1
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Johansson TB, Davtyan R, Valderas-Gutiérrez J, Gonzalez Rodriguez A, Agnarsson B, Munita R, Fioretos T, Lilljebjörn H, Linke H, Höök F, Prinz CN. Sub-Nanomolar Detection of Oligonucleotides Using Molecular Beacons Immobilized on Lightguiding Nanowires. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:453. [PMID: 38470783 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The detection of oligonucleotides is a central step in many biomedical investigations. The most commonly used methods for detecting oligonucleotides often require concentration and amplification before detection. Therefore, developing detection methods with a direct read-out would be beneficial. Although commonly used for the detection of amplified oligonucleotides, fluorescent molecular beacons have been proposed for such direct detection. However, the reported limits of detection using molecular beacons are relatively high, ranging from 100 nM to a few µM, primarily limited by the beacon fluorescence background. In this study, we enhanced the relative signal contrast between hybridized and non-hybridized states of the beacons by immobilizing them on lightguiding nanowires. Upon hybridization to a complementary oligonucleotide, the fluorescence from the surface-bound beacon becomes coupled in the lightguiding nanowire core and is re-emitted at the nanowire tip in a narrower cone of light compared with the standard 4π emission. Prior knowledge of the nanowire positions allows for the continuous monitoring of fluorescence signals from each nanowire, which effectively facilitates the discrimination of signals arising from hybridization events against background signals. This resulted in improved signal-to-background and signal-to-noise ratios, which allowed for the direct detection of oligonucleotides at a concentration as low as 0.1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese B Johansson
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rubina Davtyan
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Julia Valderas-Gutiérrez
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Agnarsson
- Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Roberto Munita
- Division of Molecular Hematology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Lilljebjörn
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Division of Nano and Biophysics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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2
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Berthing T, Lard M, Danielsen PH, Abariute L, Barfod KK, Adolfsson K, Knudsen KB, Wolff H, Prinz CN, Vogel U. Pulmonary toxicity and translocation of gallium phosphide nanowires to secondary organs following pulmonary exposure in mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:322. [PMID: 37679803 PMCID: PMC10483739 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND III-V semiconductor nanowires are envisioned as being integrated in optoelectronic devices in the near future. However, the perspective of mass production of these nanowires raises concern for human safety due to their asbestos- and carbon nanotube-like properties, including their high aspect ratio shape. Indeed, III-V nanowires have similar dimensions as Mitsui-7 multi-walled carbon nanotubes, which induce lung cancer by inhalation in rats. It is therefore urgent to investigate the toxicological effects following lung exposure to III-V nanowires prior to their use in industrial production, which entails risk of human exposure. Here, female C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 2, 6, and 18 µg (0.12, 0.35 and 1.1 mg/kg bw) of gallium phosphide (III-V) nanowires (99 nm diameter, 3.7 μm length) by intratracheal instillation and the toxicity was investigated 1, 3, 28 days and 3 months after exposure. Mitsui-7 multi-walled carbon nanotubes and carbon black Printex 90 nanoparticles were used as benchmark nanomaterials. RESULTS Gallium phosphide nanowires induced genotoxicity in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and acute inflammation with eosinophilia observable both in bronchoalveolar lavage and lung tissue (1 and 3 days post-exposure). The inflammatory response was comparable to the response following exposure to Mitsui-7 multi-walled carbon nanotubes at similar dose levels. The nanowires underwent partial dissolution in the lung resulting in thinner nanowires, with an estimated in vivo half-life of 3 months. Despite the partial dissolution, nanowires were detected in lung, liver, spleen, kidney, uterus and brain 3 months after exposure. CONCLUSION Pulmonary exposure to gallium phosphide nanowires caused similar toxicological effects as the multi-walled carbon nanotube Mitsui-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trine Berthing
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden
| | | | - Laura Abariute
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden
- Phase Holographic Imaging PHI AB, Lund, 224 78, Sweden
| | - Kenneth K Barfod
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Food Science, Microbiology and Fermentation, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karl Adolfsson
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden
- Axis Communications AB, Lund, 223 69, Sweden
| | - Kristina B Knudsen
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 22 100, Sweden.
| | - Ulla Vogel
- The National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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3
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Unksov IN, Anttu N, Verardo D, Höök F, Prinz CN, Linke H. Fluorescence excitation enhancement by waveguiding nanowires. Nanoscale Adv 2023; 5:1760-1766. [PMID: 36926575 PMCID: PMC10012842 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00749e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The optical properties of vertical semiconductor nanowires can allow an enhancement of fluorescence from surface-bound fluorophores, a feature proven useful in biosensing. One of the contributing factors to the fluorescence enhancement is thought to be the local increase of the incident excitation light intensity in the vicinity of the nanowire surface, where fluorophores are located. However, this effect has not been experimentally studied in detail to date. Here, we quantify the excitation enhancement of fluorophores bound to a semiconductor nanowire surface by combining modelling with measurements of fluorescence photobleaching rate, indicative of the excitation light intensity, using epitaxially grown GaP nanowires. We study the excitation enhancement for nanowires with a diameter of 50-250 nm and show that excitation enhancement reaches a maximum for certain diameters, depending on the excitation wavelength. Furthermore, we find that the excitation enhancement decreases rapidly within tens of nanometers from the nanowire sidewall. The results can be used to design nanowire-based optical systems with exceptional sensitivities for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan N Unksov
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- Physics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University FI-20500 Turku Finland
| | - Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
- AlignedBio AB, Medicon Village Scheeletorget 1 223 63 Lund Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund and Solid State Physics, Lund University Box 118 22100 Lund Sweden
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4
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Valderas-Gutiérrez J, Davtyan R, Sivakumar S, Anttu N, Li Y, Flatt P, Shin JY, Prinz CN, Höök F, Fioretos T, Magnusson MH, Linke H. Enhanced Optical Biosensing by Aerotaxy Ga(As)P Nanowire Platforms Suitable for Scalable Production. ACS Appl Nano Mater 2022; 5:9063-9071. [PMID: 35909504 PMCID: PMC9315950 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.2c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive detection of low-abundance biomolecules is central for diagnostic applications. Semiconductor nanowires can be designed to enhance the fluorescence signal from surface-bound molecules, prospectively improving the limit of optical detection. However, to achieve the desired control of physical dimensions and material properties, one currently uses relatively expensive substrates and slow epitaxy techniques. An alternative approach is aerotaxy, a high-throughput and substrate-free production technique for high-quality semiconductor nanowires. Here, we compare the optical sensing performance of custom-grown aerotaxy-produced Ga(As)P nanowires vertically aligned on a polymer substrate to GaP nanowires batch-produced by epitaxy on GaP substrates. We find that signal enhancement by individual aerotaxy nanowires is comparable to that from epitaxy nanowires and present evidence of single-molecule detection. Platforms based on both types of nanowires show substantially higher normalized-to-blank signal intensity than planar glass surfaces, with the epitaxy platforms performing somewhat better, owing to a higher density of nanowires. With further optimization, aerotaxy nanowires thus offer a pathway to scalable, low-cost production of highly sensitive nanowire-based platforms for optical biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Valderas-Gutiérrez
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rubina Davtyan
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sudhakar Sivakumar
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- Physics,
Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo
Akademi University, Henrikinkatu
2, FI-20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Yuyu Li
- AlignedBio
AB, Medicon Village,
Scheeletorget 1, SE-22363, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Patrick Flatt
- AlignedBio
AB, Medicon Village,
Scheeletorget 1, SE-22363, Lund 22100, Sweden
| | - Jae Yen Shin
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thoas Fioretos
- Division
of Clinical Genetics, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin H. Magnusson
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Lard M, Ho BD, Beech JP, Tegenfeldt JO, Prinz CN. Use of dielectrophoresis for directing T cells to microwells before nanostraw transfection: modelling and experiments †. RSC Adv 2022; 12:30295-30303. [PMID: 36337971 PMCID: PMC9589401 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra05119b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanostraw substrates have great potential for achieving minimally invasive cell transfection. Cells located on the nanostraw substrate are subjected to mild DC electric pulses applied across the nanostraw substrate, which open pores in the cell membrane on top of the nanostraws and drives charged cargo through these pores via electrophoresis. However, with this method, the current may leak through uncovered nanostraws, thereby decreasing the desired effect in the cell-covered nanostraws. A minimization of the number of uncovered nanostraws could be achieved by high cell coverage, but this is challenging when working with small cell populations. Nanostraw substrates of smaller area could be covered by smaller cell populations but are hard to integrate into fluidics systems. Here, we use simulations and experiments to show that this issue can be addressed by covering the nanostraw substrate with an insulating layer containing pores of similar size to cells. The pores act as traps into which cells can be guided using dielectrophoresis, ensuring a high degree of occupancy while maintaining a high cell viability, even if the total number of cells is low. Dielectrophoresis can be used to guide cells to microwells with nanostraws at the bottom. This ensures a high nanostraw occupancy, minimizing the current leak through unoccupied nanostraws while maintaining a high cell viability, even if the total number of cells is low.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University221 00 LundSweden
| | - Bao D. Ho
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University221 00 LundSweden
| | - Jason P. Beech
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University221 00 LundSweden
| | - Jonas O. Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University221 00 LundSweden
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University221 00 LundSweden
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6
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Freitas RO, Cernescu A, Engdahl A, Paulus A, Levandoski JE, Martinsson I, Hebisch E, Sandt C, Gouras GK, Prinz CN, Deierborg T, Borondics F, Klementieva O. Nano-Infrared Imaging of Primary Neurons. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102559. [PMID: 34685539 PMCID: PMC8534030 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for about 70% of neurodegenerative diseases and is a cause of cognitive decline and death for one-third of seniors. AD is currently underdiagnosed, and it cannot be effectively prevented. Aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ) proteins has been linked to the development of AD, and it has been established that, under pathological conditions, Aβ proteins undergo structural changes to form β-sheet structures that are considered neurotoxic. Numerous intensive in vitro studies have provided detailed information about amyloid polymorphs; however, little is known on how amyloid β-sheet-enriched aggregates can cause neurotoxicity in relevant settings. We used scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) to study amyloid structures at the nanoscale, in individual neurons. Specifically, we show that in well-validated systems, s-SNOM can detect amyloid β-sheet structures with nanometer spatial resolution in individual neurons. This is a proof-of-concept study to demonstrate that s-SNOM can be used to detect Aβ-sheet structures on cell surfaces at the nanoscale. Furthermore, this study is intended to raise neurobiologists’ awareness of the potential of s-SNOM as a tool for analyzing amyloid β-sheet structures at the nanoscale in neurons without the need for immunolabeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul O. Freitas
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-970, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (R.O.F.); (O.K.)
| | - Adrian Cernescu
- Attocube Systems AG, Eglfinger Weg 2, 85540 Munich, Germany;
| | - Anders Engdahl
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden; (A.E.); (A.P.)
| | - Agnes Paulus
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden; (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden;
| | - João E. Levandoski
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-970, Sao Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden; (I.M.); (G.K.G.)
| | - Elke Hebisch
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (E.H.); (C.N.P.)
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, CEDEX, 91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France; (C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Gunnar Keppler Gouras
- Experimental Dementia Research, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden; (I.M.); (G.K.G.)
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (E.H.); (C.N.P.)
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Ferenc Borondics
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, CEDEX, 91192 Gif Sur Yvette, France; (C.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Oxana Klementieva
- Medical Microspectroscopy, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 22180 Lund, Sweden; (A.E.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.F.); (O.K.)
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7
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Hebisch E, Hjort M, Volpati D, Prinz CN. Nanostraw-Assisted Cellular Injection of Fluorescent Nanodiamonds via Direct Membrane Opening. Small 2021; 17:e2006421. [PMID: 33502091 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their stable fluorescence, biocompatibility, and amenability to functionalization, fluorescent nanodiamonds (FND) are promising materials for long term cell labeling and tracking. However, transporting them to the cytosol remains a major challenge, due to low internalization efficiencies and endosomal entrapment. Here, nanostraws in combination with low voltage electroporation pulses are used to achieve direct delivery of FND to the cytosol. The nanostraw delivery leads to efficient and rapid FND transport into cells compared to when incubating cells in a FND-containing medium. Moreover, whereas all internalized FND delivered by incubation end up in lysosomes, a significantly larger proportion of nanostraw-injected FND are in the cytosol, which opens up for using FND as cellular probes. Furthermore, in order to answer the long-standing question in the field of nano-biology regarding the state of the cell membrane on hollow nanostructures, live cell stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is performed to image directly the state of the membrane on nanostraws. The time-lapse STED images reveal that the cell membrane opens entirely on top of nanostraws upon application of gentle electrical pulses, which supports the hypothesis that many FND are delivered directly to the cytosol, avoiding endocytosis and lysosomal entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Hebisch
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Martin Hjort
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
- Navan Technologies Inc., 733 Industrial Rd, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Diogo Volpati
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
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8
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Verardo D, Liljedahl L, Richter C, Agnarsson B, Axelsson U, Prinz CN, Höök F, Borrebaeck CAK, Linke H. Fluorescence Signal Enhancement in Antibody Microarrays Using Lightguiding Nanowires. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11010227. [PMID: 33467141 PMCID: PMC7829981 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence-based detection assays play an essential role in the life sciences and medicine. To offer better detection sensitivity and lower limits of detection (LOD), there is a growing need for novel platforms with an improved readout capacity. In this context, substrates containing semiconductor nanowires may offer significant advantages, due to their proven light-emission enhancing, waveguiding properties, and increased surface area. To demonstrate and evaluate the potential of such nanowires in the context of diagnostic assays, we have in this work adopted a well-established single-chain fragment antibody-based assay, based on a protocol previously designed for biomarker detection using planar microarrays, to freestanding, SiO2-coated gallium phosphide nanowires. The assay was used for the detection of protein biomarkers in highly complex human serum at high dilution. The signal quality was quantified and compared with results obtained on conventional flat silicon and plastic substrates used in the established microarray applications. Our results show that using the nanowire-sensor platform in combination with conventional readout methods, improves the signal intensity, contrast, and signal-to-noise by more than one order of magnitude compared to flat surfaces. The results confirm the potential of lightguiding nanowires for signal enhancement and their capacity to improve the LOD of standard diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- AlignedBio AB, Medicon Village, Scheeletorget 1, 223 63 Lund, Sweden
| | - Leena Liljedahl
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Corinna Richter
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Björn Agnarsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Ulrika Axelsson
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Höök
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Carl A. K. Borrebaeck
- CREATE Health Translational Cancer Center, Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village Bldg 406, 223 63 Lund, Sweden; (L.L.); (C.R.); (U.A.); (C.A.K.B.)
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden; (D.V.); (C.N.P.); (F.H.)
- Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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9
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Olsson TB, Abariute L, Hrachowina L, Barrigón E, Volpati D, Limpert S, Otnes G, Borgström MT, Prinz CN. Photovoltaic nanowires affect human lung cell proliferation under illumination conditions. Nanoscale 2020; 12:14237-14244. [PMID: 32608415 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07678f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using light to interact with cells is a promising way to steer cell behavior with minimal perturbation. Besides optogenetics, photovoltaic nanostructures such as nanowires can be used to interact with cells using light as a switch. Photovoltaic nanowires have, for instance, been used to stimulate neurons. However, the effects of the photovoltaic activity on cells are still poorly understood and characterized. Here, we investigate the effects of the photovoltaic activity of p-i-n nanowire arrays on A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. We have cultured A549 cells on top of vertical arrays of indium phosphide p-i-n nanowires (photovoltaic nanowires), with and without illumination to assess the effects of the nanowire photovoltaic activity on cells. We show that there is a higher proportion of dormant cells when the p-i-n nanowire arrays are illuminated. However, there is no difference in the proportion of dormant cells when the p-i-n nanowires are coated with oxide, which suggests that carrier injection in the cell medium (in this case, the release of electrons from the tip of the nanowires) is an important factor for modulating cell proliferation on photovoltaic nanowires. The results open up for interesting applications of photovoltaic nanowires in biomedicine, such as using them as a dormancy switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Therese B Olsson
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are increasingly used in optoelectronic devices. However, their effects on human health have not been assessed fully. Here, we investigate the effects of gallium phosphide nanowires on human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Four different geometries of nanowires were suspended in the cell culture for 48 hours. We show that cells internalize the nanowires and that the nanowires have no effect on cell proliferation rate, motility, viability and intracellular ROS levels. By blocking specific internalization pathways, we demonstrate that the nanowire uptake is the result of a combination of processes, requiring dynamin and actin polymerization, which suggests an internalization through macropinocytosis and phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Abariute
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elke Hebisch
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
Due to their high aspect ratio and increased surface-to-foot-print area, arrays of vertical semiconductor nanowires are used in numerous biological applications, such as cell transfection and biosensing. Here we focus on two specific valuable biosensing approaches that, so far, have received relatively limited attention in terms of their potential capabilities: cellular mechanosensing and lightguiding-induced enhanced fluorescence detection. Although proposed a decade ago, these two applications for using vertical nanowire arrays have only very recently achieved significant breakthroughs, both in terms of understanding their fundamental phenomena, and in the ease of their implementation. We review the status of the field in these areas and describe significant findings and potential future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy Lard
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund Sweden
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12
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Li Z, Kamlund S, Ryser T, Lard M, Oredsson S, Prinz CN. Single cell analysis of proliferation and movement of cancer and normal-like cells on nanowire array substrates. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:7042-7049. [PMID: 32254587 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02049c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanowires are presently investigated in the context of various biological and medical applications. In general, these studies are population-based, which results in sub-populations being overlooked. Here, we present a single cell analysis of cell cycle and cell movement parameters of cells seeded on nanowires using digital holographic microscopy for time-lapse imaging. MCF10A normal-like human breast epithelial cells and JIMT-1 breast cancer cells were seeded on glass, flat gallium phosphide (GaP), and on vertical GaP nanowire arrays. The cells were monitored individually using digital holographic microscopy for 48 h. The data show that cell division is affected in cells seeded on flat GaP and nanowires compared to glass, with much fewer cells dividing on the former two substrates compared to the latter. However, MCF10 cells that are dividing on glass and flat GaP substrates have similar cell cycle time, suggesting that distinct cell subpopulations are affected differently by the substrates. Altogether, the data highlight the importance of performing single cell analysis to increase our understanding of the versatility of cell behavior on different substrates, which is relevant in the design of nanowire applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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13
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Verardo D, Lindberg FW, Anttu N, Niman CS, Lard M, Dabkowska AP, Nylander T, Månsson A, Prinz CN, Linke H. Nanowires for Biosensing: Lightguiding of Fluorescence as a Function of Diameter and Wavelength. Nano Lett 2018; 18:4796-4802. [PMID: 30001138 PMCID: PMC6377180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires can act as nanoscaled optical fibers, enabling them to guide and concentrate light emitted by surface-bound fluorophores, potentially enhancing the sensitivity of optical biosensing. While parameters such as the nanowire geometry and the fluorophore wavelength can be expected to strongly influence this lightguiding effect, no detailed description of their effect on in-coupling of fluorescent emission is available to date. Here, we use confocal imaging to quantify the lightguiding effect in GaP nanowires as a function of nanowire geometry and light wavelength. Using a combination of finite-difference time-domain simulations and analytical approaches, we identify the role of multiple waveguide modes for the observed lightguiding. The normalized frequency parameter, based on the step-index approximation, predicts the lightguiding ability of the nanowires as a function of diameter and fluorophore wavelength, providing a useful guide for the design of optical biosensors based on nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Verardo
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Frida W. Lindberg
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Nicklas Anttu
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cassandra S. Niman
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Mercy Lard
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra P. Dabkowska
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Alf Månsson
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus
University, Norra vägen
49, SE-391 82 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
- Division
of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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14
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Li Z, Persson H, Adolfsson K, Abariute L, Borgström MT, Hessman D, Åström K, Oredsson S, Prinz CN. Cellular traction forces: a useful parameter in cancer research. Nanoscale 2017; 9:19039-19044. [PMID: 29188243 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06284b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The search for new cancer biomarkers is essential for fundamental research, diagnostics, as well as for patient treatment and monitoring. Whereas most cancer biomarkers are biomolecules, an increasing number of studies show that mechanical cues are promising biomarker candidates. Although cell deformability has been shown to be a possible cancer biomarker, cellular forces as cancer biomarkers have been left largely unexplored. Here, we measure traction forces of cancer and normal-like cells at high spatial resolution using a robust method based on dense vertical arrays of nanowires. A force map is created using automated image analysis based on the localization of the fluorescent tips of the nanowires. We show that the force distribution and magnitude differ between MCF7 breast cancer cells and MCF10A normal-like breast epithelial cells, and that monitoring traction forces can be used to investigate the effects of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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15
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Adolfsson K, Abariute L, Dabkowska AP, Schneider M, Häcker U, Prinz CN. Direct comparison between in vivo and in vitro microsized particle phagocytosis assays in Drosophila melanogaster. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 46:213-218. [PMID: 29024778 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effects of micro and nanoparticles on the innate immune system have been widely investigated and a general lack of agreement between in vivo and in vitro assays has been observed. In order to determine the origin of these discrepancies, there is a need for comparing the results of in vivo and in vitro phagocytosis assays obtained using the same particles and same immune cells. Here, we establish an in vivo polystyrene microsized particle phagocytosis assay in Drosophila melanogaster and compare it with an in vitro assay consisting of exposing the same immune cells in culture to the same particles. The distribution of number of phagocytized beads per cell was shifted to lower numbers of beads per cell in the case of the in vitro assay compared to the in vivo assay, which we suggest is partly due to a reduced amount of membrane available in cultured cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Adolfsson
- Division of Solid State Physics, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - L Abariute
- Division of Solid State Physics, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - A P Dabkowska
- NanoLund, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - M Schneider
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, BMC I13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - U Häcker
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, BMC I13, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - C N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden; NanoLund, Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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16
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Oracz J, Adolfsson K, Westphal V, Radzewicz C, Borgström MT, Sahl SJ, Prinz CN, Hell SW. Ground State Depletion Nanoscopy Resolves Semiconductor Nanowire Barcode Segments at Room Temperature. Nano Lett 2017; 17:2652-2659. [PMID: 28262023 PMCID: PMC5391501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires hold great promise as tools for probing and interacting with various molecular and biological systems. Their unique geometrical properties (typically <100 nm in diameter and a few micrometers in length) enable minimally invasive interactions with living cells, so that electrical signals or forces can be monitored. All such experiments require in situ high-resolution imaging to provide context. While there is a clear need to extend visualization capabilities to the nanoscale, no suitable super-resolution far-field photoluminescence microscopy of extended semiconductor emitters has been described. Here, we report that ground state depletion (GSD) nanoscopy resolves heterostructured semiconductor nanowires formed by alternating GaP/GaInP segments ("barcodes") at a 5-fold resolution enhancement over confocal imaging. We quantify the resolution and contrast dependence on the dimensions of GaInP photoluminescence segments and illustrate the effects by imaging different nanowire barcode geometries. The far-red excitation wavelength (∼700 nm) and low excitation power (∼3 mW) make GSD nanoscopy attractive for imaging semiconductor structures in biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Oracz
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, University of Warsaw, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- E-mail:
| | - Karl Adolfsson
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Volker Westphal
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Magnus T. Borgström
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Steffen J. Sahl
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
- E-mail:
| | - Stefan W. Hell
- Department of NanoBiophotonics, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- E-mail:
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17
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Gällentoft L, Pettersson LME, Danielsen N, Schouenborg J, Prinz CN, Linsmeier CE. Impact of degradable nanowires on long-term brain tissue responses. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:64. [PMID: 27507159 PMCID: PMC4979107 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A promising approach to improve the performance of neural implants consists of adding nanomaterials, such as nanowires, to the surface of the implant. Nanostructured interfaces could improve the integration and communication stability, partly through the reduction of the cell-to-electrode distance. However, the safety issues of implanted nanowires in the brain need to be evaluated and understood before nanowires can be used on the surface of implants for long periods of time. To this end we here investigate whether implanted degradable nanowires offer any advantage over non-degradable nanowires in a long-term in vivo study (1 year) with respect to brain tissue responses. Results The tissue response after injection of degradable silicon oxide (SiOx)-coated gallium phosphide nanowires and biostable hafnium oxide-coated GaP nanowires into the rat striatum was compared. One year after nanowire injection, no significant difference in microglial or astrocytic response, as measured by staining for ED1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein, respectively, or in neuronal density, as measured by staining for NeuN, was found between degradable and biostable nanowires. Of the cells investigated, only microglia cells had engulfed the nanowires. The SiOx-coated nanowire residues were primarily seen in aggregated hypertrophic ED1-positive cells, possibly microglial cells that have fused to create multinucleated giant cells. Occasionally, degradable nanowires with an apparently intact shape were found inside single, small ED1-positive cells. The biostable nanowires were found intact in microglia cells of both phenotypes described. Conclusion The present study shows that the degradable nanowires remain at least partly in the brain over long time periods, i.e. 1 year; however, no obvious bio-safety issues for this degradable nanomaterial could be detected. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0216-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Gällentoft
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Lina M E Pettersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Danielsen
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Schouenborg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden. .,Division of Solid State Physics/NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Eriksson Linsmeier
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Medical Faculty, Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University, Scheelevägen 2, 223 81, Lund, Sweden.
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18
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Mattsson K, Adolfsson K, Ekvall MT, Borgström MT, Linse S, Hansson LA, Cedervall T, Prinz CN. Translocation of 40 nm diameter nanowires through the intestinal epithelium of Daphnia magna. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1160-7. [PMID: 27181920 PMCID: PMC4975093 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1189615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nanowires (NWs) have unique electrical and optical properties of value for many applications including lighting, sensing, and energy harnessing. Consumer products containing NWs increase the risk of NWs being released in the environment, especially into aquatic ecosystems through sewage systems. Daphnia magna is a common, cosmopolitan freshwater organism sensitive to toxicity tests and represents a likely entry point for nanoparticles into food webs of aquatic ecosystems. Here we have evaluated the effect of NW diameter on the gut penetrance of NWs in Daphnia magna. The animals were exposed to NWs of two diameters (40 and 80 nm) and similar length (3.6 and 3.8 μm, respectively) suspended in water. In order to locate the NWs in Daphnia, the NWs were designed to comprise one inherently fluorescent segment of gallium indium phosphide (GaInP) flanked by a gallium phosphide (GaP) segment. Daphnia mortality was assessed directly after 24 h of exposure and 7 days after exposure. Translocation of NWs across the intestinal epithelium was investigated using confocal fluorescence microscopy directly after 24 h of exposure and was observed in 89% of Daphnia exposed to 40 nm NWs and in 11% of Daphnia exposed to 80 nm NWs. A high degree of fragmentation was observed for NWs of both diameters after ingestion by the Daphnia, although 40 nm NWs were fragmented to a greater extent, which could possibly facilitate translocation across the intestinal epithelium. Our results show that the feeding behavior of animals may enhance the ability of NWs to penetrate biological barriers and that penetrance is governed by the NW diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mattsson
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Karl Adolfsson
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Mikael T Ekvall
- d Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden , and
| | - Magnus T Borgström
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Sara Linse
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Lars-Anders Hansson
- d Department of Biology/Aquatic Ecology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden , and
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- a Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- b NanoLund, Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,c Division of Solid State Physics , Lund University , Lund , Sweden .,e Neuronano Research Center, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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19
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Piret G, Prinz CN. Could the use of nanowire structures overcome some of the current limitations of brain electrode implants? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:745-7. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.16.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Piret
- Clinatec laboratory, Biomedical Research Center Edmond J. Safra, INSERM/CEA-léti/UJF/CHU, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 09, France
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics and NanoLund, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, 223 81 Lund, Sweden
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20
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Hjort M, Bauer M, Gunnarsson S, Mårsell E, Zakharov AA, Karlsson G, Sanfins E, Prinz CN, Wallenberg R, Cedervall T, Mikkelsen A. Electron microscopy imaging of proteins on gallium phosphide semiconductor nanowires. Nanoscale 2016; 8:3936-43. [PMID: 26838122 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08888g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We have imaged GaP nanowires (NWs) incubated with human laminin, serum albumin (HSA), and blood plasma using both cryo-transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron based X-ray photoemission electron microscopy. This extensive imaging methodology simultaneously reveals structural, chemical and morphological details of individual nanowires and the adsorbed proteins. We found that the proteins bind to NWs, forming coronas with thicknesses close to the proteins' hydrodynamic diameters. We could directly image how laminin is extending from the NWs, maximizing the number of proteins bound to the NWs. NWs incubated with both laminin and HSA show protein coronas with a similar appearance to NWs incubated with laminin alone, indicating that the presence of HSA does not affect the laminin conformation on the NWs. In blood plasma, an intermediate sized corona around the NWs indicates a corona with a mixture of plasma proteins. The ability to directly visualize proteins on nanostructures in situ holds great promise for assessing the conformation and thickness of the protein corona, which is key to understanding and predicting the properties of engineered nanomaterials in a biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hjort
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Bauer
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gunnarsson
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Erik Mårsell
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Alexei A Zakharov
- The MAX-IV Laboratory, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Karlsson
- nCHREM/Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elodie Sanfins
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Reine Wallenberg
- nCHREM/Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Cedervall
- Center for Molecular Protein Science, Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Mikkelsen
- Division of Synchrotron Radiation Research, Department of Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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21
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Dabkowska AP, Piret G, Niman CS, Lard M, Linke H, Nylander T, Prinz CN. Surface nanostructures for fluorescence probing of supported lipid bilayers on reflective substrates. Nanoscale 2015; 7:18020-18024. [PMID: 26482860 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05427c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence interference contrast (FLIC) effect prevents the use of fluorescence techniques to probe the continuity and fluidity of supported lipid bilayers on reflective materials due to a lack of detectable fluorescence. Here we show that adding nanostructures onto reflective surfaces to locally confer a certain distance between the deposited fluorophores and the reflecting surface enables fluorescence detection on the nanostuctures. The nanostructures consist of either deposited nanoparticles or epitaxial nanowires directly grown on the substrate and are designed such that they can support a lipid bilayer. This simple method increases the fluorescence signal sufficiently to enable bilayer fluorescence detection and to observe the recovery of fluorescence after photobleaching in order to assess lipid bilayer formation on any reflective surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra P Dabkowska
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Gaëlle Piret
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Cassandra S Niman
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mercy Lard
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Heiner Linke
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tommy Nylander
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- NanoLund, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. and Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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22
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Piret G, Perez MT, Prinz CN. Support of Neuronal Growth Over Glial Growth and Guidance of Optic Nerve Axons by Vertical Nanowire Arrays. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:18944-18948. [PMID: 26262507 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Neural cultures are very useful in neuroscience, providing simpler and better controlled systems than the in vivo situation. Neural tissue contains two main cell types, neurons and glia, and interactions between these are essential for appropriate neuronal development. In neural cultures, glial cells tend to overgrow neurons, limiting the access to neuronal interrogation. There is therefore a pressing need for improved systems that enable a good separation when coculturing neurons and glial cells simultaneously, allowing one to address the neurons unequivocally. Here, we used substrates consisting of dense arrays of vertical nanowires intercalated by flat regions to separate retinal neurons and glial cells in distinct, but neighboring, compartments. We also generated a nanowire patterning capable of guiding optic nerve axons. The results will facilitate the design of surfaces aimed at studying and controlling neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Piret
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University , SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Ophthalmology, Lund University , SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University , SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria-Thereza Perez
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Ophthalmology, Lund University , SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University , SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University , SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University , SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Neuronano Research Center (NRC), Lund University , SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
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23
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Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires are increasingly used for biological applications and their small dimensions make them a promising tool for sensing and manipulating cells with minimal perturbation. In order to interface cells with nanowires in a controlled fashion, it is essential to understand the interactions between nanowires and living cells. The present paper reviews current progress in the understanding of these interactions, with knowledge gathered from studies where living cells were interfaced with vertical nanowire arrays. The effect of nanowires on cells is reported in terms of viability, cell-nanowire interface morphology, cell behavior, changes in gene expression as well as cellular stress markers. Unexplored issues and unanswered questions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle N Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics, Nanometer Structure Consortium, Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Box 118, 22 100 Lund, Sweden
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24
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Hammarin G, Persson H, Dabkowska AP, Prinz CN. Enhanced laminin adsorption on nanowires compared to flat surfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:85-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Dabkowska AP, Niman CS, Piret G, Persson H, Wacklin HP, Linke H, Prinz CN, Nylander T. Fluid and highly curved model membranes on vertical nanowire arrays. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4286-92. [PMID: 24971634 DOI: 10.1021/nl500926y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensing and manipulating living cells using vertical nanowire devices requires a complete understanding of cell behavior on these substrates. Changes in cell function and phenotype are often triggered by events taking place at the plasma membrane, the properties of which are influenced by local curvature. The nanowire topography can therefore be expected to greatly affect the cell membrane, emphasizing the importance of studying membranes on vertical nanowire arrays. Here, we used supported phospholipid bilayers as a model for biomembranes. We demonstrate the formation of fluid supported bilayers on vertical nanowire forests using self-assembly from vesicles in solution. The bilayers were found to follow the contours of the nanowires to form continuous and locally highly curved model membranes. Distinct from standard flat supported lipid bilayers, the high aspect ratio of the nanowires results in a large bilayer surface available for the immobilization and study of biomolecules. We used these bilayers to bind a membrane-anchored protein as well as tethered vesicles on the nanowire substrate. The nanowire-bilayer platform shown here can be expanded from fundamental studies of lipid membranes on controlled curvature substrates to the development of innovative membrane-based nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra P Dabkowska
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University , P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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26
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SanMartin A, Johansson F, Samuelson L, Prinz CN. Microarray analysis reveals moderate gene expression changes in cortical neural stem cells cultured on nanowire arrays. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014; 14:4880-4885. [PMID: 24757957 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2014.8669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Although nanowires are widely used in biological applications, especially as cell-manipulation tools, the effect of nanowires on living cells has not been fully investigated. Here, we examined the full gene expression of mouse cortical stem cells cultured on vertical nanowire substrates using RNA microarrays. Genes involved in cell adhesion, cell morphology regulation and cell metabolism were up regulated on the nanowire substrates as compared to flat controls. Scanning electron microscopy images of the samples corroborated our findings, revealing significant differences in cell morphology and adhesion between the nanowire and the flat substrates. Cells on nanowires exhibited a round morphology with a mature appearance characterized by numerous and long processes adhering to the nanowires, while cells on flat substrates had a flat, spread-out morphology and very little neurite outgrowth.
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27
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Adolfsson K, Persson H, Li Z, Oredsson S, Häcker U, Borgström MT, Prinz CN. Inherently Fluorescent Nanowires for Cellular Mechanosensing. Biophys J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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28
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Abstract
Limitations of silicon nanowire arrays produced using chemical etching for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Piret
- Division of Solid State Physics
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Neuronano Research Center
- Lund University
| | - Maria-Thereza Perez
- Department of Clinical Sciences
- Division of Ophthalmology
- Lund University
- SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium
| | - Christelle N. Prinz
- Division of Solid State Physics
- Lund University
- SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Neuronano Research Center
- Lund University
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29
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Persson H, Købler C, Mølhave K, Samuelson L, Tegenfeldt JO, Oredsson S, Prinz CN. Fibroblasts cultured on nanowires exhibit low motility, impaired cell division, and DNA damage. Small 2013; 9:4006-16, 3905. [PMID: 23813871 PMCID: PMC4282547 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201300644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires are commonly used as tools for interfacing living cells, acting as biomolecule-delivery vectors or electrodes. It is generally assumed that the small size of the nanowires ensures a minimal cellular perturbation, yet the effects of nanowires on cell migration and proliferation remain largely unknown. Fibroblast behaviour on vertical nanowire arrays is investigated, and it is shown that cell motility and proliferation rate are reduced on nanowires. Fibroblasts cultured on long nanowires exhibit failed cell division, DNA damage, increased ROS content and respiration. Using focused ion beam milling and scanning electron microscopy, highly curved but intact nuclear membranes are observed, showing no direct contact between the nanowires and the DNA. The nanowires possibly induce cellular stress and high respiration rates, which trigger the formation of ROS, which in turn results in DNA damage. These results are important guidelines to the design and interpretation of experiments involving nanowire-based transfection and electrical characterization of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Persson
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Carsten Købler
- Center for Electron Nanoscopy, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345E, 2800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345E, 2800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Kristian Mølhave
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345E, 2800 Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Lars Samuelson
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - Stina Oredsson
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, 223 62 LundSweden
| | - Christelle N Prinz
- The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 LundSweden
- Neuronano Research Center, Lund University, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 LundSweden
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, Box 118, 22100 Lund, Sweden. E-mail:
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30
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Adolfsson K, Persson H, Wallentin J, Oredsson S, Samuelson L, Tegenfeldt JO, Borgström MT, Prinz CN. Fluorescent nanowire heterostructures as a versatile tool for biology applications. Nano Lett 2013; 13:4728-4732. [PMID: 23984979 DOI: 10.1021/nl4022754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Nanowires are increasingly used in biology, as sensors, as injection devices, and as model systems for toxicity studies. Currently, in situ visualization of nanowires in biological media is done using organic dyes, which are prone to photobleaching, or using microscopy methods which either yield poor resolution or require a sophisticated setup. Here we show that inherently fluorescent nanowire axial heterostructures can be used to localize and identify nanowires in cells and tissue. By synthesizing GaP-GaInP nanowire heterostructures, with nonfluorescent GaP segments and fluorescent GaInP segments, we created a barcode labeling system enabling the distinction of the nanowire morphological and chemical properties using fluorescence microscopy. The GaInP photoluminescence stability, combined with the fact that the nanowires can be coated with different materials while retaining their fluorescence, make these nanowires promising tools for biological and nanotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Adolfsson
- Division of Solid State Physics-The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University , 22100 Lund, Sweden
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31
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Adolfsson K, Schneider M, Hammarin G, Häcker U, Prinz CN. Ingestion of gallium phosphide nanowires has no adverse effect on Drosophila tissue function. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:285101. [PMID: 23787695 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/28/285101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles have been under increasing scrutiny in recent years. High aspect ratio nanoparticles such as carbon nanotubes and nanowires have raised safety concerns due to their geometrical similarity to asbestos fibers. III-V epitaxial semiconductor nanowires are expected to be utilized in devices such as LEDs and solar cells and will thus be available to the public. In addition, clean-room staff fabricating and characterizing the nanowires are at risk of exposure, emphasizing the importance of investigating their possible toxicity. Here we investigated the effects of gallium phosphide nanowires on the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Drosophila larvae and/or adults were exposed to gallium phosphide nanowires by ingestion with food. The toxicity and tissue interaction of the nanowires was evaluated by investigating tissue distribution, activation of immune response, genome-wide gene expression, life span, fecundity and somatic mutation rates. Our results show that gallium phosphide nanowires applied through the diet are not taken up into Drosophila tissues, do not elicit a measurable immune response or changes in genome-wide gene expression and do not significantly affect life span or somatic mutation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Adolfsson
- Division of Solid State Physics/The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden
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32
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Piret G, Perez MT, Prinz CN. Neurite outgrowth and synaptophysin expression of postnatal CNS neurons on GaP nanowire arrays in long-term retinal cell culture. Biomaterials 2012; 34:875-87. [PMID: 23131535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
We have established long-term cultures of postnatal retinal cells on arrays of gallium phosphide nanowires of different geometries. Rod and cone photoreceptors, ganglion cells and bipolar cells survived on the substrates for at least 18 days in vitro. Glial cells were also observed, but these did not overgrow the neuronal population. On nanowires, neurons extended numerous long and branched neurites that expressed the synaptic vesicle marker synaptophysin. The longest nanowires (4 μm long) allowed a greater attachment and neurite elongation and our analysis suggests that the length of the nanowire per se and/or the adsorption of biomolecules on the nanowires may have been important factors regulating the observed cell behavior. The study thus shows that CNS neurons are amenable to gallium phosphide nanowires, probably as they create conditions that more closely resemble those encountered in the in vivo environment. These findings suggest that gallium phosphide nanowires may be considered as a material of interest when improving existing or designing the next generation of implantable devices. The features of gallium phosphide nanowires can be precisely controlled, making them suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Piret
- Division of Solid State Physics, The Nanometer Structure Consortium, Lund University, Sweden
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33
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Persson H, Tegenfeldt JO, Samuelson L, Oredsson S, Prinz CN. Cell Type Dependent Effects of Nanowire Density on Cell Cultures. Biophys J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.11.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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34
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Sköld N, Hällström W, Persson H, Montelius L, Kanje M, Samuelson L, Prinz CN, Tegenfeldt JO. Nanofluidics in hollow nanowires. Nanotechnology 2010; 21:155301. [PMID: 20299730 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/15/155301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel scheme for producing nanotube membranes using free-standing hollow nanowires, with easily controllable dimensions. GaAs-AlInP core-shell nanowires were grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy and were partially embedded in a polymer film. The GaAs core and substrate were etched selectively, leaving tubes with open access to both sides of the membrane. Electrophoretic transport of T4-phage DNA through the hollow nanowires was demonstrated using epifluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Sköld
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Persson
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Montelius
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Kanje
- Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Samuelson
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Jonas O Tegenfeldt
- Division of Solid State Physics, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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35
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Hällström W, Lexholm M, Suyatin DB, Hammarin G, Hessman D, Samuelson L, Montelius L, Kanje M, Prinz CN. Fifteen-piconewton force detection from neural growth cones using nanowire arrays. Nano Lett 2010; 10:782-7. [PMID: 20102185 DOI: 10.1021/nl902675h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We used epitaxially grown monodisperse nanowire arrays to measure cellular forces with a spatial resolution of 1 mum. Nerve cells were cultured on the array and cellular forces were calculated from the displacement of the nanowire tips. The measurements were done in situ on live cells using confocal microscopy. Forces down to 15 pN were measured on neural growth cones, showing that this method can be used to study the fine details of growth-cone dynamics.
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36
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Eriksson Linsmeier C, Prinz CN, Pettersson LME, Caroff P, Samuelson L, Schouenborg J, Montelius L, Danielsen N. Nanowire biocompatibility in the brain--looking for a needle in a 3D stack. Nano Lett 2009; 9:4184-4190. [PMID: 19845389 DOI: 10.1021/nl902413x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the brain-tissue response to nanowire implantations in the rat striatum after 1, 6, and 12 weeks using immunohistochemistry. The nanowires could be visualized in the scar by confocal microscopy (through the scattered laser light). For the nanowire-implanted animals, there is a significant astrocyte response at week 1 compared to controls. The nanowires are phagocytized by ED1 positive microglia, and some of them are degraded and/or transported away from the brain.
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37
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Hällström W, Prinz CN, Suyatin D, Samuelson L, Montelius L, Kanje M. Rectifying and sorting of regenerating axons by free-standing nanowire patterns: a highway for nerve fibers. Langmuir 2009; 25:4343-4346. [PMID: 19296620 DOI: 10.1021/la900436e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present an EBL-defined nanowire pattern that can sort axons coming from different directions on a substrate. The pattern defines tracks for left-bound traffic and right-bound traffic, which opens up new possibilities for designing neural networks on a chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Hällström
- Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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