Atividade inseticida do extrato etanólico de Eugenia dysenterica (Myrtaceae) sobre formigas cortadeiras

O método de controle mais empregado para formiga cortadeira Atta laevigata (Smith, 1858) é o químico sintético. Porém, este é considerado grande gerador de problemas ambientais e para a saúde humana. Alternativas e métodos naturais de controle, como a utilização de extratos de plantas podem somar benefícios no sistema ecológico. Com isso, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial inseticida do extrato etanólico de Eugenia dysenterica (Mart.) (Myrtaceae) no controle de formiga cortadeira. O bioensaio foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis concentrações de extrato de cagaita (0; 0,001; 0,025; 0,05; 0,075; 0,1 g mL-1) e 3 repetições. As operárias de formiga cortadeira (adultos) foram colocadas em caixas gerbox embebidas com os extratos vegetais. As formigas cortadeiras, no teste de superfície de contato, apresentam mortalidade conforme o aumento das concentrações do extrato. A taxa de mortalidade foi variável de acordo com a parte da planta utilizada no extrato, sendo a maior mortalidade relacionada aos extratos provenientes das flores de cagaiteira.

A rare record of bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) in a peri-urban area of Cerrado in Minas Gerais State, Brazil

Bush dog (Speothos venaticus) is an endangered wild canid, about which there are still several gaps of knowledge. The species has large home range and can live in environments altered by human activities but requires native habitats. Bush dogs are classified as “endangered” in the Cerrado biome, and the main threats are habitat loss, contraction of diseases from domestic animals and killing by dogs and humans. To contribute with data on the species, we report an unexpected and unprecedented encounter with five bush dogs in a peri-urban reserve, an environment that lies between activities of the Kinross mining company and a residential neighborhood of Paracatu-MG, Brazil, in July 2021. At the time, the animals were seen while marking territory with urine and fecal mucus on a trail widely used by humans and domestic dogs. This is an important and relevant record because, in addition to being unprecedented, as it occurred in a peri-urban environment, it demonstrates the importance of conservation and protection of local areas of native vegetation in the Cerrado biome. Speothos venaticus still needs to be further studied, and effective measures to protect the species, such as population control and health care actions targeting domestic dogs are urgent.

Clonal propagation of Eucalyptus urophylla under effect of Cyperus rotundus extract and indole-3-acetic acid

Cyperus rotondus tubers possess substances with allelopathic qualities. Some of these substances can act as synergists of plant hormones and be used for root induction in cuttings. This study aimed to shed light on the development and rooting of Eucalyptus urophylla cuttings treated with C. rotondus (nutgrass) tuber extract and IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). The experiments were conducted using a completely randomized design (0; 25; 50; 75 and 100% nutgrass extract and 0; 50; 250; 500; 750 and 1000 mg L-1 of IAA), with four repetitions per treatment and four cuttings per plot. Plantlet height, stem width and root length were measured. The greatest width and height values were recorded for the control (0% nutgrass extract and 0 mg L-1 of IAA), indicating that these substances did not contribute to the development of these variables. However, treatments of nutgrass extract up to 50% were associated with greater root length. C. rotundus extract concentrations of 53% can be used to improve root development in E. urophylla cuttings, and contribute to the production of higher quality plantlets.

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data.

Caracterização e notas etnozoológicas sobre os mamíferos de médio e grande porte em uma área de proteção ambiental do Cerrado goiano

Apesar da elevada riqueza de mamíferos, o real conhecimento desses animais permanece incipiente em muitas regiões do Brasil. Na maioria dos remanescentes do bioma Cerrado, as lacunas a respeito da composição desse grupo dificultam a elaboração de propostas que viabilizem sua conservação e manejo. Nesse contexto, realizou-se na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) Morro do Macaco, em Iporá-GO, o inventário de sua mastofauna terrestre e o registro das formas de interação existentes entre esse grupo e os moradores do entorno dessa APA. Identificou-se 23 espécies de mamíferos silvestres, das quais cinco estão ameaçadas de extinção no país. Foram observadas degradações por diferentes causas no interior da APA e a existência de conflitos entre espécies silvestres e os moradores fronteiriços. Os resultados apresentados consistem nas primeiras informações sobre a mastofauna local e devem ser considerados para se estruturar ações de manejo e conservação da área estudada e outras de semelhante perfil.

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans-anteaters, sloths, and armadillos-have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data.

Medium and large mammals in a Cerrado fragment in Southeast Goiás, Brazil: inventory and immediate effects of habitat reduction on species richness and composition

Abstract: The reduction and fragmentation of remnant vegetation habitats has been one of the main threats to Cerrado biodiversity. The aim of the present study is to make an inventory of medium and large mammal species in a Cerrado remnant and to assess deforestation influence on part of this fragment on the richness and composition of mammal species. The study was conducted in a Cerrado fragment in southeast Goias State, Ipameri County. Data were collected during three different periods (P1, January-June, 2014; P2, December, 2016 - June, 2017; P3, July-December, 2017) through direct (visual, vocal and camera-trap records) and indirect methods (foot prints, animal burrows and other traces) in order to register the mammal species. Jackknife 1 estimator was used to estimate species richness during each of the three sampled periods and for the complete collection period; species similarity between periods was assessed through the Jaccard's Index of Similarity (Cj). Species richness between periods was performed through inference by overlapping confidence intervals (CI). Twenty-nine species were recorded during the assessed period, five of them were listed as endangered in Brazil. There was no significant change in species richness between the assessed periods: species richness of 25 species was observed in Period 1 (P1), the richness of 32 species was estimated (CI = 4.58); 23 species were recorded in Period 2 (P2), and the richness of 30 species was estimated (CI = 4.39), the richness of 23 species was observed in Period 3 (P3) and the richness of 28 species was estimated (CI = 4.70). Similarity in species composition between the assessed periods recorded Cj = 0.71 (71%) between P1 and P2, Cj = 0.66 (66%) between P1 and P3, and Cj = 0.77 between P2 and P3. Fragment deforestation did not influence the richness and composition of medium and large mammal species (within a period of 2~3 years) when the three periods were compared; however, the absence of changes in the community can be the result of time-lag, therefore, we cannot put aside the likelihood of mid and long-term effects.

Effects of habitat fragmentation on the persistence of medium and large mammal species in the Brazilian Savanna of Goiás State

Abstract: Habitat loss and fragmentation are the main threats to the conservation of Cerrado biodiversity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the implications of habitat loss on the persistence of medium and large mammal species, considering the spatial and temporal changes (years 1985, 2000 and 2014) to the evaluated fragments. The study was carried out in 14 fragments (10.5 - 618 ha), located in Southeastern Goiás, Brazil. Records for 24 mammal species were obtained and revealed the two sites with the largest habitat amount in the landscape contained higher species richness than the remaining sites. The three mammal groups based on body mass (weight < 5 kg; weight between 5 and 20 kg; and weight > 20 kg) analyzed in this study showed different responses regarding landscape changes. For larger mammals (between 5 - 20 kg and > 20 kg), there was significant association between current species richness and the amount of habitat in 2014, while the species richness of smaller mammals did not significantly correlate with any of the variables assessed for any of the years. Therefore, the amount of habitat present within the current landscape was the most important variable regarding mammal species richness, especially for the larger species. The time lag was not evident at the time scale evaluated, and this delay in response may have occurred in a relatively short time (< 15 years). For the remaining fragments in the studied landscapes, most are too small to support populations of some larger mammal species and may also leave individuals more vulnerable to anthropogenic actions (e.g. hunting), whose effects may accelerate local extinctions.

Atropelamentos de tatu-canastra Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792) em uma rodovia no Cerrado goiano e sua relação com a paisagem do entorno

Este estudo relata o atropelamento e morte de dois indivíduos de tatu-canastra, Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792), na rodovia GO 330, entre os municípios de Catalão e Ipameri, no Sudeste do Estado de Goiás, bem como avalia a relação desses eventos com a paisagem do entorno. A quantidade de habitat na paisagem (CA), a Distância Euclidiana média dos fragmentos de habitat em relação aos vizinhos mais próximos (ENN_MN) e a Distância do curso d’água mais próximo (DCD) foram as métricas que mais contribuíram para ordenar de maneira relativamente distinta as amostras das paisagens dos locais com atropelamentos e sem atropelamentos. Tais variáveis da paisagem influenciam a ocorrência e a capacidade de deslocamento de tatu-canastra e devem ser devidamente consideradas em ações voltadas a minimizar os impactos decorrentes de atropelamentos em rodovias.

Efeitos da redução de habitat na riqueza e composição de espécies de mamíferos de médio e grande porte em um fragmento de Cerrado, no sudeste goiano

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Comunidade de aves em seis fragmentos próximos ao rio Verdão (município de Santa Helena de Goiás)

Não há.

Medium- and large-sized mammals in Mata Atlântica State Park, southeastern Goiás, Brazil

The purpose of this study was to carry out an inventory of medium and large-sized mammal species occurring in the Mata Atlântica State Park (MASP). Located in Água Limpa municipality, state of Goiás, the MASP occupies an important area with a seasonal forest remnant, which is considered an enclave of the Atlantic Forest within the Cerrado biome. From October 2012 to December 2013, MASP’s area was randomly surveyed for evidence of mammal presence. Records of 23 species of wild mammals were obtained, seven of them listed as nationally endangered. Medium and large-sized mammal species composition is characteristic of the Cerrado biome, and no endemic species of the Atlantic Forest were recorded. Richness and diversity of the mammal species recorded in MASP show the importance of this protected area for in situ conservation.

[Seasonal evaluation of mammal species richness and abundance in the "Mário Viana" municipal reserve, Mato Grosso, Brasil]

We evaluated seasonal species presence and richness, and abundance of medium and large sized mammalian terrestrial fauna in the "Mário Viana" Municipal Biological Reserve, Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil. During 2001, two monthly visits were made to an established transect, 2,820 m in length. Records of 22 mammal species were obtained and individual footprint sequences quantified for seasonal calculation of species richness and relative abundance index (x footprints/km traveled). All 22 species occurred during the rainy season, but only 18 during the dry season. Pseudalopex vetulus (Lund, 1842) (hoary fox), Eira barbara (Linnaeus, 1758) (tayra), Puma concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) (cougar) and Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris (Linnaeus, 1766) (capybara) were only registered during the rainy season. The species diversity estimated using the Jackknife procedure in the dry season (19.83, CI = 2.73) was smaller than in the rainy season (25.67, CI = 3.43). Among the 18 species common in the two seasons, only four presented significantly different abundance indexes: Dasypus novemcinctus Linnaeus, 1758 (nine-banded armadillo), Euphractus sexcinctus (Linnaeus, 1758) (six-banded armadillo), Dasyprocta azarae Lichtenstein, 1823 (Azara's Agouti) and Tapirus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) (tapir). On the other hand, Priodontes maximus (Kerr, 1792) (giant armadillo) and Leopardus pardalis (Linnaeus, 1758) (ocelot) had identical abundance index over the two seasons. Distribution of species abundance in the sampled area followed the expected pattern for communities in equilibrium, especially in the rainy season, suggesting that the environment still maintains good characteristics for mammal conservation. The present study shows that the reserve, although only 470 ha in size, plays an important role for conservation of mastofauna of the area as a refuge in an environment full of anthropic influence (mainly cattle breeding in exotic pasture).