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Morais A, Morais J, Felix M, Neto Z, Madaleno V, Umar AS, Panda N, Lemma F, Chivale JAL, Cavalcante DG, Davlantes E, Ghiselli M, Espinosa C, Whiteman A, Iber J, Henderson E, Bullard K, Jorba J, Burns CC, Diop O, Gumede N, Seakamela L, Howard W, Frawley A. Genetic and epidemiological description of an outbreak of circulating vaccine-derived polio-virus type 2 (cVDPV2) in Angola, 2019-2020. Vaccine 2023; 41 Suppl 1:A48-A57. [PMID: 36803869 PMCID: PMC10823914 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
After six years without any detection of poliomyelitis cases, Angola reported a case of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) with paralysis onset date of 27 March 2019. Ultimately, 141 cVDPV2 polio cases were reported in all 18 provinces in 2019-2020, with particularly large hotspots in the south-central provinces of Luanda, Cuanza Sul, and Huambo. Most cases were reported from August to December 2019, with a peak of 15 cases in October 2019. These cases were classified into five distinct genetic emergences (emergence groups) and have ties with cases identified in 2017-2018 in the Democratic Republic of Congo. From June 2019 to July 2020, the Angola Ministry of Health and partners conducted 30 supplementary immunization activity (SIA) rounds as part of 10 campaign groups, using monovalent OPV type 2 (mOPV2). There were Sabin 2 vaccine strain detections in the environmental (sewage) samples taken after mOPV2 SIAs in each province. Following the initial response, additional cVDPV2 polio cases occurred in other provinces. However, the national surveillance system did not detect any new cVDPV2 polio cases after 9 February 2020. While reporting subpar indicator performance in epidemiological surveillance, the laboratory and environmental data as of May 2021 strongly suggest that Angola successfully interrupted transmission of cVDPV2 early in 2020. Additionally, the COVID-19 pandemic did not allow a formal Outbreak Response Assessment (OBRA). Improving the sensitivity of the surveillance system and the completeness of AFP case investigations will be vital to promptly detect and interrupt viral transmission if a new case or sewage isolate are identified in Angola or central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alda Morais
- Angola Ministry of Health. R. 17 de Setembro, Luanda, Angola
| | - Joana Morais
- Angola Ministry of Health. R. 17 de Setembro, Luanda, Angola
| | - Miguel Felix
- Angola Ministry of Health. R. 17 de Setembro, Luanda, Angola
| | - Zoraima Neto
- Angola Ministry of Health. R. 17 de Setembro, Luanda, Angola
| | | | - Abubakar Sadiq Umar
- World Health Organization, Angola Country Office. Condomínio Rosalinda, Edifício da ONU, Estrada Direita da Samba, Futungo de Belas, Luanda, Angola
| | - Nirakar Panda
- World Health Organization, Angola Country Office. Condomínio Rosalinda, Edifício da ONU, Estrada Direita da Samba, Futungo de Belas, Luanda, Angola
| | - Fekadu Lemma
- World Health Organization, Angola Country Office. Condomínio Rosalinda, Edifício da ONU, Estrada Direita da Samba, Futungo de Belas, Luanda, Angola
| | - José Alexandre Lifande Chivale
- World Health Organization, Angola Country Office. Condomínio Rosalinda, Edifício da ONU, Estrada Direita da Samba, Futungo de Belas, Luanda, Angola
| | - Danielle Graça Cavalcante
- World Health Organization, Angola Country Office. Condomínio Rosalinda, Edifício da ONU, Estrada Direita da Samba, Futungo de Belas, Luanda, Angola
| | - Elizabeth Davlantes
- Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Margherita Ghiselli
- Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine Espinosa
- Global Immunization Division, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ari Whiteman
- Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program, US Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. 4770, Buford Hwy Northeast, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jane Iber
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Henderson
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelley Bullard
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jaume Jorba
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cara C Burns
- Division of Viral Diseases, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ousmane Diop
- Polio Eradication Department, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia, 20, 1211, Geneva 27, Switzerland
| | - Nicksy Gumede
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Cité du Djoué, P.O. Box 06, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Lerato Seakamela
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Wayne Howard
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, 1, Modderfontein Road, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Alean Frawley
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Angola Country Office, R. Houari Boumediene 32, Luanda, Angola
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Mendes A, Whiteman A, Nygren B, Kaplan B, Hussain I, Soofi S, Martinez M, Farag NH. Immunity to poliovirus in Afghanistan: A household sampling method for serological assessment based on geographical information systems. Geospat Health 2022; 17. [PMID: 36468597 DOI: 10.4081/gh.2022.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Afghanistan continues to experience challenges affecting polio eradication. Mass polio vaccination campaigns, which aim to protect children under the age of 5, are a key eradication strategy. To date, the polio program in Afghanistan has only employed facility-based seroprevalence surveys, which can be subject to sampling bias. We describe the feasibility in implementing a cross-sectional household poliovirus seroprevalence survey based on geographical information systems (GIS) in three districts. Digital maps with randomly selected predetermined starting points were provided to teams, with a total target of 1,632 households. Teams were instructed to navigate to predetermined starting points and enrol the closest household within 60 m. To assess effectiveness of these methods, we calculated percentages for total households enrolled with valid geocoordinates collected within the designated boundary, and whether the Euclidean distance of households were within 60 m of a predetermined starting point. A normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) image ratio was conducted to further investigate variability in team performances. The study enrolled a total of 78% of the target sample with 52% of all households within 60 m of a pre-selected point and 79% within the designated cluster boundary. Success varied considerably between the four target areas ranging from 42% enrolment of the target sample in one place to 90% enrolment of the target sample in another. Interviews with the field teams revealed that differences in security status and amount of non-residential land cover were key barriers to higher enrolment rates. Our findings indicate household poliovirus seroprevalence surveys using GIS-based sampling can be effectively implemented in polio endemic countries to capture representative samples. We also proposed ways to achieve higher success rates if these methods are to be used in the future, particularly in areas with concerns of insecurity or spatially dispersed residential units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Mendes
- Geospatial Research Analysis and Services Program, Office of Innovation and Analytics, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, Atlanta.
| | - Ari Whiteman
- Geospatial Research Analysis and Services Program, Office of Innovation and Analytics, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, Atlanta.
| | - Benjamin Nygren
- Polio Eradication Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
| | - Brian Kaplan
- Geospatial Research Analysis and Services Program, Office of Innovation and Analytics, Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, Atlanta.
| | - Imtiaz Hussain
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi.
| | - Sajid Soofi
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi.
| | - Maureen Martinez
- Polio Eradication Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
| | - Noha H Farag
- Polio Eradication Branch, Global Immunization Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta.
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Mendes A, Whiteman A, Bullard K, Sharif S, Khurshid A, Alam MM, Salman M, Ford V, Blair T, Burns CC, Ehrhardt D, Jorba J, Hsu CH. Spatial analysis of genetic clusters and epidemiologic factors related to wild poliovirus type 1 persistence in Afghanistan and Pakistan. PLOS Glob Public Health 2022; 2:e0000251. [PMID: 36962349 PMCID: PMC10021910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following the certification of the World Health Organization Region of Africa as free of serotype 1 wild poliovirus (WPV1) in 2020, Afghanistan and Pakistan represent the last remaining WPV1 reservoirs. As efforts continue in these countries to progress to eradication, there is an opportunity for a deeper understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics and epidemiological risk factors associated with continual WPV1 circulation in the region. Using poliovirus surveillance data from 2017-2019, we used pairwise comparisons of VP1 nucleotide sequences to illustrate the spatiotemporal WPV1 dispersal to identify key sources and destinations of potentially infected, highly mobile populations. We then predicted the odds of WPV1 detection at the district level using a generalized linear model with structural indicators of health, security, environment, and population demographics. We identified evidence of widespread population mobility based on WPV1 dispersal within and between the countries, and evidence indicating five districts in Afghanistan (Arghandab, Batikot, Bermel, Muhamandara and Nawzad) and four districts in Pakistan (Charsada, Dera Ismail Khan, Killa Abdullah and Khyber) act as cross-border WPV1 circulation reservoirs. We found that the probability of detecting WPV1 in a district increases with each armed conflict event (OR = 1·024, +- 0·008), level of food insecurity (OR = 1·531, +-0·179), and mean degrees Celsius during the months of greatest precipitation (OR = 1·079, +- 0·019). Our results highlight the multidisciplinary complexities contributing to the continued transmission of WPV1 in Afghanistan and Pakistan. We discuss the implications of our results, stressing the value of coordination during this final chapter of the wild polio virus eradication initiative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Mendes
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- DRT Strategies Inc., Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Ari Whiteman
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Peraton, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kelley Bullard
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- IHRC Inc., Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Salmaan Sharif
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Salman
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Vanessa Ford
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Taisha Blair
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Cara C. Burns
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Derek Ehrhardt
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jaume Jorba
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Hsu
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Li Z, Lewis B, Berney K, Hallisey E, Williams AM, Whiteman A, Rivera-González LO, Clarke KEN, Clayton H, Tincher T, Opsomer JD, Busch MP, Gundlapalli A, Jones JM. Social vulnerability and rurality associated with higher SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced seroprevalence: a nationwide blood donor study, United States, July 2020 - June 2021. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:e133-e143. [PMID: 35137014 PMCID: PMC8903418 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most studies on health disparities during COVID-19 pandemic focused on reported cases and deaths, which are influenced by testing availability and access to care. This study aimed to examine SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in the U.S. and its associations with race/ethnicity, rurality, and social vulnerability over time. Methods This repeated cross-sectional study used data from blood donations in 50 states and Washington, D.C. from July 2020 through June 2021. Donor ZIP codes were matched to counties and linked with Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and urban-rural classification. SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalences induced by infection and infection-vaccination combined were estimated. Association of infection-induced seropositivity with demographics, rurality, SVI, and its four themes were quantified using multivariate regression models. Findings Weighted seroprevalence differed significantly by race/ethnicity and rurality, and increased with increasing social vulnerability. During the study period, infection-induced seroprevalence increased from 1.6% to 27.2% and 3.7% to 20.0% in rural and urban counties, respectively, while rural counties had lower combined infection- and vaccination-induced seroprevalence (80.0% vs. 88.1%) in June 2021. Infection-induced seropositivity was associated with being Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and living in rural or higher socially vulnerable counties, after adjusting for demographic and geographic covariates. Conclusion The findings demonstrated increasing SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the U.S. across all geographic, demographic, and social sectors. The study illustrated disparities by race-ethnicity, rurality, and social vulnerability. The findings identified areas for targeted vaccination strategies and can inform efforts to reduce inequities and prepare for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Brian Lewis
- Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kevin Berney
- Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elaine Hallisey
- Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Austin M Williams
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ari Whiteman
- Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, CDC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Kristie E N Clarke
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather Clayton
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terry Tincher
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Adi Gundlapalli
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jefferson M Jones
- COVID-19 Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
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Mundis SJ, Hamerlinck G, Stone EK, Whiteman A, Delmelle E, Rapp T, Dulin M, Ryan SJ. Examining Wing Length-Abundance Relationships and Pyrethroid Resistance Mutations among Aedes albopictus in a Rapidly Growing Urban Area with Implications for Mosquito Surveillance and Control. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18189443. [PMID: 34574369 PMCID: PMC8472615 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aedes albopictus is a cosmopolitan mosquito species capable of transmitting arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. To control this and similar species, public and private entities often rely on pyrethroid insecticides. In this study, we screened Ae. albopictus collected from June to August 2017 in Mecklenburg County, a rapidly growing urban area of North Carolina, for mutations conferring pyrethroid resistance and examined spatiotemporal patterns of specimen size as measured by wing length, hypothesizing that size variation could be closely linked to local abundance, making this easily measured trait a useful surveillance proxy. The genetic screening results indicated that pyrethroid resistance alleles are not present in this population, meaning that this population is likely to be susceptible to this commonly used insecticide class. We detected no significant associations between size and abundance-related factors, indicating that wing-size is not a useful proxy for abundance, and thus not useful to surveillance in this capacity. However, mosquitoes collected in June were significantly larger than July or August, which may result from meteorological conditions, suggesting that short-term weather cues may modulate morphological traits, which could then affect local fecundity and virus transmission dynamics, as previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Mundis
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (G.H.); (E.K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Correspondence: (S.J.M.); (S.J.R.); Tel.: +1-352-294-7513 (S.J.R.)
| | - Gabriela Hamerlinck
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (G.H.); (E.K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emily K. Stone
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (G.H.); (E.K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ari Whiteman
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (A.W.); (E.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Eric Delmelle
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (A.W.); (E.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Tyler Rapp
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA; (A.W.); (E.D.); (T.R.)
| | - Michael Dulin
- Academy Population Health Initiative, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA;
| | - Sadie J. Ryan
- Quantitative Disease Ecology and Conservation Lab, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (G.H.); (E.K.S.)
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.J.M.); (S.J.R.); Tel.: +1-352-294-7513 (S.J.R.)
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Troppy S, Wilt GE, Whiteman A, Hallisey E, Crockett M, Sharpe JD, Haney G, Cranston K, Klevens RM. Geographic Associations Between Social Factors and SARS-CoV-2 Testing Early in the COVID-19 Pandemic, February-June 2020, Massachusetts. Public Health Rep 2021; 136:765-773. [PMID: 34388054 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211036750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing is critical to identify infected people and implement public health action to interrupt transmission. With SARS-CoV-2 testing supplies and laboratory capacity now widely available in the United States, understanding the spatial heterogeneity of associations between social determinants and the use of SARS-CoV-2 testing is essential to improve testing availability in populations disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We assessed positive and negative results of SARS-CoV-2 molecular tests conducted from February 1 through June 17, 2020, from the Massachusetts Virtual Epidemiologic Network, an integrated web-based surveillance and case management system in Massachusetts. Using geographically weighted regression and Moran's I spatial autocorrelation tests, we quantified the associations between SARS-CoV-2 testing rates and 11 metrics of the Social Vulnerability Index in all 351 towns in Massachusetts. RESULTS Median SARS-CoV-2 testing rates decreased with increasing percentages of residents with limited English proficiency (median relative risk [interquartile range] = 0.96 [0.95-0.99]), residents aged ≥65 (0.97 [0.87-0.98]), residents without health insurance (0.96 [0.95-1.04], and people residing in crowded housing conditions (0.89 [0.80-0.94]). These associations differed spatially across Massachusetts, and localized models improved the explainable variation in SARS-CoV-2 testing rates by 8% to 12%. CONCLUSION Indicators of social vulnerability are associated with variations in SARS-CoV-2 testing rates. Accounting for the spatial heterogeneity in these associations may improve the ability to explain and address the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at substate levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Troppy
- 1854521712 Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Grete E Wilt
- 1242 Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Office of Innovation and Analytics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ari Whiteman
- 1242 Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Office of Innovation and Analytics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Elaine Hallisey
- 1242 Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Office of Innovation and Analytics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Molly Crockett
- 1854521712 Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Danielle Sharpe
- 1242 Geospatial Research, Analysis, and Services Program (GRASP), Office of Innovation and Analytics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gillian Haney
- 1854521712 Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Cranston
- 1854521712 Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - R Monina Klevens
- 1854521712 Bureau of Infectious Disease and Laboratory Sciences, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Baugher AR, Whiteman A, Jeffries WL, Finlayson T, Lewis R, Wejnert C. Black men who have sex with men living in states with HIV criminalization laws report high stigma, 23 U.S. cities, 2017. AIDS 2021; 35:1637-1645. [PMID: 34270489 PMCID: PMC9030111 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between HIV laws, perceived community stigma, and behaviors and to compare differences between and within Black and White men who have sex with men (MSM). DESIGN/METHODS National HIV Behavioral Surveillance conducted interviews and HIV testing with MSM in 23 U.S. cities in 2017 using venue-based sampling methods. We used weighted cross-sectional data to compare MSM living in states with versus without HIV laws using Rao-Scott chi-square tests. We modeled the association between stigma and state HIV laws within racial groups to obtain adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Among 7392 MSM, 56% lived in a state with HIV laws. In law states, Black MSM were more likely than White MSM to report their community would discriminate against persons with HIV (PWH) (59 versus 34%), not support the rights of PWH (20 versus 9%), not be friends with PWH (19 versus 10%), believe PWH 'got what they deserved' (27 versus 16%), and be intolerant of MSM (14 versus 5%). Adjusted for confounders, Black MSM in HIV law states were more likely to think their community would discriminate against PWH (aPR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.29; P = 0.02) and be intolerant toward MSM (aPR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.43-2.86; P < 0.001) than Black MSM in states without such laws. CONCLUSIONS HIV laws were related to higher stigma, but only for Black MSM. Future research regarding HIV-related laws should account for racial/ethnic disparities. Modernizing laws can delegitimize stigma and promote focusing on effective HIV prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R. Baugher
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ari Whiteman
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, assigned to DHAP, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - William L. Jeffries
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Teresa Finlayson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rashunda Lewis
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cyprian Wejnert
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP), National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Diesel J, Sterrett N, Dasgupta S, Kriss JL, Barry V, Vanden Esschert K, Whiteman A, Cadwell BL, Weller D, Qualters JR, Harris L, Bhatt A, Williams C, Fox LM, Meaney Delman D, Black CL, Barbour KE. COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage Among Adults - United States, December 14, 2020-May 22, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:922-927. [PMID: 34166331 PMCID: PMC8224863 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7025e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Whiteman A, Wang A, McCain K, Gunnels B, Toblin R, Lee JT, Bridges C, Reynolds L, Murthy BP, Qualters J, Singleton JA, Fox K, Stokley S, Harris L, Gibbs-Scharf L, Abad N, Brookmeyer KA, Farrall S, Pingali C, Patel A, Link-Gelles R, Dasgupta S, Gharpure R, Ritchey MD, Barbour KE. Demographic and Social Factors Associated with COVID-19 Vaccination Initiation Among Adults Aged ≥65 Years - United States, December 14, 2020-April 10, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:725-730. [PMID: 33983911 PMCID: PMC8118148 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7019e4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared with other age groups, older adults (defined here as persons aged ≥65 years) are at higher risk for COVID-19-associated morbidity and mortality and have therefore been prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination (1,2). Ensuring access to vaccines for older adults has been a focus of federal, state, and local response efforts, and CDC has been monitoring vaccination coverage to identify and address disparities among subpopulations of older adults (2). Vaccine administration data submitted to CDC were analyzed to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccination initiation among adults aged ≥65 years by demographic characteristics and overall. Characteristics of counties with low vaccination initiation rates were quantified using indicators of social vulnerability data from the 2019 American Community Survey.* During December 14, 2020-April 10, 2021, nationwide, a total of 42,736,710 (79.1%) older adults had initiated vaccination. The initiation rate was higher among men than among women and varied by state. On average, counties with low vaccination initiation rates (<50% of older adults having received at least 1 vaccine dose), compared with those with high rates (≥75%), had higher percentages of older adults without a computer, living in poverty, without Internet access, and living alone. CDC, state, and local jurisdictions in partnerships with communities should continue to identify and implement strategies to improve access to COVID-19 vaccination for older adults, such as assistance with scheduling vaccination appointments and transportation to vaccination sites, or vaccination at home if needed for persons who are homebound.† Monitoring demographic and social factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine access for older adults and prioritizing efforts to ensure equitable access to COVID-19 vaccine are needed to ensure high coverage among this group.
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10
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Hughes MM, Wang A, Grossman MK, Pun E, Whiteman A, Deng L, Hallisey E, Sharpe JD, Ussery EN, Stokley S, Musial T, Weller DL, Murthy BP, Reynolds L, Gibbs-Scharf L, Harris L, Ritchey MD, Toblin RL. County-Level COVID-19 Vaccination Coverage and Social Vulnerability - United States, December 14, 2020-March 1, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021; 70:431-436. [PMID: 33764963 PMCID: PMC7993557 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7012e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The U.S. COVID-19 vaccination program began in December 2020, and ensuring equitable COVID-19 vaccine access remains a national priority.* COVID-19 has disproportionately affected racial/ethnic minority groups and those who are economically and socially disadvantaged (1,2). Thus, achieving not just vaccine equality (i.e., similar allocation of vaccine supply proportional to its population across jurisdictions) but equity (i.e., preferential access and administra-tion to those who have been most affected by COVID-19 disease) is an important goal. The CDC social vulnerability index (SVI) uses 15 indicators grouped into four themes that comprise an overall SVI measure, resulting in 20 metrics, each of which has national and state-specific county rankings. The 20 metric-specific rankings were each divided into lowest to highest tertiles to categorize counties as low, moderate, or high social vulnerability counties. These tertiles were combined with vaccine administration data for 49,264,338 U.S. residents in 49 states and the District of Columbia (DC) who received at least one COVID-19 vaccine dose during December 14, 2020-March 1, 2021. Nationally, for the overall SVI measure, vaccination coverage was higher (15.8%) in low social vulnerability counties than in high social vulnerability counties (13.9%), with the largest coverage disparity in the socioeconomic status theme (2.5 percentage points higher coverage in low than in high vulnerability counties). Wide state variations in equity across SVI metrics were found. Whereas in the majority of states, vaccination coverage was higher in low vulnerability counties, some states had equitable coverage at the county level. CDC, state, and local jurisdictions should continue to monitor vaccination coverage by SVI metrics to focus public health interventions to achieve equitable coverage with COVID-19 vaccine.
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Bennett KL, McMillan WO, Enríquez V, Barraza E, Díaz M, Baca B, Whiteman A, Cerro Medina J, Ducasa M, Gómez Martínez C, Almanza A, Rovira JR, Loaiza JR. The role of heterogenous environmental conditions in shaping the spatiotemporal distribution of competing Aedes mosquitoes in Panama: implications for the landscape of arboviral disease transmission. Biol Invasions 2021; 23:1933-1948. [PMID: 34776763 PMCID: PMC8550678 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Monitoring the invasion process of the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus and its interaction with the contender Aedes aegypti, is critical to prevent and control the arthropod-borne viruses (i.e., Arboviruses) they transmit to humans. Generally, the superior ecological competitor Ae. albopictus displaces Ae. aegypti from most geographic areas, with the combining factors of biology and environment influencing the competitive outcome. Nonetheless, detailed studies asserting displacement come largely from sub-tropical areas, with relatively less effort being made in tropical environments, including no comprehensive research about Aedes biological interactions in Mesoamerica. Here, we examine contemporary and historical mosquito surveillance data to assess the role of shifting abiotic conditions in shaping the spatiotemporal distribution of competing Aedes species in the Republic of Panama. In accordance with prior studies, we show that Ae. albopictus has displaced Ae. aegypti under suboptimal wet tropical climate conditions and more vegetated environments within the southwestern Azuero Peninsula. Conversely, in the eastern Azuero Peninsula, Ae. aegypti persists with Ae. albopictus under optimal niche conditions in a dry and more seasonal tropical climate. While species displacement was stable over the course of two years, the presence of both species generally appears to fluctuate in tandem in areas of coexistence. Aedes albopictus was always more frequently found and abundant regardless of location and climatic season. The heterogenous environmental conditions of Panama shape the competitive outcome and micro-geographic distribution of Aedes mosquitoes, with potential consequences for the transmission dynamics of urban and sylvatic zoonotic diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version of this article (10.1007/s10530-021-02482-y).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L. Bennett
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - W. Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | | | | | - Ari Whiteman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Madeleine Ducasa
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Carmelo Gómez Martínez
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Alejandro Almanza
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose R. Rovira
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, República de Panamá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas Y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panamá, República de Panamá
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Baugher AR, Finlayson T, Lewis R, Sionean C, Whiteman A, Wejnert C. Health Care Coverage and Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Use Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Living in 22 US Cities With vs Without Medicaid Expansion, 2017. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:743-751. [PMID: 33476242 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2020.306035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objectives. To compare health care coverage and utilization between men who have sex with men (MSM) in Medicaid expansion versus nonexpansion states.Methods. We used cross-sectional weighted data from the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance system, which used venue-based methods to interview and test MSM in 22 US cities from June through December, 2017 (n = 8857). We compared MSM in Medicaid expansion versus nonexpansion states by using the Rao-Scott χ2 test stratified by HIV status. We used multivariable logistic regression to model the relationship between Medicaid expansion, coverage, and preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use.Results. MSM in expansion states were more likely to have insurance (87.9% vs 71.6%), have Medicaid (21.3% vs 3.8%), discuss PrEP with a provider (58.8% vs 44.3%), or use PrEP (31.1% vs 17.5%).Conclusions. Medicaid expansion is associated with higher coverage and care, including PrEP.Public Health Implications. States may consider expanding Medicaid to help end the HIV epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Baugher
- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Teresa Finlayson
- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Rashunda Lewis
- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Catlainn Sionean
- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Ari Whiteman
- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Cyprian Wejnert
- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
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- All authors are with the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA. Ari Whiteman is also with the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN
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Wang W, Rees MA, Leichtman AB, Song PXK, Bray M, Ashby VB, Shearon T, Whiteman A, Kalbfleisch JD. Deceased donors as nondirected donors in kidney paired donation. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:103-113. [PMID: 32803856 PMCID: PMC9436421 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
As proof of concept, we simulate a revised kidney allocation system that includes deceased donor (DD) kidneys as chain-initiating kidneys (DD-CIK) in a kidney paired donation pool (KPDP), and estimate potential increases in number of transplants. We consider chains of length 2 in which the DD-CIK gives to a candidate in the KPDP, and that candidate's incompatible donor donates to theDD waitlist. In simulations, we vary initial pool size, arrival rates of candidate/donor pairs and (living) nondirected donors (NDDs), and delay time from entry to the KPDP until a candidate is eligible to receive a DD-CIK. Using data on candidate/donor pairs and NDDs from the Alliance for Paired Kidney Donation, and the actual DDs from the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients (SRTR) data, simulations extend over 2 years. With an initial pool of 400, respective candidate and NDD arrival rates of 2 per day and 3 per month, and delay times for access to DD-CIK of 6 months or less, including DD-CIKs increases the number of transplants by at least 447 over 2 years, and greatly reduces waiting times of KPDP candidates. Potential effects on waitlist candidates are discussed as are policy and ethical issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Wang
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan, Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center; Ann Arbor, MI
| | - M. A. Rees
- University of Toledo Medical Center, Department of Urology, Toledo, OH
| | - A. B. Leichtman
- University of Michigan, Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center; Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan, Department of Medicine, Ann Arbor MI
| | - P. X-K. Song
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan, Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center; Ann Arbor, MI
| | - M. Bray
- GSK, Research statistics. Collegeville, PA
| | - V. B. Ashby
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan, Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center; Ann Arbor, MI
| | - T. Shearon
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan, Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center; Ann Arbor, MI
| | - A Whiteman
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - J. D. Kalbfleisch
- University of Michigan, Department of Biostatistics, Ann Arbor, MI,University of Michigan, Kidney Epidemiology and Cost Center; Ann Arbor, MI
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of four forms of sexual identity discrimination among MSM in 23 US metropolitan statistical areas, examine racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in each form of discrimination. METHODS We examined interview data collected during 2017 for National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (n = 10 029 respondents) and used generalized linear models to assess the association between the prevalence of reported discrimination during the previous 12 months and selected sociodemographic groups. RESULTS Overall, 34% of participants reported experiencing verbal discrimination; 16%, discrimination in a workplace, school, or a healthcare setting; and 8%, physical assault. MSM who had reported experiencing discrimination were most likely to be young, had achieved lower education, and had lower incomes. High prevalence of reported discrimination was associated with young age, lower education, lower household income, sexual identity disclosure, and lower perceived community tolerance of gay or bisexual persons. CONCLUSION MSM discrimination affects different groups and occurs in multiple settings. Addressing discrimination should be an integral aspect of multifaceted efforts to improve MSM health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Whiteman
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Georgia, assigned to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
| | - Amy Baugher
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Catlainn Sionean
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia
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Whiteman A, Loaiza JR, Yee DA, Poh KC, Watkins AS, Lucas KJ, Rapp TJ, Kline L, Ahmed A, Chen S, Delmelle E, Oguzie JU. Do socioeconomic factors drive Aedes mosquito vectors and their arboviral diseases? A systematic review of dengue, chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika Virus. One Health 2020; 11:100188. [PMID: 33392378 PMCID: PMC7772681 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As the threat of arboviral diseases continues to escalate worldwide, the question of, "What types of human communities are at the greatest risk of infection?" persists as a key gap in the existing knowledge of arboviral diseases transmission dynamics. Here, we comprehensively review the existing literature on the socioeconomic drivers of the most common Aedes mosquito-borne diseases and Aedes mosquito presence/abundance. We reviewed a total of 182 studies on dengue viruses (DENV), chikungunya virus (CHIKV), yellow fever virus (YFVV), Zika virus (ZIKV), and presence of Aedes mosquito vectors. In general, associations between socioeconomic conditions and both Aedes-borne diseases and Aedes mosquitoes are highly variable and often location-specific. Although 50% to 60% of studies found greater presence or prevalence of disease or vectors in areas with lower socioeconomic status, approximately half of the remaining studies found either positive or null associations. We discuss the possible causes of this lack of conclusiveness as well as the implications it holds for future research and prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Whiteman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas & Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Edificio 219, Clayton PO 0843–01103, Ciudad del Saber, Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama
| | - Donald A. Yee
- School of Biological, Environmental, & Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States of America
| | - Karen C. Poh
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Keira J. Lucas
- Collier Mosquito Control District, Naples, FL, United States of America
| | - Tyler J. Rapp
- University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Lillie Kline
- Woodward Academy, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ayman Ahmed
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Sudan
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, The Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Shi Chen
- Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Eric Delmelle
- Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, United States of America
| | - Judith Uche Oguzie
- College of Natural Sciences Redeemer's University, Ede Osun State, Nigeria
- African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases Redeemer's University Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
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16
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Whiteman A, Burnett J, Handanagic S, Wejnert C, Broz D. Distance matters: The association of proximity to syringe services programs with sharing of syringes and injecting equipment - 17 U.S. cities, 2015. Int J Drug Policy 2020; 85:102923. [PMID: 32920424 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Syringe services programs (SSPs) have effectively limited the spread of HIV and hepatitis C (HCV) among people who inject drugs (PWID). Access to SSPs has been shown to reduce injection risk behaviors but the relationship between distance to an SSP and likelihood of sharing injection equipment is not well known. METHODS We analyzed a sample of 8,392 PWID from 17 U.S. cities recruited through the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) system in 2015. Adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from log-linked Poisson regression to explore associations between injecting equipment sharing in the past 12 months and distance to the nearest SSP. RESULTS Regardless of SSP use, respondents who lived in zip codes further than the city-specific mean distance to nearest SSP were more likely to report sharing behavior. Among PWID who had not reported using an SSP in the previous 12 months, distributive sharing (aPR=1.13 95% CI=1.05, 1.21), receptive sharing (aPR=1.15, 95% CI=1.06, 1.24), and injection equipment sharing (aPR=1.08, 95% CI=1.03, 1.13) were more prevalent among residents who resided further than the average distance to the nearest SSP. CONCLUSIONS Greater distance to an SSP was associated with increased sharing behaviors. Improved access to an SSP and subsequent decreases in sharing behaviors could reduce transmission of HIV and HCV among PWID. Accessibility should be taken into account when planning provision of SSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Whiteman
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Janet Burnett
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Senad Handanagic
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Cyprian Wejnert
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - Dita Broz
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, Mailstop E-46, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
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Whiteman A, Desjardins MR, Eskildsen GA, Loaiza JR. Detecting space-time clusters of dengue fever in Panama after adjusting for vector surveillance data. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007266. [PMID: 31545819 PMCID: PMC6776363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Long term surveillance of vectors and arboviruses is an integral aspect of disease prevention and control systems in countries affected by increasing risk. Yet, little effort has been made to adjust space-time risk estimation by integrating disease case counts with vector surveillance data, which may result in inaccurate risk projection when several vector species are present, and when little is known about their likely role in local transmission. Here, we integrate 13 years of dengue case surveillance and associated Aedes occurrence data across 462 localities in 63 districts to estimate the risk of infection in the Republic of Panama. Our exploratory space-time modelling approach detected the presence of five clusters, which varied by duration, relative risk, and spatial extent after incorporating vector species as covariates. The Ae. aegypti model contained the highest number of districts with more dengue cases than would be expected given baseline population levels, followed by the model accounting for both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. This implies that arbovirus case surveillance coupled with entomological surveillance can affect cluster detection and risk estimation, potentially improving efforts to understand outbreak dynamics at national scales. Dengue cases have increased in tropical regions worldwide owing to urbanization, globalization, and climate change facilitating the spread of Aedes mosquito vectors. National surveillance programs monitor trends in dengue fever and inform the public about epidemiological scenarios where outbreak preventive actions are most needed. Yet, most estimations of dengue risk so far derive only from disease case data, ignoring Aedes occurrence as a key aspect of dengue transmission dynamic. Here we illustrate how incorporating vector presence and absence as a model covariate can considerably alter the characteristics of space-time cluster estimations of dengue cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Whiteman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael R. Desjardins
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | | | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología, Panama City, Republic of Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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Whiteman A, Gomez C, Rovira J, Chen G, McMillan WO, Loaiza J. Aedes Mosquito Infestation in Socioeconomically Contrasting Neighborhoods of Panama City. Ecohealth 2019; 16:210-221. [PMID: 31114946 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-019-01417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The global expansion and proliferation of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus represents a growing public health threat due to their capacity to transmit a variety of arboviruses to humans, including dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Particularly important in urban regions, where these species have evolved to breed in man-made containers and feed nearly exclusively on human hosts, the threat of vector-borne disease has risen in recent decades due to the growth of cities, progression of climate change, and increase in globalization. While the dynamics of Aedes populations in urban settings have been well studied in relation to ecological features of the landscape, relatively less is known about the relationship between neighborhood socioeconomic status and Aedes infestation. Here, we compare infestation levels of both A. aegypti and A. albopictus in four socioeconomically contrasting neighborhoods of urban Panama City, Panama. Our results indicate that infestation levels for both Aedes species vary between neighborhoods of contrasting socioeconomic status, being higher in neighborhoods having lower percentage of residents with bachelor degrees and lower monthly household income. Additionally, we find that proximity between socioeconomically contrasting neighborhoods can predict infestation levels by species, with A. aegypti increasing and A. albopictus decreasing with proximity between neighborhoods. These findings hold key implications for the control and prevention of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika in Panama, a region with ongoing arbovirus outbreaks and high economic inequity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Whiteman
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama.
| | - Carmelo Gomez
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
| | - Jose Rovira
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | - Jose Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panama, Republic of Panama
- Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama, Republic of Panama
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Bennett KL, Gómez Martínez C, Almanza A, Rovira JR, McMillan WO, Enriquez V, Barraza E, Diaz M, Sanchez-Galan JE, Whiteman A, Gittens RA, Loaiza JR. High infestation of invasive Aedes mosquitoes in used tires along the local transport network of Panama. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:264. [PMID: 31133041 PMCID: PMC6537307 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-distance dispersal of the invasive disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus has introduced arthropod-borne viruses into new geographical regions, causing a significant medical and economic burden. The used-tire industry is an effective means of Aedes dispersal, yet studies to determine Aedes occurrence and the factors influencing their distribution along local transport networks are lacking. To assess infestation along the primary transport network of Panama we documented all existing garages that trade used tires on the highway and surveyed a subset for Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus. We also assess the ability of a mass spectrometry approach to classify mosquito eggs by comparing our findings to those based on traditional larval surveillance. RESULTS Both Aedes species had a high infestation rate in garages trading used tires along the highways, providing a conduit for rapid dispersal across Panama. However, generalized linear models revealed that the presence of Ae. aegypti is associated with an increase in road density by a log-odds of 0.44 (0.73 ± 0.16; P = 0.002), while the presence of Ae. albopictus is associated with a decrease in road density by a log-odds of 0.36 (0.09 ± 0.63; P = 0.008). Identification of mosquito eggs by mass spectrometry depicted similar occurrence patterns for both Aedes species as that obtained with traditional rearing methods. CONCLUSIONS Garages trading used tires along highways should be targeted for the surveillance and control of Aedes-mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit. The identification of mosquito eggs using mass spectrometry allows for the rapid evaluation of Aedes presence, affording time and cost advantages over traditional vector surveillance; this is of importance for disease risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Bennett
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | - Alejandro Almanza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - Jose R Rovira
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, Republic of Panama
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
| | | | | | | | | | - Ari Whiteman
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama
- University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Rolando A Gittens
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, Republic of Panama.
| | - Jose R Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa Ancón, Republic of Panama.
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá, Republic of Panama.
- Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Republic of Panama.
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Whiteman A, Mejia A, Hernandez I, Loaiza JR. Socioeconomic and demographic predictors of resident knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding arthropod-borne viruses in Panama. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1261. [PMID: 30428861 PMCID: PMC6236898 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6172-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to identify if socioeconomic and demographic factors play a role in resident knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in order to inform effective management procedures for disease prevention in Panama, a middle-income tropical country in Central America. All three are arthropod-borne viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquito vectors present in the focal region of Panama City, the largest city in Central America and an urban region of extreme socioeconomic polarization. Methods Between November 2017 and February 2018, we administered standardized, anonymous knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys to 263 residents split between two neighborhoods of high socioeconomic status (SES) and two neighborhoods of low SES. We then summed the knowledge, attitude, and practice scores respectively, and used linear and logistic regressions to quantify relationships with socioeconomic and demographic factors. Results Low-SES neighborhoods with high proportions of low income residents, residents over 70 years old had lower mean knowledge scores compared to other groups. Furthermore, residents in neighborhoods of low SES reported more mosquito biting relative to residents in neighborhoods of high SES, yet comparably lower level of concerns for disease transmission. Additionally, knowledge was lower for the more novel emergent threats of Chikungunya and Zika, compared to the endemic Dengue. Conclusion Findings suggest that low-SES neighborhoods with high proportions of low income, low education, and elderly residents should be targeted for outreach programs designed to prevent DENV, CHIKV, or ZIKV in Panama City. These outcomes support our initial hypotheses as lower relative knowledge and fewer practices related to the prevention of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika were found in low-SES neighborhoods. There is also a widespread lack of adequate knowledge regarding these diseases as well as low levels of concern in areas of highly reported mosquito biting. We provide suggestions for taking neighborhood socioeconomic status and specific aspects resident health literacy and attitude into account for creating more effective outreach campaigns as both endemic and novel arthropod-borne disease rates continue to increase throughout Latin America. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-6172-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Whiteman
- Department of Geography & Earth Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA. .,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama.
| | - A Mejia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - I Hernandez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - J R Loaiza
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, P.O. Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Republic of Panama.,Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), P.O. Box 0843-01103, Panamá, República de Panamá.,Programa Centroamericano de Maestría en Entomología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, República de Panamá
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Desjardins MR, Whiteman A, Casas I, Delmelle E. Space-time clusters and co-occurrence of chikungunya and dengue fever in Colombia from 2015 to 2016. Acta Trop 2018; 185:77-85. [PMID: 29709630 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) infect over one billion people and are responsible for over one million deaths each year, globally. Chikungunya (CHIK) and Dengue Fever (DENF) are emerging VBDs due to overpopulation, increases in urbanization, climate change, and other factors. Colombia has recently experienced severe outbreaks of CHIK AND DENF. Both viruses are transmitted by the Aedes mosquitoes and are preventable with a variety of surveillance and vector control measures (e.g. insecticides, reduction of open containers, etc.). Spatiotemporal statistics can facilitate the surveillance of VBD outbreaks by informing public health officials where to allocate resources to mitigate future outbreaks. We utilize the univariate Kulldorff space-time scan statistic (STSS) to identify and compare statistically significant space-time clusters of CHIK and DENF in Colombia during the outbreaks of 2015 and 2016. We also utilize the multivariate STSS to examine co-occurrences (simultaneous excess incidences) of DENF and CHIK, which is critical to identify regions that may have experienced the greatest burden of VBDs. The relative risk of CHIK and DENF for each Colombian municipality belonging to a univariate and multivariate cluster is reported to facilitate targeted interventions. Finally, we visualize the results in a three-dimensional environment to examine the size and duration of the clusters. Our approach is the first of its kind to examine multiple VBDs in Colombia simultaneously, while the 3D visualizations are a novel way of illustrating the dynamics of space-time clusters of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Desjardins
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2901 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - A Whiteman
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2901 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States
| | - I Casas
- School of History and Social Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, 305 Wisteria St, Ruston, LA, 71272, United States
| | - E Delmelle
- Department of Geography and Earth Sciences and Center for Applied Geographic Information Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 2901 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC, 28223, United States.
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Groves C, Whiteman A, Kumar G, Stephens R, Walker D. Early adopters of perioperative medicine: who are they and what motivates them? Br J Hosp Med (Lond) 2017; 78:642-646. [DOI: 10.12968/hmed.2017.78.11.642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Groves
- CT2 in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesia, Barking Havering and Redbridge University Hospitals, Romford
| | - A Whiteman
- Consultant in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesia, University College London Hospitals, London
| | - G Kumar
- Consultant in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesia, University College London Hospitals, London
| | - R Stephens
- Consultant in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesia, University College London Hospitals, London
| | - D Walker
- Consultant in Anaesthesia, Department of Anaesthesia, University College London Hospitals, London
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Passoni G, Rowcliffe JM, Whiteman A, Huber D, Kusak J. Framework for strategic wind farm site prioritisation based on modelled wolf reproduction habitat in Croatia. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-017-1092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Önell A, Whiteman A, Nordlund B, Baldracchini F, Mazzoleni G, Hedlin G, Grönlund H, Konradsen JR. Allergy testing in children with persistent asthma: comparison of four diagnostic methods. Allergy 2017; 72:590-597. [PMID: 27638292 DOI: 10.1111/all.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple allergic sensitizations are common in persistent childhood asthma, and thorough assessment of allergy is crucial for optimal care of these children. Microarray testing offers opportunities for improved sIgE characterization, which has been projected to be useful in the management of multisensitized patients. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy and information obtained by two microarray platforms applied on a well-characterized pediatric asthma cohort. METHODS Seventy-one children were recruited from a nationwide Swedish study on severe childhood asthma. Severe (n = 40) and controlled (n = 31) asthmatics were assessed for allergic sensitization by two microarray systems (Microtest and ISAC) and by two standard diagnostic methods (ImmunoCAP and skin prick test). Data on clinical history, physical examination, spirometry, asthma control test, and doctor's diagnosis were collected. Results from the four diagnostic methods were analyzed and compared. RESULTS A high prevalence of allergic sensitization was observed in this cohort. The pairwise concordance between two methods was 90-92% independently of methods compared. The sensitivity of the four methods against doctor's diagnosis was 0.77-0.88, and the specificity was 0.97-0.99. Microarray methods provided new information in 47% of the sensitized children in comparison with results obtained by standard diagnostic methods. CONCLUSION The high prevalence of food and respiratory sensitization supports the clinical guideline recommendation that allergies should be evaluated in all children with suspected asthma. The microarray platforms studied here demonstrated acceptable accuracy and provided refined IgE characterization in 47% of the patients compared to standard extract-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Whiteman
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - B. Nordlund
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | | | - G. Hedlin
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - H. Grönlund
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience; Karolinska institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - J. R. Konradsen
- Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Medicine Solna; Immunology and Allergy Unit; Karolinska Institutet; and Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
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Whiteman A, Passoni G, Rowcliffe JM, Ugarković D, Kusak J, Reljić S, Huber D. Identifying key denning habitat to conserve brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Croatia. Wildl Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/wr16164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Context The preservation of denning habitat is paramount to the recovery of threatened bear populations because of the effect that den site disturbance can have on cub mortality. Understanding habitat suitability for denning can allow management efforts to be directed towards the regions where conservation interventions would be most effective. Aim We sought to identify the environmental and anthropogenic habitat variables associated with the presence of Eurasian brown bear (Ursus arctos) den sites in Croatia. Based on these associations, in order to inform future conservation decisions, we also sought to identify regions of high suitability for denning across Croatia. Methods Using the locations of 91 dens inhabited by bears between 1982 and 2011, we opted for the presence-only modelling option in software Maxent to determine the most important predictors of den presence, and thus predict the distribution of high-value denning habitat across Croatia. Key results We found that structural elements were the most important predictors, with ruggedness and elevation both relating positively to den presence. However, distance to nearest settlement was also positively associated with den presence. Conclusion We determine that there is considerable denning habitat value in areas with high and rugged terrain as well as areas with limited human activity. We suspect that high and rugged terrain contains a greater concentration of the karstic formations used for denning than lower-lying regions. Implications Our study presents the first habitat suitability model for brown bears in Croatia, and identifies core areas suitable for denning both within and outside the species’ current range. As such, it provides useful evidence for conservation decision making and the development of scientifically-based management plans. Our results also support the need for finer spatial scale studies that can reveal specific denning preferences of subpopulations.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a significant rise in the volume of subacromial decompression surgery performed in the UK. This study aimed to determine whether arthroscopic subacromial decompression improves health related quality of life in a cost effective manner. METHODS Patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression surgery for impingement were enrolled between 2012 and 2014. The Oxford shoulder score and the EQ-5D™ instruments were completed prior to and following surgery. A cost-utility analysis was performed. RESULTS Eighty-three patients were eligible for the study with a mean follow-up duration of 15 months (range: 4-27 months). The mean Oxford shoulder score improved by 13 points (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11-15 points). The mean health utility gain extrapolated from the EQ-5D™ questionnaire improved by 0.23 (95% CI: 0.16-0.30), translating to a minimum cost per QALY of £5,683. CONCLUSIONS Subacromial decompression leads to significant improvement in function and quality of life in a cost effective manner. This provides justification for its ongoing practice by appropriately trained shoulder surgeons in correctly selected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Butt
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - A Whiteman
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - J Wilson
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - E Paul
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
| | - B Roy
- Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust , UK
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Wilson J, Arshad F, Nnamoko N, Whiteman A, Ring J, Roy B. Patient-reported outcome measures: an on-line system empowering patient choice. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2013; 21:725-9. [PMID: 24013090 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2012-001183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An innovative web-based system was developed to allow patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to be easily administered. Stakeholders guided the design and implementation. The software gives patients access to their current and previous scores. This pilot study focused on patients undergoing arthroscopic subacromial decompression, evaluated using the Oxford shoulder score (OSS). Patients showing good improvement in their OSS were offered the choice to return for routine follow-up clinic appointments, or continue rehabilitation, reassured by their improved score. Thirty-six of 117 patients were eligible. Thirty of these (83%) were opted to avoid further clinics. PROMs 2.0 can be used for any medical intervention with a validated PROM. Evolution and refinement is ongoing. Funding has been granted for 12 primary and secondary healthcare trusts to implement PROMs 2.0. Further work is needed to assess economic impact, patient views and satisfaction with the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wilson
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, North West Deanery, Manchester, UK
| | - F Arshad
- Centre for Health and Social Care Informatics, School of Computing and Mathematical Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Nnamoko
- School of Computing and Mathematical Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - A Whiteman
- Trafford Healthcare NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - J Ring
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, North West Deanery, Manchester, UK
| | - B Roy
- Trafford Healthcare NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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Turner PV, Kloeze H, Dam A, Ward D, Leung N, Brown EEL, Whiteman A, Chiappetta ME, Hunter DB. Mass depopulation of laying hens in whole barns with liquid carbon dioxide: evaluation of welfare impact. Poult Sci 2012; 91:1558-68. [PMID: 22700499 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2012-02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate emergency disaster preparedness is a key priority for agricultural agencies to allow effective response to serious avian disease outbreaks. There is a need to develop rapid, humane, and safe depopulation techniques for poultry that are widely applicable across a range of farm settings. Whole barn depopulation with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) has been investigated as a humane and efficient means of killing large numbers of birds in the event of a reportable disease outbreak. It has also been considered as a method for depopulating barns containing end-of-lay hens, particularly when there is limited local slaughter and rendering capacity. Determining the best method of humanely killing large flocks of birds remains problematic and is being investigated by a coordinated international effort. While whole barn depopulation using CO(2) inhalation has been explored, physiologic responses of chickens have not been characterized in field settings and assessment of animal welfare is hampered without this information. In this study, 12 cull laying hens were surgically instrumented with telemetry transmitters to record electroencephalographs, electrocardiographs, body temperature, and activity during 2 large-scale field CO(2) euthanasia trials of end-of-lay hens. The day following surgery, instrumented hens were placed in barns with other birds, barns were sealed, and animals were killed by CO(2) inhalation delivered via a specially designed liquid CO(2) manifold. Instrumented birds were monitored by infrared thermography, and ambient temperature, CO(2), and O(2) concentrations were recorded. Results from these studies indicate that instrumented hens lost consciousness within 2 min of CO(2) levels reaching 18 to 20%. Mild to moderate head shaking, gasping, and 1 to 2 clonic muscle contractions were noted in hens before unconsciousness; however, brain death followed rapidly (<5 min). Evaluation of welfare costs and benefits suggest clear advantages over catching and transporting cull hens for slaughter. The financial costs with this method are greater, however, than those estimated for traditional slaughter techniques. Results of these studies are being used to develop national protocols for whole barn depopulation of hens by CO(2) inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Turner
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.
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Ndao M, Kelly N, Normandin D, Maclean JD, Whiteman A, Kokoskin E, Arevalo I, Ward BJ. Trypanosoma cruzi infection of squirrel monkeys: comparison of blood smear examination, commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and polymerase chain reaction analysis as screening tests for evaluation of monkey-related injuries. Comp Med 2000; 50:658-65. [PMID: 11200574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Wild-caught New World monkeys (NWM) from Central or South America are often infected with Trypanosoma species, including T. cruzi. In humans, T. cruzi causes Chagas' disease. Even in closed monkey colonies, T. cruzi can be propagated by blood-to-blood exposure, sexual activity, and transplacental transmission. Animal handlers and laboratory staff who deal with blood and tissues from infected NWM are at riskfor acquiring Chagas' disease via accidental exposure. METHODS We screened 162 blood samples from wild-caught Saimiri sp. monkeys for Trypanosoma species infections by use of blood smear examination, ELISA, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Blood samples from 19 employees with recent history of monkey-associated injuries also were tested. RESULTS Six percent (10/162) of the monkey samples were T. cruzi positive on the basis of blood smear examination results, 10.4% (17/162) were positive by ELISA results, and 26.5% (43/162) were positive by PCR results. Other organisms identified by PCR analysis included T. rangeli in two animals, Plasmodium spp. in two animals (P. malariae confirmed by PCR results) and microfilariae in one animal (morphologically, Mansonella perstans). Evidence of trypanosome infection was not found in the 19 employee samples on the basis of results of any of the three aforementioned tests. CONCLUSIONS Close attention must be paid to worker safety where wild-caught NWM are used. The PCR analysis has a clear advantage over conventional techniques (ELISA, blood smear) for screening NWM for trypanosome infections during quarantine and after employee injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ndao
- McGill Center for Tropical Diseases, Montreal General Hospital, Canada
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Cardash HS, Zalmon L, Whiteman A, Kempler D. The effect of various methods of trimming of a stone die on the margins of a cast gold crown. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim 1983; 29:27-32, 40. [PMID: 6355007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Four common methods of trimming a die and the effects on the contour of the wax pattern have been described. Carving of the wax pattern may be facilitated by trimming of the die as a continuation of the unprepared portion of the tooth. When the finishing line is apical to the cervical line only the contour of the adjacent teeth and a knowledge of dental anatomy can guide the technician in reaching an acceptable contour. When part of the unprepared tooth is not reproduced in the impression the die should be trimmed at an angle or more than 180 degrees to the long axis of the preparation to provide a prominent cavo-surface angle and a guiding contact surface for the wax carving instrument.
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Trauba RL, Glaze L, McGary ED, Palmer WD, Quaife JT, Strozier J, Whiteman A. Determination of internal insect infestation of wheat: collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 1981; 64:1408-10. [PMID: 7309661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
An improved method has been developed for determining internal insect infestation of wheat kernels. The method involves acid hydrolysis of cracked wheat, wet sieving to remove the acid, transferring to a 2 L Wildman trap flask, deaeration by boiling, and treatment with Tween 80-Na4EDTA. Insects are extracted with light mineral oil. Reports from 6 collaborators showed that recovery was 95.92% for adult insect heads and 97.22% for larvae by the proposed method as compared with 87.05% and 6.12%, respectively, by the official method. The method has been adopted official first action.
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Freeman CC, Nagy J, Schafer P, Senff WA, Stricklin M, Trauba D, Velzen WV, Washbon E, Whiteman A. New Brine Saturation Method for Extraction of Light Filth from Corn Meal: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int 1981. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/64.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
An improved method has been developed for extracting light filth from corn meal. The proposed method uses only tap water, salt, olive oil, and alcohol, eliminating the need for costly and toxic solvents for the separation. Reports from 8 collaborators showed that recovery was 95.8% for insect fragments and 84.3% for rodent hairs by the proposed method, as compared with 90.6 and 88.6%, respectively, by the official method. The proposed method has been adopted as official first action to replace official method 44.042 for corn meal only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence C Freeman
- Food and Drug Administration, 4298 Elysian Fields Ave, New Orleans, LA 70122
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