1
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Adam I, Motyka B, Tao K, Jeyakanthan M, Alegre ML, Cowan PJ, West LJ. Sex, T Cells, and the Microbiome in Natural ABO Antibody Production in Mice. Transplantation 2023; 107:2353-2363. [PMID: 37871273 PMCID: PMC10593149 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND "Natural" ABO antibodies (Abs) are produced without known exposure to A/B carbohydrate antigens, posing significant risks for hyperacute rejection during ABO-incompatible transplantation. We investigated anti-A "natural" ABO antibodies versus intentionally induced Abs with regard to the need for T-cell help, the impact of sex, and stimulation by the microbiome. METHODS Anti-A was measured by hemagglutination assay of sera from untreated C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or T cell-deficient mice of both sexes. Human ABO-A reagent blood cell membranes were injected intraperitoneally to induce anti-A Abs. The gut microbiome was eliminated by maintenance of mice in germ-free housing. RESULTS Compared with WT mice, CD4 + T-cell knockout (KO), major histocompability complex-II KO, and αβ/γδ T-cell receptor KO mice produced much higher levels of anti-A nAbs; females produced dramatically more anti-A nAbs than males, rising substantially with puberty. Sensitization with human ABO-A reagent blood cell membranes did not induce additional anti-A in KO mice, unlike WT. Sex-matched CD4 + T-cell transfer significantly suppressed anti-A nAbs in KO mice and rendered mice responsive to A-sensitization. Even under germ-free conditions, WT mice of several strains produced anti-A nAbs, with significantly higher anti-A nAbs levels in females than males. CONCLUSIONS Anti-A nAbs were produced without T-cell help, without microbiome stimulation, in a sex- and age-dependent manner, suggestive of a role for sex hormones in regulating anti-A nAbs. Although CD4 + T cells were not required for anti-A nAbs, our findings indicate that T cells regulate anti-A nAb production. In contrast to anti-A nAbs, induced anti-A production was T-cell dependent without a sex bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Adam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kesheng Tao
- Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mylvaganam Jeyakanthan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter J. Cowan
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Research Centre, St. Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lori J. West
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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2
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Erickson T, Motyka B, Xu L, Tao K, Pearcey J, Cypel M, Kizhakkedathu J, Rahfeld P, Cowan P, Withers S, West L. Enzymatic Removal of A-Antigen in a Mouse Model of ABO-Incompatible (ABOi) Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
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3
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Gil-Manso S, Miguens Blanco I, Motyka B, Halpin A, López-Esteban R, Pérez-Fernández VA, Carbonell D, López-Fernández LA, West L, Correa-Rocha R, Pion M. ABO blood group is involved in the quality of the specific immune response anti-SARS-CoV-2. Virulence 2022; 13:30-45. [PMID: 34967260 PMCID: PMC9794011 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.2019959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread throughout the world. To eradicate it, it is crucial to acquire a strong and long-lasting anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity, by either natural infection or vaccination. We collected blood samples 12-305 days after positive polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) from 35 recovered individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with SARS-CoV-2-derived peptide pools, such as the spike (S), nucleocapsid (N) and membrane (M) proteins, and we quantified anti-S immunoglobulins in plasma. After 10 months post-infection, we observed a sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T-cell response directed against M-protein, but responses against S- or N-proteins were lost over time. Besides, we demonstrated that O-group individuals presented significantly lower frequencies of specific CD4+ T-cell responses against Pep-M than non O-group individuals. The non O-group subjects also needed longer to clear the virus, and they lost cellular immune responses over time, compared to the O-group individuals, who showed a persistent specific immune response against SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the S-specific immune response was lost over time, and individual factors might determine the sustainability of the body's defenses, which must be considered in the future design of vaccines to achieve continuous anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gil-Manso
- Laboratory of Immune- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iria Miguens Blanco
- Department of Emergency, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anne Halpin
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rocío López-Esteban
- Laboratory of Immune- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Astrid Pérez-Fernández
- Laboratory of Immune- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Carbonell
- Laboratory of Immune- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain,Department of Hematology, Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andrés López-Fernández
- Service of Pharmacy, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Spanish Clinical Research Network (SCReN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Lori West
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Surgery, and Laboratory Medicine & Pathology; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain,CONTACT Rafael Correa-Rocha
| | - Marjorie Pion
- Laboratory of Immune- Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital, Madrid, Spain,Marjorie Pion
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Daskhan GC, Motyka B, Bascom R, Tran HT, Tao K, West LJ, Cairo CW. Extending the in vivo persistence of synthetic glycoconjugates using a serum-protein binder. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:1260-1275. [PMID: 36320887 PMCID: PMC9533409 DOI: 10.1039/d2cb00126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic glycoconjugates are used in the development of vaccines and the design of inhibitors for glycan-protein interactions. The in vivo persistence of synthetic glycoconjugates is an important factor in their efficacy, especially when prolonged interactions with specific cell types may be required. In this study, we applied a strategy for non-covalent association of an active compound with serum proteins for extension of glycoconjugate half-life in serum. The small molecule, AG10, has previously been used to extend the half-life of small molecules through its high affinity for transthyretin (TTR), a serum protein. Using a tetravalent polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based scaffold we developed a synthetic strategy for glycoconjugates that allowed for controlled addition of multiple tags, such as a TTR affinity tag or fluorophore. We designed a version of AG10 modified at the pyrazole core, named GD10, amenable to our conjugation strategy and introduced to glycoconjugates using a tri-functional linker. This approach allowed for attachment of GD10 and fluorophore tags, as well as carbohydrate antigens. We then tested the influence of the GD10 tag on glycoconjugate half-life in vivo using a mouse model. Our results suggest that the combination of the GD10 tag and the PEG scaffold extended the half-life of glycoconjugates by as much as 10-fold when compared to proteins of similar molecular weight. The GD10 tag was able to extend the half-life of similar glycoconjugates by as much as 2-fold. We observed a role for the terminal saccharide residue of the carbohydrate antigen and confirmed that conjugates were able to penetrate multiple compartments in vivo including bone marrow, lymph nodes, and other organs. The introduction of the GD10 tag did not obstruct the ability of conjugates to interact with lectin receptors. We conclude that serum protein binders can be used to extend the persistence of glycoconjugates in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gour Chand Daskhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada +1 780 492 8231 +1 780 492 0377
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Roger Bascom
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Hanh Thuc Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada +1 780 492 8231 +1 780 492 0377
| | - Kesheng Tao
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Transplant Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
- Departments of Surgery, Medical Microbiology & Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Christopher W Cairo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada +1 780 492 8231 +1 780 492 0377
- Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E1 Canada
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5
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Kim TB, Ionescu L, Avdimiretz N, Murdoch F, Larsen IM, Motyka B, West LJ, Urschel S. Alterations in the immune phenotype of thymectomized children and the development of atopic disorders after heart transplantation. Pediatr Transplant 2022; 26:e14252. [PMID: 35187796 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic disorders are more common in children after heart transplant (HTx). We hypothesized that HTx at an early age and thymus excision (TE) affect development of T and B cells, especially regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help maintain tolerance. METHODS In this single-center study including 24 patients transplanted between 2013 and 2018, we investigated lymphocyte patterns in relation to these factors using flow cytometry. Clinical data were collected from standardized questionnaires and medical charts. Patients were stratified into TE and non-TE groups as well as patients with and without post-transplant atopy development/worsening. RESULTS 64% of TE patients experienced new or worsening asthma/eczema post-transplant compared to 20% of non-TE patients. TE patients had higher total Treg proportions (CD4+CD25+CD127lo) than non-TE patients (p = .043), but borderline significantly lower naïve Tregs (CD45RA+CD27-) (p = .057). Memory CD4+ T cells were higher in TE patients in trend (p = .084). Total Tregs did not differ between atopic/nonatopic groups, although naïve Tregs were significantly lower in atopic patients (p = .028). Memory CD4+ T cells were higher in atopic patients in trend (p = .082). IgM+IgD+ B cells were higher in nonatopic patients in trend (p = .064). CONCLUSIONS New/worsening atopy is more common in thymectomized HTx children and is associated with alterations in T-cell profiles. Avoiding TE may prevent these alterations and reduce incidence of atopy post-HTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany B Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lavinia Ionescu
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicholas Avdimiretz
- Department of Pediatric Respirology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Faye Murdoch
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ingrid M Larsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lori J West
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Simon Urschel
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Stollery Children's Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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6
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Bentall A, Jeyakanthan M, Braitch M, Cairo CW, Lowary TL, Maier S, Halpin A, Motyka B, Zou L, West LJ, Ball S. Characterization of ABH-subtype donor-specific antibodies in ABO-A-incompatible kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:3649-3662. [PMID: 34101982 PMCID: PMC8597088 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation requires preemptive antibody reduction; however, the relationship between antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) and ABO-antibodies, quantified by hemagglutination (HA), is inconsistent, possibly reflecting variable graft resistance to AMR or HA assay limitations. Using an ABH-glycan microarray, we quantified ABO-A antigen-subtype (A-subtype)-specific IgM and IgG in 53 ABO-O recipients of ABO-A kidneys, before and after antibody removal (therapeutic plasma exchange [TPE] or ABO-A-trisaccharide immunoadsorption [IA]) and 1-year posttransplant. IgM binding to all A-subtypes correlated highly (R2 ≥ .90) and A-subtype antibody specificities was reduced equally by IA versus TPE. IgG binding to the A-subtypes (II-IV) expressed in kidney correlated poorly (.27 ≤ R2 ≤ .69). Reduction of IgG specific to A-subtype-II was equivalent for IA and TPE, whereas IgG specific to A-subtypes-III/IV was not as greatly reduced by IA (p < .005). One-year posttransplant, IgG specific to A-II remained the most reduced antibody. Immunostaining revealed only A-II on vascular endothelium but A-subtypes II-III/IV on tubular epithelium. These results show that ABO-A-trisaccharide is sufficient for IgM binding to all A-subtypes; this is true for IgG binding to A-II, but not subtypes-III/IV, which exhibits varying degrees of specificity. We identify A-II as the major, but importantly not the sole, antigen relevant to treatment and immune modulation in adult ABO-A-incompatible kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bentall
- Department of NephrologyUniversity HospitalBirminghamUK,Division of Nephrology and HypertensionMayo Clinic College of MedicineRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Mylvaganam Jeyakanthan
- Department of Cardiothoracic SurgeryJames Cook University HospitalMiddlesbroughUK,Department of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | | | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Todd L. Lowary
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Stephanie Maier
- Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research ProgramUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Anne Halpin
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research ProgramUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research ProgramUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Lu Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of ChemistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Lori J. West
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Alberta Transplant Institute and Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research ProgramUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Department of SurgeryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada,Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Simon Ball
- Department of NephrologyUniversity HospitalBirminghamUK,School of Immunity and InfectionUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
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7
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Elahi S, Vega-López MA, Herman-Miguel V, Ramírez-Estudillo C, Mancilla-Ramírez J, Motyka B, West L, Oyegbami O. CD71 + Erythroid Cells in Human Neonates Exhibit Immunosuppressive Properties and Compromise Immune Response Against Systemic Infection in Neonatal Mice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:597433. [PMID: 33329589 PMCID: PMC7732591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.597433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Newborns are highly susceptible to infectious diseases. The underlying mechanism of neonatal infection susceptibility has generally been related to their under-developed immune system. Nevertheless, this notion has recently been challenged by the discovery of the physiological abundance of immunosuppressive erythroid precursors CD71+ erythroid cells (CECs) in newborn mice and human cord blood. Here, as proof of concept, we show that these cells are also abundant in the peripheral blood of human newborns. Although their frequency appears to be more variable compared to their counterparts in mice, they rapidly decline by 4 weeks of age. However, their proportion remains significantly higher in infants up to six months of age compared to older infants. We found CD45 expressing CECs, as erythroid progenitors, were the prominent source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in both humans and mice. Interestingly, a higher proportion of CD45+CECs was observed in the spleen versus bone marrow of neonatal mice, which was associated with a higher ROS production by splenic CECs compared to their siblings in the bone marrow. CECs from human newborns suppressed cytokine production by CD14 monocytes and T cells, which was partially abrogated by apocynin in vitro. Moreover, the depletion of CECs in neonatal mice increased the number of activated effector immune cells in their spleen and liver, which rendered them more resistant to Listeria monocytogenes infection. This was evident by a significant reduction in the bacteria load in the spleen, liver and brain of treated-mice compared to the control group, which enhanced their survival rate. Our finding highlights the immunoregulatory processes mediated by CECs in newborns. Thus, such tightly regulated immune system in newborns/infants may explain one potential mechanism for the asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokrollah Elahi
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.,Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marco Antonio Vega-López
- Dept. Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vladimir Herman-Miguel
- Dept. Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carmen Ramírez-Estudillo
- Dept. Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Javier Mancilla-Ramírez
- Escuela Superior deMedicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Hospital de la Mujer, Secretaria de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Alberta Transplant Institute and the Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lori West
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, Canada.,Alberta Transplant Institute and the Canadian Donation and Transplantation Research Program, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Olaide Oyegbami
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Adam I, Motyka B, Cowan P, West LJ. ABO SELF-TOLERANCE IN A MOUSE MODEL: EVIDENCE OF TOLERANCE AT B CELL BUT NOT T CELL LEVEL. Transplantation 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000698488.52969.c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Adam I, Motyka B, West L. Sex and CD4 T Cells, but Not Bacterial Flora, Play Important Roles in Natural ABO Antibody Production in Mice. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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10
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Anjum B, Adam I, Fersovich J, Sulzer M, Pearcey J, Tao K, Motyka B, West L. High-Levels of ‘Natural’ ABO Antibodies are Produced in Female vs. Male Mice. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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11
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Halpin A, Sosniuk M, Pearcey J, Motyka B, Maier S, Lowary T, Cairo C, West L. Better ABO Antibody Detection Tools to Facilitate ABO-Incompatible Transplant Risk Assessment. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.01.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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12
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Ma A, Motyka B, Gutfreund K, Shi YE, George R. A dendritic cell receptor-targeted chimeric immunotherapeutic protein (C-HBV) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:756-778. [PMID: 31687879 PMCID: PMC7227630 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections HBV-specific T cells are functionally impaired. Immunotherapy may restore HBV-specific T cell responses essential for sustained disease remission off-treatment and induction of a functional cure. Chimigen® Molecules are fusion proteins of antigen(s) with the Fc fragment of a xenotypic antibody designed to target specific receptors on dendritic cells (DCs). Here we describe the production and pre-clinical evaluation of Chimigen® HBV (C-HBV), containing HBV PreS1 and PreS2 peptide fragments, HBV core and murine Fc, produced in insect cells. C-HBV binding to immature DCs and internalization by endocytosis was FcγRII (CD32) and mannose receptor (CD206) dependent and led to increased MHC I and MHC II surface expression. Upon exposure of human T cells isolated from HBV un-infected healthy and chronically HBV-infected donors to C-HBV-pulsed mature DCs ex vivo, C-HBV induced vigorous T cell proliferation and enhanced expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and granzyme B in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets. Re-stimulation of C-HBV-activated T cells from chronically infected donors with HBV PreS1/PreS2 and core overlapping peptides induced IFN-γ production in both CD4+ and CD8+ populations. C-HBV-activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from chronically HBV-infected patients stimulated granzyme B production by CD4+CD25- T responder (Tresp) cells, accompanied by an increase in Annexin V staining on CD4+CD25+ T regulatory (Treg) cell phenotype, consistent with apoptosis. The observed HBV-specific cellular responses induced by C-HBV ex vivo suggest that C-HBV is a promising immunotherapeutic candidate for the treatment of chronic HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Ma
- Akshaya Bio Inc., Edmonton, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Klaus Gutfreund
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Yuenian Eric Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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13
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George R, Ma A, Motyka B, Shi YE, Liu Q, Griebel P. A dendritic cell-targeted chimeric hepatitis B virus immunotherapeutic vaccine induces both cellular and humoral immune responses in vivo. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 16:779-792. [PMID: 31687875 PMCID: PMC7227651 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1689081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimigen® HBV Immunotherapeutic Vaccine (C-HBV), a recombinant chimeric fusion protein comprising hepatitis B virus (HBV) S1 and S2 surface antigen fragments, Core antigen and a murine monoclonal antibody heavy chain fragment (Fc), was designed and produced in Sf9 insect cells. C-HBV targets the host immune system through specific receptors present on dendritic cells (DCs) which facilitates antigen internalization, processing, and presentation on MHC class I and II to induce both cellular and humoral immune responses against HBV antigens. T cell responses, previously assessed by ex vivo antigen presentation assays using human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-derived DCs and T cells from uninfected and HBV chronic-infected donors, demonstrated that C-HBV was highly immunogenic. A vaccine dose response study was performed in sheep to analyze the immunogenicity of C-HBV in vivo. Sheep (n = 8/group) received three consecutive subcutaneous injections of each dose of C-HBV at four-week intervals. Analysis of serum antibody levels confirmed C-HBV induced a dose-dependent antibody response to C-HBV and S1/S2-Core. Kinetics of the S1/S2-Core specific antibody response was similar to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-specific antibody responses induced by ENGERIX-B. Analysis of cell-mediated immune responses (CMI) confirmed C-HBV induced both dose-dependent S1/S2-Core-specific lymphocyte proliferative responses and IFN-γ secretion. These responses were stronger with blood lymphocytes than with cells isolated from the lymph node draining the vaccination site. No correlation was seen between antibody titers and CMI. The results confirm C-HBV is an effective delivery vehicle for the induction of T cell responses and may be an appropriate candidate for immunotherapy for chronic HBV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Allan Ma
- Akshaya Bio Inc., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yuenian Eric Shi
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Fersovich J, Motyka B, Adam I, Pearcey J, Tao K, Cairo C, Cowan P, West L. ABO Tolerance Following Treatment of Infant Mice with A-Expressing MHC-Identical Erythrocytes. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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15
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Fersovich J, Motyka B, Lamarche B, Sosniuk M, Adam I, Pearcey J, Tao K, Cairo C, Cowan P, West L. Tolerance to A-Antigen After Treatment of Infant or Adult Mice with MHC-Matched A-Expressing Blood Cells. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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16
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Adam I, Motyka B, Pearcey J, Tao K, West L. CD4 T Cells, Foreign Protein and CD22 Control Antibody Response to Non-Self Blood Group A-Antigen in A-Transgenic Mice. J Heart Lung Transplant 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2018.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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17
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Halpin A, Abou-Zeki S, Larsen I, Campbell PM, Urschel S, Motyka B, West L. OR52 AT1R antibody in pediatric heart transplant patients: What are we really detecting. Hum Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Halpin A, Zhou J, Pearcey J, Lowary TL, Cairo CW, Daskhan G, Motyka B, West LJ. OR45 Proof of principle: Bead-based ABO antibody assessment. Hum Immunol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2017.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Adam I, Motyka B, Pearcey J, Tao K, Cowan P, West L. Antibody Response to Non-Self Blood Group A-Antigen Is Dependent on CD4 T Cells and Co-Engagement with Foreign Protein. J Heart Lung Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2017.01.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Manhani H, Halpin A, Hidalgo L, Motyka B, Pearcey J, West L, Mokoena T, Worton K, Bentley M, Dowling G, Holovati J. Quality and immunogenicity of skin tissue allografts for transplant. Cryobiology 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2016.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Motyka B, Lamarche B, Labonte K, Wang S, Pearcey J, Tao K, Mengel M, Sis B, Cowan P, West L. Assessment of Neonatal Tolerance to Blood Group A-Antigen in a Mouse Model of ABO-Incompatible Heart Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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22
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Adam I, Motyka B, Tao K, Pearcey J, West L. T-Cell Dependence of Antibody Response to Blood Group A-Antigen. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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23
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Motyka B, Labonte K, Rahman F, Pearcey J, Tao K, Mengel M, Sis B, Cowan P, West L. A-Antigen Specific Tolerance in a Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of ABO-Incompatible Heart Transplantation (ABOi HTx). J Heart Lung Transplant 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2015.01.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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24
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Derkatz K, Dijke E, Motyka B, West L. Infant B-Cell Signaling after ABO-Incompatible Heart Transplantation (ABOi HTx): Defining the Role of the Inhibitory Molecule CD22. J Heart Lung Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.01.850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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25
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Kratochvil A, Motyka B, Aizouki F, Wang S, Tao K, Tollenaar S, Bennett J, Marshall T, d’Apice A, Cowan P, West L. Blood Group A Transgenic Mice: A Model for ABO-Incompatible (ABOi) Heart Transplantation (HTx). J Heart Lung Transplant 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2013.01.644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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26
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Yao Q, Fischer KP, Motyka B, Ferland S, Li L, Tyrrell DL, Gutfreund KS. Identification of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) isoforms in the Pekin duck. Dev Comp Immunol 2010; 34:749-758. [PMID: 20156479 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4, CD152) is an inhibitory T cell receptor predominately expressed on activated T cells. The duck CTLA-4 (DuCTLA-4) cDNA and a transcript lacking the predicted transmembrane encoding region (DuCTLA-4DeltaTM) were isolated from splenocytes using RT-PCR. The predicted DuCTLA-4 protein showed an identity of 92%, 49% and 47% with chicken, human and mouse homologues, respectively. Sequence comparison revealed conservation of residues implicated in the B7 ligand binding, disulfide linkages, glycosylation and intracellular signaling. DuCTLA-4 mRNA was predominately expressed in primary and secondary immune organs. DuCTLA-4 and DuCTLA-4DeltaTM transcripts were differentially regulated in PBMCs. Flow cytometric analysis showed constitutive expression of DuCTLA-4 protein on freshly isolated PBMCs and a modest increase upon mitogen stimulation. Our observations suggest that DuCTLA-4 and its isoform DuCTLA-4DeltaTM evolved before the divergence of birds and mammals. Both DuCTLA-4 isoforms have significant structural homology to mammalian CTLA-4 proteins but their individual roles in the regulation of duck immune responses remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Yao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 130 University Campus, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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27
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Fan X, Lang H, Zhou X, Zhang L, Yin R, Maciejko J, Giannitsos V, Motyka B, Medin JA, Platt JL, West LJ. Induction of human blood group a antigen expression on mouse cells, using lentiviral gene transduction. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 21:877-90. [PMID: 20163247 PMCID: PMC2938359 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2008.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ABO histo-blood group system is the most important antigen system in transplantation medicine, yet no small animal model of the ABO system exists. To determine the feasibility of developing a murine model, we previously subcloned the human alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase (H-transferase, EC 2.4.1.69) cDNA and the human alpha-1,3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (A-transferase, EC 2.4.1.40) cDNA into lentiviral vectors to study their ability to induce human histo-blood group A antigen expression on mouse cells. Herein we investigated the optimal conditions for human A and H antigen expression in murine cells. We determined that transduction of a bicistronic lentiviral vector (LvEF1-AH-trs) resulted in the expression of A antigen in a mouse endothelial cell line. We also studied the in vivo utility of this vector to induce human A antigen expression in mouse liver. After intrahepatic injection of LvEF1-AH-trs, A antigen expression was observed on hepatocytes as detected by immunohistochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. In human group A erythrocyte-sensitized mice, A antigen expression in the liver was associated with tissue damage, and deposition of antibody and complement. These results suggest that this gene transfer strategy can be used to simulate the human ABO blood group system in a murine model. This model will facilitate progress in the development of interventions for ABO-incompatible transplantation and transfusion scenarios, which are difficult to develop in clinical or large animal settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Haili Lang
- Department of Surgery, Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center and Children's Hospital, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Xianpei Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8 Canada
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Jessica Maciejko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Vasiliki Giannitsos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
| | - Jeffrey A. Medin
- Division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jeffrey L. Platt
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Lori J. West
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
- Department of Surgery and Department of Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1 Canada
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28
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Hallermalm K, Seki K, De Geer A, Motyka B, Bleackley RC, Jager MJ, Froelich CJ, Kiessling R, Levitsky V, Levitskaya J. Modulation of the Tumor Cell Phenotype by IFN-γ Results in Resistance of Uveal Melanoma Cells to Granule-Mediated Lysis by Cytotoxic Lymphocytes. J Immunol 2008; 180:3766-74. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.6.3766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Sipione S, Simmen KC, Lord SJ, Motyka B, Ewen C, Shostak I, Rayat GR, Dufour JM, Korbutt GS, Rajotte RV, Bleackley RC. Identification of a Novel Human Granzyme B Inhibitor Secreted by Cultured Sertoli Cells. J Immunol 2006; 177:5051-8. [PMID: 17015688 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sertoli cells have long since been recognized for their ability to suppress the immune system and protect themselves as well as other cell types from harmful immune reaction. However, the exact mechanism or product produced by Sertoli cells that affords this immunoprotection has never been fully elucidated. We examined the effect of mouse Sertoli cell-conditioned medium on human granzyme B-mediated killing and found that there was an inhibitory effect. We subsequently found that a factor secreted by Sertoli cells inhibited killing through the inhibition of granzyme B enzymatic activity. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that this factor formed an SDS-insoluble complex with granzyme B. Immunoprecipitation and mass spectroscopic analysis of the complex identified a proteinase inhibitor, serpina3n, as a novel inhibitor of human granzyme B. We cloned serpina3n cDNA, expressed it in Jurkat cells, and confirmed its inhibitory action on granzyme B activity. Our studies have led to the discovery of a new inhibitor of granzyme B and have uncovered a new mechanism used by Sertoli cells for immunoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonetta Sipione
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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30
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Veugelers K, Motyka B, Goping IS, Shostak I, Sawchuk T, Bleackley RC. Granule-mediated killing by granzyme B and perforin requires a mannose 6-phosphate receptor and is augmented by cell surface heparan sulfate. Mol Biol Cell 2005; 17:623-33. [PMID: 16280358 PMCID: PMC1356574 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e05-07-0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During granule-mediated killing by cytotoxic T lymphocytes or natural killer cells, the serine protease granzyme B enters the target cell by endocytosis and induces apoptosis. Previous studies suggested a role for the mannose 6-phosphate receptor, but further experiments with purified granzyme B indicated this was not essential. Additionally, it is now clear that grB is exocytosed from killer cells in a high-molecular-weight complex with the proteoglycan serglycin. Here granzyme B was delivered as a purified monomer, or in complex with either glycosaminoglycans or serglycin, and killing was evaluated. When granzyme B was a monomer, soluble mannose 6-phosphate had a limited impact, whereas apoptosis induced by the complexed grB was effectively inhibited by mannose 6-phosphate. Most importantly, when granzyme B and perforin were delivered together from granules, inhibition by mannose 6-phosphate was also observed. In pulldown assays mediated by the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor, granzyme B bound to the receptor more intensely in the presence of immobilized heparan sulfate. We therefore propose the model that under physiological conditions serglycin-bound granzyme B is critically endocytosed by a mannose 6-phosphate receptor, and receptor binding is enhanced by cell surface heparan sulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Veugelers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2H7
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31
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Choy JC, Hung VHY, Hunter AL, Cheung PK, Motyka B, Goping IS, Sawchuk T, Bleackley RC, Podor TJ, McManus BM, Granville DJ. Granzyme B Induces Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis in the Absence of Perforin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:2245-50. [PMID: 15472125 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000147162.51930.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE T cell-induced cytotoxicity, of which granzyme B is a key mediator, is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory vascular diseases. In this report, we investigate the mechanism of granzyme B-induced smooth muscle cell (SMC) death. METHODS AND RESULTS The addition of purified granzyme B alone to cultured SMCs caused a significant reduction in cell viability. Chromatin condensation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and membrane blebbing were observed, indicating that the mechanism of granzyme B-induced SMC death was through apoptosis. Activated splenocytes from perforin-knockout mice induced SMC death through a granzyme B-mediated pathway. Inhibition of the proteolytic activities of caspases and granzyme B prevented granzyme B-induced SMC death, whereas attenuation of granzyme B internalization with mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) did not. Further, granzyme B induced the cleavage of several SMC extracellular proteins, including fibronectin, and reduced focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that granzyme B can induce apoptosis of SMCs in the absence of perforin by cleaving extracellular proteins, such as fibronectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C Choy
- The James Hogg iCAPTURE Centre for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Veugelers K, Motyka B, Frantz C, Shostak I, Sawchuk T, Bleackley RC. The granzyme B–serglycin complex from cytotoxic granules requires dynamin for endocytosis. Blood 2004; 103:3845-53. [PMID: 14739229 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-06-2156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells destroy target cells via the directed exocytosis of lytic effector molecules such as perforin and granzymes. The mechanism by which these proteins enter targets is uncertain. There is ongoing debate over whether the most important endocytic mechanism is nonspecific or is dependent on the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor. This study tested whether granzyme B endocytosis is facilitated by dynamin, a key factor in many endocytic pathways. Uptake of and killing by the purified granzyme B molecule occurred by both dynamin-dependent and -independent mechanisms. However most importantly, serglycin-bound granzyme B in high-molecular-weight degranulate material from cytotoxic T lymphocytes predominantly followed a dynamin-dependent pathway to kill target cells. Similarly, killing by live cytotoxic T lymphocytes was attenuated by a defect in the dynamin endocytic pathway, and in particular, the pathways characteristically activated by granzyme B were affected. We therefore propose a model where degranulated serglycin-bound granzymes require dynamin for uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Veugelers
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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33
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Choy J, Hung V, Myers J, Motyka B, Goping I, Sawchuck T, Bleackley R, McManus B, Granville D. Granzyme B, a cytotoxic immune protease, induces apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in the absence of perforin. J Heart Lung Transplant 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1053-2498(02)00945-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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34
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Motyka B, Korbutt G, Pinkoski MJ, Heibein JA, Caputo A, Hobman M, Barry M, Shostak I, Sawchuk T, Holmes CF, Gauldie J, Bleackley RC. Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor is a death receptor for granzyme B during cytotoxic T cell-induced apoptosis. Cell 2000; 103:491-500. [PMID: 11081635 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)00140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The serine proteinase granzyme B is crucial for the rapid induction of target cell apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells. Granzyme B was recently demonstrated to enter cells in a perforin-independent manner, thus predicting the existence of a cell surface receptor(s). We now present evidence that this receptor is the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor receptor (CI-MPR). Inhibition of the granzyme B-CI-MPR interaction prevented granzyme B cell surface binding, uptake, and the induction of apoptosis. Significantly, expression of the CI-MPR was essential for cytotoxic T cell-mediated apoptosis of target cells in vitro and for the rejection of allogeneic cells in vivo. These results suggest a novel target for immunotherapy and a potential mechanism used by tumors for immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Motyka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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35
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Heibein JA, Barry M, Motyka B, Bleackley RC. Granzyme B-Induced Loss of Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Potential (ΔΨm) and Cytochrome c Release Are Caspase Independent. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.9.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CTLs kill targets by inducing them to die through apoptosis. A number of morphological and biochemical events are now recognized as characteristic features of the apoptotic program. Among these, the disruption of the inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm appear to be early events in many systems, leading to the activation of caspase-3 and, subsequently, nuclear apoptosis. We show here that, in Jurkat targets treated in vitro with purified granzyme B and perforin or granzyme B and adenovirus, ΔΨm collapse, reactive oxygen species production, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria were observed. Loss of ΔΨm was also detected in an in vivo system where green fluorescent protein-expressing targets were attacked by a cytotoxic T cell line that kills predominantly through the granzyme pathway. DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and reactive oxygen species production were inhibited in the presence of the caspase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD-fmk) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zDEVD-fmk) in our in vitro system. Importantly, in either the in vitro or in vivo systems, these inhibitors at concentrations up to 100 μM did not prevent ΔΨm collapse. In addition, cytochrome c release was observed in the in vitro system in the absence or presence of zVAD-fmk. Thus the granzyme B-dependent killing pathway in Jurkat targets involves mitochondrial alterations that occur independently of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A. Heibein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michele Barry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - R. Chris Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Heibein JA, Barry M, Motyka B, Bleackley RC. Granzyme B-induced loss of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (Delta Psi m) and cytochrome c release are caspase independent. J Immunol 1999; 163:4683-93. [PMID: 10528165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
CTLs kill targets by inducing them to die through apoptosis. A number of morphological and biochemical events are now recognized as characteristic features of the apoptotic program. Among these, the disruption of the inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential (Delta Psi m) and the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm appear to be early events in many systems, leading to the activation of caspase-3 and, subsequently, nuclear apoptosis. We show here that, in Jurkat targets treated in vitro with purified granzyme B and perforin or granzyme B and adenovirus, Delta Psi m collapse, reactive oxygen species production, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria were observed. Loss of Delta Psi m was also detected in an in vivo system where green fluorescent protein-expressing targets were attacked by a cytotoxic T cell line that kills predominantly through the granzyme pathway. DNA fragmentation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and reactive oxygen species production were inhibited in the presence of the caspase inhibitors benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zVAD-fmk) and benzyloxycarbonyl-Asp-Glu-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl ketone (zDEVD-fmk) in our in vitro system. Importantly, in either the in vitro or in vivo systems, these inhibitors at concentrations up to 100 microM did not prevent Delta Psi m collapse. In addition, cytochrome c release was observed in the in vitro system in the absence or presence of zVAD-fmk. Thus the granzyme B-dependent killing pathway in Jurkat targets involves mitochondrial alterations that occur independently of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Heibein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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37
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Caveno J, Zhang Y, Motyka B, Teh SJ, Teh HS. Functional Similarity and Differences Between Selection-Independent CD4−CD8− αβ T Cells and Positively Selected CD8 T Cells Expressing the Same TCR and the Induction of Anergy in CD4−CD8− αβ T Cells in Antigen-Expressing Mice. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In TCR-αβ transgenic mice, CD4−CD8− TCR-αβ+ (αβ DN) cells arise in the absence of positively selecting MHC molecules and are resistant to clonal deletion in Ag-expressing mice. In this study the activation requirements and functional properties of αβ double-negative (DN) cells were compared with those of positively selected CD8+ cells expressing equivalent levels of the same MHC class I-restricted transgenic TCR. We found that positively selected CD8+ cells required a lower density of the antigenic ligand for optimal proliferative responses compared with αβ DN cells derived from nonpositively selecting mice. However, when the CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells was blocked with an anti-CD8 mAb, both αβ DN and CD8+ cells exhibited the same dose-response curve to the antigenic ligand and the same dependence on CD28/B7 costimulation. Positively selected CD8+ cells also differed from αβ DN cells in that they differentiated into more efficient killers and IL-2 producers after Ag stimulation, even after CD8 blockade. However, Ag-activated αβ DN and CD8+ cells were equally efficient in producing IFN-γ, suggesting that this functional property is independent of positive selection. We also found that αβ DN cells recovered from the lymph nodes of Ag-expressing mice were functionally anergic. This anergic state was associated with defective proliferation and IL-2 production in response to Ag stimulation. These observations indicate that αβ DN cells can be anergized in vivo by physiological levels of the antigenic ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Caveno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soo-Jeet Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hung-Sia Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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38
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Caveno J, Zhang Y, Motyka B, Teh SJ, Teh HS. Functional similarity and differences between selection-independent CD4-CD8- alphabeta T cells and positively selected CD8 T cells expressing the same TCR and the induction of anergy in CD4-CD8- alphabeta T cells in antigen-expressing mice. J Immunol 1999; 163:1222-9. [PMID: 10415017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In TCR-alphabeta transgenic mice, CD4-CD8- TCR-alphabeta+ (alphabeta DN) cells arise in the absence of positively selecting MHC molecules and are resistant to clonal deletion in Ag-expressing mice. In this study the activation requirements and functional properties of alphabeta double-negative (DN) cells were compared with those of positively selected CD8+ cells expressing equivalent levels of the same MHC class I-restricted transgenic TCR. We found that positively selected CD8+ cells required a lower density of the antigenic ligand for optimal proliferative responses compared with alphabeta DN cells derived from nonpositively selecting mice. However, when the CD8 coreceptor on CD8+ cells was blocked with an anti-CD8 mAb, both alphabeta DN and CD8+ cells exhibited the same dose-response curve to the antigenic ligand and the same dependence on CD28/B7 costimulation. Positively selected CD8+ cells also differed from alphabeta DN cells in that they differentiated into more efficient killers and IL-2 producers after Ag stimulation, even after CD8 blockade. However, Ag-activated alphabeta DN and CD8+ cells were equally efficient in producing IFN-gamma, suggesting that this functional property is independent of positive selection. We also found that alphabeta DN cells recovered from the lymph nodes of Ag-expressing mice were functionally anergic. This anergic state was associated with defective proliferation and IL-2 production in response to Ag stimulation. These observations indicate that alphabeta DN cells can be anergized in vivo by physiological levels of the antigenic ligand.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/biosynthesis
- Antigens/genetics
- Antigens/metabolism
- CD4 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- CD8 Antigens/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Female
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-Y Antigen/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/biosynthesis
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphokines/biosynthesis
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J Caveno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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39
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Teh HS, Motyka B, Teh SJ. Positive Selection of Thymocytes Expressing the Same TCR by Different MHC Ligands Results in the Production of Functionally Distinct Thymocytes Distinguished by Differential Expression of the Heat Stable Antigen. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The issue of whether the signaling process during positive selection can affect the efficiency by which the positively selected T cells respond to antigenic stimulation has not been addressed. We approached this question by determining the consequences of positive selection of a particular transgenic TCR (2C TCR) in the H-2b and the H-2k thymus. The H-2b thymus provides a strong positive-selecting environment for the 2C TCR, whereas the H-2k thymus selects weakly for the 2C TCR. Although the positively selected CD8 thymocytes from the H-2b or H-2k thymus expressed similar levels of the CD8 coreceptor molecule, those for the H-2k thymus expressed a slightly lower level of the 2C TCR. This lower level of 2C TCR expression by H-2k CD8 thymocytes was not a result of coexpression of endogenous TCRs. Interestingly, CD8 thymocytes from H-2k mice were hyporesponsive to Ag stimulation compared with those from the H-2b mice. The functional maturity of positively selected CD8 thymocytes from the H-2b or H-2k thymus was inversely correlated with the level of heat stable Ag expressed by these cells. Furthermore, TCR-derived signals appear to be more efficiently coupled to downstream pathways leading to proliferation and cytokine production in CD8 thymocytes from H-2b 2C mice than those derived from H-2k 2C mice. These results provide the first demonstration that the intensity of the signaling process during positive selection affects the efficiency by which TCR-derived signals in positively selected thymocytes are coupled to downstream effector pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Sia Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce Motyka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Soo-Jeet Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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40
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Teh HS, Motyka B, Teh SJ. Positive selection of thymocytes expressing the same TCR by different MHC ligands results in the production of functionally distinct thymocytes distinguished by differential expression of the heat stable antigen. J Immunol 1998; 160:718-27. [PMID: 9551907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The issue of whether the signaling process during positive selection can affect the efficiency by which the positively selected T cells respond to antigenic stimulation has not been addressed. We approached this question by determining the consequences of positive selection of a particular transgenic TCR (2C TCR) in the H-2b and the H-2k thymus. The H-2b thymus provides a strong positive-selecting environment for the 2C TCR, whereas the H-2k thymus selects weakly for the 2C TCR. Although the positively selected CD8 thymocytes from the H-2b or H-2k thymus expressed similar levels of the CD8 coreceptor molecule, those for the H-2k thymus expressed a slightly lower level of the 2C TCR. This lower level of 2C TCR expression by H-2k CD8 thymocytes was not a result of coexpression of endogenous TCRs. Interestingly, CD8 thymocytes from H-2k mice were hyporesponsive to Ag stimulation compared with those from the H-2b mice. The functional maturity of positively selected CD8 thymocytes from the H-2b or H-2k thymus was inversely correlated with the level of heat stable Ag expressed by these cells. Furthermore, TCR-derived signals appear to be more efficiently coupled to downstream pathways leading to proliferation and cytokine production in CD8 thymocytes from H-2b 2C mice than those derived from H-2k 2C mice. These results provide the first demonstration that the intensity of the signaling process during positive selection affects the efficiency by which TCR-derived signals in positively selected thymocytes are coupled to downstream effector pathways.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- CD24 Antigen
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Immunophenotyping
- Ligands
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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41
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Teh HS, Motyka B, Teh SJ. Influence of the affinity of selecting ligands on T cell positive and negative selection and the functional maturity of the positively selected T cells. Crit Rev Immunol 1998; 17:399-410. [PMID: 9419427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of the TCR on immature thymocytes with ligands on antigen presenting cells can lead to different fates including positive and negative selection. The affinity of the selecting ligands plays an important role in determining these outcomes. We used the 2C TCR transgenic model to evaluate the efficacy of ligands with widely differing affinity (3 x 10(3) - 2 x 10(6) M-1) for the 2C TCR in mediating thymic negative and positive selection. Our results support the conclusions that the deletion of immature thymocytes is not only mediated by high-affinity ligands but also by low-affinity/avidity ligands. However, high- and low-affinity ligands differ in their requirements for negative selection. We also present evidence that positive selection is not an all or none process but depending on the strength of interaction between the ligand and the TCR during the positive selection process can result in single positive thymocytes that are at different stages of functional maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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42
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Motyka B, Teh HS. Naturally Occurring Low Affinity Peptide/MHC Class I Ligands Can Mediate Negative Selection and T Cell Activation. The Journal of Immunology 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The affinity/avidity model for T cell development postulates that ligands with high affinity for the TCR are efficient in negative selection, whereas those with lower affinity/avidity favor positive selection. Using the 2C TCR transgenic model, we evaluated the efficacy of ligands with widely differing affinity for the TCR (3 × 103 to 2 × 106 M−1) in mediating thymocyte deletion. The relative affinities of the 2C TCR for the p2Ca/Ld, dEV-8/Kb, p2Ca-A3/Ld, and p2Ca/Kb ligands are approximately 1000:50:10:1, respectively. Here we show, using an in vitro assay, that the deletion of 2C CD4+CD8+ thymocytes is mediated not only by p2Ca/Ld, but also by the lower affinity ligands dEV-8/Kb, p2Ca-A3/Ld, and p2Ca/Kb, albeit at relatively higher peptide concentrations. Deletion mediated by low affinity ligands required CD8, whereas high affinity ligand-mediated deletion was CD8 independent. The p2Ca/Kb and dEV-8/Kb ligands are naturally occurring in H-2b mice, and others have shown that p2Ca/Kb can induce the maturation of CD4−CD8+2C-TCRhigh thymocytes in fetal thymic organ culture. In this study we showed that in addition to deletion, the p2Ca/Kb and dEV-8/Kb ligands, in the presence of exogenous IL-2, induced mature 2C T cell proliferation, albeit at a lower level than that induced by the high affinity p2Ca/Ld ligand. Thus, the same low affinity ligands that can effect negative selection and, in the case of p2Ca/Kb, the maturation of CD8 single-positive thymocytes can also induce the activation of mature CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Motyka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hung-Sia Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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43
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Motyka B, Teh HS. Naturally occurring low affinity peptide/MHC class I ligands can mediate negative selection and T cell activation. J Immunol 1998; 160:77-86. [PMID: 9551958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The affinity/avidity model for T cell development postulates that ligands with high affinity for the TCR are efficient in negative selection, whereas those with lower affinity/avidity favor positive selection. Using the 2C TCR transgenic model, we evaluated the efficacy of ligands with widely differing affinity for the TCR (3 x 10(3) to 2 x 10(6) M(-1)) in mediating thymocyte deletion. The relative affinities of the 2C TCR for the p2Ca/Ld, dEV-8/Kb, p2Ca-A3/Ld, and p2Ca/Kb ligands are approximately 1000:50:10:1, respectively. Here we show, using an in vitro assay, that the deletion of 2C CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes is mediated not only by p2Ca/Ld, but also by the lower affinity ligands dEV-8/Kb, p2Ca-A3/Ld, and p2Ca/Kb, albeit at relatively higher peptide concentrations. Deletion mediated by low affinity ligands required CD8, whereas high affinity ligand-mediated deletion was CD8 independent. The p2Ca/Kb and dEV-8/Kb ligands are naturally occurring in H-2b mice, and others have shown that p2Ca/Kb can induce the maturation of CD4- CD8+ 2C-TCR(high) thymocytes in fetal thymic organ culture. In this study we showed that in addition to deletion, the p2Ca/Kb and dEV-8/Kb ligands, in the presence of exogenous IL-2, induced mature 2C T cell proliferation, albeit at a lower level than that induced by the high affinity p2Ca/Ld ligand. Thus, the same low affinity ligands that can effect negative selection and, in the case of p2Ca/Kb, the maturation of CD8 single-positive thymocytes can also induce the activation of mature CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Motyka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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44
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Abstract
Antigen-activated T cells of the CD4(+)CD8(-) phenotype are susceptible to antigen receptor-stimulated cell death. This form of apoptotic cell death has been shown to be dependent on the expression of the Fas (CD95) antigen and can occur via an autocrine mechanism involving the concomitant up-regulation of Fas and its ligand on activated T cells. Mutation in genes encoding Fas (Ipr) and the Fas ligand (gld) contribute to the development of an autoimmune syndrome similar to systemic lupus erythematosus in mice. These observations led to the suggestion that the Fas signaling pathway is an important regulator of immune responses in vivo. Here we evaluated the importance of the Fas pathway in regulating immune responses by male antigen-specific CD4(-)CD8(+) T cells. We found that the in vivo elimination of these activated cells was independent of Fas expression by these cells. However, the elimination of these activated cells was inhibited by the transgenic expression of Bcl-2, a protein that inhibits multiple forms of apoptotic cell death. The transgenic Bcl-2 protein also inhibited the death of male antigen-activated cells following IL-2 deprivation. Cell death resulting from IL-2 deprivation occurred efficiently in male antigen-activated Fas- cells. We propose that the rapid deletion of male antigen-activated Fas- cells in vivo is due to limiting amounts of IL-2 that are available in the microenvironment of the activated cells at the peak of the response.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Teh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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45
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Abstract
The ileal Peyer's patch (PP) in sheep plays a central role in the development and production of B cells. Associated with a tremendous amount of B cell proliferation in this site is the extensive diversification of the Ig repertoire by somatic hypermutation. Very few (< 5%) of the B cells produced in the ileal PP differentiate and emigrate; instead, the vast majority of these cells soon die, and we have previously shown that death is associated with apoptosis. When placed in culture, ileal PP B cells die rapidly by apoptosis, such that after 24 h, 60 +/- 1% of DNA is fragmented. Here, we show that the extent of this spontaneous B cell apoptosis in culture, as quantitated by DNA fragmentation, was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner by the glucocorticoids hydrocortisone or dexamethasone. Furthermore, treatment of lambs with 2-2.5 mg/kg of dexamethasone resulted in a marked increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the ileal PP and an increase in ileal PP B cell DNA fragmentation to 20 +/- 6%, compared with 2.4 +/- 0.1% in untreated lambs. Anti-immunoglobulin (Ig) antibodies also increased the extent of DNA fragmentation in cultured ileal PP B cells. After 24 or 48 h of culture with anti-Ig (PIg47A), DNA fragmentation was 74 +/- 2% and 75 +/- 3%, respectively. Ileal PP B cells are rescued from apoptosis by agents that activate protein kinase C and increase cytosolic Ca2+, and here we show that this treatment also results in apoptotic rescue in the presence of dexamethasone or anti-Ig. We speculate that the apoptosis of ileal PP B cells in situ may be modulated by glucocorticoids and by the cross-linking of surface Ig. Apoptosis, induced by a signal through surface Ig, may be an important mechanism in the deletion of self-reactive B cells during the expansion of the Ig repertoire in the ileal PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Motyka
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Calgary, Canada
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46
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Motyka B, Reynolds JD. Rescue of ileal Peyer's patch B cells from apoptosis is associated with the induction of Bcl-2 expression. Immunol Suppl 1995; 84:383-7. [PMID: 7751020 PMCID: PMC1415130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The major site of B-cell genesis in the sheep is the ileal Peyer's patch (PP). The B cells in the ileal PP undergo both extensive proliferation and massive death in association with an ongoing diversification of the immunoglobulin repertoire by somatic hypermutation. Most, if not all, the B-cell death in the ileal PP is due to apoptosis. When placed in culture, ileal PP B cells undergo rapid apoptosis. Here, we investigated the expression of the proto-oncogene bcl-2 in ileal PP cells in situ and in culture. Bcl-2 expression has been correlated with the prevention of apoptosis in many cell types. Western blotting, using anti-Bcl-2 monoclonal antibodies, revealed that a Bcl-2-reactive protein of 26,000 MW was expressed in ileal mesenteric lymph node cells, splenocytes and thymocytes from sheep, but was barely detectable in ileal PP B cells in situ or in culture. However, Bcl-2 expression could be markedly induced in ileal PP B cells cultured with phorbol ester and Ca2+ ionophore, a procedure that is known to rescue these cells from apoptosis. We hypothesize that those few B cells that survive a selection event in the ileal PP may begin to express elevated levels of Bcl-2 as they escape from the apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Motyka
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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47
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Abstract
The ileal Peyer's patch (PP) is the major site of B cell production and is a site of immunoglobulin gene diversification in the sheep. Within the ileal PP follicles there is both intense proliferation and death of B cells. We have previously demonstrated that most, if not all of this death can be attributed to apoptosis. Likewise, ileal PP B cells die rapidly by apoptosis in culture--after 6 h many cells appear pyknotic and about 50% of cellular DNA is fragmented. We now show that the DNA fragmentation and cell death of ileal PP B cells can be almost completely abrogated during the first 12 h of culture by the addition of the phorbol esters, phorbol dibutyrate (PBu2) or phorbol myristate acetate. This inhibition of apoptosis could be sustained for greater than 24 h by the concomitant addition of both PBu2 and the Ca2+ ionophore A23187. However, the rescue of B cells from apoptosis by PBu2, with or without Ca2+ ionophore, was prevented by macromolecular synthesis inhibitors or inhibitors of protein kinase C activation. Furthermore, treatment of cultures with PBu2, with or without Ca2+ ionophore, resulted in an activated B cell phenotype and a three- to fourfold increase in cell proliferation. We conclude that protein kinase C activation in conjunction with an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] can provide the signals necessary to rescue ileal PP B cells from apoptosis, and speculate that these ileal PP B cells are destined to die unless they receive a signal that rescues them from the death pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Motyka
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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48
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Motyka B, Reynolds JD. Apoptosis is associated with the extensive B cell death in the sheep ileal Peyer's patch and the chicken bursa of Fabricius: a possible role in B cell selection. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21:1951-8. [PMID: 1868877 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830210825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ileal Peyer's patch (PP) and the bursa of Fabricius have major roles in populating the B cell system in sheep and chickens, respectively. These tissues contain greater than 90% B cells and possess a massive proliferation index with greater than 5% of B cells entering mitosis per hour. Paradoxically, almost all of the B cells produced in these sites rapidly die in situ. Here we show that the extensive B cell death occurring in the ileal PP and bursa is associated with apoptosis. Gel electrophoresis of ileal PP cell DNA from 7-14 week-old lambs and bursal cell DNA from 4-week-old chickens demonstrated a laddering of DNA in multiples of approximately 200 bp, a pattern indicative of apoptosis. In sheep, the intensity of the laddering pattern seen after agarose gel electrophoresis was always greater with ileal PP cell DNA compared with thymocyte DNA, and usually greater than jejunal PP cell DNA. Likewise, DNA isolated from chicken bursal cells and mouse PP cells always exhibited a more intense laddering pattern than chicken or mouse thymocytes, respectively. When placed in culture ileal PP cells died rapidly less than 40% viable cells were recovered after 24 h. Within 6 h of culture many ileal PP cells exhibited an apoptotic appearance in that they contained condensed chromatin and fragmented nuclei. Moreover, greater than 55% of total cellular DNA was fragmented. Compared with thymocytes, ileal PP cells underwent DNA fragmentation to a much greater extent and with a faster time course in short-term culture. We propose that cell death by apoptosis may make an important contribution to B cell development in the lamb ileal PP and the chicken bursa. Apoptosis may provide a mechanism for the diversification of the B cell immune repertoire and/or the selection of non-self reactive B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Motyka
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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