1
|
Koehler MFT, Chen YC, Chen Y, Chen Y, Crawford JJ, Durk MR, Garland K, Hanan EJ, Higuchi RI, Hu H, Ly CQ, Paraselli PG, Roberts TC, Schwarz JB, Smith PA, Yu Z, Heise CE. Lipid Tales: Optimizing Arylomycin Membrane Anchors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:1524-1530. [PMID: 37974942 PMCID: PMC10641904 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are spreading at alarming rates, and despite extensive efforts, no new antibiotic class with activity against Gram-negative bacteria has been approved in over 50 years. LepB inhibitors (LepBi) based on the arylomycin class of natural products are a novel class of antibiotics and function by inhibiting the bacterial type I signal peptidase (SPase) in Gram-negative bacteria. One critical aspect of LepBi development involves optimization of the membrane-anchored lipophilic portion of the molecule. We therefore developed an approach that assesses the effect of this portion on the complicated equilibria of plasma protein binding, crossing the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and anchoring in the bacterial inner membrane to facilitate SPase binding. Our findings provide important insights into the development of antibacterial agents where the target is associated with the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. T. Koehler
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yi-Chen Chen
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Matthew R. Durk
- Department
of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Keira Garland
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Emily J. Hanan
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Huiyong Hu
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Cuong Q. Ly
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | | | - Jacob B. Schwarz
- Department
of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Peter A. Smith
- Department
of Infectious Disease, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhiyong Yu
- Department
of Chemistry, WuXi AppTec, Shanghai 200131, China
| | - Christopher E. Heise
- Department
of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA
Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lee W, Crawford JJ, Aliagas I, Murray LJ, Tay S, Wang W, Heise CE, Hoeflich KP, La H, Mathieu S, Mintzer R, Ramaswamy S, Rouge L, Rudolph J. Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 4-azaindole-containing p21-activated kinase-1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:3518-24. [PMID: 27346791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-azaindole-containing p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1) inhibitors was prepared with the goal of improving physicochemical properties relative to an indole starting point. Indole 1 represented an attractive, non-basic scaffold with good PAK1 affinity and cellular potency but was compromised by high lipophilicity (clogD=4.4). Azaindole 5 was designed as an indole surrogate with the goal of lowering logD and resulted in equipotent PAK1 inhibition with a 2-fold improvement in cellular potency over 1. Structure-activity relationship studies around 5 identified additional 4-azaindole analogs with superior PAK1 biochemical activity (Ki <10nM) and up to 24-fold selectivity for group I over group II PAKs. Compounds from this series showed enhanced permeability, improved aqueous solubility, and lower plasma protein binding over indole 1. The improvement in physicochemical properties translated to a 20-fold decrease in unbound clearance in mouse PK studies for azaindole 5 relative to indole 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Lee
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - James J Crawford
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ignacio Aliagas
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lesley J Murray
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Suzanne Tay
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Weiru Wang
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Christopher E Heise
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Klaus P Hoeflich
- Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hank La
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Simon Mathieu
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert Mintzer
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sreemathy Ramaswamy
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Lionel Rouge
- Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joachim Rudolph
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rudolph J, Murray LJ, Ndubaku CO, O’Brien T, Blackwood E, Wang W, Aliagas I, Gazzard L, Crawford JJ, Drobnick J, Lee W, Zhao X, Hoeflich KP, Favor DA, Dong P, Zhang H, Heise CE, Oh A, Ong CC, La H, Chakravarty P, Chan C, Jakubiak D, Epler J, Ramaswamy S, Vega R, Cain G, Diaz D, Zhong Y. Chemically Diverse Group I p21-Activated Kinase (PAK) Inhibitors Impart Acute Cardiovascular Toxicity with a Narrow Therapeutic Window. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5520-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David A. Favor
- Shanghai Chempartner Inc., 998
Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Dong
- Shanghai Chempartner Inc., 998
Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ndubaku CO, Crawford JJ, Drobnick J, Aliagas I, Campbell D, Dong P, Dornan LM, Duron S, Epler J, Gazzard L, Heise CE, Hoeflich KP, Jakubiak D, La H, Lee W, Lin B, Lyssikatos JP, Maksimoska J, Marmorstein R, Murray LJ, O’Brien T, Oh A, Ramaswamy S, Wang W, Zhao X, Zhong Y, Blackwood E, Rudolph J. Design of Selective PAK1 Inhibitor G-5555: Improving Properties by Employing an Unorthodox Low-pK a Polar Moiety. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1241-6. [PMID: 26713112 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling pathways intersecting with the p21-activated kinases (PAKs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. By recognizing that the limitations of FRAX1036 (1) were chiefly associated with the highly basic amine it contained, we devised a mitigation strategy to address several issues such as hERG activity. The 5-amino-1,3-dioxanyl moiety was identified as an effective means of reducing pK a and logP simultaneously. When positioned properly within the scaffold, this group conferred several benefits including potency, pharmacokinetics, and selectivity. Mouse xenograft PK/PD studies were carried out using an advanced compound, G-5555 (12), derived from this approach. These studies concluded that dose-dependent pathway modulation was achievable and paves the way for further in vivo investigations of PAK1 function in cancer and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chudi O. Ndubaku
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - James J. Crawford
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joy Drobnick
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ignacio Aliagas
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David Campbell
- Afraxis, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge
Road, Suite 224, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Ping Dong
- Shanghai ChemPartner, 576 Libing
Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, PRC
| | - Laura M. Dornan
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sergio Duron
- Afraxis, Inc., 6605 Nancy Ridge
Road, Suite 224, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jennifer Epler
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Lewis Gazzard
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christopher E. Heise
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Klaus P. Hoeflich
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Diana Jakubiak
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Hank La
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wendy Lee
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Baiwei Lin
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joseph P. Lyssikatos
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jasna Maksimoska
- Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- Perelman
School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lesley J. Murray
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas O’Brien
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Angela Oh
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sreemathy Ramaswamy
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Weiru Wang
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xianrui Zhao
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yu Zhong
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elizabeth Blackwood
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joachim Rudolph
- Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Crawford JJ, Lee W, Aliagas I, Mathieu S, Hoeflich KP, Zhou W, Wang W, Rouge L, Murray L, La H, Liu N, Fan PW, Cheong J, Heise CE, Ramaswamy S, Mintzer R, Liu Y, Chao Q, Rudolph J. Structure-Guided Design of Group I Selective p21-Activated Kinase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:5121-36. [PMID: 26030457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) play important roles in cytoskeletal organization, cellular morphogenesis, and survival and have generated significant attention as potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Following a high-throughput screen, we identified an aminopyrazole scaffold-based series that was optimized to yield group I selective PAK inhibitors. A structure-based design effort aimed at targeting the ribose pocket for both potency and selectivity led to much-improved group I vs II selectivity. Early lead compounds contained a basic primary amine, which was found to be a major metabolic soft spot with in vivo clearance proceeding predominantly via N-acetylation. We succeeded in identifying replacements with improved metabolic stability, leading to compounds with lower in vivo rodent clearance and excellent group I PAK selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qi Chao
- #Shanghai Chempartner Inc., 998 Halei Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lauffer BEL, Mintzer R, Fong R, Mukund S, Tam C, Zilberleyb I, Flicke B, Ritscher A, Fedorowicz G, Vallero R, Ortwine DF, Gunzner J, Modrusan Z, Neumann L, Koth CM, Lupardus PJ, Kaminker JS, Heise CE, Steiner P. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor kinetic rate constants correlate with cellular histone acetylation but not transcription and cell viability. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26926-43. [PMID: 23897821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.490706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are critical in the control of gene expression, and dysregulation of their activity has been implicated in a broad range of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) employing different zinc chelating functionalities such as hydroxamic acids and benzamides have shown promising results in cancer therapy. Although it has also been suggested that HDACi with increased isozyme selectivity and potency may broaden their clinical utility and minimize side effects, the translation of this idea to the clinic remains to be investigated. Moreover, a detailed understanding of how HDACi with different pharmacological properties affect biological functions in vitro and in vivo is still missing. Here, we show that a panel of benzamide-containing HDACi are slow tight-binding inhibitors with long residence times unlike the hydroxamate-containing HDACi vorinostat and trichostatin-A. Characterization of changes in H2BK5 and H4K14 acetylation following HDACi treatment in the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y revealed that the timing and magnitude of histone acetylation mirrored both the association and dissociation kinetic rates of the inhibitors. In contrast, cell viability and microarray gene expression analysis indicated that cell death induction and changes in transcriptional regulation do not correlate with the dissociation kinetic rates of the HDACi. Therefore, our study suggests that determining how the selective and kinetic inhibition properties of HDACi affect cell function will help to evaluate their therapeutic utility.
Collapse
|
7
|
Heise CE, Murray J, Augustyn KE, Bravo B, Chugha P, Cohen F, Giannetti AM, Gibbons P, Hannoush RN, Hearn BR, Jaishankar P, Ly CQ, Shah K, Stanger K, Steffek M, Tang Y, Zhao X, Lewcock JW, Renslo AR, Flygare J, Arkin MR. Mechanistic and structural understanding of uncompetitive inhibitors of caspase-6. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50864. [PMID: 23227217 PMCID: PMC3515450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of caspase-6 is a potential therapeutic strategy for some neurodegenerative diseases, but it has been difficult to develop selective inhibitors against caspases. We report the discovery and characterization of a potent inhibitor of caspase-6 that acts by an uncompetitive binding mode that is an unprecedented mechanism of inhibition against this target class. Biochemical assays demonstrate that, while exquisitely selective for caspase-6 over caspase-3 and -7, the compound's inhibitory activity is also dependent on the amino acid sequence and P1' character of the peptide substrate. The crystal structure of the ternary complex of caspase-6, substrate-mimetic and an 11 nM inhibitor reveals the molecular basis of inhibition. The general strategy to develop uncompetitive inhibitors together with the unique mechanism described herein provides a rationale for engineering caspase selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E. Heise
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Murray
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Katherine E. Augustyn
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brandon Bravo
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Preeti Chugha
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick Cohen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Giannetti
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul Gibbons
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rami N. Hannoush
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Brian R. Hearn
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Cuong Q. Ly
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kinjalkumar Shah
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Karen Stanger
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Micah Steffek
- Department of Structural Biology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yinyan Tang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xianrui Zhao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Lewcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John Flygare
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mintzer R, Ramaswamy S, Shah K, Hannoush RN, Pozniak CD, Cohen F, Zhao X, Plise E, Lewcock JW, Heise CE. A whole cell assay to measure caspase-6 activity by detecting cleavage of lamin A/C. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30376. [PMID: 22253931 PMCID: PMC3257251 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-6 is a cysteinyl protease implicated in neurodegenerative conditions including Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. A greater understanding of the role of caspase-6 in disease has been hampered by a lack of suitable cellular assays capable of specifically detecting caspase-6 activity in an intact cell environment. This is mainly due to the use of commercially available peptide substrates and inhibitors which lack the required specificity to facilitate development of this type of assay. We report here a 384-well whole-cell chemiluminescent ELISA assay that monitors the proteolytic degradation of endogenously expressed lamin A/C during the early stages of caspase-dependent apoptosis. The specificity of lamin A/C proteolysis by caspase-6 was demonstrated against recombinant caspase family members and further confirmed in genetic deletion studies. In the assay, plasma membrane integrity remained intact as assessed by release of lactate dehydrogenase from the intracellular environment and the exclusion of cell impermeable peptide inhibitors, despite the induction of an apoptotic state. The method described here is a robust tool to support drug discovery efforts targeting caspase-6 and is the first reported to specifically monitor endogenous caspase-6 activity in a cellular context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mintzer
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sreemathy Ramaswamy
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kinjalkumar Shah
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rami N. Hannoush
- Department of Early Discovery Biochemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christine D. Pozniak
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Frederick Cohen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xianrui Zhao
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Emile Plise
- Department of Drug Metabolism and PK, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph W. Lewcock
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher E. Heise
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Atwal JK, Chen Y, Chiu C, Mortensen DL, Meilandt WJ, Liu Y, Heise CE, Hoyte K, Luk W, Lu Y, Peng K, Wu P, Rouge L, Zhang Y, Lazarus RA, Scearce-Levie K, Wang W, Wu Y, Tessier-Lavigne M, Watts RJ. A therapeutic antibody targeting BACE1 inhibits amyloid-β production in vivo. Sci Transl Med 2011; 3:84ra43. [PMID: 21613622 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Reducing production of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide by direct inhibition of the enzymes that process amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a central therapeutic strategy for treating Alzheimer's disease. However, small-molecule inhibitors of the β-secretase (BACE1) and γ-secretase APP processing enzymes have shown a lack of target selectivity and poor penetrance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we have developed a high-affinity, phage-derived human antibody that targets BACE1 (anti-BACE1) and is anti-amyloidogenic. Anti-BACE1 reduces endogenous BACE1 activity and Aβ production in human cell lines expressing APP and in cultured primary neurons. Anti-BACE1 is highly selective and does not inhibit the related enzymes BACE2 or cathepsin D. Competitive binding assays and x-ray crystallography indicate that anti-BACE1 binds noncompetitively to an exosite on BACE1 and not to the catalytic site. Systemic dosing of mice and nonhuman primates with anti-BACE1 resulted in sustained reductions in peripheral Aβ peptide concentrations. Anti-BACE1 also reduces central nervous system Aβ concentrations in mouse and monkey, consistent with a measurable uptake of antibody across the BBB. Thus, BACE1 can be targeted in a highly selective manner through passive immunization with anti-BACE1, providing a potential approach for treating Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, therapeutic success with anti-BACE1 will depend on improving antibody uptake into the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasvinder K Atwal
- Neurodegeneration Labs, Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Y, Beresini MH, Johnson A, Mintzer R, Shah K, Clark K, Schmidt S, Lewis C, Liimatta M, Elliott LO, Gustafson A, Heise CE. Case Studies of Minimizing Nonspecific Inhibitors in HTS Campaigns That Use Assay-Ready Plates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:225-36. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111421525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying chemical lead matter by high-throughput screening (HTS) has been a common practice in early stage drug discovery. Evolution of small-molecule library composition to include more drug-like molecules with desirable physical chemical properties combined with improving assay technologies has vastly enhanced the capability of HTS. However, HTS campaigns can still be plagued by false positives arising from nonspecific inhibitors. The generation of assay-ready plates has permitted an incremental advancement to the speed and efficiency of HTS but has the potential to enhance the occurrence of nonspecific inhibitors. A subtle change in the order of reagent addition to the assay-ready plates can greatly alleviate false-positive inhibition. Our case studies with six different kinase and protease targets reveal that this type of inhibition affects targets regardless of enzyme class and is unpredictable based on protein construct or inhibitor chemical scaffold. These case studies support a model where a diversity set of compounds should be tested first for hit rates as a function of order of addition, carrier protein, and relevant mechanistic studies prior to launch of the HTS campaign.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichin Liu
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maureen H. Beresini
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Johnson
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Mintzer
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kinjalkumar Shah
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Clark
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen Schmidt
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cristina Lewis
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marya Liimatta
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Linda O. Elliott
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amy Gustafson
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher E. Heise
- Biochemical Pharmacology & Early Leads, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramaswamy S, Yen I, Sideris S, Malek S, Heise CE. A plate-based assay to measure cellular ERK substrate phosphorylation: utility for drug discovery of the MAPK-signaling cascade. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2010; 8:497-503. [PMID: 20482377 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2009.0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras, Raf, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade is critically involved in cellular signaling with activating mutations in Ras and Raf present in many human tumors. Each constituent of this pathway is considered an important target for pharmaceutical intervention. The terminal kinase ERK is known to phosphorylate p90RSK among myriad substrates, yet robust plate-based high-throughput cellular assays monitoring such activity are not commercially available. In this study, we have utilized the Meso Scale Discovery platform to develop a plate-based assay to monitor the level of phosphorylation of p90RSK. This method is highly robust and can be used to evaluate a large number of inhibitors of ERK, MEK, or Raf in a variety of cellular backgrounds. Furthermore, this assay can be used to quantify the level of phospho-p90RSK in tumor lysates to function as a valuable pharmacodynamic readout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sreemathy Ramaswamy
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhang M, Tamiya J, Nguyen L, Rowbottom MW, Dyck B, Vickers TD, Grey J, Schwarz DA, Heise CE, Haelewyn J, Mistry MS, Goodfellow VS. Thienopyrimidinone bis-aminopyrrolidine ureas as potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2535-9. [PMID: 17329101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of thienopyrimidinone bis-aminopyrrolidine ureas were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to bind melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1. These compounds exhibit potent binding affinity (K(i)=3 nM) and good in vitro metabolic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Rowbottom MW, Vickers TD, Tamiya J, Zhang M, Dyck B, Grey J, Schwarz D, Heise CE, Hedrick M, Wen J, Tang H, Wang H, Fisher A, Aparicio A, Saunders J, Goodfellow VS. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of spirohydantoin-derived small-molecule antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:2171-8. [PMID: 17350839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of substituted spirohydantoins are described. Optimization of an in-house screening hit gave compounds that exhibited potent binding affinity and functional activity at MCH-R1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Rowbottom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Heise CE, Sullivan SK, Crowe PD. Scintillation proximity assay as a high-throughput method to identify slowly dissociating nonpeptide ligand binding to the GnRH receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 12:235-9. [PMID: 17208923 DOI: 10.1177/1087057106297362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Many nonpeptide antagonists of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor, as well as other drug targets, possess a broad range of dissociation kinetic rate constants. Current methods to accurately define kinetic rate parameters such as K(on) and K(off) are time and labor intensive, prompting the development of a screening assay to identify slowly dissociating compounds for follow-up rate constant determination. The authors measured inhibition binding constants (K(i)) for GnRH receptor antagonists after 30 min and 10 h of incubation and observed several compounds with markedly decreased K(i) values over time (Ki(30 min)/Ki(10 h) > 6). They used scintillation proximity assay technology to perform these binding experiments because this homogeneous assay does not have a fixed termination end point as does filtration binding, permitting successive readings to be taken from the same assay plate over an extended period of time. They also used a quantitative method of kinetic rate analysis to confirm that a large disparity between a compound's K(i) value at 30 min and 10 h could identify compounds that dissociate slowly. Thus, the K(i) ratio can be used to screen for and select compounds to test using more quantitative, albeit lower throughput methods to accurately define kinetic rate constants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Heise
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc, Department of Pharmacology, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Mesleh MF, Shirley WA, Heise CE, Ling N, Maki RA, Laura RP. NMR structural characterization of a minimal peptide antagonist bound to the extracellular domain of the corticotropin-releasing factor1 receptor. J Biol Chem 2006; 282:6338-46. [PMID: 17192263 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609816200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural peptide agonists of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors bind to the receptor by a two-site mechanism as follows: the carboxyl end of the ligand binds the N-terminal extracellular domain (ECD) of the receptor and the amino portion of the ligand binds the extracellular face of the seven transmembrane region. Recently, peptide antagonists homologous to the 12 C-terminal residues of CRF have been derived, which bind the CRF(1) receptor through an interaction with the ECD. Here we characterized the binding of a minimal 12-residue peptide antagonist while bound to the isolated ECD of the CRF(1) receptor. We have expressed and purified soluble and properly folded ECD independent from the seven-transmembrane region as a thioredoxin fusion protein in Escherichia coli. A model of the peptide antagonist, cyclic corticotrophin-releasing factor residues 30-41 (cCRF(30-41)), was calculated while bound to the recombinant ECD using transferred nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy. Although the peptide is unstructured in solution, it adopts an alpha-helical conformation when bound to the ECD. Residues of cCRF(30-41) comprising the binding interface with the ECD were mapped using saturation transfer difference NMR. Two hydrophobic residues (Met(38) and Ile(41)) as well as two amide groups (Asn(34) and the C-terminal amide) on one face of the helix defined the binding epitope of the antagonist. This epitope may be used as a starting point for development of non-peptide antagonists targeting the ECD of this receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Mesleh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., San Diego, California 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schwarz DA, Allen MM, Petroski RE, Pomeroy JE, Heise CE, Mistry MS, Selkirk JV, Nottebaum LM, Grey J, Zhang M, Goodfellow VS, Maki RA. Manipulation of small-molecule inhibitory kinetics modulates MCH-R1 function. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2006; 259:1-9. [PMID: 16987592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Revised: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of novel benzopyridazinone-based antagonists to inhibit MCH-R1 function, relative to their affinity for the receptor, has been investigated. Three compounds that differ by the addition of either a chlorine atom, or trifluoromethyl group, have nearly identical receptor affinities; however their abilities to inhibit receptor elicited signaling events, measured as a function of time, are dramatically altered. Both the chlorinated and trifluoromethyl modified compounds have a very slow on-rate to maximal functional inhibition relative to the unmodified base compound. A similar impact on inhibitory capacity can be achieved by modifying the side-chain composition at position 2.53 of the receptor; replacement of the native phenylalanine with alanine significantly reduces the amount of time required by the chlorinated compound to attain maximal functional inhibition. The primary attribute responsible for this alteration in inhibitory capacity appears to be the overall bulk of the amino acid at this position-substitution of the similarly sized amino acids leucine and tyrosine results in phenotypes that are indistinguishable from the wild type receptor. Finally, the impact of these differential inhibitory kinetics has been examined in cultured rat neurons by measuring the ability of the compounds to reverse MCH mediated inhibition of calcium currents. As observed using the cell expression models, the chlorinated compound has a diminished capacity to interfere with receptor function. Collectively, these data suggest that differential inhibitory on rates between a small-molecule antagonist and its target receptor can impact the ability of the compound to modify the biological response(s) elicited by the receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Schwarz
- Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., Department of Molecular Biology, 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hudson S, Kiankarimi M, Rowbottom MW, Vickers TD, Wu D, Pontillo J, Ching B, Dwight W, Goodfellow VS, Schwarz D, Heise CE, Madan A, Wen J, Ban W, Wang H, Wade WS. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine urea (rAPU) derived small-molecule antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1). Part 2. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4922-30. [PMID: 16824755 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine ureas are described. Compounds from this series exhibited considerable binding affinity (Ki = 1 nM) and functional activity at MCH-R1, acceptable CYP2D6 inhibition, and good rat brain exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hudson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rowbottom MW, Vickers TD, Dyck B, Grey J, Tamiya J, Zhang M, Kiankarimi M, Wu D, Dwight W, Wade WS, Schwarz D, Heise CE, Madan A, Fisher A, Petroski R, Goodfellow VS. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine urea (rAPU) derived small-molecule antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1). Part 1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4450-7. [PMID: 16814542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The design, synthesis, and SAR of a series of retro bis-aminopyrrolidine ureas are described. Compounds from this series exhibited potent binding affinity and functional activity at MCH-R1, and good oral bioavailability in rat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Rowbottom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sullivan SK, Hoare SRJ, Fleck BA, Zhu YF, Heise CE, Struthers RS, Crowe PD. Kinetics of nonpeptide antagonist binding to the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor: Implications for structure–activity relationships and insurmountable antagonism. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 72:838-49. [PMID: 16930559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous nonpeptide ligands have been developed for the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor as potential agents for treatment of disorders of the reproductive-endocrine axis. While the equilibrium binding of these ligands has been studied in detail, little is known of the kinetics of their receptor interaction. In this study we evaluated the kinetic structure-activity relationships (SAR) of uracil-series antagonists by measuring their association and dissociation rate constants. These constants were measured directly using a novel radioligand, [3H] NBI 42902, and indirectly for unlabeled ligands. Receptor association and dissociation of [3H] NBI 42902 was monophasic, with an association rate constant of 93+/-10 microM(-1) min(-1) and a dissociation rate constant of 0.16+/-0.02 h(-1) (t(1/2) of 4.3 h). Four unlabeled compounds were tested with varying substituents at the 2-position of the benzyl group at position 1 of the uracil (-F, -SO(CH3), -SO2(CH3) and -CF3). The nature of the substituent did not appreciably affect the association rate constant but varied the dissociation rate constant >50-fold (t(1/2) ranging from 52 min for -SO(CH3) to >43 h for -CF3). This SAR was poorly resolved in standard competition assays due to lack of equilibration. The functional consequences of the varying dissociation rate were investigated by measuring antagonism of GnRH-stimulated [3H] inositol phosphates accumulation. Slowly dissociating ligands displayed insurmountable antagonism (decrease of the GnRH E(max)) while antagonism by more rapidly dissociating ligands was surmountable (without effect on the GnRH E(max)). Therefore, evaluating the receptor binding kinetics of nonpeptide antagonists revealed SAR, not evident in standard competition assays, that defined at least in part the mode of functional antagonism by the ligands. These findings are of importance for the future definition of nonpeptide ligand SAR and for the identification of potentially useful slowly dissociating antagonists for the GnRH receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan K Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacology and Lead Discovery, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dyck B, Markison S, Zhao L, Tamiya J, Grey J, Rowbottom MW, Zhang M, Vickers T, Sorensen K, Norton C, Wen J, Heise CE, Saunders J, Conlon P, Madan A, Schwarz D, Goodfellow VS. A thienopyridazinone-based melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist with potent in vivo anorectic properties. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3753-6. [PMID: 16789729 DOI: 10.1021/jm051263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor antagonists containing thieno- and a benzopyridazinone cores were designed and tested as potential anorectic agents. These ligands showed high affinity for the receptor, potent functional activity in vitro, and good oral bioavailabilty in rats. The thiophene analogue exhibited low iv clearance, long half-life, and high brain penetration. In obese rats, the thienopyridazinone demonstrated a dose-dependent reduction in feeding and body weight with doses between 1 and 10 mg kg-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dyck
- Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, California 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dyck B, Zhao L, Tamiya J, Pontillo J, Hudson S, Ching B, Heise CE, Wen J, Norton C, Madan A, Schwarz D, Wade W, Goodfellow VS. Substituted chromones and quinolones as potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:4237-42. [PMID: 16762549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 05/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of substituted chromones were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their ability to bind melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1. Compounds with subnanomolar binding affinity and 66% oral bioavailability in rats were discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Dyck
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Huang CQ, Baker T, Schwarz D, Fan J, Heise CE, Zhang M, Goodfellow VS, Markison S, Gogas KR, Chen T, Wang XC, Zhu YF. 1-(4-Amino-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl-amine and 6-(3-amino-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-pyridin-3-yl-amine derivatives as melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3701-6. [PMID: 16005225 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 05/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of 1-(4-amino-phenyl)-pyrrolidin-3-yl-amine and 6-(3-amino-pyrrolidin-1-yl)-pyridin-3-yl-amine were identified as potent and functionally active MCH-R1 antagonists. One compound with Ki = 2.3 nM demonstrated good oral bioavailability (32%) and in vivo efficacy in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles Q Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences, Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rowbottom MW, Vickers TD, Dyck B, Tamiya J, Zhang M, Zhao L, Grey J, Provencal D, Schwarz D, Heise CE, Mistry M, Fisher A, Dong T, Hu T, Saunders J, Goodfellow VS. Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of biarylcarboxamide bis-aminopyrrolidine urea derived small-molecule antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1 (MCH-R1). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:3439-45. [PMID: 15950467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2005] [Revised: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel series of bis-aminopyrrolidine ureas containing either a 4-biphenylcarboxmide or 5-phenyl-2-thiophenecarboxamide group have been identified as potent and functional antagonists of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor-1. Syntheses and SAR are described, which led to the discovery of compounds with high binding affinity (Ki = 1 nM) for the receptor. Preliminary in vitro metabolic stability data are also reported for key compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Rowbottom
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Heise CE, Pahuja A, Hudson SC, Mistry MS, Putnam AL, Gross MM, Gottlieb PA, Wade WS, Kiankarimi M, Schwarz D, Crowe P, Zlotnik A, Alleva DG. Pharmacological characterization of CXC chemokine receptor 3 ligands and a small molecule antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 313:1263-71. [PMID: 15761110 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.083683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) is predominantly expressed on T helper type 1 (Th1) cells that are involved in inflammatory diseases. The three CXCR3 ligands CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 are produced at sites of inflammation and elicit migration of pathological Th1 cells. Here, we are the first to characterize the pharmacological potencies and specificity of a CXCR3 antagonist, N-1R-[3-(4-ethoxy-phenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydro-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]-ethyl-N-pyridin-3-ylmethyl-2-(4-fluoro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-acetamide (NBI-74330), from the T487 small molecule series. NBI-74330 demonstrated potent inhibition of [(125)I]CXCL10 and [(125)I]CXCL11 specific binding (K(i) of 1.5 and 3.2 nM, respectively) and of functional responses mediated by CXCR3, such as ligand-induced guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding, calcium mobilization, and cellular chemotaxis (IC(50) of 7 to 18 nM). NBI-74330 was selective for CXCR3 because it showed no significant inhibition of chemotactic responses to other chemokines and did not inhibit radioligand binding to a panel of nonchemokine G-protein coupled receptors. There was a striking difference in potencies among the three CXCR3 ligands, with CXCL11 >> CXCL10 > CXCL9. A comparison of the rank order of K(i) values with the rank order of monocyte production levels of these three ligands revealed a precise inverse correlation, suggesting that the weaker receptor affinities of CXCL9 and CXCL10 were physiologically compensated for by an elevated expression, perhaps to maintain effectiveness of each ligand under physiological conditions.
Collapse
|
25
|
Grey J, Dyck B, Rowbottom MW, Tamiya J, Vickers TD, Zhang M, Zhao L, Heise CE, Schwarz D, Saunders J, Goodfellow VS. Bis(aminopyrrolidine)-derived ureas (APUs) as potent MCH1 receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:999-1004. [PMID: 15686900 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 12/10/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ureas derived from two substituted 3-aminopyrrolidine subunits were prepared as constrained analogs of a linear lead compound and tested as antagonists of the MCH(1) receptor. The series was optimized for substitution and stereochemistry to generate a functional antagonist with a K(i) of 3.3 nM and IC(50) of 12 nM (GTPgammaS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Grey
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Neurocrine Biosciences Inc., 12790 El Camino Real, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Brinkmann V, Davis MD, Heise CE, Albert R, Cottens S, Hof R, Bruns C, Prieschl E, Baumruker T, Hiestand P, Foster CA, Zollinger M, Lynch KR. The immune modulator FTY720 targets sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21453-7. [PMID: 11967257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c200176200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressant drugs such as cyclosporin have allowed widespread organ transplantation, but their utility remains limited by toxicities, and they are ineffective in chronic management of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. In contrast, the immune modulating drug FTY720 is efficacious in a variety of transplant and autoimmune models without inducing a generalized immunosuppressed state and is effective in human kidney transplantation. FTY720 elicits a lymphopenia resulting from a reversible redistribution of lymphocytes from circulation to secondary lymphoid tissues by unknown mechanisms. Using FTY720 and several analogs, we show now that FTY720 is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase; the phosphorylated compound is a potent agonist at four sphingosine 1-phosphate receptors and represents the therapeutic principle in a rodent model of multiple sclerosis. Our results suggest that FTY720, after phosphorylation, acts through sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling pathways to modulate chemotactic responses and lymphocyte trafficking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Brinkmann
- Department of Transplantation, Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Heise CE, Santos WL, Schreihofer AM, Heasley BH, Mukhin YV, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR. Activity of 2-substituted lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) analogs at LPA receptors: discovery of a LPA1/LPA3 receptor antagonist. Mol Pharmacol 2001; 60:1173-80. [PMID: 11723223 DOI: 10.1124/mol.60.6.1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological implications of lysophosphatidic acid occupancy of individual receptors are largely unknown because selective agonists/antagonists are unavailable currently. The molecular cloning of three high-affinity lysophosphatidic acid receptors, LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3, provides a platform for developing receptor type-selective ligands. Starting with an N-acyl ethanolamide phosphate LPA analog, we made a series of substitutions at the second carbon to generate compounds with varying spatial, stereochemical, and electronic characteristics. Analysis of this series at each recombinant LPA receptor using a guanosine 5'-O-(3-[35S]thio)triphosphate (GTP[gamma35S]) binding assay revealed sharp differences in activity. Our results suggest that these receptors have one spatially restrictive binding pocket that interacts with the 2-substituted moieties and prefers small hydrophobic groups and hydrogen bonding functionalities. The agonist activity predicted by the GTP[gamma35S] binding assay was reflected in the activity of a subset of compounds in increasing arterial pressure in anesthetized rats. One compound with a bulky hydrophobic group (VPC12249) was a dual LPA1/LPA3 competitive antagonist. Several compounds that had smaller side chains were found to be LPA1-selective agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Heise
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) is characterized histopathologically by apoptosis of oligodendrocytes, progressive demyelination, and the existence of large, multinuclear (globoid) cells derived from perivascular microglia. The glycosphingolipid, psychosine (d-galactosyl-beta-1,1' sphingosine), accumulates to micromolar levels in GLD patients who lack the degradative enzyme galactosyl ceramidase. Here we document that an orphan G protein-coupled receptor, T cell death-associated gene 8, is a specific psychosine receptor. Treatment of cultured cells expressing this receptor with psychosine or structurally related glycosphingolipids results in the formation of globoid, multinuclear cells. Our discovery of a molecular target for psychosine suggests a mechanism for the globoid cell histology characteristic of GLD, provides a tool with which to explore the disjunction of mitosis and cytokinesis in cell cultures, and provides a platform for developing a medicinal chemistry for psychosine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Soon Im
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Christopher E. Heise
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| | - Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Brian F. O'Dowd
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Kevin R. Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hooks SB, Santos WL, Im DS, Heise CE, Macdonald TL, Lynch KR. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced mitogenesis is regulated by lipid phosphate phosphatases and is Edg-receptor independent. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:4611-21. [PMID: 11042183 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m007782200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is an extracellular signaling mediator with a broad range of cellular responses. Three G-protein-coupled receptors (Edg-2, -4, and -7) have been identified as receptors for LPA. In this study, the ectophosphatase lipid phosphate phosphatase 1 (LPP1) has been shown to down-regulate LPA-mediated mitogenesis. Furthermore, using degradation-resistant phosphonate analogs of LPA and stereoselective agonists of the Edg receptors we have demonstrated that the mitogenic and platelet aggregation responses to LPA are independent of Edg-2, -4, and -7. Specifically, we found that LPA degradation is insufficient to account for the decrease in LPA potency in mitogenic assays, and the stereoselectivity observed at the Edg receptors is not reflected in mitogenesis. Additionally, RH7777 cells, which are devoid of Edg-2, -4, and -7 receptor mRNA, have a mitogenic response to LPA and LPA analogs. Finally, we have determined that the ligand selectivity of the platelet aggregation response is consistent with that of mitogenesis, but not with Edg-2, -4, and -7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Hooks
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, University of Virginia Health Sciences Center, Charlotte, VA 22908, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Heise CE, O'Dowd BF, Figueroa DJ, Sawyer N, Nguyen T, Im DS, Stocco R, Bellefeuille JN, Abramovitz M, Cheng R, Williams DL, Zeng Z, Liu Q, Ma L, Clements MK, Coulombe N, Liu Y, Austin CP, George SR, O'Neill GP, Metters KM, Lynch KR, Evans JF. Characterization of the human cysteinyl leukotriene 2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:30531-6. [PMID: 10851239 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m003490200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile and inflammatory actions of the cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs), LTC(4), LTD(4), and LTE(4), are thought to be mediated through at least two distinct but related CysLT G protein-coupled receptors. The human CysLT(1) receptor has been recently cloned and characterized. We describe here the cloning and characterization of the second cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT(2), a 346-amino acid protein with 38% amino acid identity to the CysLT(1) receptor. The recombinant human CysLT(2) receptor was expressed in Xenopus oocytes and HEK293T cells and shown to couple to elevation of intracellular calcium when activated by LTC(4), LTD(4), or LTE(4). Analyses of radiolabeled LTD(4) binding to the recombinant CysLT(2) receptor demonstrated high affinity binding and a rank order of potency for competition of LTC(4) = LTD(4) LTE(4). In contrast to the dual CysLT(1)/CysLT(2) antagonist, BAY u9773, the CysLT(1) receptor-selective antagonists MK-571, montelukast (Singulair(TM)), zafirlukast (Accolate(TM)), and pranlukast (Onon(TM)) exhibited low potency in competition for LTD(4) binding and as antagonists of CysLT(2) receptor signaling. CysLT(2) receptor mRNA was detected in lung macrophages and airway smooth muscle, cardiac Purkinje cells, adrenal medulla cells, peripheral blood leukocytes, and brain, and the receptor gene was mapped to chromosome 13q14, a region linked to atopic asthma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C E Heise
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Im DS, Heise CE, Ancellin N, O'Dowd BF, Shei GJ, Heavens RP, Rigby MR, Hla T, Mandala S, McAllister G, George SR, Lynch KR. Characterization of a novel sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, Edg-8. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:14281-6. [PMID: 10799507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.19.14281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three G protein-coupled receptors (Edg-1, Edg-3, and Edg-5) for the lysolipid phosphoric acid mediator sphingosine 1-phosphate have been described by molecular cloning. Using a similar sequence that we found in the expressed sequence tag data base, we cloned and characterized of a fourth, high affinity, rat brain sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor, Edg-8. When HEK293T cells were co-transfected with Edg-8 and G protein DNAs, prepared membranes showed sphingosine 1- phosphate-dependent increases in [(35)S]guanosine 5'-(3-O-thio)triphosphate binding with an EC(50) of 90 nm. In a rat hepatoma Rh7777 cell line that exhibits modest endogenous responses to sphingosine 1-phosphate, this lipid mediator inhibited forskolin-driven rises in cAMP by greater than 90% when the cells were transfected with Edg-8 DNA (IC(50) 0.7 nm). This response is blocked fully by prior treatment of cultures with pertussis toxin, thus implicating signaling through G(i/o)alpha proteins. Furthermore, Xenopus oocytes exhibit a calcium response to sphingosine 1-phosphate after injection of Edg-8 mRNA, but only when oocytes are co-injected with chimeric G(q/i)alpha protein mRNA. Membranes from HEK293T and Rh7777 cell cultures expressing Edg-8 exhibited high affinity (K(D) = 2 nm) binding for radiolabeled sphingosine 1-phosphate. Rat Edg-8 RNA is expressed in spleen and throughout adult rat brain where in situ hybridization revealed it to be associated with white matter. Together our data demonstrate that Edg-8 is a high affinity sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor that couples to G(i/o)alpha proteins and is expressed predominantly by oligodendrocytes and/or fibrous astrocytes in the rat brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Im
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Im DS, Heise CE, Harding MA, George SR, O'Dowd BF, Theodorescu D, Lynch KR. Molecular Cloning and Characterization of a Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor, Edg-7, Expressed in Prostate. Mol Pharmacol 2000. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.57.4.753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
33
|
Im DS, Heise CE, Harding MA, George SR, O'Dowd BF, Theodorescu D, Lynch KR. Molecular cloning and characterization of a lysophosphatidic acid receptor, Edg-7, expressed in prostate. Mol Pharmacol 2000; 57:753-9. [PMID: 10727522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two G protein-coupled receptors (Edg-2) and (Edg-4) for the lysolipid phosphoric acid mediator lysophosphatidic acid have been described by molecular cloning. However, the calcium-mobilizing receptor Edg-4 is not expressed in some cell lines that exhibit robust calcium responses to this ligand, thus predicting the existence of additional receptor subtypes. We report here on the characterization of a third human lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtype, Edg-7, which mediates lysophosphatidic acid-evoked calcium mobilization. In a rat hepatoma Rh7777 cell line that lacks endogenous responses to lysophosphatidic acid, this lipid mediator, but not others, evokes calcium transients when the cells have been transfected with Edg-7 or Edg-4 DNAs. Furthermore, frog oocytes exhibit a calcium-mediated chloride conductance in response to mammalian-selective lysophosphatidic acid mimetics after injection of Edg-7 mRNA. Edg-7-expressing Rh7777 cells do not show inhibition of forskolin-driven rises in cAMP in response to lysophosphatidic acid. However, membranes from HEK293T cells cotransfected with Edg-7 and G(i2)alpha protein DNAs show lysophosphatidic acid dose-dependent increases in [gamma-(35)S]GTP binding with an EC(50) value of 195 nM. When we used this assay to compare various synthetic LPA analogs at Edg-2, Edg-4, and Edg-7 receptors, we found that ethanolamine-based compounds, which are full LPA mimetics at Edg-2 and Edg-4, exhibit little activity at the Edg-7 receptor. Edg-7 RNA was detected in extracts of several rat and human tissues including prostate. Together, our data indicate that Edg-7 is a third lysophosphatidic acid receptor that couples predominantly to G(q/11)alpha proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D S Im
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|