1
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Bansal S, Creed IF, Tangen BA, Bridgham SD, Desai AR, Krauss KW, Neubauer SC, Noe GB, Rosenberry DO, Trettin C, Wickland KP, Allen ST, Arias-Ortiz A, Armitage AR, Baldocchi D, Banerjee K, Bastviken D, Berg P, Bogard MJ, Chow AT, Conner WH, Craft C, Creamer C, DelSontro T, Duberstein JA, Eagle M, Fennessy MS, Finkelstein SA, Göckede M, Grunwald S, Halabisky M, Herbert E, Jahangir MMR, Johnson OF, Jones MC, Kelleway JJ, Knox S, Kroeger KD, Kuehn KA, Lobb D, Loder AL, Ma S, Maher DT, McNicol G, Meier J, Middleton BA, Mills C, Mistry P, Mitra A, Mobilian C, Nahlik AM, Newman S, O’Connell JL, Oikawa P, van der Burg MP, Schutte CA, Song C, Stagg CL, Turner J, Vargas R, Waldrop MP, Wallin MB, Wang ZA, Ward EJ, Willard DA, Yarwood S, Zhu X. Practical Guide to Measuring Wetland Carbon Pools and Fluxes. Wetlands (Wilmington) 2023; 43:105. [PMID: 38037553 PMCID: PMC10684704 DOI: 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Wetlands cover a small portion of the world, but have disproportionate influence on global carbon (C) sequestration, carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and aquatic C fluxes. However, the underlying biogeochemical processes that affect wetland C pools and fluxes are complex and dynamic, making measurements of wetland C challenging. Over decades of research, many observational, experimental, and analytical approaches have been developed to understand and quantify pools and fluxes of wetland C. Sampling approaches range in their representation of wetland C from short to long timeframes and local to landscape spatial scales. This review summarizes common and cutting-edge methodological approaches for quantifying wetland C pools and fluxes. We first define each of the major C pools and fluxes and provide rationale for their importance to wetland C dynamics. For each approach, we clarify what component of wetland C is measured and its spatial and temporal representativeness and constraints. We describe practical considerations for each approach, such as where and when an approach is typically used, who can conduct the measurements (expertise, training requirements), and how approaches are conducted, including considerations on equipment complexity and costs. Finally, we review key covariates and ancillary measurements that enhance the interpretation of findings and facilitate model development. The protocols that we describe to measure soil, water, vegetation, and gases are also relevant for related disciplines such as ecology. Improved quality and consistency of data collection and reporting across studies will help reduce global uncertainties and develop management strategies to use wetlands as nature-based climate solutions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13157-023-01722-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheel Bansal
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Irena F. Creed
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Brian A. Tangen
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Scott D. Bridgham
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA
| | - Ankur R. Desai
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Ken W. Krauss
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Scott C. Neubauer
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Gregory B. Noe
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | | | - Carl Trettin
- U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Davis, CA USA
| | - Kimberly P. Wickland
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Scott T. Allen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Science, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV USA
| | - Ariane Arias-Ortiz
- Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Anna R. Armitage
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Dennis Baldocchi
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Kakoli Banerjee
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Odisha, Koraput, Odisha India
| | - David Bastviken
- Department of Thematic Studies – Environmental Change, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Berg
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA USA
| | - Matthew J. Bogard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB Canada
| | - Alex T. Chow
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Programme, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - William H. Conner
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC USA
| | - Christopher Craft
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Courtney Creamer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Tonya DelSontro
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON Canada
| | - Jamie A. Duberstein
- Baruch Institute of Coastal Ecology and Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC USA
| | - Meagan Eagle
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | | | | | - Mathias Göckede
- Department for Biogeochemical Signals, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Sabine Grunwald
- Soil, Water and Ecosystem Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Meghan Halabisky
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | | | | | - Olivia F. Johnson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
- Departments of Biology and Environmental Studies, Kent State University, Kent, OH USA
| | - Miriam C. Jones
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | - Jeffrey J. Kelleway
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences and Environmental Futures Research Centre, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Sara Knox
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kevin D. Kroeger
- U.S. Geological Survey, Woods Hole Coastal & Marine Science Center, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Kevin A. Kuehn
- School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS USA
| | - David Lobb
- Department of Soil Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB Canada
| | - Amanda L. Loder
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Shizhou Ma
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Damien T. Maher
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW Australia
| | - Gavin McNicol
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Jacob Meier
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Beth A. Middleton
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Christopher Mills
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Geophysics, and Geochemistry Science Center, Denver, CO USA
| | - Purbasha Mistry
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK Canada
| | - Abhijit Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, West Bengal India
| | - Courtney Mobilian
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Amanda M. Nahlik
- Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessments, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, OR USA
| | - Sue Newman
- South Florida Water Management District, Everglades Systems Assessment Section, West Palm Beach, FL USA
| | - Jessica L. O’Connell
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Sustainability, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Patty Oikawa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA USA
| | - Max Post van der Burg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND USA
| | - Charles A. Schutte
- Department of Environmental Science, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ USA
| | - Changchun Song
- Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Camille L. Stagg
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Jessica Turner
- Freshwater and Marine Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI USA
| | - Rodrigo Vargas
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE USA
| | - Mark P. Waldrop
- U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Minerals, Energy and Geophysics Science Center, Menlo Park, CA USA
| | - Marcus B. Wallin
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhaohui Aleck Wang
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Eric J. Ward
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, Lafayette, LA USA
| | - Debra A. Willard
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA USA
| | - Stephanie Yarwood
- Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, China
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2
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Morgan JL, Shrestha A, Reed MWR, Herbert E, Bradburn M, Walters SJ, Martin C, Collins K, Ward S, Holmes G, Burton M, Lifford K, Edwards A, Ring A, Robinson T, Chater T, Pemberton K, Brennan A, Cheung KL, Todd A, Audisio R, Wright J, Simcock R, Thomson AM, Gosney M, Hatton M, Green T, Revill D, Gath J, Horgan K, Holcombe C, Winter MC, Naik J, Parmeschwar R, Wyld L. Bridging the age gap in breast cancer: impact of omission of breast cancer surgery in older women with oestrogen receptor-positive early breast cancer on quality-of-life outcomes. Br J Surg 2021; 108:315-325. [PMID: 33760065 PMCID: PMC10364859 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary endocrine therapy may be an alternative treatment for less fit women with oestrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. This study compared quality-of-life (QoL) outcomes in older women treated with surgery or primary endocrine therapy. METHODS This was a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study of surgery or primary endocrine therapy in women aged over 70 years with operable breast cancer. QoL was assessed using European Organisation for Research and Treatment of cancer QoL questionnaires QLQ-C30, -BR23, and -ELD14, and the EuroQol Five Dimensions 5L score at baseline, 6 weeks, and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Propensity score matching was used to adjust for baseline variation in health, fitness, and tumour stage. RESULTS The study recruited 3416 women (median age 77 (range 69-102) years) from 56 breast units. Of these, 2979 (87.2 per cent) had ER-positive breast cancer; 2354 women had surgery and 500 received primary endocrine therapy (125 were excluded from analysis due to inadequate data or non-standard therapy). Median follow-up was 52 months. The primary endocrine therapy group was older and less fit. Baseline QoL differed between the groups; the mean(s.d.) QLQ-C30 global health status score was 66.2(21.1) in patients who received primary endocrine therapy versus 77.1(17.8) among those who had surgery plus endocrine therapy. In the unmatched analysis, changes in QoL between 6 weeks and baseline were noted in several domains, but by 24 months most scores had returned to baseline levels. In the matched analysis, major surgery (mastectomy or axillary clearance) had a more pronounced adverse impact than primary endocrine therapy in several domains. CONCLUSION Adverse effects on QoL are seen in the first few months after surgery, but by 24 months these have largely resolved. Women considering surgery should be informed of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Morgan
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Shrestha
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - M W R Reed
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - E Herbert
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Bradburn
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S J Walters
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Martin
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Collins
- Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Department of Allied Health Professions, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Ward
- Department of Health Economics and Decision Science, School for Health and Related Research, ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - G Holmes
- Department of Health Economics and Decision Science, School for Health and Related Research, ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - M Burton
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Lifford
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Edwards
- Division of Population Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Ring
- Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, UK
| | - T Robinson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Cardiovascular Research Centre, Glenfield General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - T Chater
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Pemberton
- Clinical Trials Research Unit, School for Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - A Brennan
- Department of Health Economics and Decision Science, School for Health and Related Research, ScHARR, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - K L Cheung
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, UK
| | - A Todd
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - R Audisio
- Department of Surgery, University of Gothenberg, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset, Gothenberg, Sweden
| | - J Wright
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - R Simcock
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - A M Thomson
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - M Gosney
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - M Hatton
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - T Green
- North Trent Cancer Research Network Consumer Research Panel, Sheffield, UK
| | - D Revill
- North Trent Cancer Research Network Consumer Research Panel, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Gath
- North Trent Cancer Research Network Consumer Research Panel, Sheffield, UK
| | - K Horgan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Bexley Cancer Centre, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - C Holcombe
- Department of Breast Surgery, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - M C Winter
- Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Weston Park Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - J Naik
- Department of General Surgery, Pinderfields Hospital, Mid Yorkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | - R Parmeschwar
- Department of Breast Surgery, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay, Lancaster, UK
| | - L Wyld
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
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3
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Zinnert JC, Nippert JB, Rudgers JA, Pennings SC, González G, Alber M, Baer SG, Blair JM, Burd A, Collins SL, Craft C, Di Iorio D, Dodds WK, Groffman PM, Herbert E, Hladik C, Li F, Litvak ME, Newsome S, O’Donnell J, Pockman WT, Schalles J, Young DR. State changes: insights from the U.S. Long Term Ecological Research Network. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julie C. Zinnert
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University 1000 West Cary Street Richmond Virginia23284USA
| | - Jesse B. Nippert
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Jennifer A. Rudgers
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - Steven C. Pennings
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas77204USA
| | - Grizelle González
- International Institute of Tropical Forestry United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Jardín Botánico Sur, 1201 Ceiba St.‐Río Piedras San Juan00926Puerto Rico
| | - Merryl Alber
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Sara G. Baer
- Kansas Biological Survey and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Kansas Lawrence Kansas66047USA
| | - John M. Blair
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Adrian Burd
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Scott L. Collins
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - Christopher Craft
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs Indiana University Bloomington Indiana47405USA
| | - Daniela Di Iorio
- Department of Marine Sciences University of Georgia Athens Georgia30602USA
| | - Walter K. Dodds
- Division of Biology Kansas State University Manhattan Kansas66506USA
| | - Peter M. Groffman
- City University of New York Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center New York New York10031USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies Millbrook New York12545USA
| | | | - Christine Hladik
- Department of Geology and Geography Georgia Southern University Statesboro Georgia30460USA
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry University of Houston Houston Texas77204USA
| | - Marcy E. Litvak
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - Seth Newsome
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - John O’Donnell
- Department of Biology Creighton University Omaha Nebraska68178USA
| | - William T. Pockman
- Department of Biology University of New Mexico Albuquerque New Mexico87131USA
| | - John Schalles
- Department of Biology Creighton University Omaha Nebraska68178USA
| | - Donald R. Young
- Department of Biology Virginia Commonwealth University 1000 West Cary Street Richmond Virginia23284USA
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4
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Herbert E, Ouerdane H, Lecoeur P, Bels V, Goupil C. Thermodynamics of Animal Locomotion. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 125:228102. [PMID: 33315423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.228102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Muscles are biological actuators extensively studied in the frame of Hill's classic empirical model as isolated biomechanical entities, which hardly applies to a living organism subjected to physiological and environmental constraints. Here we elucidate the overarching principle of a living muscle action for locomotion, considering it from the thermodynamic viewpoint as an assembly of actuators (muscle units) connected in parallel, operating via chemical-to-mechanical energy conversion under mixed (potential and flux) boundary conditions. Introducing the energy cost of effort as the generalization of the well-known oxygen cost of transport in the frame of our compact locally linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics model, we analyze oxygen consumption measurement data from a documented experiment on energy cost management and optimization by horses moving at three different gaits. Horses adapt to a particular gait by mobilizing a nearly constant number of muscle units minimizing waste production per unit distance covered; this number significantly changes during transition between gaits. The mechanical function of the animal is therefore determined both by its own thermodynamic characteristics and by the metabolic operating point of the locomotor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Herbert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), CNRS UMR 8236, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
| | - H Ouerdane
- Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 121205, Russia
| | - Ph Lecoeur
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (C2N), CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - V Bels
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB, CNRS/MNHN/EPHE/UA UMR 7205, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, 45 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Ch Goupil
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), CNRS UMR 8236, Université Paris Diderot, 5 Rue Thomas Mann, 75013 Paris, France
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5
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Battisti N, Herbert E, Bradburn M, Morgan J, Wyld L, Ring A. 190P Impact of chemotherapy for early stage breast cancer on quality of life in older adults: Results from 2811 women enrolled in the Bridging the Age Gap study. Ann Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.08.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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6
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Dikec J, Olivier A, Bobée C, D'Angelo Y, Catellier R, David P, Filaine F, Herbert S, Lalanne C, Lalucque H, Monasse L, Rieu M, Ruprich-Robert G, Véber A, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Herbert E. Hyphal network whole field imaging allows for accurate estimation of anastomosis rates and branching dynamics of the filamentous fungus Podospora anserina. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3131. [PMID: 32081880 PMCID: PMC7035296 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-57808-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of filamentous fungi in colonizing most natural environments can be largely attributed to their ability to form an expanding interconnected network, the mycelium, or thallus, constituted by a collection of hyphal apexes in motion producing hyphae and subject to branching and fusion. In this work, we characterize the hyphal network expansion and the structure of the fungus Podospora anserina under controlled culture conditions. To this end, temporal series of pictures of the network dynamics are produced, starting from germinating ascospores and ending when the network reaches a few centimeters width, with a typical image resolution of several micrometers. The completely automated image reconstruction steps allow an easy post-processing and a quantitative analysis of the dynamics. The main features of the evolution of the hyphal network, such as the total length L of the mycelium, the number of “nodes” (or crossing points) N and the number of apexes A, can then be precisely quantified. Beyond these main features, the determination of the distribution of the intra-thallus surfaces (Si) and the statistical analysis of some local measures of N, A and L give new insights on the dynamics of expanding fungal networks. Based on these results, we now aim at developing robust and versatile discrete/continuous mathematical models to further understand the key mechanisms driving the development of the fungus thallus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dikec
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - A Olivier
- Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire de Mathématiques d'Orsay, CNRS, F-91405, Orsay, France
| | - C Bobée
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Y D'Angelo
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Mathématiques & Interactions J. A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, F-06108, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, COFFEE and ATLANTIS teams, F-06902, Valbonne, France
| | - R Catellier
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Mathématiques & Interactions J. A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, F-06108, Nice, France
| | - P David
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - F Filaine
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - S Herbert
- Institut Pasteur, Image Analysis Hub, C2RT, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Ch Lalanne
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - H Lalucque
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - L Monasse
- Université Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire Mathématiques & Interactions J. A. Dieudonné, UMR 7351 CNRS, F-06108, Nice, France.,Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, CNRS, LJAD, COFFEE and ATLANTIS teams, F-06902, Valbonne, France
| | - M Rieu
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - G Ruprich-Robert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - A Véber
- CMAP, CNRS, I.P. Paris, F-91128, Palaiseau, France
| | - F Chapeland-Leclerc
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - E Herbert
- Université de Paris, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain (LIED), UMR 8236 CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France.
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7
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Abstract
The resuspension and dispersion of particles occur in industrial fluid dynamic processes as well as environmental and geophysical situations. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the ability to fluidize a granular bed with a vertical gradient of temperature. Using laboratory experiments with a localized heat source, we observe a large entrainment of particles into the fluid volume beyond a threshold temperature. The buoyancy-driven fluidized bed then leads to the transport of solid particles through the generation of particle-laden plumes. We show that the destabilization process is driven by the thermal conductivity inside the granular bed and demonstrate that the threshold temperature depends on the thickness of the granular bed and the buoyancy number, i.e., the ratio of the stabilizing density contrast to the destabilizing thermal density contrast.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morize
- Laboratoire FAST, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - E Herbert
- Laboratoire FAST, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.,Université Paris Diderot, LIED, UMR 8236, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, Paris, France
| | - A Sauret
- Laboratoire FAST, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.,Surface du Verre et Interfaces, UMR 125 CNRS/Saint-Gobain, F-93303 Aubervilliers Cedex, France
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8
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Abstract
We present the closed-loop approach to linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics considering a generic heat engine dissipatively connected to two temperature baths. The system is usually quite generally characterized by two parameters: the output power P and the conversion efficiency η, to which we add a third one, the working frequency ω. We establish that a detailed understanding of the effects of the dissipative coupling on the energy conversion process requires only knowing two quantities: the system's feedback factor β and its open-loop gain A_{0}, which product A_{0}β characterizes the interplay between the efficiency, the output power, and the operating rate of the system. By raising the abstract hermodynamic analysis to a higher level, the feedback loop approach provides a versatile and economical, hence fairly efficient, tool for the study of any conversion engine operation for which a feedback factor can be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Goupil
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED/CNRS UMR 8236 Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Lamarck B 35 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris, France
| | - H Ouerdane
- Russian Quantum Center, 100 Novaya Street, Skolkovo, Moscow Region 143025, Russia
- UFR Langues Vivantes Etrangères, Université de Caen Normandie, Esplanade de la Paix 14032 Caen, France
| | - E Herbert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED/CNRS UMR 8236 Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Lamarck B 35 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris, France
| | - G Benenti
- Center for Nonlinear and Complex Systems, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Y D'Angelo
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Energies de Demain, LIED/CNRS UMR 8236 Université Paris Diderot, Bât. Lamarck B 35 rue Hélène Brion 75013 Paris, France
- Laboratory of Mathematics J.A. Dieudonné, CNRS UMR 7351 University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis Parc Valrose, Nice, France
| | - Ph Lecoeur
- Institut d'Electronique Fondamentale, Université Paris Sud CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France, CNRS, UMR 8622, 91405 Orsay, France
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Nourry-Lecaplain L, Herbert E, Nogues C, Drillaud A, Danner-Boucher I, Chambellan A. Réhabilitation respiratoire des patients atteints de mucoviscidose suivis au CRCM adulte et à l’unité de transplantation thoracique de Nantes : états des lieux et perspectives. Rev Mal Respir 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.10.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Rousset B, Bonnay P, Diribarne P, Girard A, Poncet JM, Herbert E, Salort J, Baudet C, Castaing B, Chevillard L, Daviaud F, Dubrulle B, Gagne Y, Gibert M, Hébral B, Lehner T, Roche PE, Saint-Michel B, Bon Mardion M. Superfluid high REynolds von Kármán experiment. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:103908. [PMID: 25362417 DOI: 10.1063/1.4897542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The Superfluid High REynolds von Kármán experiment facility exploits the capacities of a high cooling power refrigerator (400 W at 1.8 K) for a large dimension von Kármán flow (inner diameter 0.78 m), which can work with gaseous or subcooled liquid (He-I or He-II) from room temperature down to 1.6 K. The flow is produced between two counter-rotating or co-rotating disks. The large size of the experiment allows exploration of ultra high Reynolds numbers based on Taylor microscale and rms velocity [S. B. Pope, Turbulent Flows (Cambridge University Press, 2000)] (Rλ > 10000) or resolution of the dissipative scale for lower Re. This article presents the design and first performance of this apparatus. Measurements carried out in the first runs of the facility address the global flow behavior: calorimetric measurement of the dissipation, torque and velocity measurements on the two turbines. Moreover first local measurements (micro-Pitot, hot wire,…) have been installed and are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rousset
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Bonnay
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P Diribarne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - A Girard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - J M Poncet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - E Herbert
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Énergies de Demain (LIED) - CNRS-UMR 8236, Université Paris Diderot - Sorbonne Paris Cite, Paris, France
| | - J Salort
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS de Lyon, CNRS/Université Lyon, F-69364 Lyon cedex 7, France
| | - C Baudet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - B Castaing
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS de Lyon, CNRS/Université Lyon, F-69364 Lyon cedex 7, France
| | - L Chevillard
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'ENS de Lyon, CNRS/Université Lyon, F-69364 Lyon cedex 7, France
| | - F Daviaud
- Laboratoire SPHYNX, CEA/IRAMIS/SPEC, CNRS URA 2464, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Dubrulle
- Laboratoire SPHYNX, CEA/IRAMIS/SPEC, CNRS URA 2464, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Y Gagne
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38041 Grenoble, France
| | - M Gibert
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - B Hébral
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Th Lehner
- LUTH, Observatoire Paris-Meudon, 5 Pl. Jules Janssen, F-92195 Meudon Cedex, France
| | - P-E Roche
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inst NEEL, F-38042 Grenoble, France
| | - B Saint-Michel
- Laboratoire SPHYNX, CEA/IRAMIS/SPEC, CNRS URA 2464, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - M Bon Mardion
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INAC-SBT, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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11
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Stevens J, Herbert E, Johnston S, Fathers E. 075 Herpes Simplex retinitis in a patient with prior Herpes Simplex encephalitis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2011-301993.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Hossler K, Bouchard V, Fennessy MS, Frey SD, Anemaet E, Herbert E. No-net-loss not met for nutrient function in freshwater marshes: recommendations for wetland mitigation policies. Ecosphere 2011. [DOI: 10.1890/es11-00009.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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13
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Page TF, Pharr GM, Hay JC, Oliver WC, Lucas BN, Herbert E, Riester L. Nanoindentation Characterisation of Coated Systems: P:S2 - A New Approach Using the Continuous Stiffness Technique. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-522-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Turner MA, Vause S, Howell L, Wood D, Herbert E, Rimmer S, Chiswick ML, D'Souza SW. Isolated parenchymal lesions on cranial ultrasound in very preterm infants in the context of maternal infection. Early Hum Dev 2007; 83:63-8. [PMID: 16820273 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2006.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To explore the associations between a clinical diagnosis of maternal infection (CDMI) and findings on the initial cranial ultrasound scan in very preterm infants. METHODS Among infants born at less than 32 weeks gestation, cases of CDMI and controls were identified on the basis of routinely available obstetric data. Neonatal cranial ultrasound scans carried out soon after birth were retrospectively reviewed for evidence of parenchymal echodensity (PED), intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) or PED contiguous with IVH. RESULTS Any PED was identified in 20/40 (50%) cases of CDMI and 9/30 (30%) of controls. Logistic regression was used to adjust for differences between the two study groups. When compared with normal scans, isolated PED was more likely with CDMI odds ratio, OR (95% confidence interval, CI), 41.8 (2.64, 662) and lower Apgar score at 5 min 2.89 (1.05, 7.98). IVH was more likely with lower gestational age, OR for each completed week of gestation 0.64 (0.46, 0.88) and a protective effect of female sex, OR 0.25 (0.063, 0.98), PED contiguous with IVH was more likely with lower gestational age OR 0.59 (0.336, 1.04). CONCLUSIONS CDMI may be associated with isolated PED in very preterm infants. We speculate that isolated PED (including "flares") identify infants who have sustained early brain injury because of intrauterine infection. Isolated PED may be a useful intermediate outcome in perinatal cohort studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Turner
- Academic Unit of Child Health, University of Manchester, UK.
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16
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Abstract
Brugada syndrome (BS) is an inherited cardiac disorder characterized by typical electrocardiographic patterns of ST segment elevation in the precordial leads, right bundle branch block, fast polymorphic ventricular tachycardia in patients without any structural heart disease, and a high risk of sudden cardiac death. The incidence of BS is high in male vs. female (i.e., 8–10/1: male/female). The disorder is caused by mutations in the SCN5A gene encoding Nav1.5, the cardiac sodium channel, which is the only gene in which mutations were found to cause the disease. Mutations in SCN5A associated with the BS phenotype usually result in a loss of channel function by a reduction in Na+ currents. We review the clinical aspects, risk stratification, and therapeutic management of this important syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Herbert
- Research Centre, Laval Hospital and Department of Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada
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17
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Canellakis ES, Herbert E. STUDIES ON S-RNA SYNTHESIS, I. PURIFICATION AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RNA-ENZYME COMPLEX. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 46:170-8. [PMID: 16590604 PMCID: PMC222811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.46.2.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- E S Canellakis
- DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY, YALE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL
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18
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Michaelis K, Hoffmann MM, Dreis S, Herbert E, Alyautdin RN, Michaelis M, Kreuter J, Langer K. Covalent Linkage of Apolipoprotein E to Albumin Nanoparticles Strongly Enhances Drug Transport into the Brain. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 317:1246-53. [PMID: 16554356 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.097139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery to the brain is becoming more and more important but is severely restricted by the blood-brain barrier. Nanoparticles coated with polysorbates have previously been shown to enable the transport of several drugs across the blood-brain barrier, which under normal circumstances is impermeable to these compounds. Apolipoprotein E was suggested to mediate this drug transport across the blood-brain barrier. In the present study, apolipoprotein E was coupled by chemical methods to nanoparticles made of human serum albumin (HSA-NP). Loperamide, which does not cross the blood-brain barrier but exerts antinociceptive effects after direct injection into the brain, was used as model drug. Apolipoprotein E was chemically bound via linkers to loperamide-loaded HSA-NP. This preparation induced antinociceptive effects in the tail-flick test in ICR mice after i.v. injection. In contrast, nanoparticles linked to apolipoprotein E variants that do not recognize lipoprotein receptors failed to induce these effects. These results indicate that apolipoprotein E attached to the surface of nanoparticles facilitates transport of drugs across the blood-brain barrier, probably after interaction with lipoprotein receptors on the brain capillary endothelial cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Michaelis
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Technology, Biocenter of Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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19
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Wetterqvist C, Wong D, Williams R, Stappler T, Herbert E, Freeburn S. Tamponade efficiency of perfluorohexyloctane and silicone oil solutions in a model eye chamber. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88:692-6. [PMID: 15090425 PMCID: PMC1772150 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2003.024737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM As no single tamponade agent yet fulfils all the requirements of a long term inferior tamponade, attempts have been made to mix tamponade materials. This study investigated perfluorohexyloctane (F(6)H(8)) and silicone oil solutions designed to take advantage of the high specific gravity and interfacial tension of the F(6)H(8) and the high viscosity of silicone oil. METHODS Solutions of three different densities were examined (1.01, 1.03 and 1.06 g/cm(3)) inside transparent chambers made of surface modified poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). RESULTS Compared to F(6)H(8), the solutions had poorer contact with hydrophilic surface of the chambers. The higher the specific gravity of the solution, the better was the contact. The solution with a specific gravity 1.01 g/cm(3) is probably of no use clinically. CONCLUSION The model eye chamber made of surface modified PMMA is an efficient way of screening and choosing solutions with promising physical properties. Solutions of silicone oil with F(6)H(8) in other proportions or with other semifluorinated alkanes may be of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wetterqvist
- Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Prescot Street, Liverpool L7 8XP, UK
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20
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Herbert E, Schneider A, Krämer D, Pfaff G. Altern und Gesundheit in Baden-Württemberg. Gesundheitswesen 2004. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-825168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Mutations in sodium channel alpha-subunit gene (SCN5A) result in multiple arrhythmic syndromes, including long QT3 (LQT3), Brugada syndrome (BS), an inherited cardiac conduction defect, sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), constituting a spectrum of disease entities termed Na+ channelopathies. These diseases are allelic disorders, if not the same disease with variable penetrance and variable modifiers worldwide. Interestingly, death occurs during sleep in all of these disorders, suggesting a common mechanism. To date, mutational analyses have revealed about 103 distinct mutations in SCN5A, of which at least more than 30 mutations are associated with LQT3, whereas the rest of the mutations are affiliated with the remaining sodium channel disorders. The majority of these mutations are missense. However, other types such as deletions, insertions, frameshifts, nonsense and splice-donor errors have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Moric
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Biopharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, ul. Narcyzów 1, Sosnowiec, Poland.
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22
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Abstract
The management and outcome of all cases of gonorrhoea which presented to a south London genitourinary medicine clinic during 1999 were assessed and compared with published national guidelines. The incidence of penicillin resistance was calculated, as was the rate of co-infection with chlamydia and trichomonas. Information regarding demographic data, microscopy, culture results, test of cure, antibiotic use, sensitivity and health adviser contact was examined. A total of 257 cases of gonorrhoea were diagnosed in 238 patients. Heterosexual men constituted 52.9% of cases, 6.6% were in homosexual men and 40.5% in women. Direct microscopy was positive in 88.8% of men and in 40.5% of women. In women, the rate of gonorrhoea co-infection with chlamydia was 34.7% and with trichomonas was 11.5%. In men the rate of chlamydia co-infection was only 3.3%, however, we do not believe this to be an accurate figure as we are unable to routinely screen all men for chlamydia due to financial restrictions. Amoxicillin with probenecid were the most commonly used antibiotics in line with local guidelines. Penicillin resistance was demonstrated in 4.6% of infected cases. Health advisers saw 73.2% of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Newell
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Mayday University Hospital, London Road, Thornton Heath, London CR7 7YE, UK
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23
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Avner P, Bruls T, Poras I, Eley L, Gas S, Ruiz P, Wiles MV, Sousa-Nunes R, Kettleborough R, Rana A, Morissette J, Bentley L, Goldsworthy M, Haynes A, Herbert E, Southam L, Lehrach H, Weissenbach J, Manenti G, Rodriguez-Tome P, Beddington R, Dunwoodie S, Cox RD. A radiation hybrid transcript map of the mouse genome. Nat Genet 2001; 29:194-200. [PMID: 11586301 DOI: 10.1038/ng1001-194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Expressed-sequence tag (EST) maps are an adjunct to sequence-based analytical methods of gene detection and localization for those species for which such data are available, and provide anchors for high-density homology and orthology mapping in species for which large-scale sequencing has yet to be done. Species for which radiation hybrid-based transcript maps have been established include human, rat, mouse, dog, cat and zebrafish. We have established a comprehensive first-generation-placement radiation hybrid map of the mouse consisting of 5,904 mapped markers (3,993 ESTs and 1,911 sequence-tagged sites (STSs)). The mapped ESTs, which often originate from small-EST clusters, are enriched for genes expressed during early mouse embryogenesis and are probably different from those localized in humans. We have confirmed by in situ hybridization that even singleton ESTs, which are usually not retained for mapping studies, may represent bona fide transcribed sequences. Our studies on mouse chromosomes 12 and 14 orthologous to human chromosome 14 show the power of our radiation hybrid map as a predictive tool for orthology mapping in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Avner
- Genoscope, Centre National de Sequençage and CNRS UMR 8030, CP 5706, 91057 Evry Cedex, France.
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Bonnefoy-Bérard N, Munshi A, Yron I, Wu S, Collins TL, Deckert M, Shalom-Barak T, Giampa L, Herbert E, Hernandez J, Meller N, Couture C, Altman A. Vav: function and regulation in hematopoietic cell signaling. Stem Cells 1996; 14:250-68. [PMID: 8724692 DOI: 10.1002/stem.140250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vav, a 95 kDa proto-oncogene product expressed specifically in hematopoietic cells, was originally isolated as a transforming human oncogene. Vav contains an array of functional domains that are involved in interactions with other proteins and, possibly, with lipids. These include, among others, a putative guanine nucleotide exchange domain, a cysteine-rich region similar to the phorbol ester/diacylglycerol-binding domain of protein kinase C, a pleckstrin-homology domain, and Src-homology 2 and 3 (SH2 and SH3, respectively) domains. The presence of these domains, the transforming activity of the vav oncogene, and the rapid increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav induced by triggering of diverse receptors indicate that it plays an important role in hematopoietic cell signaling pathways. Such a role is supported by recent studies using "knockout" mice and transiently transfected T cells, in which Vav deletion or overexpression, respectively, had marked effects on lymphocyte development or activation. The presence of a putative guanine nucleotide exchange domain, the prototype of which is found in the dbl oncogene product, implies that Vav functions as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for one (or more) members of the Ras-like family of small GTP-binding proteins. In support of such a role, Vav preparations were found in some (but not other) studies to mediate in vitro-specific GEF activity for Ras. Additional studies are required to identify the physiological regulators and targets of Vav, and its exact role in hematopoietic cell development and signaling.
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25
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Baier G, Coggeshall KM, Baier-Bitterlich G, Giampa L, Telford D, Herbert E, Shih W, Altman A. Construction and characterization of lck- and fyn-specific tRNA: ribozyme chimeras. Mol Immunol 1994; 31:923-32. [PMID: 8065375 DOI: 10.1016/0161-5890(94)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Two src-family protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), p56lck, and p59fyn, are thought to play an important role in the antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-initiated signaling pathway, but their relative contribution to these events is not clearly defined. Here, we have explored the potential of catalytic RNA molecules, or ribozymes, as tools for selectively inhibiting expression of the corresponding target genes in T cells. Several lck- or fyn-specific hammerhead ribozymes were synthesized, cloned into a bacterial transcription vector, and found to display specific catalytic activity in vitro. In order to achieve stable high-level ribozyme expression in intact cells, selected ribozymes were subsequently cloned into a retroviral vector (DC-T5T) immediately downstream of a tRNA(met) transcription unit. Upon retroviral transduction of a human leukemic T cell line (Jurkat), two out of four chimeric tRNA:ribozymes, fyn-1 and lck-1, were stably expressed at levels of approximately 10,000 or approximately 25,000 copies/cell, respectively. Ribozyme expression was associated with a reduction of up to 80% (lck) or 61% (fyn) in endogenous target mRNA by comparison to the corresponding transcript levels in control clones transfected with vector alone. By contrast, expression of the corresponding target proteins was not reduced, suggesting a post-transcriptional compensatory mechanism that increases translation or stability of the p56lck and/or p59fyn proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Baier
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
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26
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Abstract
Spontaneous echo contrast has been observed in conditions of low blood flow velocity, such as rheumatic mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation (AF). The phenomenon has been attributed to increased echogenicity due to aggregation of blood cells at low shear rates. The aim of this study was to determine whether abnormalities of blood composition also might contribute to spontaneous echo contrast formation by promoting cellular aggregation. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in 185 patients with AF (31 with valvular and 154 with nonvalvular AF). The left atrium was examined for thrombus and spontaneous echo contrast, which was graded from 0 (nil) to 4+ (severe) by 2 independent observers. Forty milliliters of venous blood was obtained from each patient for hematologic analysis. Spontaneous echo contrast was observed in 46% of patients (74% with valvular and 41% with nonvalvular AF). In linear regression analysis, positive correlations were found between grade of spontaneous echo contrast and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p < 0.001), low-shear blood viscosity (p < 0.001) and anticardiolipin antibody (p = 0.02) in the total study population, and in patients with nonvalvular AF. Spontaneous echo contrast correlated with mitral valve area (p < 0.01) and gradient (p = 0.03), but not with hematologic parameters in patients with valvular AF. Left atrial thrombus was present in 6 patients, all of whom had spontaneous echo contrast. Age (< 0.01), spontaneous echo contrast (p = 0.03) and the fibrinogen concentration (p = 0.03) correlated with previous embolic events.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fatkin
- Cardiology Department, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Gulbins E, Langlet C, Baier G, Bonnefoy-Berard N, Herbert E, Altman A, Coggeshall KM. Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Vav GTP/GDP exchange activity in antigen receptor-triggered B cells. J Immunol 1994; 152:2123-9. [PMID: 8133029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Ag receptor triggering in B cells stimulates the activity of receptor-associated tyrosine protein kinases (TPK), leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates, one of which is the Vav proto-oncogene product. We have recently determined that Vav is a TPK-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras in T cells. Here, we show that B cell extracts or Vav immunoprecipitates contain a Ras GDP/GTP exchange activity that is stimulated upon surface Ig (slg) triggering. The receptor-mediated stimulation of Vav exchange activity was blocked by the TPK antagonist, herbimycin A. Furthermore, immunodepletion of Vav from the B cell extracts removed approximately 80% of the Ras GDP/GTP exchange activity. These findings indicate, first, that B cell-derived Vav possesses GDP/GTP exchange activity for Ras; second, that the exchange activity of Vav is accelerated by a slg-triggered, herbimycin A-sensitive TPK and, third, that Vav accounts for most of the receptor-stimulated Ras GDP/GTP exchange activity. Thus, Vav may serve as a critical component in slg-mediated signal transduction pathways by coupling receptor-associated TPK to the activation of Ras proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gulbins
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
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28
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Gulbins E, Langlet C, Baier G, Bonnefoy-Berard N, Herbert E, Altman A, Coggeshall KM. Tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Vav GTP/GDP exchange activity in antigen receptor-triggered B cells. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.152.5.2123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Ag receptor triggering in B cells stimulates the activity of receptor-associated tyrosine protein kinases (TPK), leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular substrates, one of which is the Vav proto-oncogene product. We have recently determined that Vav is a TPK-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras in T cells. Here, we show that B cell extracts or Vav immunoprecipitates contain a Ras GDP/GTP exchange activity that is stimulated upon surface Ig (slg) triggering. The receptor-mediated stimulation of Vav exchange activity was blocked by the TPK antagonist, herbimycin A. Furthermore, immunodepletion of Vav from the B cell extracts removed approximately 80% of the Ras GDP/GTP exchange activity. These findings indicate, first, that B cell-derived Vav possesses GDP/GTP exchange activity for Ras; second, that the exchange activity of Vav is accelerated by a slg-triggered, herbimycin A-sensitive TPK and, third, that Vav accounts for most of the receptor-stimulated Ras GDP/GTP exchange activity. Thus, Vav may serve as a critical component in slg-mediated signal transduction pathways by coupling receptor-associated TPK to the activation of Ras proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gulbins
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
| | - C Langlet
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
| | - G Baier
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
| | - N Bonnefoy-Berard
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
| | - E Herbert
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
| | - A Altman
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
| | - K M Coggeshall
- Division of Cell Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA 92037
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Ruppert J, Alexander J, Snoke K, Coggeshall M, Herbert E, McKenzie D, Grey HM, Sette A. Effect of T-cell receptor antagonism on interaction between T cells and antigen-presenting cells and on T-cell signaling events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:2671-5. [PMID: 8464874 PMCID: PMC46157 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.7.2671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor (TCR) antagonism induced by complexes of antigen analogue with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules results in efficient inhibition of antigen-dependent T-cell responses. We have investigated some of the possible mechanisms by which TCR antagonists bound to the MHC molecules of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) can inhibit T-cell activation. Using a nonstimulatory analogue of the antigenic peptide influenza hemagglutinin-(307-319), we showed that MHC/antagonist complexes completely inhibit very early intracellular events of antigen-dependent T-cell activation, such as inositol phosphate turnover and Ca2+ influx. In a parallel series of experiments, the effect of TCR antagonist peptide on membrane-related activation events was also investigated. It was found that MHC/antagonist complexes on the surface of APCs did not induce stable conjugates with T cells and, most interestingly, did not inhibit antigen-induced conjugate formation. Thus, our data suggest that antagonistic peptides do not interfere with the cellular events that are required for stable T-cell/APC conjugate formation but do inhibit early biochemical events required for T-cell proliferation. The data are discussed with respect to the role of surface receptor clustering in TCR antagonism.
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30
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Winawer SJ, Flehinger BJ, Buchalter J, Herbert E, Shike M. Declining serum cholesterol levels prior to diagnosis of colon cancer. A time-trend, case-control study. JAMA 1990; 263:2083-5. [PMID: 2319669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We report the results of a 10-year, time-trend, case-control study in which serum cholesterol level was determined at several points in time preceding the diagnosis of colon cancer in a population of individuals who sought general checkups at an ambulatory care screening facility. Each of the 69 patients with colon cancer (32 men and 37 women) was matched with a control patient who was randomly selected. At the time of diagnosis, the patients with colon cancer had significantly lower serum cholesterol values than control patients (5.56 +/- 0.31 mmol/L [SEM] vs 6.47 +/- 0.34 mmol/L). This difference did not vary with sex or Dukes' stage of the cancer. The percent of matched pairs in which the cancer patient had a lower serum cholesterol level increased from 42% at 10 years prior to cancer diagnosis to 77% at diagnosis. The ratio of serum cholesterol at each period to the level at time of diagnosis demonstrated an average decline of 13% during the 10 years prior to diagnosis for case patients vs an average rise of 2% in the same period for control patients. We conclude that individuals in whom colorectal cancer develops share the same level of serum cholesterol as the general population initially, but during the 10 years preceding the cancer demonstrate a decline in serum cholesterol level that is opposite to the rising level seen with age in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Winawer
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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31
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Suttle NF, Brebner J, Herbert E, Munro CS. Comparison of cobalt supplemented anthelmintics and injected vitamin B12 for cobalt-deficient lambs. Vet Rec 1990; 126:192-3. [PMID: 2316149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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32
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Sherman TG, Day R, Civelli O, Douglass J, Herbert E, Akil H, Watson SJ. Regulation of hypothalamic magnocellular neuropeptides and their mRNAs in the Brattleboro rat: coordinate responses to further osmotic challenge. J Neurosci 1988; 8:3785-96. [PMID: 2903913 PMCID: PMC6569603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A paradigm was developed for the chronic osmotic stimulation of homozygous diabetes insipidus rats of the Brattleboro strain, a strain that fails to synthesize vasopressin. This study examines the adaptation of 2 sets of coexisting peptide hormone magnocellular neurons in the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) of Long Evans (LE), Brattleboro heterozygote (HZ), and Brattleboro homozygote (DI) rats: (1) the arginine8-vasopressin (AVP)/dynorphin (DYN) neurons, and (2) the oxytocin (OT)/cholecystokinin (CCK8) neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, which project to the posterior pituitary. The regimen of chronic intermittent salt-loading (CISL) involved the replacement of 2% saline for normal drinking water for 18 hr/d. This protocol effectively increased plasma levels of AVP and OT in LE and HZ rats, oxytocin in DI rats, and maintained the posterior pituitary in a state depleted of AVP, OT, CCK, and peptides derived from pro-dynorphin: DYN A 1-17, DYN A 1-8, and DYN B 1-13. The ratio of pituitary DYN A 1-17 to DYN A 1-8 content in DI rats or in LE, HZ, and DI rats following 6 d of CISL suggests a preferential release of DYN A 1-17 during periods of chronic secretory activity. In response to chronic secretory activity, mRNAs for AVP, OT, DYN, and CCK increased 1.5-2-fold in all 3 AVP rat strains, with mRNAs for coexisting peptide hormones displaying parallel increases. Mutant AVP mRNA in the DI rat was expressed at very low levels and DYN mRNA in very high levels, with each of these mRNAs continuing to be regulated by CISL in a normal manner. These results suggest a regulatory relationship between AVP and OT neurons, in which vasopressin neurons are feedback-regulated by AVP, most likely via plasma osmolarity, and that oxytocin neurons are modulated by peptides derived from pro-dynorphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Sherman
- Mental Health Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109
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33
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Abstract
Several diverse species contain an enzyme with many properties in common with those of bovine carboxypeptidase E (CPE), a neuropeptide processing carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme. This enzyme has been designated EC 3.4.17.10, and is also known as enkephalin convertase and carboxypeptidase H. All tissues that are known to contain bioactive peptides also contain CPE-like enzymatic activity. In Xenopus laevis, enzyme activity is highest in the brain and pituitary, lower in the skin, and undetectable in liver and gut. In Aplysia californica, enzyme activity is highest in the atrial gland, but is also present in moderate amounts in the various neural tissue. CPE extracted from human, bovine, mouse, Xenopus, shark, and Aplysia neural tissue is substantially purified using substrate affinity chromatography and concanavalin A sepharose columns. The partially purified enzyme from all species examined possess very similar enzymatic properties. These properties include a pH optimum of 5.6, a stimulation by cobalt chloride, and an inhibition by chelating agents (1,10-phenanthroline). Arginine-derived active site-directed inhibitors show similar inhibition constants (Ki's) towards enzyme from the various species, whereas lysine-derived inhibitors are substantially less potent towards the Aplysia carboxypeptidase than towards enzyme isolated from the other species. The similar properties of the carboxypeptidase isolated from the various species suggests that a CPE-like is involved in the biosynthesis of many peptide neurotransmitters and hormones in a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Fricker
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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Sivam SP, Takeuchi K, Li S, Douglass J, Civelli O, Calvetta L, Herbert E, McGinty JF, Hong JS. Lithium increases dynorphin A(1-8) and prodynorphin mRNA levels in the basal ganglia of rats. Brain Res 1988; 427:155-63. [PMID: 2898269 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(88)90061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to understand the possible influence of the antimanic drug, lithium, and the neuroleptic, haloperidol, alone or in combination, on the regulation of dynorphin biosynthesis in the striatum. The study was done using male Fisher-344 rats subjected to a regimen of subchronic administration of lithium chloride (4 mEq/kg/day for 1,2,4 or 6 days, i.p.) or a regimen of chronic oral administration of a diet containing lithium carbonate (1.5 g/kg of the diet). Subchronic administration of lithium increased striatal dynorphin A(1-8)-like immunoreactivity (DN-LI) in a time-related fashion. Immunocytochemistry revealed an increase in DN-LI in fibers and cells clustered in 'patches' throughout striatum. The increase in DN-LI was reversible on cessation of lithium administration. Concurrent administration of lithium and an opiate antagonist, naltrexone, or a dopamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, did not influence the changes induced by lithium. Chronic oral administration of lithium for 21 days led to an increase in DN-LI in the striatum. Co-administration of haloperidol with the 21 day regimen of lithium administration failed to affect the increase in DN-LI. The prodynorphin mRNA abundance in the striatum was quantitated by a molecular hybridization procedure using a prodynorphin 32P-cRNA probe generated from the Riboprobe system. Evidence from the Northern blot analysis reveals that lithium increases the prodynorphin mRNA abundance in the striatum. These results indicate that lithium affects the dynamics of prodynorphin biosynthesis in the striatum, presumably increasing transcription and/or translational processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Sivam
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Gary 46408
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35
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Abstract
The cell-type specific processing of human pro-enkephalin was determined using a vaccinia recombinant (VV:hPE). The results show that all cell types infected with VV:hPE efficiently synthesize pro-enkephalin following cleavage of the signal peptide after Ala24. In addition, pro-enkephalin is shown to undergo N-linked glycosylation as well as other post-translational modifications. However, only one cell line. AtT-20, was able to efficiently cleave pro-enkephalin to smaller peptides including Met-enkephalin. Some results have been previously reported (Science 232, 1641-1643).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thomas
- Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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36
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Abstract
In this paper we have described the isolation and characterization of the rat corticotropin releasing hormone gene. Nucleotide sequence comparisons with the human CRH gene have demonstrated several interesting regions of homology and suggest that the gene was highly conserved through evolution. Additionally we have demonstrated the tissue-specific expression of the rat CRH gene. The regional distribution of expression parallels previously documented immunocytochemical demonstrations and supports the hypothesis that CRH peptides have multiple roles in different tissues. In the peripheral tissues that express CRH mRNA it will be very interesting to document the specific cell type of synthesis by using combined immunocytochemical and in situ histochemical techniques. Additionally we have described initial studies using gene transfer techniques to examine the cAMP responsiveness of the rat CRH gene. We are presently constructing other fusion genes (CRHCAT plasmids) in order to more carefully localize the DNA sequence in the rat CRH gene which mediates this effect, and compare it to the previously reported cAMP-responsive "consensus sequence." Similarly, we also plan to utilize the CRHCAT constructs to examine regulation of the rat CRH gene by glucocorticoids and several other hormone-mediated regulatory pathways. Through these CAT fusion studies we hope to gain a better understanding of the role of certain conserved sequences in the 5' flanking DNA for transcriptional control of the rat (and human) CRH genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Thompson
- Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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37
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Abstract
Sigmoidoscopy could aid in the control of large bowel cancer by early detection of the 55% of colorectal cancers that develop in the rectosigmoid and by the identification and eradication of significant rectosigmoid adenomas. Rigid sigmoidoscopy has had poor patient acceptance and therefore has not been successful. The present study is a prospective randomized trial to evaluate patient response to flexible as compared with rigid sigmoidoscopy. Patients reported significantly less discomfort (10.1% versus 29.7%), anxiety (9.8% versus 27.6%) and embarrassment (5.2% versus 12.8%) during flexible as compared with rigid sigmoidoscopy. Flexible sigmoidoscopy appears to have better patient acceptance than rigid sigmoidoscopy (P less than 0.01). This could enhance its value as a cancer-control instrument. This article addresses the feasibility of sigmoidoscopy. Its validity also needs to be addressed within the framework of a long-term trial, evaluating mortality for rectosigmoid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Winawer
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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38
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Abstract
We have developed a RNA-RNA solution hybridization assay to quantitate the mRNA coding for prodynorphin precursor. This assay is extremely sensitive and highly specific. Using this assay we have measured the prodynorphin mRNA in various brain regions and reproductive tissues of rat. When we compared the distribution of prodynorphin mRNA with the dynorphin related peptides in these tissues, we found a general parallelism and a few noteworthy exceptions.
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39
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Ronnekleiv OK, Adelman JP, Weber E, Herbert E, Kelly MJ. Immunohistochemical demonstration of proGnRH and GnRH in the preoptic-basal hypothalamus of the primate. Neuroendocrinology 1987; 45:518-21. [PMID: 3302746 DOI: 10.1159/000124785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
An antiserum (ARK-1) specific to the gonadotropin-releasing hormone precursor (proGnRH) was produced by immunizing with a synthetic peptide (proGnRH 6-16; Gly-Leu-Arg-Pro-Gly-Gly-Lys-Arg-Asp-Ala-Glu) which bridges the proteolytic cleavage site of proGnRH. When used in the radioimmunoassay, ARK-1 bound 25% of the iodinated 5-16 fragment at a 1:30,000 dilution with a sensitivity of 1 pg/tube. Using immunohistochemical techniques, we observed that in serial and the same sections through the preoptic-basal hypothalamus (POA-BH), the precursor molecule was primarily present in the cell soma, whereas GnRH was found in the cell soma, nerve fibers, and terminals of the same neurons. These data indicate that the processing of proGnRH to biologically active peptides (e.g., GnRH) in the rhesus macaque and the baboon POA-BH primarily occurs in the cell soma.
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40
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Abstract
The rat corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) gene has been isolated and characterized by DNA sequence analysis. The gene exhibits a structural organization similar to that of the human CRH gene. The nucleotide sequence encoding the entire rat CRH precursor is located on the second exon, while exon I encodes the 5'-untranslated region of the mRNA. Analysis of the nucleotide sequence homology between the human and rat CRH genes reveals several highly conserved regions including the CRH peptide-encoding sequence and the 5'-flanking sequence. RNA blot analysis demonstrates that CRH mRNA can be observed in numerous regions of the rat brain as well as the spinal cord, adrenal gland, pituitary, and testis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Thompson
- Vollum Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland 97201
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41
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Grimes M, Iacangelo A, Eiden LE, Godfrey B, Herbert E. Chromogranin A: the primary structure deduced from cDNA clones reveals the presence of pairs of basic amino acids. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1987; 493:351-78. [PMID: 3473966 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1987.tb27218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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42
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Abstract
This report describes the characterization of a genomic locus in the rat that encodes overlapping genes occupying both strands of the same piece of DNA. One gene (strand) encodes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). A second gene, SH, is transcribed from the other DNA strand to produce RNA of undefined function. The RNAs transcribed from each DNA strand are spliced and polyadenylated, and share significant exon domains. GnRH is expressed in the central nervous system while SH transcripts are present in the heart. Thus, the genome of a mammalian organism encodes two distinct genes by using both strands of the same DNA.
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43
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that opioid peptides may be involved in modulating the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis at a variety of levels in both males and females. We report here the presence of mRNA coding for the opioid peptide precursor prodynorphin in rat ovary, uterus, and testis. Expression of this opioid peptide precursor gene is compared to expression of two other opioid peptide precursor genes, proenkephalin and proopiomelanocortin, in mammalian reproductive tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis reveals that in the rat testis, prodynorphin-derived peptides are present in Leydig cells. The distribution of dynorphin immunoreactivity in various reproductive tissues was determined. Male reproductive tissues of the rat, rabbit, and guinea pig as well as rat ovary and uterus all contain detectable levels of dynorphin immunoreactivity. These observations suggest that prodynorphin-derived peptides may exert paracrine and/or autocrine effects in mammalian reproductive tissues.
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44
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Seasholtz A, Comb M, Liston D, Martin M, Thomas G, Herbert E. Use of gene transfer approaches to study regulation of neuropeptide gene expression. Prog Brain Res 1987; 71:13-22. [PMID: 3588938 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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45
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Abstract
Carboxypeptidase E (enkephalin convertase) was first identified as the carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of enkephalin in bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. A similar enzyme is present in many brain regions and in purified secretory granules from rat pituitary and rat insulinoma. Within the secretory granules, carboxypeptidase E (CPE) activity is found in both a soluble and a membrane-bound form, which differ slightly in relative molecular mass (Mr). Here, to investigate whether the CPE activities in the various tissues are produced from a single gene, purified CPE was partially sequenced and oligonucleotide probes were used to isolate a clone encoding CPE from a bovine pituitary complementary DNA library. This cDNA hybridizes to bovine pituitary poly(A)+ RNAs of approximately 3.3, 2.6 and 2.1 kilobases (kb), with the 3.3-kb messenger RNA the predominant species. The predicted amino-acid sequence of the cDNA clone contains the partially determined sequences of CPE, several pairs of basic amino acids and displays some homology with both carboxypeptidases A and B. Restriction analysis of bovine genomic DNA suggests only one gene for CPE. This is consistent with a broad role for CPE in the biosynthesis of many neuropeptides.
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46
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Abstract
Many cellular processes are regulated by hormones and neurotransmitters which interact with cell-surface receptors to produce intracellular second messengers that activate protein kinases. Cyclic (c) AMP is a second messenger whose intracellular level is determined by receptor-mediated activation or inhibition of adenylate cyclase. Phorbol esters directly activate protein kinase C, a Ca2+ and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase and a component of a different second messenger system, the phosphatidylinositol pathway. Proenkephalin messenger RNA levels are regulated in response to cAMP analogues, activators of adenylate cyclase, nicotinic agonists and depolarization, suggesting that expression of the gene encoding proenkephalin is regulated by trans-synaptic events involving cell-surface-receptor activation. Here we report that cAMP analogues and activators of adenylate cyclase regulate a proenkephalin-chloramphenicol acetyl transferase fusion gene when transiently expressed in tissue culture cells. Phorbol ester regulates the fusion gene in a similar fashion, but requires the presence of phosphodiesterase inhibitors for large effects. The DNA sequences required for regulation by both cAMP and phorbol ester map to the same 37-base pair (bp) region located 107-71 bp 5' to the mRNA cap site of the proenkephalin gene. This highly conserved region is composed of three closely related 12-bp sequences and has properties similar to those of previously characterized transcriptional enhancers.
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47
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Iacangelo A, Affolter HU, Eiden LE, Herbert E, Grimes M. Bovine chromogranin A sequence and distribution of its messenger RNA in endocrine tissues. Nature 1986; 323:82-6. [PMID: 3018587 DOI: 10.1038/323082a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromogranin A is contained in storage vesicles of chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and released with catecholamines when the splanchnic nerve is stimulated. Chromogranin A is similar to secretory protein I (SP-I), a major secreted protein of the parathyroid. Chromogranin A/SP-I immunoreactivity is abundant in endocrine cells that secrete peptide hormones from storage vesicles. Chromogranins may act in neuroendocrine secretion by binding intravesicular calcium. Serum levels of chromogranin are raised in hypertension and endocrine neoplasia. We report here the isolation and sequencing of a cDNA encoding bovine chromogranin A, providing the first complete primary structure of a chromogranin protein. Chromogranin A is a highly acidic protein with an apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) of 75,000 on SDS-PAGE, but an actual Mr of 48,000. Adrenal medulla, brain, pituitary and parathyroid are all sites of synthesis of chromogranin A. The primary structure of chromogranin A, and the presence of chromogranin mRNA in the parathyroid, indicate that chromogranin A and SP-I are identical.
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48
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Khachaturian H, Sherman TG, Lloyd RV, Civelli O, Douglass J, Herbert E, Akil H, Watson SJ. Pro-dynorphin is endogenous to the anterior pituitary and is co-localized with LH and FSH in the gonadotrophs. Endocrinology 1986; 119:1409-11. [PMID: 3089769 DOI: 10.1210/endo-119-3-1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pro-dynorphin peptides have been shown to exist in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The dynorphin in the anterior lobe is distinct from that which is co-localized with vasopressin in the magnocellular system in both post-translational processing and regulation of release. Here, we report on the existence of pro-dynorphin mRNA, approximately 2400 nucleotides in length, in the anterior lobe. Furthermore, we present immunocytochemical evidence for the co-existence of dynorphin, LH and FSH in a subset of gonadotrophs. These findings suggest a possible role of pro-dynorphin products in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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49
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Sherman TG, Civelli O, Douglass J, Herbert E, Burke S, Watson SJ. Hypothalamic dynorphin and vasopressin mRNA expression in normal and Brattleboro rats. Fed Proc 1986; 45:2323-7. [PMID: 2874054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptides derived from prodynorphin and provasopressin precursors coexist within neurosecretory vesicles of magnocellular neurons of the rat hypothalamus projecting to the posterior pituitary. The secretory activity of these neurons can be stimulated with physiological manipulations that elevate plasma levels of vasopressin (VP), such as dehydration and salt-loading. Evidence indicates that both VP- and prodynorphin-derived peptides are secreted under such conditions. With chronic osmotic challenge, the mRNAs for both prodynorphin and provasopressin increase in parallel in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and not within nonmagnocellular cell groups projecting elsewhere in the brain. The results indicate an example of coordinate regulation of mRNA expression for coexisting peptides within the brain. These results from microdissected tissues have been coupled with the more anatomically precise method of in situ hybridization histochemistry. Using 35S-radiolabeled synthetic oligonucleotides complementary to VP and dynorphin mRNAs, these mRNAs have been autoradiographically localized to magnocellular parikarya in the rat hypothalamus. Results also indicate that this technology can be used for regulatory studies, as evidenced by the increased hybridization of VP oligonucleotide to hypothalamic nuclei from salt-loaded rats.
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50
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Abstract
The posttranslational maturation of a complex precursor polyprotein, human proenkephalin, was assessed by infection of a wide spectrum of cell types with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expressed human proenkephalin. The infected cells rapidly produced both cellular and secreted Met-enkephalin immunoreactivity. Although each cell line could secrete intact proenkephalin, only a mouse pituitary line was capable of processing proenkephalin to mature enkephalin peptides. The quantity of intact proenkephalin secreted from BSC-40 cells (derived from African Green monkey kidney) was sufficient to establish the value of vaccinia virus as a mammalian cell expression vector.
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