followed the same elimination kinetics as water. The weighted average myofibrillar protein FSR from the four subjects was 1.38 % day(-1) (range, 1.0-1.9 % day(-1) ). CONCLUSIONS Myofibrillar protein FSR was measured in free-living healthy individuals over 3-13 days. Using a single oral (2)H2O bolus, endogenous labelling of alanine occurred in a predictable manner giving estimates of synthesis comparable with published values. Furthermore, the protocol does not compromise the ability to measure other important metabolic processes such as total energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Clinical and Surgical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
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Sarre SD, MacDonald AJ, Barclay C, Saunders GR, Ramsey DSL. Foxes are now widespread in Tasmania: DNA detection defines the distribution of this rare but invasive carnivore. J Appl Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2616 Australia
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2616 Australia
| | - Candida Barclay
- Department of Primary Industry Parks Water and the Environment; Prospect, Tas. Australia
| | | | - David S. L. Ramsey
- Department of Sustainability & Environment; Arthur Rylah Institute of Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
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Cowled BD, Ward MP, Laffan SW, Galea F, Garner MG, MacDonald AJ, Marsh I, Muellner P, Negus K, Quasim S, Woolnough AP, Sarre SD. Integrating survey and molecular approaches to better understand wildlife disease ecology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46310. [PMID: 23071552 PMCID: PMC3465323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious wildlife diseases have enormous global impacts, leading to human pandemics, global biodiversity declines and socio-economic hardship. Understanding how infection persists and is transmitted in wildlife is critical for managing diseases, but our understanding is limited. Our study aim was to better understand how infectious disease persists in wildlife populations by integrating genetics, ecology and epidemiology approaches. Specifically, we aimed to determine whether environmental or host factors were stronger drivers of Salmonella persistence or transmission within a remote and isolated wild pig (Sus scrofa) population. We determined the Salmonella infection status of wild pigs. Salmonella isolates were genotyped and a range of data was collected on putative risk factors for Salmonella transmission. We a priori identified several plausible biological hypotheses for Salmonella prevalence (cross sectional study design) versus transmission (molecular case series study design) and fit the data to these models. There were 543 wild pig Salmonella observations, sampled at 93 unique locations. Salmonella prevalence was 41% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 37-45%). The median Salmonella DICE coefficient (or Salmonella genetic similarity) was 52% (interquartile range [IQR]: 42-62%). Using the traditional cross sectional prevalence study design, the only supported model was based on the hypothesis that abundance of available ecological resources determines Salmonella prevalence in wild pigs. In the molecular study design, spatial proximity and herd membership as well as some individual risk factors (sex, condition score and relative density) determined transmission between pigs. Traditional cross sectional surveys and molecular epidemiological approaches are complementary and together can enhance understanding of disease ecology: abundance of ecological resources critical for wildlife influences Salmonella prevalence, whereas Salmonella transmission is driven by local spatial, social, density and individual factors, rather than resources. This enhanced understanding has implications for the control of diseases in wildlife populations. Attempts to manage wildlife disease using simplistic density approaches do not acknowledge the complexity of disease ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D. Cowled
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Shawn W. Laffan
- The School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Francesca Galea
- Department of Primary Industries NSW, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia
| | - M. Graeme Garner
- Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Canberra, Australia
| | - Anna J. MacDonald
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ian Marsh
- Department of Primary Industries NSW, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Camden, Australia
| | | | - Katherine Negus
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, Australia
| | - Sumaiya Quasim
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Stephen D. Sarre
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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MacDonald AJ, McEwan H, McCabe M, Macdonald A. Age at death of patients with colorectal cancer and the effect of lead-time bias on survival in elective vs emergency surgery. Colorectal Dis 2011; 13:519-25. [PMID: 20041912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2009.02183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM Colorectal cancer survival depends on stage at presentation, and current strategies aim for improvements through early detection. Previous studies have demonstrated improved survival from diagnosis but not increased life expectancy. While lead-time bias may account for variations in known prognostic indicators and also influence screening programmes, only age at death provides a true representation of the effectiveness of an intervention. We aimed to compare age at death for patients with colorectal cancer presenting on an emergency or elective basis. METHOD Patients presenting with colorectal cancer (2000-2006) were entered into a prospective database (analysis 1 December 2008). Fields included age at death, emergency/elective presentation, palliative/curative intent and disease stage. RESULTS One thousand six hundred and fifty patients (922 men) were identified. Elective patients presented younger than emergency patients (67.9 vs 70.6 years; P < 0.005). Dukes B patients presented older than Dukes D (P = 0.02). Mortality was 41% at time of analysis; no difference was seen in mean age at death between emergency and elective presentation (72.8 vs 72.0 years; P = 0.379) or palliative and curative intent (72.0 vs 72.5 years; P = 0.604). CONCLUSION Colorectal cancer is common in a population where actuarial life expectancy is limited. Current colorectal cancer early detection strategies may improve cancer-specific survival by increasing lead-time bias but do not influence overall life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Lanarkshire Colorectal Study Group, Monklands Hospital, Airdrie, UK
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MacDonald AJ, Libri NA, Lustigman S, Barker SJ, Whelan MA, Semper AE, Rosenberg WM. A novel, helminth-derived immunostimulant enhances human recall responses to hepatitis C virus and tetanus toxoid and is dependent on CD56+ cells for its action. Clin Exp Immunol 2008; 152:265-73. [PMID: 18341617 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03623.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We have described previously an immunostimulant derived from Onchocerca volvulus, the helminth parasite that causes onchocerciasis. Recombinant O. volvulus activation-associated secreted protein-1 (rOv-ASP-1) was a potent adjuvant for antibody and cellular responses to protein, polypeptide and small peptide antigens. Our aims were to determine whether rOv-ASP-1 is immunostimulatory for human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and, if so, whether it could augment cellular responses against human pathogen antigens in vitro. Cytokines from rOv-ASP-1-stimulated human PBMC were measured by a fluorescence activated cell sorter-based multiplex assay. Recall responses of normal healthy donor (NHD) and chronic hepatitis C virus (c-HCV)-infected patient PBMC to tetanus toxoid (TT) or HCV core (HCVco) antigen, respectively, were measured by interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assays. Interferon-gamma was the predominant cytokine induced by rOv-ASP-1. 77.3% of NHD anti-TT and 88.9% of c-HCV anti-HCVco responses were enhanced by rOv-ASP-1. The immunostimulant effect was dependent upon contact between CD56+ and CD56- fractions of PBMC. We have described a helminth-derived protein that can act as an immunostimulant for human recall responses in vitro to TT and, perhaps more importantly, HCV antigens in patients with chronic HCV infection. Our longer-term goal would be to boost anti-viral responses in chronic infections such as HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- iQur Ltd, Mailpoint 811, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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MacDonald AJ, Semper AE, Libri NA, Rosenberg WMC. Monocyte-derived dendritic cell function in chronic hepatitis C is impaired at physiological numbers of dendritic cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 148:494-500. [PMID: 17362265 PMCID: PMC1941920 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDCs) are a promising cellular adjuvant for effector immune responses against tumours and chronic viral infections, including hepatitis C virus (HCV). If autologous DC therapeutic approaches are to be applied in persistent HCV infections in patients, it is important to have an unambiguous understanding of the functional status of the cell type used, namely MoDCs from patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) infection. Because of conflicting published reports of either impaired or normal MoDC function in CHC infection, we re-examined the ability of MoDCs from CHC and normal healthy donors (NHD) to mature to an inflammatory stimulus [tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha] and their subsequent functional capabilities. Expression of maturation-associated phenotypic markers [human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-DR, CD83, CD86, CD40], allostimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) and CD40-ligand-induced cytokine and chemokine generation were compared in CHC- versus NHD-MoDCs. TNF-alpha-stimulated CHC-MoDCs up-regulated phenotypic markers, but to significantly lower levels than NHD-MoDCs. At physiological ratios of DCs to T cells, CHC-MoDCs were less allostimulatory than NHD-MoDCs, but not when DC numbers were substantially increased. CHC- and NHD-MoDCs generated equivalent amounts of cytokines [TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-10] and chemokines [interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1alpha, regulated upon activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES)] after CD40 ligation. Because the functional defect was not apparent at high MoDC : T cell ratios, autologous MoDC therapy with sufficiently high numbers of DCs could, in theory, overcome any impairment of MoDC function in CHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- iQur Ltd, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.
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MacDonald AJ, Tawe W, Leon O, Cao L, Liu J, Oksov Y, Abraham D, Lustigman S. Ov-ASP-1, the Onchocerca volvulus homologue of the activation associated secreted protein family is immunostimulatory and can induce protective anti-larval immunity. Parasite Immunol 2004; 26:53-62. [PMID: 15198646 DOI: 10.1111/j.0141-9838.2004.00685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination of mice with a recombinant protein, Ov-ASP-1, the Onchocerca volvulus homologue of the activation associated secreted gene family stimulated very high titres of both IgG1 and IgG2a without adjuvant. rOv-ASP-1 was also immuno-reactive with IgG isotypes from both O. volvulus-infected (INF) and putatively immune (PI) humans, with higher IgG4 in the former group. The protein also stimulated IFN-gamma secretion by PBMC from INF and PI and IL-5 only in INF. Using a mouse diffusion chamber model, vaccination with rOv-ASP-1 resulted in partial but significant protection against challenge with infective third-stage larvae (L3) but only when formulated with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or alum. Protection was Th1-dependent (highly elevated IgG2a) with FCA and contingent on a strongly Th2-skewed (IgG1) response with alum. IgE responses to rOv-ASP-1 with or without adjuvant were weak or absent. When immunization using rOv-ASP-1 in adjuvant failed to induce adequate Th1 (FCA) or Th2 (alum) responses, protection efficacy was compromised. The recombinant protein appears to stimulate a mixed Th1/Th2 response but the outcome in terms of protective immunity is the result of a subtle interplay of its intrinsic and adjuvant-augmented properties. Ov-ASP-1 is potentially secreted based on its localization in the secretory granules of L3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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MacDonald AJ, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Tucker GT, Linkens DA. Analysis of solvent central nervous system toxicity and ethanol interactions using a human population physiologically based kinetic and dynamic model. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2002; 35:165-76. [PMID: 12052002 DOI: 10.1006/rtph.2001.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of acute ethanol-mediated inhibition of m-xylene metabolism on central nervous system (CNS) depression in the human worker population was investigated using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models and probabilistic random (Monte Carlo) sampling. PBPK models of inhaled m-xylene and orally ingested ethanol were developed and combined by a competitive enzyme (CYP2E1) inhibition model. Human interindividual variability was modeled by combining estimated statistical distributions of model parameters with the deterministic PBPK models and multiple random or Monte Carlo simulations. A simple threshold pharmacodynamic model was obtained by simulating m-xylene kinetics in human studies where CNS effects were observed and assigning the peak venous blood m-xylene concentration (C(V,max)) as the dose surrogate of toxicity. Probabilistic estimates of an individual experiencing CNS disturbances given exposure to the current UK occupational exposure standard (100 ppm time-weighted average over 8 h), with and without ethanol ingestion, were obtained. The probability of experiencing CNS effects given this scenario increases markedly and nonlinearly with ethanol dose. As CYP2E1-mediated metabolism of other occupationally relevant organic compounds may be inhibited by ethanol, simulation studies of this type should have an increasingly significant role in the chemical toxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmacogenetics, Clinical Sciences Division, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
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Abstract
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) for individual substances are established on the basis of the available toxicological information at the time of their promulgation, expert interpretation of these data in light of industrial use, and the framework in which they sit. In the United Kingdom, the establishment of specific OELs includes the application of uncertainty factors to a defined starting point, usually the NOAEL from a suitable animal study. The magnitude of the uncertainty factors is generally determined through expert judgment including a knowledge of workplace conditions and management of exposure. PBPK modeling may help in this process by informing on issues relating to extrapolation between and within species. This study was therefore designed to consider how PBPK modeling could contribute to the establishment of OELs. PBPK models were developed for chloroform (mouse and human) and carbon tetrachloride (rat and human). These substances were chosen for examination because of the extent of their toxicological databases and availability of existing PBPK models. The models were exercised to predict the rate (chloroform) or extent (carbon tetrachloride) of metabolism of these substances, in both rodents and humans. Monte Carlo analysis was used to investigate the influence of variability within the human and animal model populations. The ratio of the rates/extent of metabolism predicted for humans compared to animals was compared to the uncertainty factors involved in setting the OES. Predictions obtained from the PBPK models indicated that average rat and mouse metabolism of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform, respectively, are much greater than that of the average human. Application of Monte Carlo analysis indicated that even those people who have the fastest rates or most extensive amounts of metabolism in the population are unlikely to generate the levels of metabolite of these substances necessary to produce overt toxicity in rodents. This study highlights the value that the use of PBPK modeling may add to help inform and improve toxicological aspects of a regulatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Delic
- Toxicology Unit, Health Directorate, Health and Safety Executive, Bootle, Liverpool, L20 3QZ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The home care population has high levels of depressive disorder which is unrecognized and untreated. In the UK, social services are charged with a full assessment of need but there appears to be little systematic assessment of depressed mood in their assessment and review procedures. The performance of the SelfCARE(D), a 12-item self-administered depression rating scale, was tested in this population. METHOD Home care recipients in Lewisham East were invited to complete the SelfCARE(D). Random samples of groups scoring at different levels on the SelfCARE(D) were then interviewed using the GMS/AGECAT system in order to make a standardized psychiatric diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) of the tests were calculated along with the area under ROC curves for different SelfCARE(D) cutpoints and definitions of disorder. RESULTS 75% of the target population completed the SelfCARE(D). The data suggest that the most efficient cutpoint to use in this population appears to be 7/8, since this gave an NPV of 0.90, a PPV of 0.50 and a yield of 83% of cases of depression. This was achieved with having to complete a second-stage assessment on 17% less of the total population when compared with the 5/6 cutpoint and 9% less than the 6/7 cutpoint. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the SelfCARE(D) may be an acceptable and effective tool for the screening of depression in the home care population. The data presented here support an evaluation of its incorporation into social service assessment and review packages for their elderly home care clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Banerjee
- Section of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
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MacDonald AJ, Pick J, Bissonnette EY, Befus AD. Rat mucosal mast cells: the cultured bone marrow-derived mast cell is biochemically and functionally analogous to its counterpart in vivo. Immunology 1998; 93:533-9. [PMID: 9659226 PMCID: PMC1364132 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MC) are biochemically and functionally heterogeneous and the mixture of MC phenotypes varies according to anatomical location. Intestinal mucosal MC (IMMC) have been used to study the mucosal MC subset in the rat, but they are difficult to isolate in sufficient numbers and with consistent purity and viability. Bone marrow-derived MC (BMMC), with an apparent mucosal MC phenotype, can be cultured in large numbers and with high purity from normal rat bone marrow using supernatants from mesenteric lymph node cells of rats infected with the nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. We have compared serine proteinase content, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) storage and secretion, and TNF-alpha-dependent cytotoxicity of IMMC and BMMC to assess the appropriateness of BMMC as in vitro models of mucosal MC. Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis revealed that the overall protein constituents of BMMC and IMMC were highly homologous. Immunoblotting confirmed that both MC types expressed the MMC-associated enzyme, rat mast cell proteinase-2 (RMCP-2), but not RMCP-1, mast cell proteinase-5 (MCP-5) or carboxypeptidase A (CPA), which characterize the connective tissue MC in the rat and which were detected in a representative of this subset, namely, the periotoneal MC (PMC). BMMC demonstrated levels of TNF-alpha-dependent cytotoxicity that were equivalent to those of IMMC. Like IMMC, BMMC contained little stored TNF-alpha, in comparison with PMC, but both MC types generated substantial amounts of TNF-alpha 6 hr following IgE-mediated activation. Pretreatment of PMC with recombinant rat interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) for 20 hr inhibited anti-immunoglobulin E (anti-IgE)-mediated release of the granule-associated enzyme, beta-hexosaminidase, whereas identically treated BMMC were unresponsive to this cytokine. Similar results have previously been reported for IMMC. Rat BMMC, unlike their more immature and less phenotypically committed counterparts in the mouse, appear therefore to be more appropriate models for studies on the mucosal MC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Thethi K, Jurasz P, MacDonald AJ, Befus AD, Man SF, Duszyk M. Determination of cell surface charge by photometric titration. J Biochem Biophys Methods 1997; 34:137-45. [PMID: 9178089 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-022x(97)01211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A colloid titration method has been frequently used to determine the number of charged residues at the cell surface. Here we present a new version of this technique, based on photometric measurements of a metachromatic shift in the maximum absorption of toluidine blue as it binds to the cell surface. The major improvements are: (1) simplified methodology and (2) increased precision of equivalence point determination. The data are analyzed using Gran's theory, which allows measurements to be taken at regular intervals instead of being concentrated around the equivalence titration point. We used this method to characterize the cell surface charge of three populations of rat mast cells: (1) peritoneal mast cells (PMC), (2) bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) and (3) a rat cultured mast cell line (RCMC). Our results indicate that PMC have (4.23 +/- 0.59) x 10(8), while BMMC (8.58 +/- 0.26) x 10(7) negatively charged residues per cell. The results for RCMC were similar to those for BMMC. Taking into account the size differences between PMC and BMMC, the average charge density of PMC was also significantly higher than that of BMMC. The differences in cell surface charge were analyzed in the light of different sensitivities of mast cells to polycationic secretagogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Thethi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Abstract
To define the molecular regulation of mast cell phenotype and function optimized procedures must be available to study mRNA from mast cells freshly isolated from tissues. However, rat peritoneal mast cells (PMC) contain large amounts of the proteoglycan heparin, and unfortunately, this molecule which is a potent inhibitor of reverse transcriptase (RT) and Taq polymerase and thus RT-PCR, copurifies with RNA. Here we describe an optimized protocol for extracting and amplifying RNA from rat PMC. Mast cells were isolated from rat peritoneum and a method modified from that of Chomczynski and Sacchi (1987) was used to extract the RNA. Following the removal of heparin by heparinase digestion, first strand cDNA synthesis was primed with oligo-dT and the resulting cDNA was quantified by rapid paper chromatography. The use of a detection system for the reverse transcription reaction ensured that the production of cDNA had occurred and allowed subsequent PCR testing to be optimal. cDNA thus produced can be used to detect relatively specific (histidine decarboxylase) and non-specific (beta-actin) mast cell products. Our PCR studies have shown a 300-fold increase in sensitivity over RNA processed by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gilchrist
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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Grigor PN, Goddard PJ, MacDonald AJ, Brown SN, Fawcett AR, Deakin DW, Warriss PD. Effects of the duration of lairage following transportation on the behaviour and physiology of farmed red deer. Vet Rec 1997; 140:8-12. [PMID: 9004474 DOI: 10.1136/vr.140.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Eight groups of five farmed red deer were transported by road for three hours, after which they were either slaughtered immediately (TO) or held in lairage for three, six or 18 hours (T3, T6 and T18). Liveweight loss increased with lairage time but hot carcase weight was unaffected. Deer spent much of the initial period in lairage standing stationary in 'alert' postures. After eight to 10 hours the proportions of time spent in various postures (standing stationary, moving and lying down) were similar to pre-journey values. None of the blood components associated with dehydration (packed cell volume, osmolality, total protein and sodium) changed significantly with lairage time. Compared with T0 deer, plasma creatine kinase activity was significantly decreased in T18 deer. Lairage time had no effect on skin damage, bruising or muscle glycogen content, although liver glycogen content increased with longer lairage time. Although lairage time had a statistically significant effect on muscle pHu (with T6 deer having the lowest values), the differences were small and none of the carcases had a pHu greater than 6-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Grigor
- Macaulay Land Use Research Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen
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MacDonald AJ, Thornton EM, Newlands GF, Galli SJ, Moqbel R, Miller HR. Rat bone marrow-derived mast cells co-cultured with 3T3 fibroblasts in the absence of T-cell derived cytokines require stem cell factor for their survival and maintain their mucosal mast cell-like phenotype. Immunology 1996; 88:375-83. [PMID: 8774353 PMCID: PMC1456341 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.d01-664.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
When cultured without fibroblasts, rat bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) contain abundant rat mast cell proteinase type II (RMCP-II), and exhibit survival and proliferation when maintained in mesenteric lymph node conditioned medium (CM). When BMMC were co-cultured with 3T3 fibroblasts in the absence of CM, BMMC numbers increased for 7 days and the BMMC survived for up to 23 days. There was a gradual loss of stored RMCP-II in BMMC that were co-cultured with 3T3 cells, but the fibroblast microenvironment did not induce a detectable increase in the low levels of the connective tissue mast cell (CTMC)-associated proteinase, RMCP-I, in the BMMC. Nor did 3T3 cell co-culture induce significant heparin synthesis in BMMC as judged by the cells' reactivity with the fluorescent heparin-binding dye, berberine sulphate. These results suggest that rat BMMC, unlike murine BMMC, do not have the potential to develop multiple CTMC-like characteristics upon co-culture with 3T3 cells. However, when BMMC and fibroblast co-cultures were treated with an antibody to recombinant rat stem cell factor (rrSCF), mast cell survival was completely abrogated. This result suggests that endogenous, fibroblast-derived SCF is essential for the maintenance of rat BMMC viability in the absence of CM. On the other hand, prior treatment of the fibroblasts with the anti-rrSCF antibody did not affect the adherence of BMMC to the monolayer, implying that (an) other molecule(s) is(are) involved in the attachment process. The demonstration that rat BMMC survival on fibroblasts in vitro is dependent upon SCF may indicate an important mechanism by which tissue mucosal cells can be maintained in vivo in the absence of T-cell derived factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Hill PB, MacDonald AJ, Thornton EM, Newlands GF, Galli SJ, Miller HR. Stem cell factor enhances immunoglobulin E-dependent mediator release from cultured rat bone marrow-derived mast cells: activation of previously unresponsive cells demonstrated by a novel ELISPOT assay. Immunology 1996; 87:326-33. [PMID: 8698398 PMCID: PMC1384292 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.455545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal mast cells (MMC) are important effector cells in the immune response against gastrointestinal nematodes. We used cultured rat bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) as an in vitro model of MMC to study the effects of the multifunctional cytokine stem cell factor (SCF) on immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent secretion of granule mediators. SCF (< or = 1000 ng/ml) was not a direct secretagogue for these cells, but it significantly enhanced IgE-mediated secretion of the granule constituents rat mast cell protease-II (RMCP-II) and beta-hexosaminidase from mature BMMC in a dose-dependent manner (> 10 ng/ml). Maximum up-regulation of secretion occurred after cells were pretreated with SCF (50 ng/ml) for 5 minutes before challenge with anti-IgE, but the effect then declined and was absent in cells incubated with the cytokine for 3 to 24 h. In a novel ELISPOT assay developed to identify individual BMMC secreting RMCP-II, the proportion of mature BMMC responding to anti-IgE was significantly increased by treatment with SCF. To investigate this effect further, the percentage release of RMCP-II and beta-hexosaminidase from populations of mature BMMC was directly compared to the proportion of individual cells releasing RMCP-II as detected by ELISPOT. The release of both mediators was enhanced by SCF, and the increased percentage release reflected both an increased proportion of secreting cells, and enhanced mediator release from individual cells. These results suggest that SCF can enhance IgE-dependent mediator release from BMMC not only by augmenting the secretory response from individual cells, but also by activating previously unresponsive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Hill
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Moqbel R, Walsh GM, Nagakura T, MacDonald AJ, Wardlaw AJ, Iikura Y, Kay AB. The effect of platelet-activating factor on IgE binding to, and IgE-dependent biological properties of, human eosinophils. Immunol Suppl 1990; 70:251-7. [PMID: 2373521 PMCID: PMC1384202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of platelet-activating factor (PAF), leukotriene B4 (LTB4) histamine and formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) on immunoglobulin E (IgE) binding and IgE-dependent cytotoxicity of human normal density eosinophils. The binding of a native myeloma IgE to normal human eosinophils was measured by flow cytometry using a fluorescein-conjugated polyclonal anti-IgE antibody. Preincubation with PAF (optimal at 10(-7)M), but not lyso-PAF or FMLP, gave dose-dependent increases in IgE binding. PAF and LTB4 gave significant increases in IgE binding after 5 min preincubation (P less than 0.05); the effect was further enhanced at 30 min (P less than 0.01). This was further confirmed using the rosette assay where PAF and LTB4, but not lyso-PAF or FMLP, gave dose- and time-dependent increases in IgE eosinophil rosettes. Eosinophil cytotoxicity for schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni, incubated with immune serum, was also significantly enhanced (P less than 0.01) by PAF in a dose-dependent fashion (optimal at 10(-8) M). Schistosomula coated with FPLC-purified IgE fractions were susceptible to killing by normal density eosinophils, and this was enhanced with PAF (10(-8)M), LTB4 (10(-7)M) and histamine (10(-5)M) but not with FMLP (10(-7)M) or lyso-PAF. IgE-dependent cytotoxicity was confirmed by the removal of contaminating IgG from IgE-rich fractions, and by the abolishment of IgE-dependent cytotoxicity after IgE adsorption. These results suggest that PAF (and to a lesser extent LTB4 and histamine) increase IgE binding, IgE-dependent adherence and cytotoxicity of normal human eosinophils. Although IgE receptors have not been identified, the data support current concepts that certain biological properties of eosinophils may be IgE associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moqbel
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart & Lung Institute, Brompton Hospital, London, U.K
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Wardlaw AJ, Chung KF, Moqbel R, MacDonald AJ, Hartnell A, McCusker M, Collins JV, Barnes PJ, Kay AB. Effects of inhaled PAF in humans on circulating and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid neutrophils. Relationship to bronchoconstriction and changes in airway responsiveness. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 141:386-92. [PMID: 2405759 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm/141.2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We have compared the effect of inhaled platelet activating factor (PAF) on circulating neutrophils with its ability to induce bronchoconstriction and bronchial hyperresponsiveness in humans. Human volunteers inhaled PAF, given as six successive inhalations 15 min apart, followed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 4 h later. The mean density and volume of circulating neutrophils were measured by metrizamide gradients and flow cytometry, respectively. PAF caused a decrease in Vp20 of 38.2 +/- 4.5% at 5 min after the first inhalation (p less than 0.001). This was associated with a fall in the peripheral blood neutrophil count from 3.15 +/- 0.3 to 1.1 +/- 0.3 x 10(6) per ml (p less than 0.001), followed by a rebound neutrophilia (p less than 0.01). The mean density of peripheral blood neutrophils fell significantly at 15 min (p less than 0.02), with a return to baseline values despite further PAF inhalations; this was associated with an increase in neutrophil volume (n = 4; p less than 0.05). The numbers of neutrophils (x 10(5] in BAL fluid after PAF were significantly greater than after inhalation of lyso-PAF: 7.1 +/- 1.4 (n = 7) versus 1.3 +/- 0.3 (n = 5, p less than 0.01); eosinophil counts did not change significantly. The PC40 (the concentration of methacholine needed to cause a fall in Vp30) decreased from 17.1 (GSEM 1.40) to 8.7 (1.44) mg/ml (n = 12, p less than 0.02) 3 days after PAF. Inhaled lyso-PAF was inactive in all these respects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wardlaw
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart & Lung Institute, London, England
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MacDonald AJ, Haig DM, Bazin H, McGuigan AC, Moqbel R, Miller HR. IgE-mediated release of rat mast cell protease II, beta-hexosaminidase and leukotriene C4 from cultured bone marrow-derived rat mast cells. Immunology 1989; 67:414-8. [PMID: 2527196 PMCID: PMC1385362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional characteristics of cultured bone marrow-derived rat mast cells (BMMC) were studied. BMMC were shown to release in a time- and dose-dependent fashion the mucosal mast cell (MMC)-specific enzyme, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII), following IgE-mediated activation in vitro. RMCPII release was temporally associated with that of the mast cell granule-derived enzyme, beta-hexosaminidase (beta-hex). Release of the pre-formed granule constituents, RMCPII and beta-hex, was associated with the generation of the membrane-derived lipid mediator, leukotriene C4 (LTC4) and, in older cultures, substantial amounts were generated (25.2 ng/10(6) BMMC). Absolute amounts of RMCPII, beta-hex and LTC4 released were dependent upon the age of the BMMC. These results extend our previous observations on the staining properties and protease content of rat BMMC and provide evidence that these cells are functionally, as well as histochemically, analogous to the MMC subset, which is so prominent during intestinal nematode infections in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J MacDonald
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, U.K
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Moqbel R, Richerson HB, MacDonald AJ, Walsh GM, Hartnell A, Walport MJ, Kay AB. Chemotactic factor-induced low density neutrophils express enhanced complement (CR1 and CR3) receptors and increased complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Clin Exp Immunol 1987; 69:676-86. [PMID: 2959415 PMCID: PMC1542383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied chemotactic factor-induced 'complement receptor enhancement' to determine whether changes in receptor expression and complement-dependent cytotoxicity were associated with alterations in cell density. Ficoll-Paque separated normal human neutrophils (greater than 90%), when further fractionated on discontinuous metrizamide (MTZ) gradients (18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23% MTZ), consistently gave two major bands at the 20/21% and 21/22% interfaces. Incubation with the synthetic chemotactic peptide, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP (10(-8) M)), converted virtually all neutrophils to low density cells sedimenting on MTZ at the 18/19% and 19/20% interfaces. There was a time-dependent change of density after fMLP-stimulation which was maximal at 30 min, with cells reverting towards normal density by 60 min. Control unstimulated cells did not alter their density at any of the time points examined. Activated, low density neutrophils had increased expression of CR1 and CR3 (as shown by flow cytometry and the uptake of 125I-F(ab')2 monoclonal anti-CR1 antibody (E11)). These cells also showed enhanced cytotoxic capacity in vitro for helminthic targets (schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni) opsonized with autologous complement. There were highly significant correlations between cell density and anti-CR1 uptake (P less than 0.001), and between schistosomular killing and change in density (P less than 0.001). Increased CR1 expression also correlated with enhanced helminthicidal capacity of neutrophils (P less than 0.001). Complement dependent cytotoxicity was partially reduced after treatment of cells with anti-human CR1 and/or CR3 antibodies, but only in the presence of a second antibody. These findings indicate that chemotactic factor-induced complement receptor enhancement of human neutrophils is associated with a decrease in cell density and increased complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CTX).
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moqbel
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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Kay AB, Walsh GM, Moqbel R, MacDonald AJ, Nagakura T, Carroll MP, Richerson HB. Disodium cromoglycate inhibits activation of human inflammatory cells in vitro. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987; 80:1-8. [PMID: 3110245 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(87)80183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent clinical studies indicate that disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) may have a direct effect on inflammatory cells because the drug reversed various changes in leukocyte function, such as increased membrane-receptor expression and enhanced cytotoxic capacity observed in peripheral white blood cells from subjects with asthma undergoing allergen-inhalation challenge. In the present study, we have demonstrated that DSCG, at low concentrations (a concentration of drug required to produce 50% inhibition, approximately 10(-8) mol/L) and in a time-dependent fashion, directly inhibited the activation in vitro of human neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes. Peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated with the synthetic chemoattractant, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (at an optimal concentration of 10(-8) mol/L), and activation was assessed by measuring increases in the percentages of complement and IgG (Fc) rosettes as well as the enhanced capacity of these cells to kill target organisms (schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni). DSCG at a concentration of 10(-7) mol/L totally inhibited both the formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine-induced enhancement of complement and IgG rosettes, as well as increased schistosomular killing. These observations indicate that DSCG directly inhibits the secretory properties of inflammatory cells and that in turn might have important implications in modulating mechanisms contributing to the inflammatory component of asthma and allergic disease. It may also help to explain why compounds with considerably greater mast cell stabilizing properties than DSCG have been so disappointing when they are evaluated clinically.
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Moqbel R, Wakelin D, MacDonald AJ, King SJ, Grencis RK, Kay AB. Release of leukotrienes during rapid expulsion of Trichinella spiralis from immune rats. Immunology 1987; 60:425-30. [PMID: 3032780 PMCID: PMC1453247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid expulsion of the nematode Trichinella spiralis from immune rats is associated with an increase in volume of intestinal exudate and the presence of large numbers of tissue mucosal mast cells (MMC) and eosinophils. We have measured the concentrations of leukotrienes (LT) C4 (LTC4) and B4 (LTB4) in gut perfusates and mucosal homogenates at 30 min, 1, 3, 6 and 20 hr after challenge with larvae. Leukotrienes were identified by radioimmunoassay (RIA) combined with reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). There were significant elevations at 30 min and 1 hr in the concentrations of LTC4 in the perfusates from the gut of challenged immune rats compared to controls (infected unchallenged and uninfected naive rats). Similar increases in immunoreactive LTC4 and LTB4 were observed in mucosal homogenates from the gut of immune challenged animals. A second peak of LTB4 was also observed at 20 hr in both immune and naive challenged rats. There were also elevations in serum concentration of the MMC-associated specific serine protease, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII). Since LTC4 causes smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability and stimulation of mucus hypersecretion, and LTB4 recruits and activates inflammatory cells, leukotrienes may participate in the process of rapid expulsion of T. spiralis.
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Moqbel R, MacDonald AJ, Kay AB. Enhanced granulocyte cytotoxicity by mediators derived from anti-IgE-stimulated human leucocytes. Immunol Suppl 1986; 59:87-93. [PMID: 2428736 PMCID: PMC1453124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Basophil-containing leucocyte fractions stimulated with an anti-human IgE, F(ab')2, generated histamine and the leukotrienes LTB4 and LTC4 with significant correlations between LTB4 and histamine (P less than 0.01; n = 26) and LTC4 and histamine release (P less than 0.001; n = 29) in the cell-free supernatants (SN). SN from these anti-IgE-treated cells enhanced the cytotoxicity of eosinophils and neutrophils (against complement-coated schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni) in vitro. When SN were fractionated by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), the enhancing activity for neutrophils was almost totally confined to fractions having LTB4 immunoreactivity (co-eluting as a single peak with the synthetic LTB4 marker). In contrast, the LTB4-containing fraction had minimal effects on eosinophil cytotoxicity, whereas synthetic histamine gave comparable enhancement to the unfractionated SN. The generation of LTs (but not histamine), as well as enhanced neutrophil cytotoxicity from basophil-containing leucocytes by anti-IgE treatment, was maximally inhibited by the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors U-60, 257 and BW755C. Conversely, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin did not significantly affect LT release, nor did it affect the subsequent cytotoxicity enhancing activity of SN from such cells. These results indicate that LTB4 and LTC4 are released from basophils, together with histamine, by IgE-dependent mechanisms, LTB4 enhances the cytotoxicity of bystander neutrophils, and histamine (and to a lesser extent, LTB4) augments eosinophil cytotoxicity.
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