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Miyawaki A, Eda K, Mochida T, Sakurai T, Ohta H, Nakajima T, Takahashi K. Spin-Crossover-Triggered Linkage Isomerization by the Pedal-like Motion of the Azobenzene Ligand in a Neutral Heteroleptic Iron(III) Complex. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:12735-12739. [PMID: 34432463 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility of [FeIII(azp)(qsal-Me)]·0.5CH3OH [Hqsal-Me = 5-methyl-N-(8-quinoyl)salicylaldimine, H2azp = 2,2'-azobisphenol] demonstrated that the spin-crossover (SCO) transition behavior changed from an abrupt transition to consecutive gradual conversions, and moreover, the initial abrupt transition was recovered, keeping the complex at room temperature. The variable-temperature crystal structures revealed that an SCO-triggered linkage isomerization of the azobenzene ligand from one orientation to two disordered orientations and the relaxation from the disordered orientations to the original orientation occurred. The high-spin to low-spin relaxation kinetics and theoretical calculation indicate that the pedal-like motion of the azobenzene ligand can be on in the high-spin state whereas off in the low-spin state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Miyawaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuo Eda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mochida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.,Research Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakurai
- Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohta
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takahito Nakajima
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.,Computational Molecular Science Research Team, RIKEN Center for Computational Science, 7-1-26 minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Miyawaki A, Mochida T, Sakurai T, Ohta H, Takahashi K. The Impact of the Next-Nearest Neighbor Dispersion Interactions on Spin Crossover Transition Enthalpy Evidenced by Experimental and Computational Analyses of Neutral π-Extended Heteroleptic Fe(III) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12295-12303. [PMID: 32794706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A neutral heteroleptic Fe(III) complex 1 derived from a π-extension of the parent complex 2 was prepared and characterized. Complex 1 exhibited an abrupt spin crossover (SCO) transition exactly at room temperature (TSCO = 298 K). A crystal structure analysis of 1 revealed that the Fe(III) complex molecules formed a three-dimensional π-stacking interaction network. To thermodynamically clarify the mechanism of the SCO transition, the thermodynamic parameters of the SCO transitions for 1 and 2 were deduced from the temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility in the solid and solution states using the regular solution model. A comparison of the SCO enthalpy difference between the solid and molecule for 1 and 2 revealed that the lattice enthalpy difference would largely contribute to the SCO transition enthalpy difference. A computational evaluation of intermolecular interactions and lattice energies before and after the SCO transitions in 1 and 2 disclosed the significant contribution of the next-nearest neighbor dispersion interactions to the lattice enthalpy differences. This finding indicates that not only conventional nearest neighbor intermolecular interactions but also next-nearest neighbor dispersion interactions should be taken into account to understand the fundamental mechanism of a phase transition in molecular solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuhiro Miyawaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Mochida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan.,Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Sakurai
- Research Facility Center for Science and Technology, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohta
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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Miyawaki A, Lee JS, Kobayashi Y. Impact of the school lunch program on overweight and obesity among junior high school students: a nationwide study in Japan. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020; 41:362-370. [PMID: 29873776 PMCID: PMC6636685 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdy095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japan has experienced a low prevalence of childhood obesity. The Japanese nationwide school lunch program is suggested to have helped this phenomenon, but it has not been proven. METHODS From official statistics, we combined annual data for 2006-15 about the prefecture-level school lunch coverage rate for public junior high school students and the prefecture-level nutritional indicators calculated by randomly selected age-sex groups of 13-15-year olds: the percentage of overweight, obese or underweight children, who are 20% heavier, 30% heavier or 20% lighter than the standard weight by sex, age and height; and mean body weight (kg) or height (cm). We estimated the impact of the school lunch coverage rate on the nutritional indicators in subsequent years, adjusting for the lagged dependent variable and dummies for prefecture, age and year. RESULTS A 10 percentage point increase in the prefecture-level school lunch coverage rate significantly decreased the percentage of overweight (0.37%, 95% CI: 0.18-0.56) and obesity (0.23%, 0.10-0.37) in subsequent years among boys, but not among girls. No significant effect on the percentage of underweight or mean body weight/height was observed for either sex. CONCLUSIONS Appropriate nutritional intake through school lunch may be effective to reduce childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J S Lee
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Kobayashi
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Dale S, Bonanno NM, Pelaccia M, Lough AJ, Miyawaki A, Takahashi K, Lemaire MT. Ligand mixed-valence and electrical conductivity in coordination complexes containing a redox-active phenalenol-substituted ligand. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:8053-8056. [PMID: 31116216 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A new redox-active hydrazone ligand bearing a phenalenol group is described (phpl), which produces neutral six-coordinate Fe and Co complexes (1 & 2) with the ligands identified in different oxidation states; an open-shell anion radical and closed-shell dianion. An intense and very low-energy intervalence charge transfer (IVCT) band is identified in solid-state and in solution in the complexes. Single crystals of 1 are semiconducting (at 300 K, σ = 3.05 × 10-4 S cm-1 with Ea = 245 meV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Dale
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Nico M Bonanno
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Mark Pelaccia
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Alan J Lough
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Atsuhiro Miyawaki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Martin T Lemaire
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Mikoshiba K, Furuichi T, Miyawaki A, Yoshikawa S, Maeda N, Niinobe M, Nakade S, Nakagawa T, Okano H, Aruga J. The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Ciba Found Symp 2007; 164:17-29; discussion 29-35. [PMID: 1327678 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514207.ch3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) is a second messenger that releases Ca2+ from its intracellular stores. The InsP3 receptor has been purified and its cDNA has been cloned. We have found that the InsP3 receptor is identical to P400 protein, first identified as a protein enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells. We have generated an L-fibroblast cell transfectant that produces cDNA-derived InsP3 receptors. The protein displays high affinity and specificity for InsP3. InsP3 induces greater Ca2+ release from membrane vesicles from transfected cells than from those from control L-fibroblasts. After incorporation of the purified InsP3 receptor into lipid bilayers InsP3-induced Ca2+ currents were demonstrated. These results suggest that the InsP3 receptor is involved in physiological Ca2+ release. Immunogold labelling using monoclonal antibodies against the receptor showed that it is highly concentrated on the smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and slightly on the outer nuclear membrane and rough endoplasmic reticulum; no labelling of Golgi apparatus, mitochondria and plasmalemma was seen. Cross-linking experiments showed that the receptor forms a homotetramer. The approximately 650 N-terminal amino acids are highly conserved between mouse and Drosophila, and this region contains the critical sequences for InsP3 binding. We have investigated the heterogeneity of the InsP3 receptor using the polymerase chain reaction and have found novel subtypes of the mouse InsP3 receptor that are expressed in a tissue-specific and developmentally specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mikoshiba
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Japan
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6
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Mutoh T, Miyata T, Kashiwagi S, Miyawaki A, Ogawa M. Dynamic behavior of individual cells in developing organotypic brain slices revealed by the photoconvertable protein Kaede. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:430-7. [PMID: 16753144 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in optical imaging methods have facilitated the visualization of events in the developing cortex. In particular, the introduction of DNA encoding fluorescent protein into cells of the embryonic brain allows the visualization of progenitor cells; slice preparations of the cortex then allow the monitoring of the behavior of transfected cells in the context of the living cerebral wall by time-lapse microscopy. Such approaches have provided substantial information about the patterns of neuronal migration. However, as these techniques label large numbers of cells in the ventricular zone (VZ), it is difficult to follow individual cell shape changes or cell behaviors within the VZ, where neuron production and initial migration take place. Here, we report a unique method using the photoconvertable fluorescent protein Kaede, which emits green fluorescence and shifts to emitting red fluorescence upon radiation with UV. Using this method, we were able to follow the behavior of a particular pair of daughter cells among neighboring Kaede-positive cells in the SVZ of mouse brain slices. The spindle shape progenitor divided into two multipolar-shaped daughter cells. The cell-cell borders of daughter cells were clearly visualized, and easily describe the position and distance between two or more cells. The photoconvertable property of Kaede offers a powerful cell marking tool to identify the precise morphology and migratory behaviors of individual cells within living cortical slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mutoh
- Laboratory for Cell Culture Development, Advanced Technology Development Center, Brain Science Institute, Riken Saitama, Japan.
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Jeyaraman J, Kikuchi A, Taka J, Karasawa S, Miyawaki A, Shiro Y. Crystal structure of novel cyan-emitting fluorescent protein from Acroparastony coral. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305088781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Fukumura E, Kikuchi A, Karasawa S, Miyawaki A, Shiro Y. Crystal structure of novel orange-emitting fluorescent protein from stony coral. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305088768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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9
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Kikuchi A, Fukumura E, Karasawa S, Miyawaki A, Shiro Y. Structural basis for cyan-emitting mechanism in a cyan fluorescent protein. Acta Crystallogr A 2005. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767305088732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Miyawaki A, Matheson JM, Sayers LG, Muto A, Michikawa T, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. Expression of green fluorescent protein and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Methods Enzymol 2003; 302:225-33. [PMID: 12876775 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(99)02022-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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11
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Truong K, Sawano A, Mizuno H, Hama H, Tong KI, Mal TK, Miyawaki A, Ikura M. FRET-based in vivo Ca2+ imaging by a new calmodulin-GFP fusion molecule. Nat Struct Biol 2001; 8:1069-73. [PMID: 11702071 DOI: 10.1038/nsb728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ acts as a second messenger that regulates numerous physiological cellular phenomena including development, differentiation and apoptosis. Cameleons, a class of fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) and calmodulin (CaM), have proven to be a useful tool in measuring free Ca2+ concentrations in living cells. Traditional cameleons, however, have a small dynamic range of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), making subtle changes in Ca2+ concentrations difficult to detect and study in some cells and organelles. Using the NMR structure of CaM bound to the CaM binding peptide derived from CaM-dependent kinase kinase (CKKp), we have rationally designed a new cameleon that displays a two-fold increase in the FRET dynamic range within the physiologically significant range of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration of 0.05-1 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Truong
- Division of Molecular and Structural Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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Kurokawa K, Mochizuki N, Ohba Y, Mizuno H, Miyawaki A, Matsuda M. A pair of fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based probes for tyrosine phosphorylation of the CrkII adaptor protein in vivo. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:31305-10. [PMID: 11406630 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m104341200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An adaptor protein, CrkII, which is involved in a variety of signaling cascades such as cell growth, migration, and apoptosis, becomes phosphorylated on Tyr(221) upon stimulation. Here, we report on a fluorescent resonance energy transfer-based sensor, which consists of CrkII sandwiched with cyan- and yellow-emitting variants of green fluorescent protein. This protein enabled us to monitor rapid and transient phosphorylation of CrkII upon epidermal growth factor stimulation in a living cell. However, rapid diffusion of the probes prevented us from specifying where the phosphorylation started within the cell. To overcome this problem, we fused the CAAX box of Ki-Ras to the carboxyl terminus of this probe and restricted its localization mostly to the plasma membrane. With this modified probe, we found that epidermal growth factor-induced phosphorylation of CrkII was initiated at the peripheral plasma membrane, moving toward the center of the cell. Moreover, this CAAX box-fused probe showed improvement in sensitivity and time resolution of the monitoring of CrkII phosphorylation. Thus, this pair of CrkII probes visualizes dynamic changes in the total and local levels of the tyrosine phosphorylation of CrkII in a living cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kurokawa
- Department of Tumor Virology, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Mochizuki N, Yamashita S, Kurokawa K, Ohba Y, Nagai T, Miyawaki A, Matsuda M. Spatio-temporal images of growth-factor-induced activation of Ras and Rap1. Nature 2001; 411:1065-8. [PMID: 11429608 DOI: 10.1038/35082594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
G proteins of the Ras family function as molecular switches in many signalling cascades; however, little is known about where they become activated in living cells. Here we use FRET (fluorescent resonance energy transfer)-based sensors to report on the spatio-temporal images of growth-factor-induced activation of Ras and Rap1. Epidermal growth factor activated Ras at the peripheral plasma membrane and Rap1 at the intracellular perinuclear region of COS-1 cells. In PC12 cells, nerve growth factor-induced activation of Ras was initiated at the plasma membrane and transmitted to the whole cell body. After three hours, high Ras activity was observed at the extending neurites. By using the FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) technique, we found that Ras at the neurites turned over rapidly; therefore, the sustained Ras activity at neurites was due to high GTP/GDP exchange rate and/or low GTPase activity, but not to the retention of the active Ras. These observations may resolve long-standing questions as to how Ras and Rap1 induce different cellular responses and how the signals for differentiation and survival are distinguished by neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mochizuki
- Department of Structural Analysis, National Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-8565, Japan
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Abstract
To visualize Ca(2+)-dependent protein-protein interactions in living cells by fluorescence readouts, we used a circularly permuted green fluorescent protein (cpGFP), in which the amino and carboxyl portions had been interchanged and reconnected by a short spacer between the original termini. The cpGFP was fused to calmodulin and its target peptide, M13. The chimeric protein, which we have named "pericam," was fluorescent and its spectral properties changed reversibly with the amount of Ca(2+), probably because of the interaction between calmodulin and M13 leading to an alteration of the environment surrounding the chromophore. Three types of pericam were obtained by mutating several amino acids adjacent to the chromophore. Of these, "flash-pericam" became brighter with Ca(2+), whereas "inverse-pericam" dimmed. On the other hand, "ratiometric-pericam" had an excitation wavelength changing in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. All of the pericams expressed in HeLa cells were able to monitor free Ca(2+) dynamics, such as Ca(2+) oscillations in the cytosol and the nucleus. Ca(2+) imaging using high-speed confocal line-scanning microscopy and a flash-pericam allowed to detect the free propagation of Ca(2+) ions across the nuclear envelope. Then, free Ca(2+) concentrations in the nucleus and mitochondria were simultaneously measured by using ratiometric-pericams having appropriate localization signals, revealing that extra-mitochondrial Ca(2+) transients caused rapid changes in the concentration of mitochondrial Ca(2+). Finally, a "split-pericam" was made by deleting the linker in the flash-pericam. The Ca(2+)-dependent interaction between calmodulin and M13 in HeLa cells was monitored by the association of the two halves of GFP, neither of which was fluorescent by itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nagai
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Center, Brain Science Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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15
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Miyawaki A, Tsien RY. Monitoring protein conformations and interactions by fluorescence resonance energy transfer between mutants of green fluorescent protein. Methods Enzymol 2001; 327:472-500. [PMID: 11045004 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)27297-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Brain Research Institute, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan
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16
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Mizuno H, Sawano A, Eli P, Hama H, Miyawaki A. Red fluorescent protein from Discosoma as a fusion tag and a partner for fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Biochemistry 2001; 40:2502-10. [PMID: 11327872 DOI: 10.1021/bi002263b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The biochemical and biophysical properties of a red fluorescent protein from a Discosoma species (DsRed) were investigated. The recombinant DsRed expressed in E. coli showed a complex absorption spectrum that peaked at 277, 335, 487, 530, and 558 nm. Excitation at each of the absorption peaks produced a main emission peak at 583 nm, whereas a subsidiary emission peak at 500 nm appeared with excitation only at 277 or 487 nm. Incubation of E. coli or the protein at 37 degrees C facilitated the maturation of DsRed, resulting in the loss of the 500-nm peak and the enhancement of the 583-nm peak. In contrast, the 500-nm peak predominated in a mutant DsRed containing two amino acid substitutions (Y120H/K168R). Light-scattering analysis revealed that DsRed proteins expressed in E. coli and HeLa cells form a stable tetramer complex. DsRed in HeLa cells grown at 37 degrees C emitted predominantly at 583 nm. The red fluorescence was imaged using a two-photon laser (Nd:YLF, 1047 nm) as well as a one-photon laser (He:Ne, 543.5 nm). When fused to calmodulin, the red fluorescence produced an aggregation pattern only in the cytosol, which does not reflect the distribution of calmodulin. Despite the above spectral and structural complexity, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between Aequorea green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants and DsRed was achieved. Dynamic changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations were observed with red cameleons containing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), cyan fluorescent protein (CFP), or Sapphire as the donor and RFP as the acceptor, using conventional microscopy and one- or two-photon excitation laser scanning microscopy. Particularly, the use of the Sapphire-DsRed pair rendered the red cameleon tolerant of acidosis occurring in hippocampal neurons, because both Sapphire and DsRed are extremely pH-resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mizuno
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Center, Brain Science Institute, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Science (RIKEN), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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17
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Sawano A, Miyawaki A. Directed evolution of green fluorescent protein by a new versatile PCR strategy for site-directed and semi-random mutagenesis. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:E78. [PMID: 10931937 PMCID: PMC108465 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.16.e78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2000] [Revised: 07/03/2000] [Accepted: 07/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To develop a simple, speedy, economical and widely applicable method for multiple-site mutagenesis, we have substantially modified the Quik-Change Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit protocol (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Our new protocol consists of (i) a PCR reaction using an in vitro technique, LDA (ligation-during-amplification), (ii) a DPN:I treatment to digest parental DNA and to make megaprimers and (iii) a synthesis of double-stranded plasmid DNA for bacterial transformation. While the Quik Change Kit protocol introduces mutations at a single site, requiring two complementary mutagenic oligonucleotides, our new protocol requires only one mutagenic oligonucleotide for a mutation site, and can introduce mutations in a plasmid at multiple sites simultaneously. A targeting efficiency >70% was consistently achieved for multiple-site mutagenesis. Furthermore, the new protocol allows random mutagenesis with degenerative primers, because it does not use two complementary primers. Our mutagenesis strategy was successfully used to alter the fluorescence properties of green fluorescent protein (GFP), creating a new-color GFP mutant, cyan-green fluorescent protein (CGFP). An eminent feature of CGFP is its remarkable stability in a wide pH range (pH 4-12). The use of CGFP would allow us to monitor protein localization quantitatively in acidic organelles in secretory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sawano
- Laboratory for Cell Function and Dynamics, Advanced Technology Development Center, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-city, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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18
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Matsushita F, Miyawaki A, Mikoshiba K. Vomeroglandin/CRP-Ductin is strongly expressed in the glands associated with the mouse vomeronasal organ: identification and characterization of mouse vomeroglandin. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 268:275-81. [PMID: 10679193 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vomeroglandin, a subform of mouse CRP-ductin, is a protein strongly expressed in the glands of mouse vomeronasal system. Both the proteins contain several of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich and CUB domains and one ZP domain. This domain arrangement is similar to those of rat Ebnerin, human DMBT1, and rabbit hensin. In situ hybridization analysis shows strong expression of vomeroglandin mRNA in the glands of vomeronasal system. Immunological analyses detect both membrane-bound and secreted forms of vomeroglandin. The secreted protein seems to be localized in the lumen of the vomeronasal organ, playing a certain role in the pheromone perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Matsushita
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-0071, Japan.
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19
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Fan GY, Fujisaki H, Miyawaki A, Tsay RK, Tsien RY, Ellisman MH. Video-rate scanning two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy and ratio imaging with cameleons. Biophys J 1999; 76:2412-20. [PMID: 10233058 PMCID: PMC1300213 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A video-rate (30 frames/s) scanning two-photon excitation microscope has been successfully tested. The microscope, based on a Nikon RCM 8000, incorporates a femtosecond pulsed laser with wavelength tunable from 690 to 1050 nm, prechirper optics for laser pulse-width compression, resonant galvanometer for video-rate point scanning, and a pair of nonconfocal detectors for fast emission ratioing. An increase in fluorescent emission of 1.75-fold is consistently obtained with the use of the prechirper optics. The nonconfocal detectors provide another 2.25-fold increase in detection efficiency. Ratio imaging and optical sectioning can therefore be performed more efficiently without confocal optics. Faster frame rates, at 60, 120, and 240 frames/s, can be achieved with proportionally reduced scan lines per frame. Useful two-photon images can be acquired at video rate with a laser power as low as 2.7 mW at specimen with the genetically modified green fluorescent proteins. Preliminary results obtained using this system confirm that the yellow "cameleons" exhibit similar optical properties as under one-photon excitation conditions. Dynamic two-photon images of cardiac myocytes and ratio images of yellow cameleon-2.1, -3.1, and -3.1nu are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Y Fan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, San Diego, California 92093, USA.
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20
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Miyawaki A, Griesbeck O, Heim R, Tsien RY. Dynamic and quantitative Ca2+ measurements using improved cameleons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:2135-40. [PMID: 10051607 PMCID: PMC26749 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.5.2135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/1998] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cameleons are genetically-encoded fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent protein variants and calmodulin (CaM). Because cameleons can be targeted genetically and imaged by one- or two-photon excitation microscopy, they offer great promise for monitoring Ca2+ in whole organisms, tissues, organelles, and submicroscopic environments in which measurements were previously impossible. However, the original cameleons suffered from significant pH interference, and their Ca2+-buffering and cross-reactivity with endogenous CaM signaling pathways was uncharacterized. We have now greatly reduced the pH-sensitivity of the cameleons by introducing mutations V68L and Q69K into the acceptor yellow green fluorescent protein. The resulting new cameleons permit Ca2+ measurements despite significant cytosolic acidification. When Ca2+ is elevated, the CaM and CaM-binding peptide fused together in a cameleon predominantly interact with each other rather than with free CaM and CaM-dependent enzymes. Therefore, if cameleons are overexpressed, the primary effect is likely to be the unavoidable increase in Ca2+ buffering rather than specific perturbation of CaM-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
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21
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Tamura H, Miyawaki A, Yoneshima H, Mikoshiba K, Matsui M. Molecular cloning, expression and characterization of a phenol sulfotransferase cDNA from mouse intestine. Biol Pharm Bull 1999; 22:234-9. [PMID: 10220276 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.22.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sulfotransferase (ST) cDNA was isolated from a mouse intestinal cDNA library using a probe which was generated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR based on the conserved amino acid sequences of the ST molecules. The isolated cDNA (1.1 kb) contained an 858 bp open reading frame encoding a 286 amino acid polypeptide with molecular weight of 33439. The deduced amino acid sequence shares 55.1% and 40.2% identity with mouse liver aryl/phenol (mSTp1) and alcohol (mSTa1 or mSTa2) STs, respectively, and it is highly similar to those of rat and human liver phenol ST (P-ST) isozymes, ST1B1 (87.8%) and ST1B2 (71.0%), respectively. RT-PCR analyses showed abundant expression of the P-ST mRNA in the intestine as well as in the liver in the mouse tissues examined (brain, heart, intestine, kidney, liver and lung) of both sexes. E. coli-expressed enzyme is capable of catalyzing the sulfation of 2-naphthol at Km = 3.3 microM and Vmax = 3.33 nmol/min/mg protein and also showed sulfation activity for L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and dopamine. Among food constituents tested, tannic acid and epigallocatechin gallate strongly inhibited the P-ST activity in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tamura
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Miyawaki A. [A revolution in Ca2+ imaging]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 1998; 43:1931-8. [PMID: 9788205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093, USA
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Tsien
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA.
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24
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Llopis J, McCaffery JM, Miyawaki A, Farquhar MG, Tsien RY. Measurement of cytosolic, mitochondrial, and Golgi pH in single living cells with green fluorescent proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6803-8. [PMID: 9618493 PMCID: PMC22642 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 847] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cellular events depend on a tightly compartmentalized distribution of H+ ions across membrane-bound organelles. However, measurements of organelle pH in living cells have been scarce. Several mutants of the Aequorea victoria green fluorescent protein (GFP) displayed a pH-dependent absorbance and fluorescent emission, with apparent pKa values ranging from 6.15 (mutations F64L/S65T/H231L) and 6.4 (K26R/F64L/S65T/Y66W/N146I/M153T/ V163A/N164H/H231L) to a remarkable 7.1 (S65G/S72A/T203Y/H231L). We have targeted these GFPs to the cytosol plus nucleus, the medial/trans-Golgi by fusion with galactosyltransferase, and the mitochondrial matrix by using the targeting signal from subunit IV of cytochrome c oxidase. Cells in culture transfected with these cDNAs displayed the expected subcellular localization by light and electron microscopy and reported local pH that was calibrated in situ with ionophores. We monitored cytosolic and nuclear pH of HeLa cells, and mitochondrial matrix pH in HeLa cells and in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. The pH of the medial/trans-Golgi was measured at steady-state (calibrated to be 6.58 in HeLa cells) and after various manipulations. These demonstrated that the Golgi membrane in intact cells is relatively permeable to H+, and that Cl- serves as a counter-ion for H+ transport and likely helps to maintain electroneutrality. The amenability to engineer GFPs to specific subcellular locations or tissue targets using gene fusion and transfer techniques should allow us to examine pH at sites previously inaccessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Llopis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0647, USA
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25
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Mathias RS, Mikoshiba K, Michikawa T, Miyawaki A, Ives HE. IP3 receptor blockade fails to prevent intracellular Ca2+ release by ET-1 and alpha-thrombin. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:C1456-65. [PMID: 9696687 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.6.c1456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor blockade on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), endothelin-1 (ET-1), or alpha-thrombin receptor-mediated intracellular Ca2+ (Ca2+i) release was examined using fura 2 microspectrofluorometry in single Chinese hamster ovary cells and myoblasts. Blockade of the IP3 receptor was achieved by microinjection of heparin or monoclonal antibody (MAb) 18A10 into the IP3 type 1 receptor. Heparin completely inhibited Ca2+i release after flash photolysis with caged IP3 and after exposure to PDGF and FGF. In contrast, heparin failed to block Ca2+i release after alpha-thrombin and ET-1. After application of ligand, IP3 levels were five- to sevenfold higher for alpha-thrombin than for ET-1 or PDGF. IP3 levels after PDGF and ET-1 were comparable. Similar to heparin, MAb 18A10 blocked Ca2+i release after PDGF but failed to block Ca2+i release after ET-1 or alpha-thrombin. These data suggest that the mechanisms of Ca2+i release by tyrosine kinase and certain 7-transmembrane receptors may differ. Although both receptor types use the IP3-signaling system, the ET-1 and alpha-thrombin receptors may have a second, alternative mechanism for activating CA2+i release.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Mathias
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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26
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Tamura HO, Harada Y, Miyawaki A, Mikoshiba K, Matsui M. Molecular cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding an olfactory-specific mouse phenol sulphotransferase. Biochem J 1998; 331 ( Pt 3):953-8. [PMID: 9560327 PMCID: PMC1219440 DOI: 10.1042/bj3310953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated the presence of phenol sulphotransferase (P-ST) in mouse nasal cytosols and identified its zonal location in mouse nasal cavity by staining with an antiserum raised against a rat liver P-ST isoenzyme, PSTg. In the present study a cDNA was isolated from a mouse olfactory cDNA library by immunological screening with the antiserum. The isolated cDNA consisted of 1347 bp with a 912 bp open reading frame encoding a 304-residue polypeptide. Both the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNA were 94% identical with those of a rat liver P-ST isoenzyme, ST1C1. The expressed enzyme in Escherichia coli displayed high P-ST activity towards phenolic odorants such as eugenol and guaiacol, and it showed a high N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene sulphation activity in comparison with the rat ST1C1 enzyme. These results indicate that the olfactory P-ST encoded by the cDNA is a mouse orthologue of rat ST1C1; however, expression of the olfactory P-ST mRNA is specific for nasal tissues as revealed by reverse transcriptase-mediated PCR (RT-PCR).
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Tamura
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, 1-5-30, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105, Japan
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27
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Yamamoto-Hino M, Miyawaki A, Segawa A, Adachi E, Yamashina S, Fujimoto T, Sugiyama T, Furuichi T, Hasegawa M, Mikoshiba K. Apical vesicles bearing inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in the Ca2+ initiation site of ductal epithelium of submandibular gland. J Cell Biol 1998; 141:135-42. [PMID: 9531553 PMCID: PMC2132724 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.141.1.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In polarized epithelial cells, agonists trigger Ca2+ waves and oscillations. These patterns may be caused by the compartmentalization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive Ca2+ pools into specific regions. We have investigated the relationship between the distribution of IP3 receptors (IP3Rs) and the spatiotemporal pattern of Ca2+ signaling in the duct cells of the rat submandibular gland (SMG). Using immunofluorescence, although labeling was somewhat heterogeneous, the IP3Rs were colocalized to the apical pole of the duct cells. Immunoelectron microscopy identified small apical vesicles bearing IP3R2 in some types of duct cells. Real-time confocal imaging of intact ducts demonstrated that, after carbachol stimulation, an initial Ca2+ spike occurred in the apical region. Subsequently, repetitive Ca2+ spikes spread from the apical to the middle cytoplasm. These apical Ca2+ initiation sites were found only in some "pioneer cells," rather than in all duct cells. We performed both Ca2+ imaging and immunofluorescence on the same ducts and detected the strongest immunosignals of IP3R2 in the Ca2+ initiation sites of the pioneer cells. The subcellular localization and expression level of IP3Rs correlated strongly with the spatiotemporal nature of the intracellular Ca2+ signal and distinct Ca2+ responses among the rat SMG duct cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/analysis
- Calcium Channels/biosynthesis
- Calcium Channels/physiology
- Carbachol/pharmacology
- Cell Membrane/drug effects
- Cell Membrane/physiology
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cell Polarity
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/physiology
- Epithelial Cells/ultrastructure
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Kinetics
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Microscopy, Video
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Signal Transduction
- Submandibular Gland/cytology
- Submandibular Gland/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto-Hino
- Developmental Neurobiology Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako-City, Saitama 351, Japan
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28
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Abstract
Rat hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (HS-SULT) cDNAs, ST-40 and ST-20 are 90% identical in amino acid sequences and show different substrate specificities toward dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androsterone (AD) and cortisol (CS). ST-40 enzyme is active toward the three substrates, whereas ST-20 enzyme is preferentially active for CS. First we prepared mutants of well conserved histidine, lysine and asparagine by site-directed mutagenesis. Secondly we constructed 20 chimeric HS-SULTs by reciprocal exchange of five protein domains between ST-20 and ST-40 enzymes. The studies on the expressed mutant and chimeric enzymes indicate the importance of the C-terminal region for the substrate specificity and the involvement of multiple regions for the enzyme activities. Next we determined the genetic loci of ST-40 and ST-20 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Biotinylated ST-20 and ST-40 probes gave a pair of fluorescent spots on the same region of rat chromosome 1 and the loci of these genes were localized to the same chromosomal region of 1q21.3 --> q22.1. Finally we studied mouse olfactory phenol SULT (P-SULT). It was immunolocalized in the cytoplasm of mouse olfactory sustentacular cells and mouse nasal cytosols show high SULT activities toward phenolic aromatic odorants. We subsequently isolated a mouse P-SULT cDNA from mouse olfactory cDNA library. It encodes 304 amino acid polypeptide and is 94% identical with rat ST1C1 in amino acid sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsui
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Monkawa T, Hayashi M, Miyawaki A, Sugiyama T, Yamamoto-Hino M, Hasegawa M, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K, Saruta T. Localization of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in the rat kidney. Kidney Int 1998; 53:296-301. [PMID: 9461089 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs) serve as intracellular calcium release channels involved in signal transduction of various hormones in the kidney. Molecular cloning studies have shown that there are three types of IP3R, designated type 1, type 2, and type 3. To characterize their localizations in the rat kidney, we employed immunohistochemical studies using type-specific monoclonal antibodies that were raised against the 15 C-terminal amino acids of each type of IP3R. Type 1 was detected in glomerular mesangial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. Type 2 was expressed exclusively in intercalated cells of collecting ducts from the cortex to the inner medulla. Type 3 was expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, glomerular mesangial cells, and some cells of cortical collecting ducts, probably principal cells. As to the subcellular distribution, type 1 and type 2 showed a homogenous distribution in the cytoplasm, whereas type 3 was present mainly in the basolateral portion of the cytoplasm. These results indicate that IP3R isoforms were expressed in a cell-specific manner. The heterogeneous subcellular localizations among the IP3R types suggests compartmentalization of distinct IP3-sensitive Ca2+ pools.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Calcium Channels/analysis
- Calcium Channels/immunology
- Glomerular Mesangium/blood supply
- Glomerular Mesangium/chemistry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/analysis
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate/immunology
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Kidney Cortex/blood supply
- Kidney Cortex/chemistry
- Kidney Tubules, Collecting/chemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/chemistry
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- T Monkawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Morikawa K, Ohbayashi T, Nakagawa M, Konishi Y, Makino Y, Yamada M, Miyawaki A, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K, Tamura T. Transcription initiation sites and promoter structure of the mouse type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor gene. Gene 1997; 196:181-5. [PMID: 9322756 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(97)00224-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcription initiation sites and the promoter sequence of the ubiquitously expressed mouse type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R2) gene were determined. In contrast to the nervous system-enriched IP3R1, the IP3R2 gene had multiple (seven major) transcription initiation sites located 334 to 269 bp upstream from the first ATG codon. Transient luciferase assay revealed promoter activity of the IP3R2 sequence upstream from the transcription initiation sites. The IP3R2 promoter was GC-rich and had no conventional TATA box, but had a GC box in the proximal promoter. Multiple transcription start sites were flanked by CpG islands, and various cis elements were located in the promoter. These structural features are considered to be responsible for a profile of IP3R2 gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Morikawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Japan
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31
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Miyawaki A, Llopis J, Heim R, McCaffery JM, Adams JA, Ikura M, Tsien RY. Fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ based on green fluorescent proteins and calmodulin. Nature 1997; 388:882-7. [PMID: 9278050 DOI: 10.1038/42264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2210] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Important Ca2+ signals in the cytosol and organelles are often extremely localized and hard to measure. To overcome this problem we have constructed new fluorescent indicators for Ca2+ that are genetically encoded without cofactors and are targetable to specific intracellular locations. We have dubbed these fluorescent indicators 'cameleons'. They consist of tandem fusions of a blue- or cyan-emitting mutant of the green fluorescent protein (GFP), calmodulin, the calmodulin-binding peptide M13, and an enhanced green- or yellow-emitting GFP. Binding of Ca2+ makes calmodulin wrap around the M13 domain, increasing the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the flanking GFPs. Calmodulin mutations can tune the Ca2+ affinities to measure free Ca2+ concentrations in the range 10(-8) to 10(-2) M. We have visualized free Ca2+ dynamics in the cytosol, nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum of single HeLa cells transfected with complementary DNAs encoding chimaeras bearing appropriate localization signals. Ca2+ concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum of individual cells ranged from 60 to 400 microM at rest, and 1 to 50 microM after Ca2+ mobilization. FRET is also an indicator of the reversible intermolecular association of cyan-GFP-labelled calmodulin with yellow-GFP-labelled M13. Thus FRET between GFP mutants can monitor localized Ca2+ signals and protein heterodimerization in individual live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0647, USA
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32
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Konishi Y, Kobayashi Y, Kishimoto T, Makino Y, Miyawaki A, Furuichi T, Okano H, Mikoshiba K, Tamura T. Demonstration of an E-box and its CNS-related binding factors for transcriptional regulation of the mouse type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor gene. J Neurochem 1997; 69:476-84. [PMID: 9231705 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1997.69020476.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) is expressed abundantly in the CNS, such as in cerebellar Purkinje cells and the hippocampus. We established a tissue-specific cell-free transcription system and studied regulatory properties of the 5' upstream region of the IP3R1 gene by use of this system. Deletion analyses of the promoter revealed several cis elements that function significantly in brain nuclear extracts. Among those elements, sequences from -398 to -295 showed the most predominant cerebellum-specific positive function. Footprint analyses demonstrated a factor-binding region from -334 to -318, termed box-I, that contained an E-box consensus sequence. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed CNS-related basic helix-loop-helix proteins for the box-I. Mutational studies using the function assay and competitive electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated a good correlation between the box-I-binding factors and the activated transcription. Box-I-binding factors were present abundantly in adult mouse CNS, whereas their existence was restricted in embryonic and nonneural tissues. Transient chloramphenicol acetyltransferase assay for the IP3R1 promoter revealed the requirement of box-I in Neuro2a neuroblastoma cells. In the postnatal CNS, multiple basic helix-loop-helix factors are expressed abundantly, some of which are suggested to activate IP3R1 gene expression in the mammalian CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Konishi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiba University, Inage-ku, Japan
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33
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Tamura H, Miyawaki A, Inoh N, Harada Y, Mikoshiba K, Matsui M. High sulfotransferase activity for phenolic aromatic odorants present in the mouse olfactory organ. Chem Biol Interact 1997; 104:1-9. [PMID: 9158691 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(97)03762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mouse nasal cytosols show high sulfotransferase (ST) activities toward phenolic aromatic odorants, but have little activities for most alcoholic aromatic odorants. Most ST activities toward the phenolic odorants preferred slightly acidic pH (6.4) and were sensitive to 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol, a specific inhibitor for phenol ST (P-ST) but were not inhibited by triethylamine and tetra-n-butylammonium chloride, which are specific inhibitors for hydroxysteroid ST (HS-ST). These results suggested that P-ST activities are responsible for sulfation of the phenolic odorants. The spectra of the ST activities for these odorants were similar in mouse nasal and liver cytosols, however, nasal cytosols showed much higher ST activity toward cinnamyl alcohol than liver cytosols. This activity preferred higher pH (7.4) compared to the phenolic odorant-ST activities and was inhibited by both types of inhibitors, specific for P-ST and HS-ST. These results appear to indicate the participation of multiple ST isoforms for the sulfation of odorants in mouse nasal cytosols. The existence of P-ST(s) active for the phenolic odorants in olfactory cytosols suggests a role in odorant perception, in particular, in the signal termination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tamura
- Kyoritsu College of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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34
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Sayers LG, Miyawaki A, Muto A, Takeshita H, Yamamoto A, Michikawa T, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. Intracellular targeting and homotetramer formation of a truncated inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-green fluorescent protein chimera in Xenopus laevis oocytes: evidence for the involvement of the transmembrane spanning domain in endoplasmic reticulum targeting and homotetramer complex formation. Biochem J 1997; 323 ( Pt 1):273-80. [PMID: 9173893 PMCID: PMC1218306 DOI: 10.1042/bj3230273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In an attempt to define structural regions of the type I inositol 1, 4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] receptor [Ins(1,4,5)P3R] involved in its intracellular targeting to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we have employed the use of green fluorescent protein (GFP) to monitor the localization of a truncated Ins(1,4,5)P3R mutant containing just the putative transmembrane spanning domain and the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain [amino acids 2216-2749; termed inositol trisphosphate receptor(ES)]. We expressed a chimeric GFP-Ins(1,4, 5)P3R(ES) fusion protein in Xenopus laevis oocytes, and used fluorescence confocal microscopy to monitor its intracellular localization. Fluorescence confocal microscopy data showed an intense fluorescence in the perinuclear region and in a reticular-network under the animal pole of the oocyte, consistent with the targeting of expressed GFP-Ins(1,4,5)P3R(ES) to perinuclear ER and ER under the animal pole. These findings are consistent with the intracellular localization of the endogenous Xenopus Ins(1,4, 5)P3R shown previously. Furthermore, electron microscopy data indicate that expressed GFP-Ins(1,4,5)P3R(ES) is in fact targeted to the ER. Sodium carbonate extraction of microsomal membranes and cross-linking experiments indicate that the expressed chimeric protein is in fact membrane anchored and able to form a homotetrameric complex. Our data provides evidence that Ins(1,4, 5)P3R(ES) constitutes the membrane spanning domain of the Ins(1,4, 5)P3R and is able to mediate homotetramer formation, without the need for the large N-terminal cytoplasmic domain. Furthermore, the localization of GFP-Ins(1,4,5)P3R(ES) on the ER indicates that an ER retention/targeting signal is contained within the transmembrane spanning domain of the inositol trisphosphate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Sayers
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shiroganedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108
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Yoneshima H, Miyawaki A, Michikawa T, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. Ca2+ differentially regulates the ligand-affinity states of type 1 and type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors. Biochem J 1997; 322 ( Pt 2):591-6. [PMID: 9065781 PMCID: PMC1218230 DOI: 10.1042/bj3220591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the functional difference between type 1 and type 3 Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptors [Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 and Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 respectively] we studied the effect of Ca2+ on the ligand-binding properties of both Ins(1,4,5)P3R types. We expressed full-length human Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 and Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 from cDNA species in insect ovary Sf9 cells, and the membrane fractions were used for Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding assays. The binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 and Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 was differentially regulated by Ca2+. With increasing concentrations of free Ca2+ ([Ca2+]), Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to Ins(1,4,5)P2R1 decreased, whereas that to Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 increased. Alteration of Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 was observed at [Ca2+] ranging from less than 1 nM to more than 10 microM. The EC50 of Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding was 100 nM Ca2+ for Ins(1,4,5)P3R1. In contrast, Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 was changed at high [Ca2+] with an EC50 value of 872 nM, and steeply between 100 nM and 10 microM. These Ca2+-dependent alterations of Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to both Ins(1,4,5)P3R types were reversible. Scatchard analyses revealed that Ca2+ changed the affinity of both Ins(1,4,5)P3R types but not the total number of Ins(1,4,5)P3-binding sites. The Kd values of Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 for Ins(1,4,5)P3 were 78.5 nM with 3 nM free Ca2+, and 312 nM with 1.4 microM free Ca2+. In contrast, Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 exhibited an affinity for Ins(1,4,5)P3 with Kd values of 116 nM with 3 nM free Ca2+, and 62.2 nM with 1.4 microM free Ca2+. These results indicate that (1) both Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 and Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 have at least two affinity states, (2) Ca2+ regulates interconversions between these states, and (3) Ca2+ regulates the binding of Ins(1,4,5)P3 to Ins(1,4,5)P3R1 and Ins(1,4,5)P3R3 in opposite manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoneshima
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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36
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el-Daher SS, Eigenthaler M, Walter U, Furuichi T, Miyawaki A, Mikoshiba K, Kakkar VV, Authi KS. Distribution and activation of cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases in highly purified human platelet plasma and intracellular membranes. Thromb Haemost 1996; 76:1063-71. [PMID: 8972032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously cAMP- and cGMP-dependent protein kinases (cAMP-PK, cGMP-PK) have been found predominantly associated with the particulate fraction in human platelets. We now report the distribution and activation of cAMP-PK and cGMP-PK in highly purified fractions of human platelet plasma (PM) and intracellular membranes (IM) prepared using high voltage free flow electrophoresis. Two non-hydrolysable analogues of cAMP and cGMP namely Sp-5,6-DCI-cBiMPS and 8-p-CPT-cGMP have been used to activate cAMP-PK and cGMP-PK respectively. Addition of either agonist with [gamma 32P]ATP stimulated the endogenous activity of cAMP-PK or cGMP-PK in PM but not in IM. With PM Sp-5,6-DCI-cBiMPS stimulated the phosphorylation of protein substrates of Mr 16, 22, 24, 46-50, 66, 90, 160 and 250 kDa. A specific peptide inhibitor of cAMP-PK inhibited the phosphorylation of all of the substrates by Sp-5,6-DCI-cBiMPS. 8-pCPT-cGMP also induced the phosphorylation of a number of substrates particularly 16, 22, 46-50, 90 and 250 kDa proteins. Inclusion of the cAMP-PK inhibitor peptide totally blocked the phosphorylation of the 16 and 22 kDa proteins, partially inhibited phosphorylation of 46-50 and 90 kDa proteins and had no effect on the 250 kDa protein indicating the 46-50, 90 and 250 kDa proteins were also cGMP-PK substrates. Western blotting with antibodies to cGMP-PK and the catalytic subunit of cAMP-PK revealed the presence of the kinases to be exclusively associated with PM with no detection in IM. The presence of cAMP-PK substrates in IM was investigated by exogenous addition of catalytic subunit of cAMP-PK. Phosphoproteins of Mr 16, 22, 27, 30, 45, 75, 116 and 250 kDa were detected. A range of antibodies to cAMP-PK substrates were used to identify and localise the substrates. These antibodies revealed GPIb and VASP to be exclusively associated with PM fractions. Rap IB was also predominantly associated with PM with a small level detected in IM. Antibodies to the IP3 receptor (18A 10 and 4C11) revealed the protein to be predominantly associated with IM. Additionally the antibody 4C11 recognised a 230 kDa protein band in PM that was not seen in IM. From the known specificity of these antibodies the results confirm the presence of a type 1 IP3 receptor in IM and a distinct (possible type III) IP3 receptor with the PM. The 16, 22, 27, 30, 75 and 116 kDa proteins in IM represent newly detected substrates for cAMP-PK of presently unknown identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S el-Daher
- Platelet Section, Thrombosis Research Institute, London, UK
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Mackrill JJ, Wilcox RA, Miyawaki A, Mikoshiba K, Nahorski SR, Challiss RA. Stable overexpression of the type-1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in L fibroblasts: subcellular distribution and functional consequences. Biochem J 1996; 318 ( Pt 3):871-8. [PMID: 8836131 PMCID: PMC1217698 DOI: 10.1042/bj3180871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
InsP3 receptor (InsP3R)/Ca(2+)-release channels differ markedly in abundance in different tissues/cell types and InsP3R expression levels may be modulated in response to a variety of external cues. Cell lines overexpressing InsP3Rs will provide useful models for the study of the influence of receptor density and subtype on InsP3-mediated Ca2+ signalling. We have investigated the properties of InsP3Rs in mouse L fibroblast cell lines transfected with either type-1 InsP3R cDNA (L15) or vector control (Lvec). L15 cells express approximately eightfold higher levels of the type-1 InsP3R protein than Lvec cells, as assessed by radioligand binding and immunoblotting. Increased expression was stable since it did not alter over ten cell passages. Both L15 and Lvec cells express predominantly the type-1 InsP3R isoform, indicating that functional differences in the InsP3-mediated Ca2+ signalling in these cell lines are due to alteration in the levels of receptor rather than changes in the isoform expressed. Type-1 InsP3R in L15 cells is largely associated with subcellular membrane fractions bearing the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase pump, appropriate for rapidly exchanging Ca2+ pools. Functionally, there is an approximately fourfold increase in the sensitivity of permeabilized L15-cell Ca2+ mobilization in response to increasing concentrations of Ins(1,4,5)P3. This study indicates that L15/ Lvec cells provide a suitable model for studying the effects of InsP3R expression level on InsP3-induced Ca2+ mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Mackrill
- Department of Cell Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Leicester, U.K
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Furutama D, Shimoda K, Yoshikawa S, Miyawaki A, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. Functional expression of the type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor promoter-lacZ fusion genes in transgenic mice. J Neurochem 1996; 66:1793-801. [PMID: 8780003 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66051793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3)-gated Ca2+ release channel. Type 1 IP3R (IP3R1) is the neuronal member of the IP3R family in the CNS and is predominantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for coupling gene expression to neuronal InsP3/Ca2+ signaling, we have studied the structure and function of the 5'-flanking region of the mouse IP3R1 gene. The cloned 5'-flanking region has several sequences sharing identity with motifs for known transcriptional regulation. We have fused 5'-flanking regions 1N from -528 to +169 and 4N from -4,187 to +169 to a beta-galactosidase gene (lacZ) as a reporter marker and have characterized their in vivo gene expression. Both 1N and 4N fusion genes functioned as a strong promoter in a neuroblastoma-glioma hybrid cell line NG108-15. Moreover, both 1N and 4N transgenic mouse lines carrying these 1N and 4N fusion genes showed characteristic patterns of beta-galactosidase activity in the CNS that are almost consistent with that of the endogenous IP3R1 protein, thereby suggesting that the 1N region from -528 to +169 contains sequence elements responsible for regulating gene expression in neurons and for specifying predominant expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Furutama
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Miyawaki A, Homma H, Tamura H, Matsui M, Mikoshiba K. Zonal distribution of sulfotransferase for phenol in olfactory sustentacular cells. EMBO J 1996; 15:2050-5. [PMID: 8641270 PMCID: PMC450126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have immunolocalized phenol sulfotransferase (PST)G, an isoform of PST in sustentacular cells which reside in the dorso-medial portion of the nasal cavity of the mouse. The same topographical pattern of gene expression has been reported for some olfactory neuron-specific genes. When several established (phenol-containing) odorants were used as substrates, mouse nasal tissue cytosol showed a significant level of PST activity, as does mouse liver cytosol. This study is the first to demonstrate that gene expression in the olfactory sustentacular cells is also organized zonally, and indicates the involvement of sulfo-conjugation in olfactory perireceptor processes, such as odorant clearance and xenobiotic detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miyawaki
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Matsumoto M, Nakagawa T, Inoue T, Nagata E, Tanaka K, Takano H, Minowa O, Kuno J, Sakakibara S, Yamada M, Yoneshima H, Miyawaki A, Fukuuchi Y, Furuichi T, Okano H, Mikoshiba K, Noda T. Ataxia and epileptic seizures in mice lacking type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Nature 1996; 379:168-71. [PMID: 8538767 DOI: 10.1038/379168a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3) receptor acts as an InsP3-gated Ca2+ release channel in a variety of cell types. Type 1 InsP3 receptor (IP3R1) is the major neuronal member of the IP3R family in the central nervous system, predominantly enriched in cerebellar Purkinje cells but also concentrated in neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region, caudate-putamen, and cerebral cortex. Here we report that most IP3R1-deficient mice generated by gene targeting die in utero, and born animals have severe ataxia and tonic or tonic-clonic seizures and die by the weaning period. An electroencephalogram showed that they suffer from epilepsy, indicating that IP3R1 is essential for proper brain function. However, observation by light microscope of the haematoxylin-eosin staining of the brain and peripheral tissues of IP3R1-deficient mice showed no abnormality, and the unique electrophysiological properties of the cerebellar Purkinje cells of IP3R1-deficient mice were not severely impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Many cellular responses to extracellular stimuli are mediated by the second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (InsP3). InsP3 releases Ca2+ from intracellular stores by binding to an InsP3 receptor (InSP3R), which is an InsP3-gated Ca2+ release channel. The resultant increase in the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration modulates various cellular functions, such as gene expression, metabolism, proliferation, secretion, and neural excitation. In these signaling cascades, InsP3R works as a signal converter from InsP3 to Ca2+. We describe here structural and functional properties and localization of InsP3R, a key molecule in the Ca2+ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Michikawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Hirota J, Michikawa T, Miyawaki A, Furuichi T, Okura I, Mikoshiba K. Kinetics of calcium release by immunoaffinity-purified inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in reconstituted lipid vesicles. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:19046-51. [PMID: 7642567 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.32.19046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release of the immunoaffinity-purified IP3 receptor (IP3R), reconstituted into lipid vesicles, was investigated using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-3. IP3R was purified from mouse cerebellar microsomal fraction by using an immunoaffinity column conjugated with an anti-IP3R type 1 (IP3R1) antibody. The immunoblotting analysis using monoclonal antibodies against each IP3R type showed that the purified IP3R is almost homogeneous, composed of IP3R1. Ca2+ efflux from the proteoliposomes was monitored as fluorescence changes of 10 microM fluo-3, whose concentration was high enough to buffer released Ca2+ and to keep deviations of extravesicular free Ca2+ concentration within 30 nM, excluding the possibility of Ca(2+)-mediated regulation of IP3-induced Ca2+ release. We also examined IP3-induced Ca2+ release using 1 microM fluo-3, where the deviations of free Ca2+ concentration were within 300 nM. At both fluo-3 concentrations, IP3-induced Ca2+ release showed similar kinetic properties, i.e. little Ca2+ regulation of Ca2+ release was observed in this system. IP3-induced Ca2+ release of the purified IP3R exhibited positive cooperativity; the Hill coefficient was 1.8 +/- 0.1. The half-maximal initial rate for Ca2+ release occurred at 100 nM IP3. At the submaximal concentrations of IP3, the purified IP3R showed quantal Ca2+ release, indicating that a single type of IP3R is capable of producing the phenomenon of quantal Ca2+ of release. The profiles of the IP3-induced Ca2+ release of the purified IP3R were found to be biexponential with the fast and slow rate constants (k(fast) = 0.3 approximately 0.7 s-1, k(slow) = 0.03 approximately 0.07 s-1), indicating that IP3R has two states to release CA2+. The amount of released Ca2+ by the slow phase was constant over the range of 10-5000 nM IP3 concentrations, whereas that by the fast phase increased in proportion to added IP3. This provides evidence to support the view that the fast phase of Ca2+ release is mediated by the low affinity state and the slow phase by the high affinity state of the IP3R. This also suggests that the fast component of Ca2+ release is responsible for the process of quantal Ca2+ release.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirota
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Hirota J, Michikawa T, Miyawaki A, Takahashi M, Tanzawa K, Okura I, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. Adenophostin-medicated quantal Ca2+ release in the purified and reconstituted inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1. FEBS Lett 1995; 368:248-52. [PMID: 7628615 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00659-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Kinetics of Ca2+ release by adenophostin, a novel agonist of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, in the purified and reconstituted IP3 receptor type 1 (IP3R1) was investigated using the fluorescent Ca2+ indicator fluo-3. Submaximal concentrations of adenophostin caused quantal Ca2+ release from the purified IP3R1 as IP3 did. Adenophostin-induced Ca2+ release by the purified IP3R1 exhibited a high positive cooperativity (nH = 3.9 +/- 0.2, EC50 = 11 nM), whereas the IP3-induced Ca2+ release exhibited a moderate one (nH = 1.8 +/- 0.1, EC50 = 100 nM). Inhibition of [3H]IP3 binding to the purified IP3R1 by adenophostin exhibited a positive cooperativity (nH = 1.9, Ki = 10 nM), whereas IP3 did not (nH = 1.1, Ki = 41 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hirota
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Monkawa T, Miyawaki A, Sugiyama T, Yoneshima H, Yamamoto-Hino M, Furuichi T, Saruta T, Hasegawa M, Mikoshiba K. Heterotetrameric complex formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor subunits. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:14700-4. [PMID: 7782334 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.24.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) exists as a tetrameric complex to form a functional inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-gated Ca2+ channel. Molecular cloning studies have shown that there are at least three types of IP3R subunits, designated type 1, type 2, and type 3. The levels of expression of IP3R subunits in various cell lines were investigated by Western blot analysis using type-specific antibodies against 15 C-terminal amino acids of each IP3R subunit. We found that all the three types of IP3R subunits were expressed in each cell line examined, but their levels of expression varied. To determine whether IP3Rs form heterotetramers, we employed immunoprecipitation experiments using Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO-K1 cells), in which all three types are abundantly expressed. Each type-specific antibody immunoprecipitated not only the respective cognate type but also the other two types. This result suggests that distinct types of IP3R subunits assemble to form heterotetramers in CHO-K1 cells. We also detected heterotetramers in rat liver, in which IP3R type 1 and type 2 are expressed abundantly. Previous studies have shown some functional differences among IP3R types, suggesting the possibility that various compositions of subunits show distinct channel properties. The diversity of IP3R channels may be further increased by the co-assembly of different IP3R subunits to form homo- or heterotetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Monkawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Yamada M, Miyawaki A, Saito K, Nakajima T, Yamamoto-Hino M, Ryo Y, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. The calmodulin-binding domain in the mouse type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor. Biochem J 1995; 308 ( Pt 1):83-8. [PMID: 7755592 PMCID: PMC1136846 DOI: 10.1042/bj3080083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We determined the amino acid sequence responsible for the calmodulin (CaM)-binding ability of mouse type 1 Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor (IP3R1). We expressed various parts of IP3R1 from deleted cDNA and examined their CaM-binding ability. It was shown that the sequence stretching from Lys-1564 to Arg-1585 is necessary for the binding. The full-length IP3R1 with replacement of Trp-1576 by Ala lost its CaM-binding ability. Antibody against residues 1564-1585 of IP3R1 inhibited cerebellar IP3R1 from binding CaM. The fluorescence spectrum of the peptide that corresponds to residues 1564-1585 shifted when Ca(2+)-CaM was added. From the change in the fluorescence spectrum, we estimated the dissociation constant (KD) between the peptide and CaM to be 0.7 microM. The submicromolar value of KD suggests an actual interaction between CaM and IP3R1 within cells. The CaM-binding ability of other types of IP3Rs was also examined. A part of the type 2IP3R, including the region showing sequence identity with the CaM-binding domain of IP3R1, also bound CaM, while the expressed full-length type 3 IP3R did not.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Japan
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47
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Fujino I, Yamada N, Miyawaki A, Hasegawa M, Furuichi T, Mikoshiba K. Differential expression of type 2 and type 3 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor mRNAs in various mouse tissues: in situ hybridization study. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 280:201-10. [PMID: 7781020 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) is an intracellular Ca2+ release channel responsible for mobilizing stored Ca2+. Three different receptor types have been molecularly cloned, and their genes have been classified into a family. The gene for the type 1 receptor (IP3R1) is predominantly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje neurons, but its gene product is localized widely in a variety of tissues; however, there is little information on what types of cells express the other two receptor types, type 2 and type 3 (IP3R2 and IP3R3, respectively). We studied the expression of the IP3R gene family in various mouse tissues by in situ hybridization histochemistry. Compared with IP3R1, the levels of expression of IP3R2 and IP3R3 mRNAs were low in all of the tissues tested. IP3R2 mRNA was localized in the intralobular duct cells of the submandibular gland, the urinary tubule cells of the kidney, the epithelial cells of epididymal ducts and the follicular granulosa cells of the ovary, while the IP3R3 mRNA was distributed in gastric cells, salivary and pancreatic acinar cells and the epithelium of the small intestine. All of these cells which express either IP3R2 or IP3R3 mRNA are known to have a secretory function in which IP3/Ca2+ signalling has been shown to be involved, and thus either IP3R2 or IP3R3 may be a prerequisite to secretion in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fujino
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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48
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Yamamoto-Hino M, Miyawaki A, Kawano H, Sugiyama T, Furuichi T, Hasegawa M, Mikoshiba K. Immunohistochemical study of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 3 in rat central nervous system. Neuroreport 1995; 6:273-6. [PMID: 7756608 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199501000-00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In the rat central nervous system (CNS), inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) type 3 was immunolocalized with a type 3-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb). The protein was expressed principally in prototype astrocytes, ependymal cells around the ventricle, and Bergmann glial cells in the cerebellum. These cells were stained by antibody against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), indicating the coexistence of GFAP and IP3R type 3. Immunoblot analysis using a brain homogenate detected a 240 kDa protein, verifying that the observed immunoreactivity is from the IP3R type 3 protein. IP3R type 1 and type 2 were not detected immunohistochemically in astrocytes. These results suggest that IP3-induced CA2+ release (IICR) in astroglia is directed by IP3R type 3, whereas IICR in neuronal cells is mediated by IP3R type 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamamoto-Hino
- Tokyo Research Laboratories, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd., Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mikoshiba
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Fujimoto T, Miyawaki A, Mikoshiba K. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-like protein in plasmalemmal caveolae is linked to actin filaments. J Cell Sci 1995; 108 ( Pt 1):7-15. [PMID: 7738118 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that a plasmalemmal inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-like protein (PM InsP3R-L) is localized in caveolae of various non-neuronal cells in vivo (Fujimoto et al. (1992) J. Cell Biol. 119, 1507–1513). In the present study, we investigated the distribution of PM InsP3R-L in cultured cells. In mouse epidermal keratinocytes (Pam 212) cultured in standard Ca2+ (1.8 mM), PM InsP3R-L was distributed densely in the vicinity of cell-to-cell contacts. In contrast, when Pam cells were cultured in low Ca2+ (0.06 mM) without making cell-to-cell contacts, PM InsP3R-L was observed randomly; by restoring the Ca2+ concentration, the circumferential actin filaments became obvious and the density of PM InsP3R-L increased in the contact region. Treatment of Pam cells with cytochalasin D caused aggregation of caveolae where PM InsP3R-L as well as F-actin and fodrin were localized. In bovine aortic endothelial cells, PM InsP3R-L was aligned along actin filaments crossing the cytoplasm in various directions. PM InsP3R-L of Pam cells was hardly extracted by treatment with 0.5% Triton X-100 or 60 mM octyl-glucoside in a cytoskeleton-stabilizing buffer for 15 minutes at 4 degrees C. The results show that the distribution of caveolae bearing PM InsP3R-L changes when the actin cytoskeleton is modified. They also indicate that the association of PM InsP3R-L with actin filaments may mediate the redistribution of caveolae. Since caveolae are thought to be related to signal transduction, their location defined by the actin cytoskeleton may affect the site where cellular reaction is to occur in response to various stimuli.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/analysis
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Channels/analysis
- Calcium Channels/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Cell Membrane/ultrastructure
- Cells, Cultured
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/ultrastructure
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors
- Intercellular Junctions/metabolism
- Intercellular Junctions/ultrastructure
- Keratinocytes
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron
- Microscopy, Immunoelectron
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/analysis
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujimoto
- Department of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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