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Iñarra B, Bald C, Gutierrez M, San Martin D, Zufía J, Ibarruri J. Production of Bioactive Peptides from Hake By-Catches: Optimization and Scale-Up of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Process. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:552. [PMID: 37999376 PMCID: PMC10672589 DOI: 10.3390/md21110552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish by-catches, along with other fish side-streams, were previously used as raw material for the production of fishmeal and fish oil but appropriate handling allows their use in more valuable options. The aim of this research was to valorize undersized hake (Merluccius merluccius) as a model of using fish by-catch from the Bay of Biscay to produce protein hydrolysates with bioactivities. Six enzymes, with different proteolytic activities (endo- or exoproteases) and specificities, were tested to produce protein hydrolysates. Products obtained with an endoprotease of serine resulted in the most promising results in terms of protein extraction yield (68%), with an average molecular weight of 2.5 kDa, and bioactivity yield (antioxidant activity = 88.5 mg TE antioxidant capacity/g fish protein; antihypertensive activity = 47% inhibition at 1 mg/mL). Then, process conditions for the use of this enzyme to produce bioactive products were optimized using Box-Behnken design. The most favorable process conditions (time = 2 h, solids = 50% and enzyme/substrate = 2% with respect to protein) were scaled up (from 0.5 L to 150 L reactor) to confirm laboratory scale and model forecasts. The results obtained in the pilot-scale testing matched the outcomes predicted by the model, confirming the technical viability of the proposed process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Iñarra
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain; (C.B.); (M.G.); (D.S.M.); (J.Z.); (J.I.)
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San Martin D, Ibarruri J, Luengo N, Ferrer J, García-Rodríguez A, Goiri I, Atxaerandio R, Medjadbi M, Zufía J, Sáez de Cámara E, Iñarra B. Evaluation of Valorisation Strategies to Improve Spent Coffee Grounds' Nutritional Value as an Ingredient for Ruminants' Diets. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091477. [PMID: 37174514 PMCID: PMC10177294 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lignin in animal diets is a limiting factor due to its low digestibility. This study assessed the effects of thermal or mechanical pre-treatments and enzymatic hydrolysis on spent coffee grounds' (SCG) nutritional value and digestibility. A first trial studied the effect of thermal pre-treatment and hydrolysis with removal of the liquid part and a second trial studied mechanical pre-treatment and hydrolysis with and without removal of the liquid part. Autoclaving did not improve the enzymatic performance nor the nutritional value. Hydrolysis reduced the digestibility of the solid phase and impaired its ruminal fermentation efficiency. Hydrolysates without removing the liquid part improved its nutritional value, but not compared with unprocessed SCG. Grinding increased crude protein and reduced crude fibre and protein, which led to greater fermentation and in vitro digestibility. Thus, grinding emerges as the most promising valorisation strategy to improve SCG nutritional characteristics and their use for animal feed, contributing to the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David San Martin
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jone Ibarruri
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Nagore Luengo
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Aser García-Rodríguez
- NEIKER, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Idoia Goiri
- NEIKER, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- NEIKER, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Mounir Medjadbi
- NEIKER, Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain
| | - Jaime Zufía
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Estíbaliz Sáez de Cámara
- Faculty of Engineering Bilbao, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Ingeniero Torres Quevedo Plaza, 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Bruno Iñarra
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio, Spain
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Arbeille P, Zuj KA, Macias BR, Ebert DJ, Laurie SS, Sargsyan AE, Martin DS, Lee SMC, Dulchavsky SA, Stenger MB, Hargens AR. Lower body negative pressure reduces jugular and portal vein volumes and counteracts the elevation of middle cerebral vein velocity during long-duration spaceflight. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 131:1080-1087. [PMID: 34323592 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00231.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cephalad fluid shifts in space have been hypothesized to cause the spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) by increasing the intracranial-ocular translaminal pressure gradient. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) can be used to shift upper-body blood and other fluids toward the legs during spaceflight. We hypothesized that microgravity would increase jugular vein volume (JVvol), portal vein cross-sectional area (PV), and intracranial venous blood velocity (MCV) and that LBNP application would return these variables toward preflight levels. Data were collected from 14 subjects (11 males) before and during long-duration International Space Station (ISS) spaceflights. Ultrasound measures of JVvol, PV, and MCV were acquired while seated and supine before flight and early during spaceflight at day 45 (FD45) and late at day 150 (FD150) with and without LBNP. JVvol increased from preflight supine and seated postures (46 ± 48% and 646 ± 595% on FD45 and 43 ± 43% and 702 ± 631% on FD150, P < 0.05), MCV increased from preflight supine (44 ± 31% on FD45 and 115 ± 116% on FD150, P < 0.05), and PV increased from preflight supine and seated (51 ± 56% on FD45 and 100 ± 74% on FD150, P < 0.05). Inflight LBNP of -25 mmHg restored JVvol and MCV to preflight supine level and PV to preflight seated level. Elevated JVvol confirms the sustained neck-head blood engorgement inflight, whereas increased PV area supports the fluid shift at the splanchnic level. Also, MCV increased potentially due to reduced lumen diameter. LBNP, returning variables to preflight levels, may be an effective countermeasure.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Microgravity-induced fluid shifts markedly enlarge jugular and portal veins and increase cerebral vein velocity. These findings demonstrate a marked flow engorgement at neck and splanchnic levels and may suggest compression of the cerebral veins by the brain tissue in space. LBNP (-25 mmHg for 30 min) returns these changes to preflight levels and, thus, reduces the associated flow and tissue disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arbeille
- UMPS-CERCOM, University School of Medicine, Tours, France
| | - K A Zuj
- UMPS-CERCOM, University School of Medicine, Tours, France
| | - B R Macias
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - A R Hargens
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCSD Medical Center, San Diego, California
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Wickham AJ, Highton DT, Clark S, Fallaha D, Wong DJN, Martin DS. Treatment threshold for intra-operative hypotension in clinical practice-a prospective cohort study in older patients in the UK. Anaesthesia 2021; 77:153-163. [PMID: 34231200 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intra-operative hypotension frequently complicates anaesthesia in older patients and is implicated in peri-operative organ hypoperfusion and injury. The prevalence and corresponding treatment thresholds of hypotension are incompletely described in the UK. This study aimed to identify prevalence of intra-operative hypotension and its treatment thresholds in UK practice. Patients aged ≥ 65 years were studied prospectively from 196 UK hospitals within a 48-hour timeframe. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypotension (mean arterial pressure <65 mmHg; systolic blood pressure reduction >20%; systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg). Secondary outcomes included the treatment blood pressure threshold for vasopressors; incidence of acute kidney injury; myocardial injury; stroke; and in-hospital mortality. Additionally, anaesthetists providing care for included patients were asked to complete a survey assessing their intended treatment thresholds for hypotension. Data were collected from 4750 patients. Hypotension affected 61.0% of patients when defined as mean arterial pressure <65 mmHg, 91.3% of patients had >20% reduction in systolic blood pressure from baseline and 77.5% systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg. The mean (SD) blood pressure triggering vasopressor therapy was mean arterial pressure 64.2 (11.6) mmHg and the mean (SD) stated intended treatment threshold from the survey was mean arterial pressure 60.6 (9.7) mmHg. A composite adverse outcome of myocardial injury, kidney injury, stroke or death affected 345 patients (7.3%). In this representative sample of UK peri-operative practice, the majority of older patients experienced intra-operative hypotension and treatment was delivered below suggested thresholds. This highlights both potential for intra-operative organ injury and substantial opportunity for improving treatment of intra-operative hypotension.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wickham
- Department of Anaesthesia, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - D T Highton
- Princess Alexandra Hospital Southside Clinical Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S Clark
- Department of Critical Care, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - D Fallaha
- Department of Anaesthesia, Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Clydebank, Scotland
| | - D J N Wong
- Department of Anaesthesia, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - D S Martin
- Peninsula Medical School, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.,Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Plymouth, Plymouth, UK.,Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
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San Martin D, Orive M, Martínez E, Iñarra B, Ramos S, González N, Guinea de Salas A, Vázquez LA, Zufía J. Multi-criteria assessment of the viability of valorising vegetable by-products from the distribution as secondary raw material for animal feed. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:15716-15730. [PMID: 33244687 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11752-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of food produced around the world is wasted. In the distribution sector, erroneous orders or demand predictions result in products that cannot be sold before the expiration date. Despite its enormous potential, a low percentage of this food wastage is valorised causing negative social, economic and environmental impacts. Vegetable food waste has potential as raw material for animal feed. However, the profitability of its valorisation depends on several key factors and there is a risk of underestimating any of them making this valorisation technically, economically or environmentally unfeasible. Moreover, the geographical dispersion requires selecting the appropriate location for the processing plant and optimising the logistics routes to collect and transport them from the origin points to the processing plant. GISWASTE tool, which combines Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with ArcGIS, has been used to simulate the viability of this valorisation alternative from a holistic point of view. In addition, a sensitivity analysis in the economic modelling has been carried out to determine the economic viability factors with more influence in the global profitability. The valorisation of vegetable food waste from distribution and retailing sector for animal feed has been considered feasible in the case study region: Basque Country (Spain). However, there are some economic uncertainties for the return of the investment. The variable with more influence over the profitability is by far the incomes from waste management (81.4%).
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Affiliation(s)
- David San Martin
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain.
| | - Mikel Orive
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ekaitz Martínez
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Bruno Iñarra
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Saioa Ramos
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nagore González
- GEOGRAMA, Clemente Arráiz Margolariaren Kalea 3, E-01008, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | | - Luis Alberto Vázquez
- LKS, Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Laida bidea 207C, planta -1, E-48170, Zamudio, Spain
| | - Jaime Zufía
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
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Goiri I, Díaz de Otálora X, Ruiz R, Rey J, Atxaerandio R, Lavín JL, San Martin D, Orive M, Iñarra B, Zufia J, Urkiza J, García-Rodríguez A. Spent Coffee Grounds Alter Bacterial Communities in Latxa Dairy Ewes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121961. [PMID: 33322068 PMCID: PMC7764017 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of spent coffee grounds (SCG) make them a potential ingredient in a diet for ruminants. This study investigated the effects of SCG on rumen microbiota. For 51 days, 36 dairy ewes were assigned to the experimental treatments (0, 30, 50, and 100 g SCG/kg). Ruminal samples were collected on day 50. DNA was extracted and subjected to paired-end Illumina sequencing of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA genes. Bioinformatic analyses were performed using QIIME (v.1.9.0). SCG increased dose-dependently bacterial diversity and altered bacterial structure. Further, 60, 78, and 449 operational taxonomic unit (OUT) were different between control and 30, 50 and 100 g/kg SCG groups, respectively. Higher differences were observed between the control and 100 g/kg SCG group, where OTU of the genera Treponema, CF231, Butyrivibrio, BF331, Anaeroplasma, Blautia, Fibrobacter, and Clostridium were enriched with SCG. Correlations between volatile fatty acids (VFA) and bacterial taxa were sparser in the SCG groups and had little overlap. Certain bacterial taxa presented different signs of the correlation with VFA in SCG and control groups, but Butyrivibrio and Blautia consistently correlated with branched-chain VFA in all groups. SCG induced shifts in the ruminal bacterial community and altered the correlation networks among bacterial taxa and ruminal VFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idoia Goiri
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Xabier Díaz de Otálora
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Jagoba Rey
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Raquel Atxaerandio
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - Jose Luis Lavín
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
| | - David San Martin
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain; (D.S.M.); (M.O.); (B.I.); (J.Z.)
| | - Mikel Orive
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain; (D.S.M.); (M.O.); (B.I.); (J.Z.)
| | - Bruno Iñarra
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain; (D.S.M.); (M.O.); (B.I.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jaime Zufia
- AZTI, Food Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Parque Tecnológico de Bizkaia, Astondo Bidea, Edificio 609, 48160 Derio-Bizkaia, Spain; (D.S.M.); (M.O.); (B.I.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jabi Urkiza
- Cooperativa Agraria MIBA, Polígono Industrial Galartza, 48277 Etxebarria, Spain;
| | - Aser García-Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Production, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Campus Agroalimentario de Arkaute s/n, 01192 Arkaute, Spain; (X.D.d.O.); (R.R.); (J.R.); (R.A.); (J.L.L.); (A.G.-R.)
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Ingham J, Craig T, Smith CI, Varro A, Pritchard DM, Barrett SD, Martin DS, Harrison P, Unsworth P, Kumar JD, Wolski A, Cricenti A, Luce M, Surman M, Saveliev YM, Weightman P, Siggel-King MRF. Submicron infrared imaging of an oesophageal cancer cell with chemical specificity using an IR-FEL. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaea53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ingham J, Pilling MJ, Craig T, Siggel-King MRF, Smith CI, Gardner P, Varro A, Pritchard DM, Barrett SD, Martin DS, Harrison P, Unsworth P, Kumar JD, Wolski A, Cricenti A, Luce M, Surman M, Saveliev YM, Weightman P. An evaluation of the application of the aperture infrared SNOM technique to biomedical imaging. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aaa0de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
Background Classic teaching suggests that diminished availability of oxygen leads to increased tissue oxygen extraction yet evidence to support this notion in the context of hypoxaemia, as opposed to anaemia or cardiac failure, is limited. Methods At 75 m above sea level, and after 7–8 days of acclimatization to 4559 m, systemic oxygen extraction [C(a−v)O2] was calculated in five participants at rest and at peak exercise. Absolute [C(a−v)O2] was calculated by subtracting central venous oxygen content (CcvO2) from arterial oxygen content (CaO2) in blood sampled from central venous and peripheral arterial catheters, respectively. Oxygen uptake (V˙O2) was determined from expired gas analysis during exercise. Results Ascent to altitude resulted in significant hypoxaemia; median (range) SpO2 87.1 (82.5–90.7)% and PaO2 6.6 (5.7–6.8) kPa. While absolute C(a−v)O2 was reduced at maximum exercise at 4559 m [83.9 (67.5–120.9) ml litre−1vs 99.6 (88.0–151.3) ml litre−1 at 75 m, P=0.043], there was no change in oxygen extraction ratio (OER) [C(a−v)O2/CaO2] between the two altitudes [0.52 (0.48–0.71) at 4559 m and 0.53 (0.49–0.73) at 75 m, P=0.500]. Comparison of C(a−v)O2 at peak V˙O2 at 4559 m and the equivalent V˙O2 at sea level for each participant also revealed no significant difference [83.9 (67.5–120.9) ml litre1vs 81.2 (73.0–120.7) ml litre−1, respectively, P=0.225]. Conclusion In acclimatized individuals at 4559 m, there was a decline in maximum absolute C(a−v)O2 during exercise but no alteration in OER calculated using central venous oxygen measurements. This suggests that oxygen extraction may have become limited after exposure to 7–8 days of hypoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - A Cobb
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - P Meale
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - K Mitchell
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 810, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Unit, GICU, Mailpoint 27, Level D, Centre Block, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK
| | - M Edsell
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK Department of Anaesthesia, St George's Hospital, London, UK
| | - M G Mythen
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK
| | - M P W Grocott
- UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London W1 T 7HA, UK Integrative Physiology and Critical Illness Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Mailpoint 810, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK Anaesthesia and Critical Care Research Unit, GICU, Mailpoint 27, Level D, Centre Block, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton, UK
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10
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Sawyer RC, Stolfi RL, Spiegelman S, Martin DS. Effect of Uridine on the Metabolism of 5-Fluorouracil in the CD8F 1 Murine Mammary Carcinoma System. Pharm Res 2013; 1:69-75. [PMID: 24277215 DOI: 10.1023/a:1016351330832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The effect of uridine on the incorporation of 5-fluorouracil into RNA and the inhibition of DNA synthesis by the FdUMP block of thymidylate synthetase was studied in the CD8F1 murine mammary carcinoma system. The administration of exogenous uridine resulted in about a one third reduction of 5-fluorouracil in RNA of tumor and normal tissues. However, unlike thymidine, uridine was unable to reverse the early, partial inhibition of DNA synthesis. The amount of fluorouridine nucleotides and (5-fluorouracil)RNA formed in various tissues correlates with the level of orotate phosphoribosyl transferase activity suggesting that the major pathway for activation of 5-fluorouracil to nucleotide form in these tissues is via phosphoribosyl transferase. Enzyme preparations from three different murine tumors convert about 15 times as much 5-fluorouracil to FUMP as they do uracil to UMP. In contrast, the ratio of FUMP to UMP formed in enzyme preparations from gut and bone marrow is lower, 2-6 fold. However, in none of these tissues was the in vitro conversion of 5-fluorouracil to FUMP or incorporation into RNA substantially inhibited by uracil. Examination of tumor, gut and bone marrow uridine nucleotide pools showed that the thymidine-uridine-5-fluorouracil schedule does increase uridine nucleotide pools. Thus, the reduction in 5-fluorouracil in RNA is probably not due to inhibition of the conversion of 5-fluorouracil to FUMP by uracil (derived from phosphorylase cleavage of uridine) but, rather, is probably due to the elevated levels of UTP. We conclude that the protection from 5-fluorouracil toxicity afforded by the addition of uridine is due to the reduction in 5-fluorouracil in RNA rather than by reversal of the FdUMP block on thymidylate synthetase.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Sawyer
- Institute of Cancer Research, Columbia University, New York, 10033
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11
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Convery JH, Smith CI, Khara B, Scrutton NS, Harrison P, Farrell T, Martin DS, Weightman P. Controlling the formation of a monolayer of cytochrome P450 reductase onto Au surfaces. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2012; 86:011903. [PMID: 23005448 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.011903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The conditions necessary for the formation of a monolayer and a bilayer of a mutated form (P499C) of human cytochrome P450 reductase on a Au(110)/electrolyte interface have been determined using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, atomic force microscopy, and reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). The molecules adsorb through a Au-S linkage and, for the monolayer, adopt an ordered structure on the Au(110) substrate in which the optical axes of the dipoles contributing to the RAS signal are aligned roughly along the optical axes of the Au(110) substrate. Differences between the absorption spectrum of the molecules in a solution and the RAS profile of the adsorbed monolayer are attributed to surface order in the orientation of dipoles that contribute in the low energy region of the spectrum, a roughly vertical orientation on the surface of the long axes of the isoalloxazine rings and the lack of any preferred orientation in the molecular structure of the dipoles in the aromatic amino acids. Our studies establish an important proof of principle for immobilizing large biological macromolecules to gold surfaces. This opens up detailed studies of the dynamics of biological macromolecules by RAS, which have general applications in studies of biological redox chemistry that are coupled to protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Convery
- Department of Physics, Oliver Lodge Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae precedes pneumococcal disease. Elucidation of procedures to prevent or eradicate nasopharyngeal carriage in a model akin to the human would help to diminish the incidence of both pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal disease. METHODS We conducted a survey of the nasopharynx of infant rhesus macaques from our breeding colony, in search of natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. We also attempted experimental induction of colonization, by nasopharyngeal instillation of a human S. pneumoniae strain (19F). RESULTS None of 158 colony animals surveyed carried S. pneumoniae in the nasopharynx. Colonization was induced in eight of eight infant rhesus by nasopharyngeal instillation and lasted 2weeks in 100% of the animals and 7weeks in more than 60%. CONCLUSION Rhesus macaques are probably not natural carriers of S. pneumoniae. The high rate and duration of colonization obtained in our experiments indicates that the rhesus macaque will serve as a human-like carriage model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Philipp
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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13
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Martin DS, Zeybek O, Weightman P, Barrett SD. Optical reflectance anisotropy of the growth of Fe monolayers on W(110). J Phys Condens Matter 2011; 23:355002. [PMID: 21778568 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/23/35/355002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report measurements of the optical anisotropy of Fe layers grown on the W(110) surface using reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS). As the first monolayer of Fe is deposited onto W(110), the resonance-like RAS profile of the clean surface is reduced in intensity. We find evidence for the surface state on W(110) surviving as an interface state following Fe deposition. We observe an anisotropic optical response from Fe layers grown on top of the first two monolayers, where a broad peak at 3 eV dominates the RAS response. The results are simulated in terms of a layered Fresnel reflection model incorporating either a strained Fe overlayer or an Fe overlayer whose dielectric properties are approximated by a simple Lorentzian oscillator. Both approaches are found to produce simulated RA spectra that are in good agreement with experiment. The former approach provides evidence that RAS can detect anisotropy in strained overlayers and that 7 ML films have bulk-like electronic and optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department of Physics and Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK.
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14
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Abstract
1. The effects of regeneration of whole bovine albumin on antigenic activity and serological specificity were determined by precipitin measurements on rabbit antisera to (1) native whole albumin, (2) albumin regenerated from 8 M urea, and (3) albumin regenerated from 8 M guanidine hydrochloride. 2. While numerically the mean antibody response to these three antigens was found to decrease in the order named, only the difference in antigenic activity between native and guanidine hydrochloride-regenerated albumin was statistically significant. Native, crystalline, carbohydrate-free albumin (crystalbumin) was considerably less antigenic than native whole bovine albumin, its activity being comparable to, if not less than, that observed for guanidine hydrochloride-regenerated whole albumin. 3. All four antigens were immunologically equivalent. 4. The antigenic activity of these proteins is discussed in terms of protein structure and carbohydrate content.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Departments of Bacteriology and Biochemistry, Duke University, School of Medicine and Duke Hospital, Durham
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15
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Abstract
The oxygen consumption of rapidly growing cultures of Esch. coli (S) have been measured by means of Fenn's respirometer. The rate of oxygen consumption of a growing culture uniformly attains a phase of logarithmic increase before the growth curve of the organisms becomes logarithmic. The rate of oxygen consumption per cell increases rapidly from the time of inoculation to a point of maximum respiration near the end of the lag phase of the growth curve, followed by a gradual decrease in the respiratory rate. The surface area of the average cell when plotted against time passes through a point of maximum surface area which coincides with the point of maximum oxygen consumption per cell. Figures obtained by different methods, CO2 output and heat production when reduced to the same units, agree remarkably well.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department Bacteriology, The University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, N. Y
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16
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Sprunt DH, Martin DS, Williams JE. INTERSTITIAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA : II. PRODUCTION OF INTERSTITIAL MONONUCLEAR PNEUMONIA BY THE BORDET-GENGOU BACILLUS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:449-56. [PMID: 19870426 PMCID: PMC2133286 DOI: 10.1084/jem.62.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pure cultures of Bordet-Gengou bacilli produce in rabbits an interstitial mononuclear pneumonia which cannot be differentiated from that occurring in children dying of pertussis or from lhat caused in animals by the viruses of epidemic influenza and psittacosis. A similar pneumonia can be produced in rabbits by typhoid bacilli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Sprunt
- Departments of Pathology and Bacteriology of the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham
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17
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Abstract
Bacterial toxins can produce a pneumonia similar to that caused by viruses, and the presence of a toxin-producing bacterium in the lungs may account for some of the interstitial bronchopneumonias observed in diseases other than those caused by viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Sprunt
- Departments of Pathology and Bacteriology of the Duke University School of Medicine, Durham
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18
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Abstract
Experiments are reported which show that the virulent Bordet-Gengou bacillus can produce a significant lymphocytosis and an interstitial mononuclear pneumonia in both the monkey and the rabbit. Both of these reactions occur apparently as the result of a toxic material formed in vivo from the Bordet-Gengou bacillus and are not dependent on the multiplication of the organism itself. It was also shown that the strictly avirulent form could also cause an interstitial mononuclear pneumonia but no lymphocytosis. This interstitial mononuclear pneumonia was thought to be the result of the foreign substance produced by the organism when it was in this stage. This was substantiated by the fact that this lesion could be produced both by living and dead organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Sprunt
- Departments of Pathology and Bacteriology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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19
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Abstract
Measurements of the optical reflectance anisotropy (RA) of the Si/Cu(110)-c(2 × 2) surface alloy are reported. Significant changes in the RA response of Cu(110) are observed upon the formation of the surface alloy, and with the growth of one-dimensional (1D) anisotropic Si chains on top of the surface alloy. The transitions between the surface states near the Fermi level (E(F)) at the [Formula: see text] symmetry point on the clean Cu(110) surface are no longer observed in RA spectra of 0.3 ML Si coverage. Peaks in RA spectra arising from transitions between surface-modified bands near E(F) at the L point are found to be sensitive to the formation of the surface alloy. The RA response of the c(2 × 2) surface alloy from 3.0 to 5.5 eV is simulated using a simple three-phase derivative model. The addition of an overlayer phase to this model makes it possible to simulate higher coverage Si/Cu RA profiles where 1D Si chains cover the surface alloy. The success of the models, in which discrete phases contribute to the RA response, supports the view that the Si chains grow on top of the intact c(2 × 2) alloy. Depositing between 1.2 and 1.8 ML Si results in no change to the RA spectroscopy signal, indicating that the signal remains sensitive to the covered alloy interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department of Physics and Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZE, UK
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20
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Schwitters M, Martin DS, Unsworth P, Farrell T, Butler JE, Weightman P. Reflection anisotropy spectroscopy of the oxidized diamond (001) surface. J Phys Condens Matter 2009; 21:364218. [PMID: 21832324 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) measurements of the oxidized (001) surface of a type IIb natural diamond. These measurements were made possible due to recent developments in diamond surface preparation. We compare RAS results from the hydrogenated, clean and oxidized C(001) surface and demonstrate that RAS is sensitive to the structural transition of the surface from the 2 × 1 reconstruction of the clean surface to the 1 × 1 reconstruction of the oxidized surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schwitters
- Physics Department and Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, UK
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21
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Abstract
Most cancer cells exhibit increased glycolysis and use this metabolic pathway for generation of ATP as a main source of their energy supply. This phenomenon is known as the Warburg effect and is considered as one of the most fundamental metabolic alterations during malignant transformation. In recent years, there are significant progresses in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the potential therapeutic implications. Biochemical and molecular studies suggest several possible mechanisms by which this metabolic alteration may evolve during cancer development. These mechanisms include mitochondrial defects and malfunction, adaptation to hypoxic tumor microenvironment, oncogenic signaling, and abnormal expression of metabolic enzymes. Importantly, the increased dependence of cancer cells on glycolytic pathway for ATP generation provides a biochemical basis for the design of therapeutic strategies to preferentially kill cancer cells by pharmacological inhibition of glycolysis. Several small molecules have emerged that exhibit promising anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo, as single agent or in combination with other therapeutic modalities. The glycolytic inhibitors are particularly effective against cancer cells with mitochondrial defects or under hypoxic conditions, which are frequently associated with cellular resistance to conventional anticancer drugs and radiation therapy. Because increased aerobic glycolysis is commonly seen in a wide spectrum of human cancers and hypoxia is present in most tumor microenvironment, development of novel glycolytic inhibitors as a new class of anticancer agents is likely to have broad therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pelicano
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Smith
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y
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23
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Persons EL, Martin DS. PASSIVE TRANSFER ANTIBODIES FOR SIX SAPROPHYTIC FUNGI IN A PATIENT WITH A SUPERFICIAL SCALING DERMATOSIS. J Clin Invest 2006; 15:429-34. [PMID: 16694415 PMCID: PMC424801 DOI: 10.1172/jci100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E L Persons
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham
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24
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Trotz-Williams LA, Martin DS, Gatei W, Cama V, Peregrine AS, Martin SW, Nydam DV, Jamieson F, Xiao L. Genotype and subtype analyses of Cryptosporidium isolates from dairy calves and humans in Ontario. Parasitol Res 2006; 99:346-52. [PMID: 16565813 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 02/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To assess the importance of dairy cattle as a source of human Cryptosporidium infections in Ontario, Canada, 44 Cryptosporidium isolates from neonatal dairy calves and 11 from sporadic human cases of cryptosporidiosis in the province were genotyped by PCR-RFLP analyses of the Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (COWP) and 18S rRNA genes. Isolates were also subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) gene. All bovine isolates successfully subtyped belonged to Cryptosporidium parvum subtype family (allele) IIa. Seven subtypes of this family were identified among the bovine isolates. Four human isolates were Cryptosporidium hominis, of alleles Ia, Id, and Ie. Of the remaining seven human specimens, four were C. parvum allele IIa, two were C. parvum of an undetermined subtype, and one was identified as Cryptosporidium cervine genotype. Three of the C. parvum isolates from humans were the same subtypes as isolates from the calves. These findings suggest that cattle and other ruminants may be a source of sporadic human infections in Ontario. This is the first published description of Cryptosporidium genotypes and subtypes in Ontario, and is the second published report of human infection with Cryptosporidium cervine genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Trotz-Williams
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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25
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Weightman P, Dolan GJ, Smith CI, Cuquerella MC, Almond NJ, Farrell T, Fernig DG, Edwards C, Martin DS. Orientation of ordered structures of cytosine and cytidine -monophosphate adsorbed at Au(110)/liquid interfaces. Phys Rev Lett 2006; 96:086102. [PMID: 16606198 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.96.086102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
It is demonstrated using reflection anisotropy spectroscopy that the adsorption of cytosine and cytidine -monophosphate at the Au(110) 1 x 2/electrolyte interface gives rise to ordered structures in which the base is oriented vertical to the surface and parallel to the [110] axis of the Au(110) plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Weightman
- Department of Physics, University of Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom
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26
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Martin DS, Egland MC, Barnes LU, Vogel EM. Adrenergic nerves mediate the venoconstrictor response to PVN stimulation. Brain Res 2006; 1076:93-100. [PMID: 16473331 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Veins play an important role in the control of venous return, cardiac output and cardiovascular homeostasis. However, the central nervous system sites and effector systems involved in modulating venous function remain to be fully elucidated. The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is an important site modulating autonomic outflow to the cardiovascular system. Venous tone can be modulated by sympathetic nerves or by adrenal catecholamines. The present study assessed the relative contribution of these autonomic effector systems to the venoconstrictor response elicited by stimulation of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham operation or bilateral adrenal demedullation fitted with PVN guide cannulae and fitted with catheters for recording arterial pressure (AP) and intrathoracic vena caval pressure (VP). A latex balloon was advanced into the right atrium. MCFP was calculated from the AP and VP recorded after 4 s of right atrial occlusion. MCFP = VP + (AP - VP)/60. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), VP and MCFP responses to injections of BMI (25 ng/side) into the PVN were recorded from conscious rats to avoid the complicating effects of anesthesia. In sham-operated rats, injection of BMI into the PVN increased MAP by 13 +/- 3 mm Hg and HR by 56 +/- 6 bpm. MCFP was also increased significantly by 0.98 +/- 0.15 mm Hg indicating an increase in venomotor tone. Adrenal medullectomy did not affect the pressor (DeltaMAP = 12 +/- 2 mm Hg), tachycardic (DeltaHR = 48 +/- 7 bpm) or venoconstrictor (DeltaMCFP = 0.73 +/- 0.11 mm Hg) responses. Ganglionic blockade abolished the PVN-induced responses in both groups of rats. In a separate group, pretreatment with the adrenergic neuron blocker, guanethidine (20 mg/kg), also abolished the PVN-mediated venoconstrictor responses. Conversely, selective beta2 adrenergic receptor blockade did not affect MCFP responses to BMI. These data indicate that adrenomedullary catecholamines are not necessary for full expression of the venoconstrictor response to PVN stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota, 414 East Clark Street, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Sex differences in the degree of high blood pressure have been described in several forms of experimental animal models of hypertension. However, the influence of sex on angiotensin II-induced hypertension has not been studied. In the present study, we investigated and compared the effects of chronic angiotensin II treatment on blood pressure and vascular function in male and female rats. Chronic treatment with angiotensin II (0.7 mg/kg daily for 10 d) significantly raised arterial blood pressure in male but not female Sprague-Dawley rats; it upregulated the NAD(P)H oxidase gp67 phox subunit in the aorta of male but not female rats; and it exaggerated the vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine and serotonin in the mesenteric vascular bed (MVB) of male but not female rats. Vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh) but not papaverine (PPV) or isoprenaline (ISO) were reduced in the MVB of angiotensin II-treated male but not female rats. ACh, but not PPV or ISO dilatory responses were potentiated in the MVB of angiotensin II-treated female rats. The present findings demonstrate that exogenous angiotensin II upregulates aortic NAD(P)H oxidase gp67 phox subunit, and induces hypertension and mesenteric vascular dysfunction only in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tatchum-Talom
- Hypertension Unit, Systems Physiology and Structural Biology Research Group, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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28
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Palummo M, Pulci O, Del Sole R, Marini A, Schwitters M, Haines SR, Williams KH, Martin DS, Weightman P, Butler JE. Reflectance anisotropy spectra of the diamond (100)-(2x1) surface: evidence of strongly bound surface state excitons. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:087404. [PMID: 15783931 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.087404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We compare the results of ab initio calculations with measured reflection anisotropy spectra and show that strongly bound surface-state excitons occur on the clean diamond (100) surface. These excitons are found to have a binding energy close to 1 eV, the strongest ever observed at a semiconductor surface. Important electron-hole interaction effects on the line shape of the optical transitions above the surface-state gap are also found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizia Palummo
- Dipartimento di Fisica-Universitá di Roma, Tor Vergata and Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia, I-00133 Rome, Italy
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29
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Abstract
Ageing is associated with structural and functional alterations of the vasculature. The nature of age-related vascular disorders is not completely understood. Oxidative stress is hypothesized to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of vascular complications. We investigated the effects of chronic treatment with the superoxide dismutase mimetic tempol (4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidinoxyl) on vascular function in the mesenteric vasculature of aged rats. Young (3 weeks) and old (40 weeks) Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with tempol (1 mM in drinking water) or vehicle for 3 weeks. Arterial blood pressure was slightly, but significantly, higher in old than in young rats. Tempol had no effect on arterial blood pressure. The vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) were exaggerated in the mesenteric vascular bed (MVB) removed from old rats. Vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh), papaverine (PPV), and isoprenaline (ISO) were reduced in the MVB of old rats in comparison with young rats. Chronic treatment of old rats with tempol normalized their responses to NE and 5-HT. The dilator responses to ACh, PPV, and ISO were similar between old rats receiving tempol and young rats. The present findings suggest that oxidative stress contributes to vascular dysfunction in the mesentery of old rats. The vasculoprotective effects of tempol remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tatchum-Talom
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA
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30
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Fleming RV, Marques AR, Klempner MS, Schmid CH, Dally LG, Martin DS, Philipp MT. Pre-treatment and post-treatment assessment of the C(6) test in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme borreliosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 23:615-8. [PMID: 15243815 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-004-1163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It was recently reported that antibody to C(6), a peptide that reproduces an invariable region of the VlsE lipoprotein of Borrelia burgdorferi, declined in titer by a factor of four or more in a significant proportion of patients after successful antibiotic treatment of acute localized or disseminated Lyme borreliosis. The present study evaluated the C(6) test as a predictor of therapy outcome in a population of patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome. The serum specimens tested were from patients with well-documented, previously treated Lyme borreliosis who had persistent musculoskeletal or neurocognitive symptoms. All of the patients had participated in a recent double-blind, placebo-controlled antibiotic trial in which serum samples were collected at baseline and 6 months thereafter, i.show $132#e. 3 months following treatment termination. In this patient population no correlation was found between a decline of C(6) antibody titer of any magnitude and treatment or clinical outcome. Antibodies to C(6) persisted in these patients with post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome following treatment, albeit at a markedly lower prevalence and titer than in untreated patients with acute disseminated Lyme disease. The results indicate that C(6) antibody cannot be used to assess treatment outcome or the presence of active infection in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R V Fleming
- Department of Medicine, Boston University Medical Center, 650 Albany Street, Room 620, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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31
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Weightman P, Smith CI, Martin DS, Lucas CA, Nichols RJ, Barrett SD. Comment on "Monitoring the transitions of the charge-induced reconstruction of Au(110) by reflection anisotropy spectroscopy". Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:199707. [PMID: 15169470 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.199707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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32
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Martin DS, Craft A, Sheng ZN. The impact of cognitive strategy instruction on deaf learners: an international comparative study. Am Ann Deaf 2001; 146:366-378. [PMID: 11816861 DOI: 10.1353/aad.2012.0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Teacher cohorts in England and China received special training in techniques for teaching higher-level critical and creative cognitive strategies to deaf learners. Both cohorts implemented the strategies in the classroom at least twice weekly for 6 months. Measures included Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices (1959), a systematic observation checklist for cognitive behaviors (Martin & Craft, 1998), and critical and creative problem situations to which students had to respond. Results were compared with those from a study of similar learners in the United States (Martin & Jonas, 1985), and little difference was found. Students in all three countries improved in reasoning, devising real-world problem solutions involving critical thinking (but not creative thinking), using cognitive vocabulary in the classroom, and expressing others' viewpoints. Postintervention focus groups showed teachers in China used a more invariant sequence in teaching the cognitive strategies, but teachers in all three countries experienced similar expansion in cognitive terminology and self-perceptions as teachers of problem solving.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department of Education, Galiaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
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Martin DS, Breitkopf NP, Eyster KM, Williams JL. Dietary soy exerts an antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive female rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R553-60. [PMID: 11448860 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.2.r553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that dietary soy would attenuate the development of hypertension in female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Female SHR and control Wistar-Kyoto rats were obtained at 4 wk of age, randomly assigned to either an ovariectomized (OVX) group or a sham-operated group, and placed on a soy diet or control casein diet. After a minimum of 8 wk on their respective diets, mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded before and after inhibition of nitric oxide synthase, air-jet stress, or ganglionic blockade. The major finding of this study is that MAP was reduced in the OVX SHR consuming soy diet compared with the casein-fed controls (150 +/- 4 vs. 164 +/- 3 mmHg). Plasma genistein concentrations were increased in the soy-fed OVX SHR (1.23 +/- 0.31 microM) compared with the casein-fed OVX SHR (nondetectable). However, there was no difference in plasma genistein concentrations between sham-operated and OVX SHR (1.37 +/- 0.42 vs. 1.23 +/- 0.31 microM). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increased MAP and decreased HR in all groups; diet did not affect this response. Air-jet stress increased MAP and HR in all groups. However, these responses were exaggerated in the soy-fed SHR. Finally, ganglionic blockade abolished the antihypertensive effect of soy diet in the OVX SHR. These findings indicate that dietary soy exerts an antihypertensive effect in OVX SHR. This effect does not involve the nitric oxide system but may be related to an as yet undefined interaction with the autonomic nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA.
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Martin DS, Cacayorin ED, Kapoor B, Sundaram M. Radiologic case study. Disk prolapse. Orthopedics 2001; 24:331, 416. [PMID: 11332959 DOI: 10.3928/0147-7447-20010401-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department of Radiology, St. Louis University, MO 63110-0250, USA
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Abstract
Most anticancer agents effect DNA damage which initiate the cell death pathways of necrosis and apoptosis, but cancer cells of lesser sensitivity are only sublethally injured, and recover. The two death pathways and their interelationships in the presence of endogenous inhibitors of apoptosis and genetic deletions that facilitates only sublethal damage, are reviewed. Both ATP and pyrimidine levels in the sublethally injured cancer cells are reduced but not to low levels insuffient to sustain cell viability. However, this sublethal damage by the anticancer agent creates a therapeutic opportunity for further reduction of these key metabolites to lower levels that will not support life. Data in tumor-bearing animals is reviewed demonstrating that a combination of ATP-depleting agents plus a de novo pyrimidine inhibitor (PALA) administered concomitantly with each of nine different anticancer agents markedly enhances tumor regression rates,and even produces some cures. It is necessary to deplete tumor ATP levels seveerely (>85%) by a combination of agents that block both synthesis (6-methylmercaptopurine riboside, a purine de novo synthesis inhibitor) and generation of ATP(6-aminonicotinamide, an inhibitor of glycolysis.) Cell viability cannot be sustained if the intracellular ATP level is reduced to 15% of normal or below. In vivo data employing this novel therapeutic strategy with cisplatin is presented. The potential significance of these findings to the improvement of cancer treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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Barta JR, Martin DS, Carreno RA, Siddall ME, Profous-Juchelkat H, Hozza M, Powles MA, Sundermann C. Molecular phylogeny of the other tissue coccidia: Lankesterella and Caryospora. J Parasitol 2001; 87:121-7. [PMID: 11227876 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0121:mpotot]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly complete sequences were obtained from the 18S rDNA genes of Eimeria falciformis (the type species of the genus), Caryospora bigenetica, and Lankesterella minima. Two clones of the rDNA gene from C. higenetica varied slightly in primary structure. Parsimony-based and maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstructions with a number of other apicomplexan taxa support 2 major clades within the Eucoccidiorida, i.e., the isosporoid coccidia (consisting of Toxoplasma, Neospora, Isospora [in part], and Sarcocystis spp.) and a second clade containing Lankesterella and Caryospora spp., as well as the eimeriid coccidia (Cyclospora, Isospora [in part], and Eimeria spp.). Our observations suggest that Caryospora spp. may not belong in the family Eimeriidae but rather may be allied with the family Lankesterellidae with which they share molecular and life history similarities. This may be a third lineage of coccidian parasites that has independently evolved a unique heteroxenous transmission strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramedullary neurosarcoidosis may be the first manifestation of the disease and may mimic a tumor clinically and radiographically. Two patients who presented with cervical intramedullary lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were found to have neurosarcoidosis. CLINICAL PRESENTATION Two patients with negative past medical history presented with progressive myelopathic features, and intramedullary cervical lesions were detected on MRI scan; the diagnosis was made on biopsy of the lesions. Early therapeutic intervention led to a favorable outcome. CONCLUSION Intra-medullary neurosarcoidosis, especially in the cervical cord, can be the initial presentation of the disease, mimicking a tumor. MRI scan, biopsy, and, in fewer cases, angiotensin-converting enzyme levels can help with the diagnosis and may lead to a favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Hayat
- Department of Neurology, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Martin DS, Bertino JR, Koutcher JA. ATP depletion + pyrimidine depletion can markedly enhance cancer therapy: fresh insight for a new approach. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6776-83. [PMID: 11156364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10021, USA
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39
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Abstract
Soybeans contain genistein, a phytoestrogen that may have beneficial effects in coronary artery disease, osteoporosis, and breast cancer. In vitro studies demonstrated that genistein reduced vascular smooth muscle contractions to angiotensin II. We tested the hypothesis that genistein attenuates the overall cardiovascular responses to angiotensin II via nongenomic mechanisms in conscious rats. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was recorded from conscious unrestrained Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 26) approximately 48 hours after surgery. Cumulative dose response curves to angiotensin II (10-200 ng/kg/min) were constructed before and after i.v. treatment with genistein given as a single bolus dose of 160 microg/kg or 1500 microg/kg, or as a loading dose of 160 microg/kg followed by an infusion at a rate of 20 microg/kg. Angiotensin II infusions were associated with graded increases in arterial pressure ranging between 0+/-1 and 35+/-4 mm Hg. These pressor responses were accompanied by significant dose-dependent decreases in heart rate. None of the genistein treatment regimens significantly affected the pressor responses to angiotensin II. Accordingly, we conclude that short-term i.v. treatment with genistein does not depress pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pesce
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion 57069, USA
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Sheridan B, Martin DS, Power JR, Barrett SD, Smith CI, Lucas CA, Nichols RJ, Weightman P. Reflection anisotropy spectroscopy: A new probe for the solid-liquid interface. Phys Rev Lett 2000; 85:4618-4621. [PMID: 11082610 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.85.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Introducing reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) as a new probe for solid-liquid interfaces, we present results for the Au(110)/electrolyte interface which serves as a model system. We demonstrate that RAS is sensitive to surface phase transitions, step morphology, and electronic surface states. Using an empirical approach, the RA spectra are reproduced and features are identified which reflect the known character of the bias voltage driven (2x1) to (1x1) phase transition. RAS is established as an experimental technique to probe the electronic structure of solid-liquid interfaces in real time to study a wide range of interface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sheridan
- Surface Science Research Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
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41
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Martin DS. A rational approach to the management of carpal tunnel syndrome in the workplace. Tenn Med 2000; 93:205-7. [PMID: 10846946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) occurring in the working population continues to be a frequent cause of unpleasant patient symptoms, loss of worker productivity, and substantial expense to employers. The cause of CTS in these patients is often unknown, but is frequently attributed to work activities. Current scientific literature suggests that CTS is usually a multifactorial process, with both patient and environmental contributors that should be considered in determining work-relatedness. Outcome following carpal tunnel surgery is dependent on a positive patient attitude, physician encouragement, and employer cooperation. Determinations of permanent impairment and work restrictions should be made by physicians experienced in caring for upper extremity conditions, and should be based on objective evidence of anatomic dysfunction. Legislative efforts regarding Workers' Compensation law should be undertaken to encourage patients towards a faster and more-complete recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Murfreesboro Medical Clinic & Surgicenter, TN 37130, USA
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Barta JR, Tennyson SA, Schito ML, Danforth HD, Martin DS. Partial characterization of a non-proteinaceous, low molecular weight antigen of Eimeria tenella. Parasitol Res 2000; 86:461-6. [PMID: 10894471 DOI: 10.1007/s004360050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A low molecular weight (LMW) antigen of Eimeria tenella, initially identified using a murine monoclonal antibody (mAb C(3)4F(1)) raised against E. tenella sporozoites, was partially characterized using enzymatic degradation. solvent extraction, and immunization into various inbred lines of mice. The LMW antigen could be isolated using Folch extraction (methanol/chloroform/ water) and the epitope recognized by mAb C(3)4F(1) was resistant to degradation by alpha-amylase, pronase, and proteinase K, but was sensitive to sodium m-periodate treatment or digestion using mixed glycosidases (from Turbo cornutus). These observations suggest that the antigenic epitope recognized by mAb C(3)4F(1) is carbohydrate-dependent and, based on our ability to isolate the LMW antigen by Folch extraction, the epitope probably resides on a polar glycolipid. The inability of sporozoite-immunized nude mice to elicit a serum antibody response to this molecule indicates that it acts as a T-dependent antigen. Furthermore, sporozoite-immunized male CBA/N mice (with an X-linked immunodeficiency) also failed to elicit a serum antibody response to this molecule, which is consistent with a carbohydrate antigenic epitope. We propose that this antigenic molecule be designated ET-GL1 to reflect its origin and probable structure (E. tenella glycolipid 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Barta
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada.
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Abstract
In children, posterior fossa juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas are common tumors. Radiologically, primarily extra-axial brainstem pilocytic astrocytomas are uncommon and extra-axial cerebellar pilocytic tumors are exceptional. We report two cases of such exophytic tumors, contrasting their presentation, imaging appearance, and prognosis. We also report the radiographic features of posterior fossa juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas from a 5-year review of our institutional experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri, USA
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Baneth G, Barta JR, Shkap V, Martin DS, Macintire DK, Vincent-Johnson N. Genetic and antigenic evidence supports the separation of Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum at the species level. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38:1298-301. [PMID: 10699047 PMCID: PMC88612 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.38.3.1298-1301.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of Hepatozoon canis and Hepatozoon americanum as distinct species was supported by the results of Western immunoblotting of canine anti-H. canis and anti-H. americanum sera against H. canis gamonts. Sequence analysis of 368 bases near the 3' end of the 18S rRNA gene from each species revealed a pairwise difference of 13.59%.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Kopko SH, Martin DS, Barta JR. Responses of chickens to a recombinant refractile body antigen of Eimeria tenella administered using various immunizing strategies. Poult Sci 2000; 79:336-42. [PMID: 10735199 DOI: 10.1093/ps/79.3.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A refractile body antigen (designated SO7') found in sporozoites of Eimeria tenella was administered to chickens in various immunizing forms to assess its ability to protect against virulent challenge. These included native antigen from the parasite (viable oocysts; per os), recombinant antigen (CheY-SO7'; s.c.), and naked DNA immunization (pcDNA3-SO7'; i.m.). Male White Leghorn chicks were inoculated with oocysts or injected with one of the forms of SO7' antigen at 1 wk of age, boosted at 3 wk of age with the same treatment, and subsequently challenged at 5 wk of age with oocysts of Eimeria tenella USDA Strain 80. Seven days postchallenge, chicks were killed, and weight gains and lesion scores were determined and compared with those of the controls. Significant protection against cecal lesions and weight loss was noted in birds inoculated with oocysts or injected with pcDNA3-SO7' (25 microg). Birds injected with other doses of pcDNA3-SO7' (12.5, 50, 60, and 100 microg) showed no reduction in cecal lesions and maintained poor rates of growth similar to controls. The recombinant antigen (CheY-SO7') was also nonprotective. These results offer promise to the use of DNA immunization strategies for controlling avian coccidiosis and show for the first time naked DNA vaccination with a single coccidial antigen that protects chickens (as measured by reduced lesion scores and high rate of growth) against cecal coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Kopko
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Canada
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46
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Martin DS, Lytle RR. Deaf teacher candidates in hearing classrooms: a unique teacher preparation program. Am Ann Deaf 2000; 145:15-21. [PMID: 10812685 DOI: 10.1353/aad.2012.0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An undergraduate teacher education program at Gallaudet University prepares deaf students in "regular" education. This includes a required full-time internship with hearing students (assisted by sign language interpreters). Graduates then continue in a master's degree program in deaf education, thus acquiring dual certification. Several studies indicate that these deaf candidates progress through the same developmental stages as hearing candidates and that they develop high expectations for deaf learners. Issues related to implementing such a program are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Martin
- Department of Education, Gallaudet University, Washington, DC, USA
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Dalsaso TA, Lowe VJ, Dunphy FR, Martin DS, Boyd JH, Stack BC. FDG-PET and CT in Evaluation of Chemotherapy in Advanced Head and Neck Cancer. Clin Positron Imaging 2000; 3:1-5. [PMID: 10742676 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-0397(99)00074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To compare [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) and computed tomography (CT) scans in assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer.Materials and Methods: In a prospective clinical study, advanced head and neck cancer patients were enrolled in a neoadjuvant organ preservation protocol and received CT and FDG-PET scans prior to and after 2 or 3 rounds of chemotherapy. All patients had prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy tissue biopsies within the tumor region. Patients were then classified as pathologic complete response (PCR) or residual disease (RD) based on biopsies. Analysis of the tumor activity, using FDG-PET, was performed using standardized uptake ratios (SUR) in the region of the primary tumor. Analysis of the tumor size, using contrast enhanced CT, was performed using measurements of the primary tumor in 3 dimensions.Results: Nineteen of the 28 patients with stage III and IV cancer of the head and neck enrolled between December 1994 and May 1996 completed the study. Three patients were PCR and had a mean SUR reduction of 82% by positron emission tomography (PET) and volume reduction of 80% by CT. Sixteen patients had RD after chemotherapy, their SUR and volume reductions were 32% and 41%, respectively. Reduction in SUR with PET was significant. The mean tumor volume reduction by CT approached statistical significance. There was a positive correlation between the percent reduction in tumor volume and SUR (P < 0.004).Conclusion: FDG-PET and CT imaging are at least equivalent in correctly assessing tumor response to chemotherapy with a trend toward better performance by PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- TA Dalsaso
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, St. Louis, MO, USA
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McGahon BM, Martin DS, Horrobin DF, Lynch MA. Age-related changes in synaptic function: analysis of the effect of dietary supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids. Neuroscience 1999; 94:305-14. [PMID: 10613520 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Depolarization-induced transmitter release in synaptosomes prepared from the hippocampus of aged rats is decreased compared with release from young animals. Although the underlying cause of this deficit is not known, some evidence suggests that increased membrane rigidity may contribute to these age-related synaptic changes. One possible consequence of the decreased transmitter release in the hippocampus of aged rats is a reduced ability to sustain long-term potentiation in perforant path-granule cell synapses, a pathway in which maintenance of long-term potentiation and increased glutamate release have been coupled. The observation that there is an age-dependent impairment in long-term potentiation is consistent with this view. If the age-related deficits in release and long-term potentiation are a consequence of increased membrane rigidity, it must be predicted that any manoeuvre which reverses membrane rigidity should reverse these functional deficits. In the present study, we investigated the effect of dietary manipulation of aged rats with omega-3 fatty acids on synaptic function. The data obtained indicate that an eight-week modified feeding schedule reversed the age-related impairments in long-term potentiation and depolarization-induced glutamate transmitter release. We also report that the concentrations of both docosahexanoic acid and arachidonic acid, two main polyunsaturated fatty acids in neuronal membranes, were decreased in the hippocampus of aged rats, and were restored by dietary manipulation. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that these deficits results from a change in membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M McGahon
- Department of Physiology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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49
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Abstract
Skeletal sarcoidosis is rare. This report describes a 31-year-old African American man who presented with a destructive osteolytic lesion of C2 and another lesion in a rib. The lesion at C2 was treated with corpectomy and bone graft. Four months later the lesion recurred and a new lesion was discovered in the cervical vertebral column. The patient declined surgery for instability for another 3 months, choosing to remain in a halo. Seven months following the initial operation, a technetium bone scan showed spread of the disease to the calvarium and thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. The patient had no symptoms referable to these sites. The patient agreed to have his neck fused at this point. For the next 10 months, the patient was on steroids and a further new lesion appeared at L5 without localizing signs or symptoms. The patient declined further evaluation over the next 12 months and is now considered lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sundaram
- Department of Radiology, St. Louis University Health Sciences Center, MO 63110-0250, USA
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50
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Martin DS, D'Aunno DS, Wood ML, South DA. Repetitive high G exposure is associated with increased occurrence of cardiac valvular regurgitation. Aviat Space Environ Med 1999; 70:1197-200. [PMID: 10596774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to repeated high +Gz loads and the methods to prevent loss of consciousness cause unique stresses on the cardiovascular system. The purpose of this study was to determine if the +Gz environment is associated with an increased occurrence of valvular regurgitation in pilots of high performance aircraft. METHODS There were 247 subjects who were divided into pilot (n = 46) and non-pilot (n = 201) groups. Pilots were defined as those individuals who had flown at least 1000 h in high performance aircraft. The echocardiographic data of these subjects were examined retrospectively. RESULTS We found a statistically significant association between pulmonic insufficiency and exposure to high +Gz stress in pilots vs. non-pilots (chi2 = 13.09, p = 0.0002). In addition, there was a greater incidence of tricuspid regurgitation (chi2 = 4.97, p = 0.025) and concurrent pulmonic insufficiency and tricuspid regurgitation (chi2 = 14.1, p = 0.0002) in the pilot group. CONCLUSIONS There is a direct relationship between repetitive exposure to a +Gz environment and pulmonic insufficiency, tricuspid regurgitation, or concurrent pulmonic insufficiency and tricuspid regurgitation. This may be secondary to the transient increase in right ventricular pressure due to acceleration forces or straining maneuvers utilized to prevent or postpone +Gz induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC).
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