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Dickman LT, Jonko AK, Linn RR, Altintas I, Atchley AL, Bär A, Collins AD, Dupuy J, Gallagher MR, Hiers JK, Hoffman CM, Hood SM, Hurteau MD, Jolly WM, Josephson A, Loudermilk EL, Ma W, Michaletz ST, Nolan RH, O'Brien JJ, Parsons RA, Partelli‐Feltrin R, Pimont F, Resco de Dios V, Restaino J, Robbins ZJ, Sartor KA, Schultz‐Fellenz E, Serbin SP, Sevanto S, Shuman JK, Sieg CH, Skowronski NS, Weise DR, Wright M, Xu C, Yebra M, Younes N. Integrating plant physiology into simulation of fire behavior and effects. New Phytol 2023; 238:952-970. [PMID: 36694296 PMCID: PMC10952334 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires are a global crisis, but current fire models fail to capture vegetation response to changing climate. With drought and elevated temperature increasing the importance of vegetation dynamics to fire behavior, and the advent of next generation models capable of capturing increasingly complex physical processes, we provide a renewed focus on representation of woody vegetation in fire models. Currently, the most advanced representations of fire behavior and biophysical fire effects are found in distinct classes of fine-scale models and do not capture variation in live fuel (i.e. living plant) properties. We demonstrate that plant water and carbon dynamics, which influence combustion and heat transfer into the plant and often dictate plant survival, provide the mechanistic linkage between fire behavior and effects. Our conceptual framework linking remotely sensed estimates of plant water and carbon to fine-scale models of fire behavior and effects could be a critical first step toward improving the fidelity of the coarse scale models that are now relied upon for global fire forecasting. This process-based approach will be essential to capturing the influence of physiological responses to drought and warming on live fuel conditions, strengthening the science needed to guide fire managers in an uncertain future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Turin Dickman
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Alexandra K. Jonko
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Rodman R. Linn
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Ilkay Altintas
- San Diego Supercomputer Center and Halicioglu Data Science InstituteUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Adam L. Atchley
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Andreas Bär
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Innsbruck6020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Adam D. Collins
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Jean‐Luc Dupuy
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM)INRAe84914AvignonFrance
| | | | | | - Chad M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Rangeland StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80523USA
| | - Sharon M. Hood
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMT59801USA
| | | | - W. Matt Jolly
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMT59801USA
| | - Alexander Josephson
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | | | - Wu Ma
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Sean T. Michaletz
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - Rachael H. Nolan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSW2753Australia
- NSW Bushfire Risk Management Research HubWollongongNSW2522Australia
| | | | | | - Raquel Partelli‐Feltrin
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research CentreThe University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
| | - François Pimont
- Ecologie des Forêts Méditerranéennes (URFM)INRAe84914AvignonFrance
| | - Víctor Resco de Dios
- School of Life Sciences and EngineeringSouthwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang621010China
- Department of Crop and Forest Sciences and JRU CTFC‐AGROTECNIOUniversitat de LleidaLleida25198Spain
| | - Joseph Restaino
- Fire and Resource Assessment ProgramCalifornia Department of Forestry and Fire ProtectionSouth Lake TahoeCA96155USA
| | - Zachary J. Robbins
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Karla A. Sartor
- Environmental Protection and Compliance DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Emily Schultz‐Fellenz
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Shawn P. Serbin
- Environmental and Climate Sciences DepartmentBrookhaven National LaboratoryUptonNY11973USA
| | - Sanna Sevanto
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Jacquelyn K. Shuman
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Terrestrial Sciences SectionNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCO80305USA
| | - Carolyn H. Sieg
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceFlagstaffAZ86001USA
| | | | - David R. Weise
- Pacific Southwest Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceRiversideCA92507USA
| | - Molly Wright
- Cibola National ForestUSDA Forest ServiceAlbuquerqueNM87113USA
| | - Chonggang Xu
- Earth & Environmental Sciences DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNM87545USA
| | - Marta Yebra
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
- School of EngineeringAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
| | - Nicolas Younes
- Fenner School of Environment and SocietyAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT2601Australia
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Ritter SM, Hoffman CM, Battaglia MA, Jain TB. Restoration and fuel hazard reduction result in equivalent reductions in crown fire behavior in dry conifer forests. Ecol Appl 2022; 32:e2682. [PMID: 35592904 PMCID: PMC9787879 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Over the past several decades, the management of historically frequent-fire forests in the western United States has received significant attention due to the linked ecological and social risks posed by the increased occurrence of large, contiguous patches of high-severity fire. As a result, efforts are underway to simultaneously reduce potential fire and fuel hazards and restore characteristics indicative of historical forest structures and ecological processes that enhance the diversity and quality of wildlife habitat across landscapes. Despite widespread agreement on the need for action, there is a perceived tension among scientists concerning silvicultural treatments that modify stands to optimally reduce potential fire behavior (fuel hazard reduction) versus those that aim to emulate historical forest structures and create structurally complex stands (restoration). In this work, we evaluated thinning treatments in the Black Hills National Forest that exemplify the extremes of a treatment continuum that ranges from fuel hazard reduction to restoration. The goal of this work was to understand how the differing three-dimensional stand structures created by these treatment approaches altered potential fire behavior. Our results indicate that restoration treatments created higher levels of vertical and horizontal structural complexity than the fuel hazard reduction treatments but resulted in similar reductions to potential crown fire behavior. There were some trade-offs identified as the restoration treatments created larger openings, which generated faster mean rates of fire spread; however, these increased spread rates did not translate to higher levels of canopy consumption. Overall, our results suggest that treatments can create vertical and horizontal complexity desired for restoration and wildlife habitat management while reducing fire hazard and that they can be used in concert with traditional fuel hazard reduction treatments to reduce landscape scale fire risk. We also provide some suggestions to land managers seeking to design and implement prescriptions that emulate historical structures and enhance forest complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Ritter
- Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural ResourcesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Chad M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Warner College of Natural ResourcesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Mike A. Battaglia
- USDA Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research StationFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Theresa B. Jain
- USDA Forest ServiceRocky Mountain Research StationMoscowIdahoUSA
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3
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Ziegler JP, Hoffman CM, Collins BM, Knapp EE, Mell W(R. Pyric tree spatial patterning interactions in historical and contemporary mixed conifer forests, California, USA. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:820-834. [PMID: 33520169 PMCID: PMC7820164 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree spatial patterns in dry coniferous forests of the western United States, and analogous ecosystems globally, were historically aggregated, comprising a mixture of single trees and groups of trees. Modern forests, in contrast, are generally more homogeneous and overstocked than their historical counterparts. As these modern forests lack regular fire, pattern formation and maintenance is generally attributed to fire. Accordingly, fires in modern forests may not yield historically analogous patterns. However, direct observations on how selective tree mortality among pre-existing forest structure shapes tree spatial patterns is limited. In this study, we (a) simulated fires in historical and contemporary counterpart plots in a Sierra Nevadan mixed-conifer forest, (b) estimated tree mortality, and (c) examined tree spatial patterns of live trees before and after fire, and of fire-killed trees. Tree mortality in the historical period was clustered and density-dependent, because trees were aggregated and segregated by tree size before fire. Thus, fires maintained an aggregated distribution of tree groups. Tree mortality in the contemporary period was widespread, except for dispersed large trees, because most trees were a part of large, interconnected tree groups. Thus, postfire tree patterns were more uniform and devoid of moderately sized tree groups. Postfire tree patterns in the historical period, unlike the contemporary period, were within the historical range of variability identified for the western United States. This divergence suggests that decades of forest dynamics without significant disturbances have altered the historical means of pyric pattern formation. Our results suggest that ecological silvicultural treatments, such as forest restoration thinnings, which emulate qualities of historical forests may facilitate the reintroduction of fire as a means to reinforce forest structural heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Ziegler
- Department of Forest & Rangeland StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Chad M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest & Rangeland StewardshipColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - Brandon M. Collins
- Center for Fire Research & OutreachUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
- Pacific Southwest Research StationUS Forest ServiceDavisCAUSA
| | - Eric E. Knapp
- Pacific Southwest Research StationUS Forest ServiceReddingCAUSA
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Stephens SL, Battaglia MA, Churchill DJ, Collins BM, Coppoletta M, Hoffman CM, Lydersen JM, North MP, Parsons RA, Ritter SM, Stevens JT. Forest Restoration and Fuels Reduction: Convergent or Divergent? Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biaa134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
For over 20 years, forest fuel reduction has been the dominant management action in western US forests. These same actions have also been associated with the restoration of highly altered frequent-fire forests. Perhaps the vital element in the compatibility of these treatments is that both need to incorporate the salient characteristics that frequent fire produced—variability in vegetation structure and composition across landscapes and the inability to support large patches of high-severity fire. These characteristics can be achieved with both fire and mechanical treatments. The possible key to convergence of fuel reduction and forest restoration strategies is integrated planning that permits treatment design flexibility and a longer-term focus on fire reintroduction for maintenance. With changing climate conditions, long-term forest conservation will probably need to be focused on keeping tree density low enough (i.e., in the lower range of historic variation) for forest conditions to adapt to emerging disturbance patterns and novel ecological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, in Berkeley, California
| | - Mike A Battaglia
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Derek J Churchill
- Forest Health and Resiliency Division of the Washington Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington
| | - Brandon M Collins
- Fire Research and Outreach at the University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, and with the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Coppoletta
- USDA Forest Service, Sierra Cascade Province Ecology Program, Quincy, California
| | - Chad M Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jamie M Lydersen
- California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection, Fire and Resource Assessment Program, Sacramento, California
| | - Malcolm P North
- USDA Forest Service, PSW Research Station, Mammoth Lakes, California, and with the Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Scott M Ritter
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jens T Stevens
- US Geological Survey, New Mexico Landscapes Field Station, Santa Fe, New Mexico
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5
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Ritter SM, Hoffman CM, Battaglia MA, Stevens‐Rumann CS, Mell WE. Fine‐scale fire patterns mediate forest structure in frequent‐fire ecosystems. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott M. Ritter
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523USA
| | - Chad M. Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523USA
| | - Mike A. Battaglia
- Rocky Mountain Research Station USDA Forest Service Fort Collins Colorado 80526USA
| | - Camille S. Stevens‐Rumann
- Department of Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Warner College of Natural Resources Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado 80523USA
| | - William E. Mell
- Pacific Northwest Research Station USDA Forest Service Seattle Washington 98103USA
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Abstract
Abstract
A method is presented for the determination of antimony, copper, bismuth, and silver in bullet leads by atomic absorption. Interference in the determination of these elements from high lead concentrations was studied. Bullets of the same caliber, produced by 3 different manufacturers, can be distinguished based on the antimony concentration alone. Measurable variations in the concentrations of antimony, copper, bismuth, and silver exist and can be used to estimate batch differences in lead produced by the same manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Brunelle
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - C M Hoffman
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - K B Snow
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
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Yeddanapudi N, Clay MA, Durham DP, Hoffman CM, Homer MJ, Appler JM. Informing CONOPS and medical countermeasure deployment strategies after an improvised nuclear device detonation: the importance of delayed treatment efficacy data. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 96:4-11. [PMID: 30403905 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1532618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: In the wake of a nuclear detonation, individuals with acute radiation syndrome will be a significant source of morbidity and mortality. Mathematical modeling can compare response strategies developed for real-world chaotic conditions after a nuclear blast in order to identify optimal strategies for administering effective treatment to these individuals. To maximize responders' abilities to save lives it is critical to understand how treatment efficacy is impacted by real-world conditions and levels of supportive care. To illustrate the importance of these factors, we developed a mathematical model of cytokine administration 24 h after the blast with varying levels of supportive care described in the primary literature.Conclusion: The results highlight the proportionally higher life-saving benefit of administering cytokines to individuals with a moderate to high dose of radiation exposure, compared to those with a lower dose. However, the fidelity of mathematical models is dependent on the primary data informing them. We describe the data needed to fully explore the impact of timing, dosage, and fractional benefit of cytokines and supportive care treatment in non-optimal situations that could be seen after a nuclear detonation. Studies addressing these types of knowledge gaps are essential to evaluating the relative efficacy of countermeasures to refine existing plans and help develop new strategies and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yeddanapudi
- Supporting Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)/Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Leidos Inc., Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - M A Clay
- Supporting Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)/Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Leidos Inc., Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - D P Durham
- Supporting Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)/Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), Leidos Inc., Alexandria, VA, USA
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8
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Stephens SL, Collins BM, Fettig CJ, Finney MA, Hoffman CM, Knapp EE, North MP, Safford H, Wayman RB. Drought, Tree Mortality, and Wildfire in Forests Adapted to Frequent Fire. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/bix146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Stephens
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at the University of California, in Berkeley
| | - Brandon M Collins
- Center for Fire Research and Outreach at the University of California, in Berkeley
| | - Christopher J Fettig
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, in Davis, California
| | - Mark A Finney
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Missoula, Montana
| | - Chad M Hoffman
- Department of Forest and Range Stewardship at Colorado State University, in Fort Collins
| | - Eric E Knapp
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, in Redding, California
| | - Malcolm P North
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, in Davis, California
| | - Hugh Safford
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, in Davis
- HS is also with the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region, in Vallejo, California
| | - Rebecca B Wayman
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy at the University of California, in Davis
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Hunt R, Hoffman CM, Emani S, Trenor CC, Emani SM, Faraoni D, Kimchi-Sarfaty C, Ibla JC. Elevated preoperative von Willebrand factor is associated with perioperative thrombosis in infants and neonates with congenital heart disease. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:2306-2316. [PMID: 28981194 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Essentials Perioperative thrombosis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in congenital heart disease. Neonates and infants undergoing repair of congenital heart lesions were prospectively followed. Elevated von Willebrand factor (VWF) to ADAMTS-13 activity ratios typified the postoperative period. Thrombosis was associated with preoperative VWF activity and cryoprecipitate transfusion SUMMARY: Background The surgical repair of congenital heart malformations is frequently complicated by perioperative thrombosis of unclear etiology. An imbalance between von Willebrand factor (VWF) and ADAMTS-13 is an emerging variable in thrombosis. Objectives To describe perioperative changes to VWF, ADAMTS-13 and NETosis, and evaluate clinical and biochemical associations with postoperative thrombosis. Methods Neonates and infants undergoing palliation or definitive surgical repair of congenital heart malformations were recruited (n = 133). Preoperative and postoperative plasma levels of VWF, ADAMTS-13 and markers of NETosis were determined. Patients were followed for up to 30 days for the occurrence of thrombosis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify variables associated with thrombosis. Results We identified significant postoperative increases in VWF activity, VWF level, DNA-histone complexes and cell-free DNA with an overall decrease in ADAMTS-13 activity. Patients experiencing postoperative thrombotic events (9%) were characterized by surgery performed at a lower intraoperative temperature, higher preoperative lactic acid levels, and higher preoperative VWF activity and level. A multivariate logistic regression model identified preoperative VWF activity (odds ratio (OR) 8.39 per IU mL-1 , 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.73-40.55) and transfusion of cryoprecipitate (OR 1.10 per mL kg-1 , 95% CI 1.03-1.17) as being associated with thrombosis. Conclusions Pediatric patients undergoing surgical repair of congenital heart malformations are exposed to high levels of VWF with diminished or minimal change to ADAMTS-13 in the immediate postoperative period. Elevated preoperative VWF activity is associated with postoperative thrombosis in pediatric congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hunt
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - C M Hoffman
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - S Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - C C Trenor
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S M Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D Faraoni
- Division of Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Kimchi-Sarfaty
- Hemostasis Branch, Division of Plasma Protein Therapeutics, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapeutics, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US FDA, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - J C Ibla
- Department of Anesthesiology Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Division of Cardiac Anesthesia, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Smith AMS, Kolden CA, Paveglio TB, Cochrane MA, Bowman DM, Moritz MA, Kliskey AD, Alessa L, Hudak AT, Hoffman CM, Lutz JA, Queen LP, Goetz SJ, Higuera PE, Boschetti L, Flannigan M, Yedinak KM, Watts AC, Strand EK, van Wagtendonk JW, Anderson JW, Stocks BJ, Abatzoglou JT. The Science of Firescapes: Achieving Fire-Resilient Communities. Bioscience 2016; 66:130-146. [PMID: 29593361 PMCID: PMC5865631 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biv182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildland fire management has reached a crossroads. Current perspectives are not capable of answering interdisciplinary adaptation and mitigation challenges posed by increases in wildfire risk to human populations and the need to reintegrate fire as a vital landscape process. Fire science has been, and continues to be, performed in isolated “silos,” including institutions (e.g., agencies versus universities), organizational structures (e.g., federal agency mandates versus local and state procedures for responding to fire), and research foci (e.g., physical science, natural science, and social science). These silos tend to promote research, management, and policy that focus only on targeted aspects of the “wicked” wildfire problem. In this article, we provide guiding principles to bridge diverse fire science efforts to advance an integrated agenda of wildfire research that can help overcome disciplinary silos and provide insight on how to build fire-resilient communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair M S Smith
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Crystal A Kolden
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Travis B Paveglio
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Mark A Cochrane
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - David Mjs Bowman
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Max A Moritz
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Andrew D Kliskey
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Lilian Alessa
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Andrew T Hudak
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Chad M Hoffman
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - James A Lutz
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Lloyd P Queen
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Scott J Goetz
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Philip E Higuera
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Luigi Boschetti
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Mike Flannigan
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Kara M Yedinak
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Adam C Watts
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Eva K Strand
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Jan W van Wagtendonk
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - John W Anderson
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - Brian J Stocks
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
| | - John T Abatzoglou
- Alistair M.S. Smith is an environmental biophysicist at the University of Idaho, in Moscow, and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources and the Idaho Fire Initiative for Research and Education (IFIRE). Travis B. Paveglio is a natural resource sociologist who focuses on wildfires and is affiliated with the Department of Natural Resources and Society at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Andrew D. Kliskey, Luigi Boschetti, Kara M. Yedinak, and Eva K. Strand are each affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Crystal A Kolden is a pyrogeographer affiliated with the College of Science at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Mark A Cochrane is an ecologist affiliated with Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence at South Dakota State University, Brookings. David M.J.S. Bowman is an environmental change biologist and pyrogeographer affiliated with the University of Tasmania, in Sandy Bay. Max A. Moritz is a cooperative extension specialist in fire ecology and management and is affiliated with the College of Natural Resources at the University of California, Berkeley. Lilian Alessa is a biologist from the University of Idaho, Moscow, and is affiliated with the Center for Resilient Communities, Alaska EPSCoR, and the International Arctic Research Center. Andrew T. Hudak is a research forester affiliated with the USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Moscow. Chad M. Hoffman is a forester affiliated with Colorado State University and the Western Forest Fire Research (WESTFIRE) Center, in Fort Collins. James A. Lutz is an ecologist affiliated with Utah State University, Logan, and is affiliated with the Yosemite, Utah, and Wind River Forest Dynamics Plots. Lloyd P. Queen is a remote sensing scientist affiliated with the University of Montana and the FireCenter, Missoula. Scott J. Goetz is a geographer affiliated with Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, and is affiliated with the Arctic Boreal Vulnerability Experiment (ABoVE). Philip E. Higuera is an ecologist affiliated with the University of Montana, Missoula. Mike Flannigan is a fire researcher affiliated with the University of Alberta, Edmonton, and is affiliated with the Western Partnership for Western Fire Science. Adam C. Watts is a fire ecologist affiliated with the Desert Research Institute, Reno. Jan W. van Wagtendonk is a research forester emeritus affiliated with the National Park Service, Yosemite National Park, Yosemite Field Station. John W. Anderson is a virtual architect affiliated with Virtual Technology and Design at the University of Idaho, in Moscow. Brian J. Stocks is a forester and is affiliated with BJ Stocks Wildfire Investigations. John T. Abatzoglou is a climatologist and is affiliated with the Department of Geography at the University of Idaho
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Abbasi RU, Abu-Zayyad T, Al-Seady M, Allen M, Amman JF, Anderson RJ, Archbold G, Belov K, Belz JW, Bergman DR, Blake SA, Brusova OA, Burt GW, Cannon C, Cao Z, Deng W, Fedorova Y, Finley CB, Gray RC, Hanlon WF, Hoffman CM, Holzscheiter MH, Ivanov D, Hughes G, Hüntemeyer P, Ivanov D, Jones BF, Jui CCH, Kim K, Kirn MA, Loh EC, Liu J, Lundquist JP, Maestas MM, Manago N, Marek LJ, Martens K, Matthews JAJ, Matthews JN, Moore SA, O'Neill A, Painter CA, Perera L, Reil K, Riehle R, Roberts M, Rodriguez D, Sasaki N, Schnetzer SR, Scott LM, Sinnis G, Smith JD, Sokolsky P, Song C, Springer RW, Stokes BT, Stratton S, Thomas SB, Thomas JR, Thomson GB, Tupa D, Zech A, Zhang X. Indications of proton-dominated cosmic-ray composition above 1.6 EeV. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:161101. [PMID: 20482038 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.161101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We report studies of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray composition via analysis of depth of air shower maximum (X(max)), for air shower events collected by the High-Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) observatory. The HiRes data are consistent with a constant elongation rate d<X(max)>/d[log(E)] of 47.9+/-6.0(stat)+/-3.2(syst) g/cm2/decade for energies between 1.6 and 63 EeV, and are consistent with a predominantly protonic composition of cosmic rays when interpreted via the QGSJET01 and QGSJET-II high-energy hadronic interaction models. These measurements constrain models in which the galactic-to-extragalactic transition is the cause of the energy spectrum ankle at 4x10(18) eV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U Abbasi
- Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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12
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Abdo AA, Allen B, Aune T, Berley D, Blaufuss E, Casanova S, Chen C, Dingus BL, Ellsworth RW, Fleysher L, Fleysher R, Gonzalez MM, Goodman JA, Hoffman CM, Hüntemeyer PH, Kolterman BE, Lansdell CP, Linnemann JT, McEnery JE, Mincer AI, Nemethy P, Noyes D, Pretz J, Ryan JM, Parkinson PMS, Shoup A, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Sullivan GW, Vasileiou V, Walker GP, Williams DA, Yodh GB. Discovery of localized regions of excess 10-TeV cosmic rays. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:221101. [PMID: 19113471 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.221101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2008] [Revised: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The 7 year data set of the Milagro TeV observatory contains 2.2 x 10(11) events of which most are due to hadronic cosmic rays. These data are searched for evidence of intermediate scale structure. Excess emission on angular scales of approximately 10 degrees has been found in two localized regions of unknown origin with greater than 12sigma significance. Both regions are inconsistent with pure gamma-ray emission with high confidence. One of the regions has a different energy spectrum than the isotropic cosmic-ray flux at a level of 4.6sigma, and it is consistent with hard spectrum protons with an exponential cutoff, with the most significant excess at approximately 10 TeV. Potential causes of these excesses are explored, but no compelling explanations are found.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Abdo
- Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Abbasi RU, Abu-Zayyad T, Allen M, Amman JF, Archbold G, Belov K, Belz JW, Ben Zvi SY, Bergman DR, Blake SA, Brusova OA, Burt GW, Cannon C, Cao Z, Connolly BC, Deng W, Fedorova Y, Finley CB, Gray RC, Hanlon WF, Hoffman CM, Holzscheiter MH, Hughes G, Hüntemeyer P, Jones BF, Jui CCH, Kim K, Kirn MA, Loh EC, Maestas MM, Manago N, Marek LJ, Martens K, Matthews JAJ, Matthews JN, Moore SA, O'Neill A, Painter CA, Perera L, Reil K, Riehle R, Roberts M, Rodriguez D, Sasaki N, Schnetzer SR, Scott LM, Sinnis G, Smith JD, Sokolsky P, Song C, Springer RW, Stokes BT, Thomas SB, Thomas JR, Thomson GB, Tupa D, Westerhoff S, Wiencke LR, Zhang X, Zech A. First observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin suppression. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:101101. [PMID: 18352170 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.101101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The High Resolution Fly's Eye (HiRes) experiment has observed the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin suppression (called the GZK cutoff) with a statistical significance of five standard deviations. HiRes' measurement of the flux of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays shows a sharp suppression at an energy of 6 x 10(19) eV, consistent with the expected cutoff energy. We observe the ankle of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum as well, at an energy of 4 x 10(18) eV. We describe the experiment, data collection, and analysis and estimate the systematic uncertainties. The results are presented and the calculation of the statistical significance of our observation is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U Abbasi
- Department of Physics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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14
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Atkins R, Benbow W, Berley D, Blaufuss E, Coyne DG, DeYoung T, Dingus BL, Dorfan DE, Ellsworth RW, Fleysher L, Fleysher R, Gisler G, Gonzalez MM, Goodman JA, Haines TJ, Hays E, Hoffman CM, Kelley LA, Lansdell CP, Linnemann JT, McEnery JE, Miller RS, Mincer AI, Morales MF, Nemethy P, Noyes D, Ryan JM, Samuelson FW, Parkinson PMS, Shoup A, Sinnis G, Smith AJ, Sullivan GW, Williams DA, Wilson ME, Xu XW, Yodh GB. Evidence for TeV gamma-ray emission from a region of the galactic plane. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 95:251103. [PMID: 16384445 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.251103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2005] [Revised: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Gamma-ray emission from a narrow band at the galactic equator has previously been detected up to 30 GeV. We report evidence for a TeV gamma-ray signal from a region of the galactic plane by Milagro, a large-field-of-view water Cherenkov detector for extensive air showers. An excess with a significance of 4.5 standard deviations has been observed from the region of galactic longitude l E (40 degrees, 100 degrees) and latitude /b/ < 5 degrees. Under the assumption of a simple power law spectrum, with no cutoff in the EGRET-Milagro energy range, the measured integral flux is phi gamma(>3.5 TeV) = (6.4 +/- 1.4 +/- 2.1) x 10(-11) cm(-2) s(-1) sr(-1). This flux is consistent with an extrapolation of the EGRET spectrum between 1 and 30 GeV in this galactic region.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Atkins
- Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1150 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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15
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Abbasi RU, Abu-Zayyad T, Amann JF, Archbold G, Bellido JA, Belov K, Belz JW, Bergman DR, Cao Z, Clay RW, Cooper MD, Dai H, Dawson BR, Everett AA, Fedorova YA, Girard JHV, Gray RC, Hanlon WF, Hoffman CM, Holzscheiter MH, Hüntemeyer P, Jones BF, Jui CCH, Kieda DB, Kim K, Kirn MA, Loh EC, Manago N, Marek LJ, Martens K, Martin G, Matthews JAJ, Matthews JN, Meyer JR, Moore SA, Morrison P, Moosman AN, Mumford JR, Munro MW, Painter CA, Perera L, Reil K, Riehle R, Roberts M, Sarracino JS, Sasaki M, Schnetzer SR, Shen P, Simpson KM, Sinnis G, Smith JD, Sokolsky P, Song C, Springer RW, Stokes BT, Taylor SF, Thomas SB, Thompson TN, Thomson GB, Tupa D, Westerhoff S, Wiencke LR, VanderVeen TD, Zech A, Zhang X. Measurement of the flux of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays from monocular observations by the High Resolution Fly's Eye experiment. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:151101. [PMID: 15169276 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.151101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2002] [Revised: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the cosmic ray spectrum above 10(17.2) eV using the two air-fluorescence detectors of the High Resolution Fly's Eye observatory operating in monocular mode. We describe the detector, phototube, and atmospheric calibrations, as well as the analysis techniques for the two detectors. We fit the spectrum to a model consisting of galactic and extragalactic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- R U Abbasi
- Department of Physics and High Energy Astrophysics Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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16
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Atkins R, Benbow W, Berley D, Chen ML, Coyne DG, Dingus BL, Dorfan DE, Ellsworth RW, Evans D, Falcone A, Fleysher L, Fleysher R, Gisler G, Goodman JA, Haines TJ, Hoffman CM, Hugenberger S, Kelley LA, Leonor I, McConnell M, McCullough JF, McEnery JE, Miller RS, Mincer AI, Morales MF, Nemethy P, Ryan JM, Shen B, Shoup A, Sinnis C, Smith AJ, Sullivan GW, Tumer T, Wang K, Wascko MO, Westerhoff S, Williams DA, Yang T, Yodh GB. Evidence for TeV Emission from GRB 970417a. Astrophys J 2000; 533:L119-L122. [PMID: 10770704 DOI: 10.1086/312629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1999] [Accepted: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Milagrito, a detector sensitive to very high energy gamma rays, monitored the northern sky from 1997 February through 1998 May. With a large field of view and a high duty cycle, this instrument was well suited to perform a search for TeV gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We report on a search made for TeV counterparts to GRBs observed by BATSE. BATSE detected 54 GRBs within the field of view of Milagrito during this period. An excess of events coincident in time and space with one of these bursts, GRB 970417a, was observed by Milagrito. The excess has a chance probability of 2.8x10-5 of being a fluctuation of the background. The probability for observing an excess at least this large from any of the 54 bursts is 1.5x10-3. No significant correlations were detected from the other bursts.
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17
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Atkins R, Benbow W, Berley D, Chen ML, Coyne DG, Delay RS, Dingus BL, Dorfan DE, Ellsworth RW, Espinoza C, Evans D, Falcone A, Fleysher L, Fleysher R, Gisler G, Goodman JA, Haines TJ, Hoffman CM, Hugenberger S, Kelley LA, Leonor I, McConnell M, McCullough JF, McEnery JE, Miller RS, Mincer AI, Morales MF, Murray MM, Nemethy P, Ryan JM, Schneider M, Shen B, Shoup A, Sinnis C, Smith AJ, Sullivan GW, Thompson TN, Tumer T, Wang K, Wascko MO, Westerhoff S, Williams DA, Yang T, Yodh GB. TeV Observations of Markarian 501 with the Milagrito Water Cerenkov Detector. Astrophys J 1999; 525:L25-L28. [PMID: 10511505 DOI: 10.1086/312332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The Milagrito water Cerenkov detector near Los Alamos, New Mexico, was operated as a sky monitor at energies of a few TeV between 1997 February and 1998 May, including the period of the strong, long-lasting 1997 flare of Markarian 501. Milagrito served as a test run for the full Milagro detector. An event excess with a significance of 3.7 sigma from Markarian 501 was observed, in agreement with expectations.
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Abstract
Hoffman, Flory, and Alberts (1999) demonstrated that 1-, 5-, and 11-day-old rats in a cool environment (25 degrees C) acquired an operant head-turning response when rewarded with a 20-s warming of the platform on which they lay. In the current experiment 5- and 11-day-old rats in a hot environment (40 degrees C) acquired the head-turning response when rewarded with a 20-s cooling of the platform on which they lay, but 1-day-olds did not. The concept of ontogenetic adaptation helps us interpret these results: Neonatal thermotaxis constrains the 1-day-olds from learning a novel operant response for a cool reinforcer in a hot environment. Because the thermotaxis wanes from birth, it is not as strong in 5- and 11-day-old pups that are thus able to learn the operant for a cool reinforcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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Abstract
One-, 5-, and 11-day-old rats in a cool environment (25 degrees C) acquired an operant response when rewarded with a 20-s-long warming of the platform (from 25 to 36 degrees C) on which they lay. In Experiment 1, the head-turning response was learned by pups at all ages. When the contingency was reversed so that pups were reinforced for turning to the side opposite that correct during training, the original response extinguished for 1-day-olds, but not for 5- or 11-day-olds. In Experiment 2, the rewarded side was randomly selected for each trial. One-day-olds perseverated in turning to the side correct on that trial while the reinforcer remained on, but 5- and 11-day-old rat pups did not. We conclude that 1-day-old pups were more responsive to the change in experimental contingency in Experiment 1 due to this thermotaxic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hoffman
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University, Bloomington 47405, USA
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20
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Hoffman CM. Depression in pregnancy. A frequent problem that is frequently missed. N C Med J 1995; 56:212-213. [PMID: 7609794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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21
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Alexandreas DE, Allen GE, Berley D, Biller S, Burman RL, Cavalli-Sforza M, Chang CY, Chen ML, Chumney P, Coyne D, Dion C, Dion GM, Dorfan D, Ellsworth RW, Goodman JA, Haines TJ, Harmon M, Hoffman CM, Kelley L, Klein S, Nagle DE, Schmidt DM, Schnee R, Sinnis C, Shoup A, Stark MJ, Weeks DD, Williams DA, Wu JP, Yang T, Yodh GB, Zhang WP. New limit on the rate-density of evaporating black holes. Phys Rev Lett 1993; 71:2524-2527. [PMID: 10054704 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.71.2524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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22
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Ni B, Arnold K, Chmely F, Cooper MD, Eckhause M, Guss PP, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Hughes VW, Kane JR, Kettell SH, Kuang Y, Markey J, Matthias BE, Mischke RE, Orth H, Piilonen LE, Reidy J, Schaefer HR, Williams RA, Woodle KA. Search for spontaneous conversion of muonium to antimuonium. Int J Clin Exp Med 1993; 48:1976-1989. [PMID: 10016434 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.48.1976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Alexandreas DE, Allen RC, Berley D, Biller SD, Burman RL, Cady DR, Chang CY, Dingus BL, Dion GM, Ellsworth RW, Gilra MK, Goodman JA, Gupta S, Haines TJ, Hoffman CM, Krakauer DA, Kwok P, Lloyd-Evans J, Lu XQ, Nagle DE, Potter ME, Sandberg VD, Stark MJ, Talaga RL, Vishwanath PR, Yodh GB, Zhang W. Observation of shadowing of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays by the Moon and the Sun. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1991; 43:1735-1738. [PMID: 10013548 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.43.1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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24
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Alexandreas DE, Allen RC, Berley D, Biller SD, Burman RL, Cady R, Chang CY, Dingus BL, Dion GM, Ellsworth RW, Goodman JA, Haines TJ, Hoffman CM, Lloyd-Evans J, Lu XQ, Nagle DE, Potter ME, Sandberg VD, Stark MJ, Talaga RL, Vishwanath PR, Yodh GB, Zhang W. Study of Cygnus X-3 at ultrahigh energies during the 1989 radio outbursts. Phys Rev Lett 1990; 64:2973-2975. [PMID: 10041862 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.64.2973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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25
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Haines TJ, Alexandreas DE, Allen RC, Biller S, Berley D, Burman RL, Cady DR, Chang CY, Dingus BL, Dion GM, Ellsworth RW, Goodman JA, Hoffman CM, Lloyd-Evans J, Nagle DE, Potter M, Sandberg VD, Wilkinson CA, Yodh GB. Limit on possible energy-dependent velocities for massless particles. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1990; 41:692-694. [PMID: 10012379 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.41.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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26
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Raby S, West GB, Hoffman CM. Are there really any experimental limits on a light Higgs boson? Phys Rev D Part Fields 1989; 39:828-833. [PMID: 9959709 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.39.828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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27
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Bolton RD, Cooper MD, Frank JS, Hallin AL, Heusi PA, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Mariam FG, Matis HS, Mischke RE, Piilonen LE, Sandberg VD, Sanders GH, Sennhauser U, Werbeck R, Williams RA, Wilson SL, Hofstadter R, Hughes EB, Ritter MW, Grosnick D, Wright SC, Highland VL, McDonough J. Search for rare muon decays with the Crystal Box detector. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1988; 38:2077-2101. [PMID: 9959361 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.38.2077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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28
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McDonough J, Highland VL, McFarlane WK, Bolton RD, Cooper MD, Frank JS, Hallin AL, Heusi P, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Mariam FG, Mischke RE, Piilonen LE, Sandberg VD, Sennhauser U, Werbeck RD, Williams RA, Wilson SL, Grosnick DP, Wright SC. New searches for the C-noninvariant decay pi 0-->3 gamma and the rare decay pi 0-->4 gamma. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1988; 38:2121-2128. [PMID: 9959363 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.38.2121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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29
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Ni B, Arnold K, Chmely F, Hughes VW, Kettell SH, Kuang Y, Markey J, Matthias BE, Orth H, Schaefer HR, Woodle K, Cooper MD, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Mischke RE, Piilonen LE, Williams RA, Eckhause M, Guss P, Kane J, Reidy J. Search for spontaneous conversion of muonium to antimuonium. Phys Rev Lett 1987; 59:2716-2719. [PMID: 10035630 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.59.2716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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30
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Goldman T, Hallin AL, Hoffman CM, Piilonen LE, Preston D, Bolton RD, Cooper MD, Frank JS, Heusi PA, Hogan GE, Mariam FG, Matis HS, Mischke RE, Sandberg VD, Sanders GH, Sennhauser U, Werbeck R, Williams RA, Grosnick D, Wright SC, Wilson SL, Hofstadter R, Hughes EB, Ritter MW, Highland VL, McDonough J. Light-boson emission in the decay of the micro+. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1987; 36:1543-1546. [PMID: 9958331 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.36.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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31
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Grosnick D, Wright SC, Bolton RD, Cooper MD, Frank JS, Hallin AL, Heusi PA, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Mariam FG, Matis HS, Mischke RE, Piilonen LE, Sandberg VD, Sanders GH, Sennhauser U, Werbeck R, Williams RA, Wilson SL, Hofstadter R, Hughes EB, Ritter MW, Highland VL, McDonough J. Search for the rare decay micro+-->e+ gamma gamma. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 57:3241-3244. [PMID: 10033995 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.57.3241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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32
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Hoffman CM. Short-lived axions and kaon decay. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1986; 34:2167. [PMID: 9957400 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.34.2167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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33
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Piilonen LE, Bolton RD, Cooper MD, Frank JS, Hallin AL, Heusi P, Hogan GE, Hoffman CM, Mariam FG, Mischke RE, Sandberg VD, Williams RA, Wilson SL, Highland VL, McDonough J, Grosnick D, Wright SC, Ritter M. Unique determination of the form-factor ratio in radiative pion decay. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 57:1402-1405. [PMID: 10033440 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.57.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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34
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Bolton RD, Bowman JD, Cooper MD, Frank JS, Hallin AL, Heusi PA, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Mariam FG, Matis HS, Mischke RE, Nagle DE, Piilonen LE, Sandberg VD, Sanders GH, Sennhauser U, Werbeck R, Williams RA, Wilson SL, Hofstadter R, Hughes EB, Ritter MW, Grosnick D, Wright SC, Highland VL, McDonough J. Search for the decay micro+-->e+ gamma. Phys Rev Lett 1986; 56:2461-2464. [PMID: 10032999 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.56.2461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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35
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McFarlane WK, Auerbach LB, Gaille FC, Highland VL, Jastrzembski E, Macek RJ, Cverna FH, Hoffman CM, Hogan GE, Morgado RE, Pratt JC, Werbeck RD. Measurement of the rate for pion beta decay. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1985; 32:547-565. [PMID: 9956176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.32.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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36
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Hoffman CM, Karu AE, Dev J. Renin-angiotensin system during labor: evaluation of renin activity in normal, pre-eclamptic, and pre-existing hypertensive patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 117:537-43. [PMID: 4355173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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38
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Abstract
Abstract
A controlled study was carried out on 600 samples of various types of white and colored paper obtained from 10 different paper manufacturers with known production histories and dates. Neutron activation analysis was employed to measure the characterizing trace elemental compositions. Results indicated that (1) the papers examined were uniform with respect to their trace elemental compositions, (2) papers produced by different manufacturers are readily distinguishable qualitatively and/or quantitatively, (3) different batches of paper produced by the same manufacturer are generally qualitatively similar if produced within a short span of time (however, these specimens can be distinguished by quantitative analysis of the trace elements), and (4) different batches of paper produced by the same manufacturer at least 1 year apart are readily distinguishable qualitatively and/or quantitatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Brunelle
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - W D Washington
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - C M Hoffman
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - M J Pro
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
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39
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Hoffman CM, Canby JP. Treatment of hemorrhagic shock. Pediatrics 1970; 45:342-3. [PMID: 5413408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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40
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Brunelle RL, Hoffman CM, Snow KB, Pro MJ. Neutron Activation and Atomic Absorption Analyses of Chemical Elements in Soil. J AOAC Int 1969. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/52.5.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Procedures are described for the determination of about 20 chemical elements in soil by NAA and AAA. It is shown that the combination of these techniques is particularly suitable for soil analysis, because a large number of both major and minor elements can be determined with good precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Brunelle
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - C M Hoffman
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - K B Snow
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - M J Pro
- Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
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41
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Pro MJ, Hoffman CM. Advanced Instrumentation in Forensic Examinations. J AOAC Int 1967. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/50.5.1041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Pro
- National Office Laboratory, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - C M Hoffman
- National Office Laboratory, Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
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42
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Schlesinger HL, Hoffman CM, Pro MJ. Identification of Bullet Holes by Residue Transfer. J AOAC Int 1967. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/50.2.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Antimony and copper residues deposited on the bullet surface after explosion of a pistol cartridge were measured by neutron activation analysis. The amount of residue wiped from the bullet surface upon passage through various target materials was determined. Correlations were found between the residue deposited on the target material and the bullet jacketing, caliber, and configuration
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Schlesinger
- Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Laboratory Branch, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - C M Hoffman
- Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Laboratory Branch, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - M J Pro
- Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Laboratory Branch, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
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43
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Scott JE, Hoffman CM, Pro MJ, Schlesinger HL. Comparison of Adhesive Tapes by Neutron Activation Analysis. J AOAC Int 1967. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/50.2.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Adhesive tapes were compared by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry. Results show that neutron activation analysis can he used to characterize tapes through their elemental composition. Differences between manufacturers as well as hatch-tobatch and in-batch variations can be measured by neutron activation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Scott
- Bureau of Chief Postal Inspector, Post Office Departnient, Washington, D.C. 20260
| | - C M Hoffman
- Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - M J Pro
- Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
| | - H L Schlesinger
- Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Division, Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C. 20224
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44
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Schlesinger HL, Pro MJ, Hoffman CM, Cohan M. Activation Analysis of Drugs. J AOAC Int 1965. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoac/48.6.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Activation analysis has been employed to compare and determine the source of manufacture of drugs. The irradiations were carried out with the DASA-TRIGA1 and Naval Research Laboratory nuclear reactors,2 and the induced radionuclides were identified by nondestructive gamma-ray spectrometry. The results show that the technique can be a useful tool for the identification of trace elements which serve to characterize drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M J Pro
- Internal Revenue Service, Washington, D.C
| | | | - M Cohan
- Armed Forces Radiobiologv Research Institute, Bethesda, Md
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