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Shang P, Dos Santos Natividade R, Taylor GM, Ray A, Welsh OL, Fiske KL, Sutherland DM, Alsteens D, Dermody TS. NRP1 is a receptor for mammalian orthoreovirus engaged by distinct capsid subunits. Cell Host Microbe 2024:S1931-3128(24)00134-3. [PMID: 38729153 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) is a nonenveloped virus that establishes primary infection in the intestine and disseminates to sites of secondary infection, including the CNS. Reovirus entry involves multiple engagement factors, but how the virus disseminates systemically and targets neurons remains unclear. In this study, we identified murine neuropilin 1 (mNRP1) as a receptor for reovirus. mNRP1 binds reovirus with nanomolar affinity using a unique mechanism of virus-receptor interaction, which is coordinated by multiple interactions between distinct reovirus capsid subunits and multiple NRP1 extracellular domains. By exchanging essential capsid protein-encoding gene segments, we determined that the multivalent interaction is mediated by outer-capsid protein σ3 and capsid turret protein λ2. Using capsid mutants incapable of binding NRP1, we found that NRP1 contributes to reovirus dissemination and neurovirulence in mice. Collectively, our results demonstrate that NRP1 is an entry receptor for reovirus and uncover mechanisms by which NRPs promote viral entry and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rita Dos Santos Natividade
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gwen M Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ankita Ray
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivia L Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kay L Fiske
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Danica M Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Zhao B, Hu L, Kaundal S, Neetu N, Lee CH, Somoulay X, Sankaran B, Taylor GM, Dermody TS, Venkataram Prasad BV. Structure of orthoreovirus RNA chaperone σNS, a component of viral replication factories. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2460. [PMID: 38503747 PMCID: PMC10950856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) σNS protein is required for formation of replication compartments that support viral genome replication and capsid assembly. Despite its functional importance, a mechanistic understanding of σNS is lacking. We conducted structural and biochemical analyses of a σNS mutant that forms dimers instead of the higher-order oligomers formed by wildtype (WT) σNS. The crystal structure shows that dimers interact with each other using N-terminal arms to form a helical assembly resembling WT σNS filaments in complex with RNA observed using cryo-EM. The interior of the helical assembly is of appropriate diameter to bind RNA. The helical assembly is disrupted by bile acids, which bind to the same site as the N-terminal arm. This finding suggests that the N-terminal arm functions in conferring context-dependent oligomeric states of σNS, which is supported by the structure of σNS lacking an N-terminal arm. We further observed that σNS has RNA chaperone activity likely essential for presenting mRNA to the viral polymerase for genome replication. This activity is reduced by bile acids and abolished by N-terminal arm deletion, suggesting that the activity requires formation of σNS oligomers. Our studies provide structural and mechanistic insights into the function of σNS in reovirus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Zhao
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Soni Kaundal
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neetu Neetu
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christopher H Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Xayathed Somoulay
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Banumathi Sankaran
- Berkeley Center for Structural Biology, Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Gwen M Taylor
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA.
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburg, PA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburg, PA, USA.
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Verna and Marrs Mclean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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3
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Zhao B, Hu L, Kuandal S, Neetu N, Lee C, Somoulay X, Sankaran B, Taylor GM, Dermody TS, Prasad BVV. Structure of Orthoreovirus RNA Chaperone σNS, a Component of Viral Replication Factories. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.31.551319. [PMID: 37577609 PMCID: PMC10418060 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.31.551319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The reovirus σNS RNA-binding protein is required for formation of intracellular compartments during viral infection that support viral genome replication and capsid assembly. Despite its functional importance, a mechanistic understanding of σNS is lacking. We conducted structural and biochemical analyses of an R6A mutant of σNS that forms dimers instead of the higher-order oligomers formed by wildtype (WT) σNS. The crystal structure of selenomethionine-substituted σNS-R6A reveals that the mutant protein forms a stable antiparallel dimer, with each subunit having a well-folded central core and a projecting N-terminal arm. The dimers interact with each other by inserting the N-terminal arms into a hydrophobic pocket of the neighboring dimers on either side to form a helical assembly that resembles filaments of WT σNS in complex with RNA observed using cryo-EM. The interior of the crystallographic helical assembly is positively charged and of appropriate diameter to bind RNA. The helical assembly is disrupted by bile acids, which bind to the same hydrophobic pocket as the N-terminal arm, as demonstrated in the crystal structure of σNS-R6A in complex with bile acid, suggesting that the N-terminal arm functions in conferring context-dependent oligomeric states of σNS. This idea is supported by the structure of σNS lacking the N-terminal arm. We discovered that σNS displays RNA helix destabilizing and annealing activities, likely essential for presenting mRNA to the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase for genome replication. The RNA chaperone activity is reduced by bile acids and abolished by N-terminal arm deletion, suggesting that the activity requires formation of σNS oligomers. Our studies provide structural and mechanistic insights into the function of σNS in reovirus replication.
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4
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Medina Sanchez L, Siller M, Zeng Y, Brigleb PH, Sangani KA, Soto AS, Engl C, Laughlin CR, Rana M, Van Der Kraak L, Pandey SP, Bender MJ, Fitzgerald B, Hedden L, Fiske K, Taylor GM, Wright AP, Mehta ID, Rahman SA, Galipeau HJ, Mullett SJ, Gelhaus SL, Watkins SC, Bercik P, Nice TJ, Jabri B, Meisel M, Das J, Dermody TS, Verdú EF, Hinterleitner R. The gut protist Tritrichomonas arnold restrains virus-mediated loss of oral tolerance by modulating dietary antigen-presenting dendritic cells. Immunity 2023; 56:1862-1875.e9. [PMID: 37478853 PMCID: PMC10529081 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Loss of oral tolerance (LOT) to gluten, driven by dendritic cell (DC) priming of gluten-specific T helper 1 (Th1) cell immune responses, is a hallmark of celiac disease (CeD) and can be triggered by enteric viral infections. Whether certain commensals can moderate virus-mediated LOT remains elusive. Here, using a mouse model of virus-mediated LOT, we discovered that the gut-colonizing protist Tritrichomonas (T.) arnold promotes oral tolerance and protects against reovirus- and murine norovirus-mediated LOT, independent of the microbiota. Protection was not attributable to antiviral host responses or T. arnold-mediated innate type 2 immunity. Mechanistically, T. arnold directly restrained the proinflammatory program in dietary antigen-presenting DCs, subsequently limiting Th1 and promoting regulatory T cell responses. Finally, analysis of fecal microbiomes showed that T. arnold-related Parabasalid strains are underrepresented in human CeD patients. Altogether, these findings will motivate further exploration of oral-tolerance-promoting protists in CeD and other immune-mediated food sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzmariel Medina Sanchez
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Magdalena Siller
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yanlin Zeng
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Pamela H Brigleb
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kishan A Sangani
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ariadna S Soto
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Clarisse Engl
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colin R Laughlin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mohit Rana
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Van Der Kraak
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Surya P Pandey
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mackenzie J Bender
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Britney Fitzgerald
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee Hedden
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kay Fiske
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gwen M Taylor
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Austin P Wright
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Isha D Mehta
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Syed A Rahman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Heather J Galipeau
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Steven J Mullett
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacy L Gelhaus
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Health Sciences Mass Spectrometry Core, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Premysl Bercik
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marlies Meisel
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jishnu Das
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Center for Systems Immunology, Departments of Immunology and Computational & Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elena F Verdú
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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5
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Sutherland DM, Strebl M, Koehler M, Welsh OL, Yu X, Hu L, dos Santos Natividade R, Knowlton JJ, Taylor GM, Moreno RA, Wörz P, Lonergan ZR, Aravamudhan P, Guzman-Cardozo C, Kour S, Pandey UB, Alsteens D, Wang Z, Prasad BVV, Stehle T, Dermody TS. NgR1 binding to reovirus reveals an unusual bivalent interaction and a new viral attachment protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219404120. [PMID: 37276413 PMCID: PMC10268256 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nogo-66 receptor 1 (NgR1) binds a variety of structurally dissimilar ligands in the adult central nervous system to inhibit axon extension. Disruption of ligand binding to NgR1 and subsequent signaling can improve neuron outgrowth, making NgR1 an important therapeutic target for diverse neurological conditions such as spinal crush injuries and Alzheimer's disease. Human NgR1 serves as a receptor for mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus), but the mechanism of virus-receptor engagement is unknown. To elucidate how NgR1 mediates cell binding and entry of reovirus, we defined the affinity of interaction between virus and receptor, determined the structure of the virus-receptor complex, and identified residues in the receptor required for virus binding and infection. These studies revealed that central NgR1 surfaces form a bridge between two copies of viral capsid protein σ3, establishing that σ3 serves as a receptor ligand for reovirus. This unusual binding interface produces high-avidity interactions between virus and receptor to prime early entry steps. These studies refine models of reovirus cell-attachment and highlight the evolution of viruses to engage multiple receptors using distinct capsid components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica M. Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Michael Strebl
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melanie Koehler
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivia L. Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Xinzhe Yu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Rita dos Santos Natividade
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jonathan J. Knowlton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Tomography Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Gwen M. Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Rodolfo A. Moreno
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Patrick Wörz
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zachery R. Lonergan
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy and Tomography Core, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Pavithra Aravamudhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Camila Guzman-Cardozo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Sukhleen Kour
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Udai Bhan Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA15261
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, 1348Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Children’s Neuroscience Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
| | - Zhao Wang
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 1300Wavre, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - B. V. Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX77030
| | - Thilo Stehle
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, D-72076Tübingen, Germany
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA15224
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA15219
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6
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Shang P, Simpson JD, Taylor GM, Sutherland DM, Welsh OL, Aravamudhan P, Natividade RDS, Schwab K, Michel JJ, Poholek AC, Wu Y, Rajasundaram D, Koehler M, Alsteens D, Dermody TS. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B is an entry receptor for mammalian orthoreovirus. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2615. [PMID: 37147336 PMCID: PMC10163058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38327-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) infects most mammals and is associated with celiac disease in humans. In mice, reovirus infects the intestine and disseminates systemically to cause serotype-specific patterns of disease in the brain. To identify receptors conferring reovirus serotype-dependent neuropathogenesis, we conducted a genome-wide CRISPRa screen and identified paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB) as a receptor candidate. Ectopic expression of PirB allowed reovirus binding and infection. PirB extracelluar D3D4 region is required for reovirus attachment and infectivity. Reovirus binds to PirB with nM affinity as determined by single molecule force spectroscopy. Efficient reovirus endocytosis requires PirB signaling motifs. In inoculated mice, PirB is required for maximal replication in the brain and full neuropathogenicity of neurotropic serotype 3 (T3) reovirus. In primary cortical neurons, PirB expression contributes to T3 reovirus infectivity. Thus, PirB is an entry receptor for reovirus and contributes to T3 reovirus replication and pathogenesis in the murine brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua D Simpson
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Gwen M Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Danica M Sutherland
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Olivia L Welsh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pavithra Aravamudhan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Rita Dos Santos Natividade
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Kristina Schwab
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joshua J Michel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Amanda C Poholek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yijen Wu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Melanie Koehler
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - David Alsteens
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- WELBIO Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Brigleb PH, Kouame E, Fiske KL, Taylor GM, Urbanek K, Medina Sanchez L, Hinterleitner R, Jabri B, Dermody TS. NK cells contribute to reovirus-induced IFN responses and loss of tolerance to dietary antigen. JCI Insight 2022; 7:159823. [PMID: 35993365 PMCID: PMC9462493 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.159823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease is an immune-mediated intestinal disorder that results from loss of oral tolerance (LOT) to dietary gluten. Reovirus elicits inflammatory Th1 cells and suppresses Treg responses to dietary antigen in a strain-dependent manner. Strain type 1 Lang (T1L) breaks oral tolerance, while strain type 3 Dearing reassortant virus (T3D-RV) does not. We discovered that intestinal infection by T1L in mice leads to the recruitment and activation of NK cells in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) in a type I IFN-dependent manner. Once activated following infection, NK cells produce type II IFN and contribute to IFN-stimulated gene expression in the MLNs, which in turn induces inflammatory DC and T cell responses. Immune depletion of NK cells impairs T1L-induced LOT to newly introduced food antigen. These studies indicate that NK cells modulate the response to dietary antigen in the presence of a viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela H. Brigleb
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elaine Kouame
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kay L. Fiske
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Gwen M. Taylor
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Kelly Urbanek
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and
| | - Luzmariel Medina Sanchez
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Reinhard Hinterleitner
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bana Jabri
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics and
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Gilbert JR, Taylor GM, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Cooper GM. Molecular Analyses in a Rabbit Model of Craniosynostosis: Likely Exclusion of Known Candidate Genes as the Loci of Origin. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 56:786-790. [PMID: 30370787 DOI: 10.1177/1055665618808623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniosynostosis (CS) involves the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. We work with a naturally occurring rabbit model of CS with an undefined etiology. Known causes of coronal CS were evaluated to identify potential associations with CS in the rabbit. DESIGN Candidate genes were sequenced in control New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits (n = 4) and synostotic NZW rabbits (n = 4). Variants were identified by alignment using Clustal Omega. OUTCOME MEASURES Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) were classified according to phenotypic associations and predicted impact on protein structure. Human correlates were identified in the database of single nucleotide polymorphisms (dbSNP). RESULTS A total of 21 SNVs were identified in the 10 genes examined. Variant classification and inheritance patterns are inconsistent with causality. CONCLUSIONS The genetic basis for disease in the CS rabbit likely involves novel loci and is not associated with known causes of coronal synostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Gilbert
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,2 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gwen M Taylor
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph E Losee
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark P Mooney
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,6 Department of Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh/Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,7 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gilbert JR, Taylor GM, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Cooper GM. Molecular Analysis of Gli3, Ihh, Rab23, and Jag1 in a Rabbit Model of Craniosynostosis: Likely Exclusion as the Loci of Origin. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 55:375-382. [PMID: 29437519 DOI: 10.1177/1055665617739001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Craniosynostosis (CS) involves the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. The etiology of CS is complex and mutations in more than 50 distinct genes have been causally linked to the disorder. Many of the genes that have been associated with CS in humans play an essential role in tissue patterning and early craniofacial development. Among these genes are members of the Hedgehog (HH) and Notch signal transduction pathways, including the GLI family member Gli3, Indian Hedgehog ( Ihh), the RAS oncogene family member Rab23, and the Notch ligand JAGGED1 ( Jag1). We have previously described a colony of rabbits with a heritable pattern of coronal suture synostosis, although the genetic basis for synostosis within this model remains unknown. The present study was performed to determine if coding errors in Gli3, Ihh, Rab23, or Jag1 could be causally linked to craniosynostosis in this unique animal model. DESIGN Sequencing of cDNA templates was performed using samples obtained from wild-type and craniosynostotic rabbits. RESULTS Several nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in Gli3, Ihh, and Rab23, although these variants failed to segregate by phenotype. No nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in Jag1. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the causal locus for heritable craniosynostosis in this rabbit model is not located within the protein coding regions of Gli3, Ihh, Rab23, or Jag1.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Gilbert
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gwen M Taylor
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph E Losee
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mark P Mooney
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,4 Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,5 Department of Orthodontics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- 1 Department of Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,3 Department of Oral Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,6 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Gilbert JR, Taylor GM, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Cooper GM. Resequencing of the Col1A1 gene of Oryctolagus cuniculus identifies splicing errors and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genes Genomics 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-017-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Taylor GM, Cooper GM, Losee JE, Mooney MP, Gilbert J. Molecular Analysis of Ephrin A4 and Ephrin B1 in a Rabbit Model of Craniosynostosis: Likely Exclusion as the Loci of Origin. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2017; 55:1020-1025. [PMID: 28135115 DOI: 10.1597/16-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) has a prevalence of approximately 1 in every 2000 live births and is characterized by the premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures. Failure to maintain the cell lineage boundary at the coronal suture is thought to be involved in the pathology of some forms of CS. The Ephrin family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of membrane-bound receptors and ligands that control cell patterning and the formation of developmental boundaries. Mutations in the ephrin A4 (EFNA4) and ephrin B1 (EFNB1) ligands have been linked to nonsyndromic CS and craniofrontonasal syndrome, respectively, in patient samples. We have previously described a colony of rabbits with a heritable pattern of coronal suture synostosis, although the genetic basis for synostosis within this model remains unknown. The present study was performed to determine if EFNA4 or EFNB1 could be the loci of the causal mutation in this unique animal model. Sequencing of EFNA4 and EFNB1 was performed using templates obtained from wild-type (n = 4) and craniosynostotic (n = 4) rabbits. No structural coding errors were identified in either gene. A single-nucleotide transversion was identified in one wild-type rabbit within the third intron of EFNA4. These data indicate that the causal locus for heritable CS in this rabbit model is not located within the structural coding regions of either EFNA4 or EFNB1.
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Cozen W, Timofeeva MN, Li D, Diepstra A, Hazelett D, Delahaye-Sourdeix M, Edlund CK, Franke L, Rostgaard K, Van Den Berg DJ, Cortessis VK, Smedby KE, Glaser SL, Westra HJ, Robison LL, Mack TM, Ghesquieres H, Hwang AE, Nieters A, de Sanjose S, Lightfoot T, Becker N, Maynadie M, Foretova L, Roman E, Benavente Y, Rand KA, Nathwani BN, Glimelius B, Staines A, Boffetta P, Link BK, Kiemeney L, Ansell SM, Bhatia S, Strong LC, Galan P, Vatten L, Habermann TM, Duell EJ, Lake A, Veenstra RN, Visser L, Liu Y, Urayama KY, Montgomery D, Gaborieau V, Weiss LM, Byrnes G, Lathrop M, Cocco P, Best T, Skol AD, Adami HO, Melbye M, Cerhan JR, Gallagher A, Taylor GM, Slager SL, Brennan P, Coetzee GA, Conti DV, Onel K, Jarrett RF, Hjalgrim H, van den Berg A, McKay JD. A meta-analysis of Hodgkin lymphoma reveals 19p13.3 TCF3 as a novel susceptibility locus. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3856. [PMID: 24920014 PMCID: PMC4055950 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) have identified associations with genetic variation at both HLA and non-HLA loci; however, much of heritable HL susceptibility remains unexplained. Here we perform a meta-analysis of three HL GWAS totaling 1,816 cases and 7,877 controls followed by replication in an independent set of 1,281 cases and 3,218 controls to find novel risk loci. We identify a novel variant at 19p13.3 associated with HL (rs1860661; odds ratio (OR)=0.81, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.76-0.86, P(combined) = 3.5 × 10(-10)), located in intron 2 of TCF3 (also known as E2A), a regulator of B- and T-cell lineage commitment known to be involved in HL pathogenesis. This meta-analysis also notes associations between previously published loci at 2p16, 5q31, 6p31, 8q24 and 10p14 and HL subtypes. We conclude that our data suggest a link between the 19p13.3 locus, including TCF3, and HL risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cozen
- 1] USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA [2]
| | - M N Timofeeva
- 1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France [2] Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK [3]
| | | | - A Diepstra
- 1] University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands [2]
| | - D Hazelett
- 1] USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA [2]
| | - M Delahaye-Sourdeix
- 1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France [2]
| | - C K Edlund
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - L Franke
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Rostgaard
- Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D J Van Den Berg
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - V K Cortessis
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - K E Smedby
- Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, S-221 00 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S L Glaser
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, Fremont, California 94538, USA
| | - H-J Westra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L L Robison
- St Jude Children's Hospital, Cordova, Tennessee 38105, USA
| | - T M Mack
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - H Ghesquieres
- Centre Léon Bérard, UMR CNRS 5239-Université Lyon 1, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - A E Hwang
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - A Nieters
- University Medical Centre Freiburg, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - S de Sanjose
- IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, 8907 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - N Becker
- German Cancer Research Centre, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Maynadie
- CHU de Dijon, EA 4184, University of Burgundy, 21070 Dijon, France
| | - L Foretova
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, 656 53 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - E Roman
- University of York, YO10 5DD York, UK
| | - Y Benavente
- IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, 8907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - K A Rand
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - B N Nathwani
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | | | - A Staines
- School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - P Boffetta
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York 10029-6574, USA
| | - B K Link
- University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - L Kiemeney
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 6500HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S M Ansell
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - S Bhatia
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - L C Strong
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - P Galan
- INSERM U557 (UMR Inserm; INRA; CNAM, Université Paris 13), 93017 Paris, France
| | - L Vatten
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - E J Duell
- IDIBELL Institut Català d'Oncologia, 8907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Lake
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - R N Veenstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Visser
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Y Liu
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Y Urayama
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 104-0044, Japan
| | - D Montgomery
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - V Gaborieau
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - L M Weiss
- Clarient Pathology Services, Aliso Viejo, California 92656, USA
| | - G Byrnes
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - M Lathrop
- Genome Quebec, Montreal, Canada H3A 0G1
| | - P Cocco
- Institute of Occupational Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy
| | - T Best
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5415, USA
| | - A D Skol
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5415, USA
| | - H-O Adami
- 1] Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, S-221 00 Stockholm, Sweden [2] Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - M Melbye
- Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J R Cerhan
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - A Gallagher
- MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - G M Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, M13 0JH Manchester, UK
| | - S L Slager
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
| | - P Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France
| | - G A Coetzee
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - D V Conti
- USC Keck School of Medicine, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9175, USA
| | - K Onel
- 1] The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637-5415, USA [2]
| | - R F Jarrett
- 1] MRC University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ Glasgow, Scotland, UK [2]
| | - H Hjalgrim
- 1] Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen, Denmark [2]
| | - A van den Berg
- 1] University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands [2]
| | - J D McKay
- 1] International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 69372 Lyon, France [2]
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Ooi YS, Stiles KM, Liu CY, Taylor GM, Kielian M. Genome-wide RNAi screen identifies novel host proteins required for alphavirus entry. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003835. [PMID: 24367265 PMCID: PMC3868536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enveloped alphaviruses include important and emerging human pathogens such as Chikungunya virus and Eastern equine encephalitis virus. Alphaviruses enter cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and exit by budding from the plasma membrane. While there has been considerable progress in defining the structure and function of the viral proteins, relatively little is known about the host factors involved in alphavirus infection. We used a genome-wide siRNA screen to identify host factors that promote or inhibit alphavirus infection in human cells. Fuzzy homologue (FUZ), a protein with reported roles in planar cell polarity and cilia biogenesis, was required for the clathrin-dependent internalization of both alphaviruses and the classical endocytic ligand transferrin. The tetraspanin membrane protein TSPAN9 was critical for the efficient fusion of low pH-triggered virus with the endosome membrane. FUZ and TSPAN9 were broadly required for infection by the alphaviruses Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Chikungunya virus, but were not required by the structurally-related flavivirus Dengue virus. Our results highlight the unanticipated functions of FUZ and TSPAN9 in distinct steps of alphavirus entry and suggest novel host proteins that may serve as targets for antiviral therapy. Alphaviruses are a group of small enveloped viruses that include important human pathogens for which there are no antiviral therapies or vaccines. Alphaviruses enter host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis and low pH-triggered membrane fusion, and exit by budding from the host cell plasma membrane. The roles of host cell proteins in these events are not well understood in spite of extensive studies. Here we performed a screen using small interfering RNAs to identify host factors involved in alphavirus infection of human cells. We defined the mechanism of two novel host proteins that promote alphavirus entry. Fuzzy homologue (FUZ), a protein with roles in cilia biogenesis, promoted endocytosis of both alphaviruses and a well-studied endocytic cargo, transferrin. The tetraspanin membrane protein, TSPAN9, did not significantly affect endocytic uptake or acidification, but was critical for the efficient fusion of the virus in the endosome. These two proteins were required for infection by several different alphaviruses, suggesting that they may be useful targets for drugs to prevent alphavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Shin Ooi
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katie M. Stiles
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Catherine Y. Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gwen M. Taylor
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
AbstractA retrospective longitudinal study was performed to quantify foetal growth velocities in twin pregnancies and to determine the effect of variables specific to twin pregnancies on growth velocity. Foetal growth velocity standard deviation (Z) scores were calculated from serial ultrasound data using published singleton reference data for 131 consecutive sets of twins from 30 to 37 weeks' gestation. Compared with low-risk pregnancies, the twin foetal abdominal area growth velocity Z scores were significantly reduced from 30 to 37 weeks and biparietal diameter growth velocity Z scores were also significantly lower, from 30 to 33 weeks. Amongst the twin pairs there were no significant differences in Z scores with respect to chorionicity, foetal sex, birth order to whether delivery was premature or term. This retrospective study has demonstrated that twin foetal growth velocity is reduced when compared to singletons from at least as early as 30 weeks' gestation. Twin specific variables such as chorionicity, sex, birth order and subsequent premature birth do not need to be accounted for in the interpretation of growth velocities in twins. The clinical importance of determining foetal growth velocity in twin pregnancies awaits further prospective study.
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Taylor GM, Ma L, Vogt VM, Post CB. NMR relaxation studies of an RNA-binding segment of the rous sarcoma virus gag polyprotein in free and bound states: a model for autoinhibition of assembly. Biochemistry 2010; 49:4006-17. [PMID: 20387899 DOI: 10.1021/bi902196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of retrovirus particles is promoted by interaction of the Gag polyprotein with RNA. Nonspecific RNA association with the nucleocapsid domain (NC) of Gag induces the dimerization of Gag through protein-protein contacts in the capsid domain (CA), followed by higher order assembly to form the immature virus particle. NMR relaxation studies were conducted to investigate the initial steps of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) assembly by examining the association with nucleic acid of a fragment of Gag comprising the C-terminal domain of CA (CTD) postulated to mediate Gag dimerization, the spacer region between CA and NC (SP), and NC. This fragment, CTD-SP-NC (residues 394-577), spans the critical SP region and allows assessment of this key Gag-nucleic acid interaction in the context of the Gag polyprotein rather than the isolated domains. Main-chain amide relaxation of CTD-SP-NC was measured in the absence and presence of (GT)(4), an 8-mer DNA oligonucleotide that binds tightly to the polyprotein but is too short to promote Gag dimerization. The results show that the CTD and NC domains tumble independently. In contrast, the two zinc finger domains within NC are rotationally coupled in both the unbound and bound states, even though only the first zinc finger appears to make direct contact with (GT)(4). In addition, the NMR data indicate that SP and flanking residues undergo a conformational exchange process that is slowed in the presence of (GT)(4). This region around SP where relaxation is strongly affected by (GT)(4) binding is nearly identical to the assembly domain defined previously by mutagenesis studies. Other changes in relaxation induced by (GT)(4) implicate conformational perturbations of helices 1 and 4 in CTD. On the basis of the combined data, we propose a model for the promotion of Gag dimerization by RNA association in which NC-RNA binding disrupts an assembly inhibitory, intramolecular interaction involving SP and CTD. Disruption of this intramolecular interaction is proposed to enhance the accessibility of the Gag dimer contact surface and release the assembly domain to promote intermolecular oligomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Taylor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Markey Center for Structural Biology, and Purdue Cancer Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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Taylor GM, Hussain A, Verhage V, Thompson PD, Fergusson WD, Watkins G, Lightfoot T, Harrison CJ, Birch JM. Strong association of the HLA-DP6 supertype with childhood leukaemia is due to a single allele, DPB1*0601. Leukemia 2009; 23:863-9. [PMID: 19148140 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that susceptibility to childhood B cell precursor ALL (BCP ALL) is associated with HLA-DPB1 alleles having glutamic acid (E) rather than lysine (K) in the P4 antigenic peptide-binding pocket. Clustering approximately 90% of DPB1 alleles into DPB69E (DP2, 6, 8) and DPB69K (DP1, 3, 4) supertypes revealed that DP2 and DP8 are associated with BCP ALL, but DP6 is also associated with non-BCP leukaemia. Here, we report that only one of seven alleles with the DP6 supertype (DPB1(*)0601) is associated with childhood leukaemia (leukaemia vs controls: odds ratio, 95% confidence interval [OR, CI]: 4.6, 2.0-10.4; corrected P=0.019), but not with childhood solid tumours or lymphomas. DPB1(*)0601 is also significantly associated with leukaemia subtypes, including BCP ALL, Pro-B ALL, T-ALL and AML. DPB1(*)0601 is significantly over-transmitted (76.9%) from parents to children with BCP ALL (OR; CI: 4.7; 1.01-22.2). Sequencing the coding region of DPB1(*)0601 revealed an exon 1-4 haplotype [T-DEAV-KIL-RVI] shared with DPB1(*)0301 and 0901, but no evidence of germline mutations in childhood leukaemia. These results suggest that the DPbeta0601 molecule may be functionally involved in childhood leukaemia. Analysis of peptide binding and T-cell activation by DPbeta0601-peptide complexes should help determine its role in childhood leukaemia causation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Cancer Immunogenetics Group, School of Cancer and Imaging Sciences, University of Manchester, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester, UK.
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Taylor GM, Hanson PI, Kielian M. Ubiquitin depletion and dominant-negative VPS4 inhibit rhabdovirus budding without affecting alphavirus budding. J Virol 2007; 81:13631-9. [PMID: 17913808 PMCID: PMC2168838 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01688-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The budding reactions of a number of enveloped viruses use the cellular machinery involved in the formation of the luminal vesicles of endosomal multivesicular bodies (MVB). Budding of these viruses is dependent on the presence of specific late-domain motifs in membrane-associated viral proteins. Such budding reactions usually involve ubiquitin and are blocked by expression of an ATPase-deficient form of VPS4, a cellular AAA+ ATPase believed to be required late in the MVB pathway for the disassembly/release of the MVB machinery. Here we examined the role of the MVB pathway in the budding of the late-domain-containing rhabdovirus vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and the alphavirus Semliki Forest virus (SFV). We tested early and late steps in the MVB pathway by depleting ubiquitin with the proteasome inhibitor MG-132 and by using cell lines inducibly expressing VPS4A or VPS4B protein. As previously shown, VSV budding was strongly dependent on ubiquitin. In contrast to the findings of previous studies with VPS4A, expression of ATPase-deficient mutants of either VPS4A or VPS4B inhibited VSV budding. Inhibition by VPS4 required the presence of the PPPY late domain on the VSV matrix protein and resulted in the accumulation of nonreleased VSV particles at the plasma membrane. In contrast, SFV budding was independent of both ubiquitin and the activity of VPS4, perhaps reflecting the important role of the highly organized envelope protein lattice during alphavirus budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Taylor
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Wilson KS, Freeland JML, Gallagher A, Cosby SL, Earle JAP, Alexander FE, Taylor GM, Jarrett RF. Measles virus and classical Hodgkin lymphoma: no evidence for a direct association. Int J Cancer 2007; 121:442-7. [PMID: 17390376 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A proportion of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) cases are causally associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) but the aetiology of the remaining cases remains obscure. Over the last 3 decades several studies have found an association between HL and measles virus (MV) including a recent cohort study describing the detection of MV antigens in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells, the tumour cells in HL. In the present study we looked at the relationship between history of MV infection and risk of developing HL in a population-based, case/control study of HL. In addition we used immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR to look for direct evidence of MV in HL biopsies. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cases reporting previous measles compared to controls in the entire data set or when young adults were considered separately. Using a robust immunohistochemical assay for MV infection, we failed to find evidence of MV in biopsies from 97 cases of HL and RT-PCR studies similarly gave negative results. This study therefore provides no evidence that MV is directly involved in the development of HL. However, when age at first reported MV infection was investigated, significant differences emerged with children infected before school-age having higher risk, especially of EBV-ve HL, when compared with children infected at older ages; the interpretation of these latter results is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Wilson
- LRF Virus Centre, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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19
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Davies BG, Hussain A, Ring SM, Birch JM, Eden TOB, Reeves M, Dubrova YE, Taylor GM. New germline mutations in the hypervariable minisatellite CEB1 in the parents of children with leukaemia. Br J Cancer 2007; 96:1265-71. [PMID: 17387343 PMCID: PMC2360154 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gardner and co-workers advanced the hypothesis that the Seascale leukaemia cluster could have been caused by new mutations in germ cells, induced by paternal preconceptional irradiation (PPI) exposure at the Sellafield nuclear installation. Since evidence has shown that PPI can increase the de novo germline mutation rate in hypervariable minisatellite loci, we investigated the hypothesis that sporadic childhood leukaemia might be associated with an increased parental germline minisatellite mutation rate. To test this hypothesis, we compared de novo germline mutation rates in the hypervariable minisatellite locus, CEB1, in family trios (both parents and their child) of children with leukaemia (n=135) compared with unaffected control families (n=124). The majority of case and control germline mutations were paternal (94%); the mean paternal germline mutation rates of children with leukaemia (0.083) and control children (0.156) were not significantly different (odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 0.50, 0.23–1.08; P=0.11). There were no significant differences in case and control parental allele sizes, case and control germline mutation progenitor allele sizes (2.74 vs 2.54 kb; P=0.56), case and control mutant allele sizes (2.71 vs 2.67 kb; P=0.90), mutant allele size changes (0.13 vs 0.26 kb; P=0.10), or mutational spectra. Within the limitation of the number of families available for study, we conclude that childhood leukaemia is unlikely to be associated with increased germline minisatellite instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Davies
- Cancer Immunogenetics Laboratory, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - A Hussain
- Cancer Immunogenetics Laboratory, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - S M Ring
- ALSPAC DNA and Cell Line Bank, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J M Birch
- CRUK Paediatric and Familial Cancer Study Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - T O B Eden
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - M Reeves
- Academic Unit of Paediatric Oncology, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Y E Dubrova
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - G M Taylor
- Cancer Immunogenetics Laboratory, Division of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- E-mail:
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20
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Ng A, Taylor GM, Eden OB. Genotoxicity of etoposide: greater susceptibility of MLL than other target genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 164:164-7. [PMID: 16434323 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2005.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability of topoisomerase 2 inhibitors to induce DNA breakage is well recognized. Previous studies, however, have concentrated on the effects on individual genes. The effects of etoposide on the MLL, RUNX1, and MLLT3 genes were simultaneously studied in the same hemopoietic cell population. We found MLL to be more susceptible to etoposide-induced cleavage than RUNX1 and MLLT3, with maximum cleavage at a lower drug concentration. A higher level of MLL than other gene cleavage was also detected after cellular exposure to all drug concentrations. Greater susceptibility to topoisomerase 2 inhibitor-induced cleavage may explain the more frequent involvement of MLL in treatment-related leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK M13 3PL.
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21
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Cordano P, Lake A, Shield L, Taylor GM, Alexander FE, Taylor PRA, White J, Jarrett RF. Effect of IL-6 promoter polymorphism on incidence and outcome in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2005; 128:493-5. [PMID: 15686457 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2004.05353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) is present at position -174 of the human interleukin-6 gene. The risk of developing Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) in young adults decreases with an increasing number of C alleles at this position. We analysed the effect of this SNP on incidence and outcome in HL. DNA samples from 408 cases and 349 controls were screened and analysed following stratification by age, histological subtype and Epstein-Barr virus status. Although the risk of classical HL in young adults decreased with increasing C alleles, case-control differences were not significant. An excess of G alleles was observed for nodular lymphocyte predominant HL in young adults (n = 21), which was significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cordano
- LRF Virus Centre, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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22
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Ng A, Ravetto PF, Taylor GM, Wynn RF, Eden OB. Coexistence of treatment-related MLL cleavage and rearrangement in a child with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Br J Cancer 2005; 91:1990-2. [PMID: 15570305 PMCID: PMC2409780 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment-related acute myeloid leukaemia (t-AML) is a serious complication of topoisomerase 2 inhibitor therapy and is characterised by the presence of mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) rearrangement. By molecular tracking, we were able to show that MLL cleavage preceded gene rearrangement by 3 months and before the clinical diagnosis of t-AML in a patient with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. This is the first report on the sequential detection of the two biomarkers in treatment-related leukaemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Manchester, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals Trust, Manchester, UK.
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23
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Abstract
The molecular effects of etoposide in haemopoietic cells suggest that mixed lineage leukaemia (MLL) abnormalities can be biomarkers of patient susceptibility to the genotoxic effects of topoisomerase 2 (topo 2) inhibitors. We have prospectively studied treatment-related MLL cleavage and rearrangement in serial samples from 71 children receiving chemotherapy, using Southern blot analysis and panhandle PCR. The results were related to patient demographics, treatment details and outcome. MLL cleavage was identified in six bone marrow samples from five patients 2-10 months after the start of therapy. There was no obvious relationship between the degree of MLL cleavage and cumulative dose or schedule of topo 2 inhibitors. Three children with low percentage (23-30%) cleavage remained well and two were still receiving treatment at study completion. One child with two consecutively positive samples and higher level of MLL cleavage (45-48%) died from treatment-related toxicities and relapsed leukaemia. A patient with haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis developed the highest level of MLL cleavage (50%) at 3 months and a treatment-related leukaemia with MLL rearrangement 6 months after the start of treatment. It would appear that some patients are inherently more susceptible to the genotoxic effect of topo 2 inhibitors. The degree and persistence of MLL cleavage may identify patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Manchester and Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospital Trust, Manchester, UK
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Taylor GM, Stewart GR, Cooke M, Chaplin S, Ladva S, Kirkup J, Palmer S, Young DB. Koch's bacillus - a look at the first isolate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from a modern perspective. Microbiology (Reading) 2004; 149:3213-3220. [PMID: 14600233 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26654-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Using molecular methods the authors have studied mycobacterial DNA taken from a 19th century victim of tuberculosis. This was the case from which Robert Koch first isolated and cultured the organism responsible for tuberculosis. The mycobacteria were preserved within five glass culture tubes as abundant bacterial colonies on slopes of a gelatinous culture medium of unknown composition. Originally presented by Koch to surgical laryngologist Walter Jobson Horne in London in 1901, the relic has, since 1983, been in the care of the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Light and electron microscopy established the presence of acid-fast mycobacteria but showed that morphological preservation was generally poor. Eleven different genomic loci were successfully amplified by PCR. This series of experiments confirmed that the organisms were indeed Mycobacterium tuberculosis and further showed that the original strain was in evolutionary terms similar to 'modern' isolates, having undergone the TB D1 deletion. Attempts to determine the genotypic group of the isolate were only partially successful, due in part to the degraded nature of the DNA and possibly also to a truncation in the katG gene, which formed part of the classification scheme. Spoligotyping resulted in amplification of DR spacers consistent with M. tuberculosis but with discrepancies between independent extracts, stressing the limitations of this typing method when applied to poorly preserved material.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - G R Stewart
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M Cooke
- Museums of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - S Chaplin
- Museums of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - S Ladva
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
| | - J Kirkup
- Museums of The Royal College of Surgeons of England, 35-43 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PE, UK
| | - S Palmer
- TB Diagnostic Department, Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Addlestone, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - D B Young
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Kerr JR, Barah F, Cunniffe VS, Smith J, Vallely PJ, Will AM, Wynn RF, Stevens RF, Taylor GM, Cleator GM, Eden OB. Association of acute parvovirus B19 infection with new onset of acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:873-5. [PMID: 14600138 PMCID: PMC1770100 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.11.873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the association of acute parvovirus B19 infection with new onset of acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukaemia. METHODS Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML) at diagnosis (n = 2) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) at diagnosis (n = 14) were analysed for parvovirus B19 DNA by means of nested polymerase chain reaction. In addition, samples from patients with benign intracranial hypertension (BIH) (n = 10) and hydrocephalus (n = 13) were tested as controls. RESULTS Four leukaemia cases were positive-common ALL (n = 2), null cell ALL (n =1), and M7 AML (n = 1)-whereas all controls were negative (Yates corrected chi(2) value, 3.97; p = 0.046; odds ratio, 16.92; confidence interval, 1.03 to 77.18). All four patients were significantly anaemic, but none was encephalitic or had evidence of central nervous system leukaemia. In three of these patients, serum tumour necrosis alpha, interferon gamma, interleukin 6, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (range, 34.93-3800.06 pg/ml), and macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 were detectable. All of these four patients carried at least one of the HLA-DRB1 alleles, which have been associated with symptomatic parvovirus B19 infection. CONCLUSION Erythroid suppression and immune cell proliferation are both associated with B19 infection and may also be important in the pathogenesis of acute leukaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Kerr
- Department of Microbiology, Royal Brompton Hospital, Imperial College London, Sydney Street, London SW3 6NP, UK.
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26
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Abstract
Retrovirus packaging cell lines that express the Moloney murine leukemia virus gag, pol, and env genes and a retroviral vector genome can produce virus particles that are capable of transducing cells. Normally if the packaging cell line does not produce a functional viral fusion glycoprotein, such as the retroviral envelope protein or a foreign viral glycoprotein, then the viruses will be incapable of transducing cells. We have found that incubating envelope protein-deficient virus particles bound to cells with chlorpromazine leads to transduction. Chlorpromazine (CPZ) is a membrane-active reagent that is commonly used to induce the hemifusion to fusion transition when membrane fusion is mediated by partially defective viral glycoproteins. The concentration and pH dependence of the promotion of transduction by CPZ is consistent with a role for CPZ micelle formation in viral entry. These data indicate that caution is warranted when experiments concerning membrane fusion completion promoted by CPZ are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lilly Hall, 915 W. State Street, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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27
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Jarrett RF, Krajewski AS, Angus B, Freeland J, Taylor PR, Taylor GM, Alexander FE. The Scotland and Newcastle epidemiological study of Hodgkin's disease: impact of histopathological review and EBV status on incidence estimates. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:811-6. [PMID: 14600123 PMCID: PMC1770114 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.11.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The epidemiological and pathological features of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are complex. The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is consistently associated with a proportion of cases, and these cases are thought to represent a distinct aetiological subgroup of HL. The aim of the present analysis was to determine the age and sex specific incidence of EBV associated and non-associated HL, analysed separately, using data derived from a population based study-the Scotland and Newcastle epidemiological study of Hodgkin's disease (SNEHD). This study also provided a unique opportunity to evaluate accuracy in the current diagnosis and classification of HL. METHODS SNEHD analysed consecutive cases of HL diagnosed in the study area between 1993 and 1997. Diagnostic biopsy material was retrieved, EBV status of tumours was determined, and histological review was performed. RESULTS In total, 622 cases were eligible for the study, and EBV studies and histopathological review were performed on biopsy material from 537 and 549 cases, respectively. Accuracy in the overall diagnosis of HL and classification of nodular sclerosis HL was good, but diagnosis of HL in the elderly and classification of other subtypes was less reliable. One third of classic HL cases were EBV associated, and age specific incidence curves for EBV associated and non-associated cases were distinct. CONCLUSIONS Comparison of age specific incidence curves for EBV associated and non-associated HL supports the hypothesis that these are two distinct aetiological entities. Accuracy in the diagnosis of HL is generally good, but certain subgroups of cases continue to present diagnostic difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Jarrett
- LRF Virus Centre, Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK.
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28
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Abstract
The cytoplasmic domains of viral glycoproteins influence the trafficking and subcellular localization of the glycoproteins and their incorporation into virions. They also promote correct virus morphology and viral budding. The cytoplasmic domains of murine-leukemia-virus envelope-protein TM subunits regulate membrane fusion. During virion maturation the carboxy-terminal 16 amino acid residues of the TM protein are removed by the retroviral protease. Deletion of these residues activates envelope-protein-mediated membrane fusion. Our quantitative analysis of the effects of Moloney murine leukemia virus TM mutations on envelope-protein function support the proposition that a trimeric coiled coil in the TM cytoplasmic domain inhibits fusion. The data demonstrate that cleavage of the TM cytoplasmic domain is not required for viral entry and provide evidence for a model in which fusogenic and nonfusogenic conformations of the envelope protein exists in an equilibrium that is regulated by the cytoplasmic domain. In addition, a conserved tyrosine residue in the TM cytoplasmic domain was shown to play an important role in envelope-protein incorporation into retroviral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen M Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1392, USA
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29
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Ravetto PF, Agarwal R, Chiswick ML, D'Souza SW, Eden OB, Taylor GM. Absence of leukaemic fusion gene transcripts in preterm infants exposed to diagnostic x rays. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2003; 88:F237-44. [PMID: 12719399 PMCID: PMC1721549 DOI: 10.1136/fn.88.3.f237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood leukaemias express novel, clonotypic fusion genes that may already be present at birth before the clinical manifestation of leukaemia. Exposure of the fetus to diagnostic x rays is reported to increase the risk of childhood leukaemia, and may do so by generating leukaemic fusion genes. Advances in neonatal medicine in the past decade that have extended the limits of viability of preterm babies down to 23 weeks of gestation have resulted in the increased use of diagnostic x rays to monitor neonatal progress. AIM To investigate whether exposure of very preterm infants to diagnostic x rays in the neonatal period leads to the development of leukaemic fusion genes. METHODS Peripheral blood samples were collected at birth from very preterm infants (23-30 weeks gestation) and following exposure to diagnostic x rays at intervals of two weeks, until discharge. Cord blood samples from normal full term infants served as controls. Total RNA was extracted from the blood and the expression of the fusion genes TEL-AML1, MLL-AF4, and BCR-ABL, characteristic of three subtypes of childhood leukaemia, was investigated in the preterm and full term infant samples using a nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction method. Serial pre- and post-x ray samples from 42 preterm babies, pre-x ray samples from an additional 46 preterm infants, and cord blood samples from 100 normal full term infants were screened for fusion gene transcripts. RESULTS No leukaemic fusion gene transcripts were detected in preterm infants following exposure to diagnostic x rays. A BCR-ABL transcript was identified in a single preterm infant prior to x ray exposure. TEL-AML1 transcripts were detected in cord blood samples from two full term infants. MLL-AF4 transcripts were not detected in any of the pre- or full term infants tested. CONCLUSIONS Exposure of the preterm infants to x rays in this small series and at the doses used for diagnostic purposes did not induce leukaemic fusion gene expression, but we cannot exclude the possibility that a small proportion of preterm infants may be unusually sensitive to x rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- P F Ravetto
- University of Manchester, Immunogenetics Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK
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30
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Staratschek-Jox A, Shugart YY, Strom SS, Nagler A, Taylor GM. Genetic susceptibility to Hodgkin's lymphoma and to secondary cancer: workshop report. Ann Oncol 2002; 13 Suppl 1:30-3. [PMID: 12078899 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/13.s1.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the occurrence of familial Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a rare event, genetic susceptibility as a cause of HL and its influence on treatment outcome may not be rare. However, results obtained from the analysis of HL families will probably have broad implications with regard to understanding common pathogenic factors leading to the development of the disease. The description of anticipation among the affected offspring of HL patients further strengthens the view that heritable factors contribute to development of HL. Moreover, the finding that particular human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles are associated with susceptibility to HL may be regarded as a hint to the presence of an as yet undefined infectious agent, leading to the growth of a malignant lymphoma cell clone in those patients that are more susceptible to this agent due to their HLA genotype. In addition, since an intrinsic genomic instability was observed in a proportion of HL patients, it is plausible that these patients are not only susceptible to the causation of HL, but are also at a higher risk of developing therapy-related (TR) secondary cancers following treatment. Estimation of sister chromatid exchange was established as a tool to identify patients at higher risk of TR cancer. In this context the use of therapeutic agents known to increase genomic instability should be carefully considered prior to determing the best treatment. The future identification of heritable factors contributing to HL will be of importance both with regard to diagnosis as well as treatment of HL patients.
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31
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Mays S, Fysh E, Taylor GM. Investigation of the link between visceral surface rib lesions and tuberculosis in a Medieval skeletal series from England using ancient DNA. Am J Phys Anthropol 2002; 119:27-36. [PMID: 12209571 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.10099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Seven human skeletons from a large assemblage from a rural English Medieval burial site show lesions, predominantly proliferative in nature, on the visceral surfaces of the ribs. In order to investigate whether these rib lesions were regularly associated with tuberculous infection, these individuals, together with a group of age- and sex-matched control skeletons without bony signs of infection, were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays aimed at detecting traces of DNA from infecting microorganisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. The results provided no evidence for any regular association between visceral surface rib lesions and the presence of M. tuberculosis complex DNA in the study group. The significance of these findings for the paleopathological interpretation of visceral surface rib lesions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mays
- Ancient Monuments Laboratory, English Heritage Centre for Archaeology, Fort Cumberland, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LD, UK.
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McNally RJQ, Cairns DP, Eden OB, Alexander FE, Taylor GM, Kelsey AM, Birch JM. An infectious aetiology for childhood brain tumours? Evidence from space-time clustering and seasonality analyses. Br J Cancer 2002; 86:1070-7. [PMID: 11953851 PMCID: PMC2364189 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6600228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2001] [Revised: 02/12/2002] [Accepted: 02/13/2002] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether infections or other environmental exposures may be involved in the aetiology of childhood central nervous system tumours, we have analysed for space-time clustering and seasonality using population-based data from the North West of England for the period 1954 to 1998. Knox tests for space-time interactions between cases were applied with fixed thresholds of close in space, <5 km, and close in time, <1 year apart. Addresses at birth and diagnosis were used. Tests were repeated replacing geographical distance with distance to the Nth nearest neighbour. N was chosen such that the mean distance was 5 km. Data were also examined by a second order procedure based on K-functions. Tests for heterogeneity and Edwards' test for sinusoidal variation were applied to examine changes of incidence with month of birth or diagnosis. There was strong evidence of space-time clustering, particularly involving cases of astrocytoma and ependymoma. Analyses of seasonal variation showed excesses of cases born in the late Autumn or Winter. Results are consistent with a role for infections in a proportion of cases from these diagnostic groups. Further studies are needed to identify putative infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Q McNally
- Cancer Research UK Paediatric & Familial Cancer Research Group, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester M27 4HA, UK.
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Agarwal R, Chiswick ML, Rimmer S, Taylor GM, McNally RJQ, Alston RD, D'Souza SW. Antenatal steroids are associated with a reduction in the incidence of cerebral white matter lesions in very low birthweight infants. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2002; 86:F96-F101. [PMID: 11882551 PMCID: PMC1721392 DOI: 10.1136/fn.86.2.f96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate whether antenatal steroids reduce the incidence of cerebral white matter lesions in very low birthweight infants. METHODS A total of 224 newborn infants of < 31 weeks gestational age and weighing < 1500 g was studied between January 1998 and June 2000. Obstetric and neonatal information was obtained from the case notes. The study population was subdivided into two groups according to antenatal steroid exposure. A complete course of treatment consisted of two doses of 12 mg each of betamethasone given at an interval of 12-24 hours. Infants in group 1 were born to mothers who had not received betamethasone, or were delivered within 24 hours of receiving the first dose of steroid. Infants in group 2 were born to mothers who had received one or more complete courses of betamethasone and were delivered > 24 hours after receiving the first dose of steroid. RESULTS The two groups contained statistically similar proportions of boys and girls, and the infants had similar birth weights and survival rates. Those in group 2, compared with those in group 1, had a lower gestational age (p = 0.02) and a lower incidence of white matter lesions on cranial ultrasound scans (p = 0.03). Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that gestational age (p = 0.0002) and a complete course of antenatal steroids (p = 0.02) had independent effects on cerebral white matter lesions. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that a complete course of antenatal steroids may have a protective effect against cerebral white matter lesions in very low birthweight infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Agarwal
- Neonatal Medical Unit, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 0JH, UK
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34
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Sales MP, Taylor GM, Hughes S, Yates M, Hewinson G, Young DB, Shaw RJ. Genetic diversity among Mycobacterium bovis isolates: a preliminary study of strains from animal and human sources. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:4558-62. [PMID: 11724883 PMCID: PMC88587 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.39.12.4558-4562.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis has the broadest host range of species in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and is responsible for disease in humans and diverse animal species. We report on genotypic differences at multiple loci among 13 isolates derived from a range of human and animal infections. All isolates were classified as M. bovis by phenotypic analysis but could be subdivided into five distinct genotypes based on polymorphisms at the pncA and oxyR loci, the status of the RD5 deletion region, and the spoligotype pattern. These findings suggest the existence of a spectrum of strains with genotypic characteristics between those of M. tuberculosis and M. bovis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Sales
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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35
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Abstract
Mice expressing the Fv-4 gene are resistant to infection by ecotropic murine leukemia viruses (MuLVs). The Fv-4 gene encodes an envelope (Env) protein whose putative receptor-binding domain resembles that of ecotropic MuLV Env protein. Resistance to ecotropic MuLVs appears to result from viral interference involving binding of the endogenously expressed Fv-4 env-encoded protein to the ecotropic receptor, although the immune system also plays a role in resistance. The Fv-4 env-encoded protein is processed normally and can be incorporated into virus particles but is unable to promote viral entry. Among the many sequence variations between the transmembrane (TM) subunit of the Fv-4 env-encoded protein and the TM subunits of other MuLV Env proteins, there is a substitution of an arginine residue in the Fv-4 env-encoded protein for a glycine residue (gly-491 in Moloney MuLV Env) that is otherwise conserved in all of the other MuLVs. This residue is present in the MuLV TM fusion peptide sequence. In this study, gly-491 of Moloney MuLV Env has been replaced with other residues and a mutant Env bearing a substitution for gly-487 was also created. G491R recapitulates the Fv-4 Env phenotype in cell culture, indicating that this substitution is sufficient for creation of an Env protein that can establish the interference-mediated resistance to ecotropic viruses produced by the Fv-4 gene. Analysis of the mutant MuLV Env proteins also has implications for an understanding of the role of conserved glycine residues in fusion peptides and for the engineering of organismal resistance to retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA
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McNally RJ, Cairns DP, Eden OB, Kelsey AM, Taylor GM, Birch JM. Examination of temporal trends in the incidence of childhood leukaemias and lymphomas provides aetiological clues. Leukemia 2001; 15:1612-8. [PMID: 11587220 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The age-sex distributions and temporal trends in incidence of leukaemia and lymphoma from the Manchester Children's Tumour Registry (MCTR), 1954-1998, are reported. This 45-year study includes 1795 children, all of whom had a histologically and/or cytologically verified leukaemia or lymphoma. At the time of their diagnoses all the children were under 15 years of age and were resident in a geographically defined area of northwest England covered by the MCTR. Log-linear modelling identified significant linear increases in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) (average annual increase 0.7%; P= 0.005) and in Hodgkin's disease (HD) (1.2%, P=0.04), but not in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), nor in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). The increase in ALL was most pronounced amongst males, aged 1-4 years, and is likely to be due to precursor B-cell leukaemias. The increases in ALL and HD are discussed in relation to current hypotheses suggesting a role for infection. Additionally, a non-linear cohort effect was identified for NHL (P= 0.008), which may indicate the involvement of environmental factors other than infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J McNally
- Cancer Research Campaign Paediatric and Familial Cancer Research Group, University of Manchester, UK
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37
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McNally RJ, Kelsey AM, Cairns DP, Taylor GM, Eden OB, Birch JM. Temporal increases in the incidence of childhood solid tumors seen in Northwest England (1954-1998) are likely to be real. Cancer 2001; 92:1967-76. [PMID: 11745272 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(20011001)92:7<1967::aid-cncr1716>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been speculation that increasing trends in incidence of childhood central nervous system tumors and infant neuroblastoma in the United States have been due to diagnostic improvements or reporting changes. To investigate whether or not such trends could be explained in this way in the U.K., the authors used population-based data from Northwest England to analyze incidence trends in childhood solid tumors. METHODS Cases were diagnosed during 1954-1998 and were grouped according to a morphology-based classification scheme. More than 95% of diagnoses were based on special histopathologic review. Tissue sections were retained, and diagnoses were rereviewed to ensure consistency in classification throughout the time period. Age-, gender- and period-specific incidence rates were calculated. Analyses were performed with chi-square tests and Poisson regression. RESULTS There was an overall increase in the incidence of all childhood solid tumors of 0.9% each year. A temporal increase was found in childhood brain tumors characterized by, in particular, annual increases of 1% in pilocytic astrocytoma, 1% in primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and 2.3% in miscellaneous gliomas. The incidence of germ cell tumors increased at a rate of 2.6% each year. CONCLUSIONS These increases could not be attributed to changes in diagnostic practice, and it is unlikely that the increases were due to changes in reporting practice. Further, the restriction of the increases to certain groups, with stable rates in others, argued against the changes being artifactual. The authors concluded that the increases in incidence were likely to be real.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J McNally
- CRC Paediatric and Familiar Cancer Research Group, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Stancliffe, Hospital Road, Manchester M27 4HA, England, UK
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38
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Abstract
The occurrence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in 2 of 3 triplets provided a unique opportunity for the investigation of leukemogenesis and the natural history of ALL. The 2 leukemic triplets were monozygotic twins and shared an identical, acquired TEL-AML1 genomic fusion sequence indicative of a single-cell origin in utero in one fetus followed by dissemination of clonal progeny to the comonozygotic twin by intraplacental transfer. In accord with this interpretation, clonotypic TEL-AML1 fusion sequences could be amplified from the archived neonatal blood spots of the leukemic twins. The blood spot of the third, healthy, dizygotic triplet was also fusion gene positive in a single segment, though at age 3 years, his blood was found negative by sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening for the genomic sequence and by reverse transcription-PCR. Leukemic cells in both twins had, in addition to TEL-AML1 fusion, a deletion of the normal, nonrearranged TEL allele. However, this genetic change was found by fluorescence in situ hybridization to be subclonal in both twins. Furthermore, mapping of the genomic boundaries of TEL deletions using microsatellite markers indicated that they were individually distinct in the twins and therefore must have arisen as independent and secondary events, probably after birth. These data support a multihit temporal model for the pathogenesis of the common form of childhood leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T Maia
- Leukaemia Research Fund Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, Chester Beatty Laboratories, London, United Kingdom
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39
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Alexander FE, Jarrett RF, Cartwright RA, Armstrong AA, Gokhale DA, Kane E, Gray D, Lawrence DJ, Taylor GM. Epstein-Barr Virus and HLA-DPB1-*0301 in young adult Hodgkin's disease: evidence for inherited susceptibility to Epstein-Barr Virus in cases that are EBV(+ve). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10:705-9. [PMID: 11401923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cases of Hodgkin's disease (HD) may be distinguished by whether they do [EBV-positive ((+ve)) cases] or do not [EBV-negative ((-ve)) cases] have evidence of EBV DNA in the Reed-Sternberg cells. Only one study has attempted to distinguish epidemiological risk factors for EBV(+ve) and EBV(-ve) HD, and none have compared inherited susceptibility. The present study involves a population-based case series of HD, diagnosed in patients between 16-24 years of age in the United Kingdom (n = 118), of whom 87% were classified by EBV status (EBV(+ve), 19, EBV(-ve), 84). History of infectious illness, EBV antibody titers, and HLA-DPB1 type have been compared in EBV(+ve) and EBV(-ve) cases. Reported infectious mononucleosis was more frequent in EBV(+ve) cases (odds ratio (OR), 5.10; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.12-24.4). EBV antibody titers to viral capsid antigen were significantly higher in EBV(+ve) cases (P for trend = 0.02). Higher proportions of EBV(+ve) (43%) than EBV(-ve) (31%) cases typed positive for HLA-DPB1*0301, but this was not statistically significant; the association of infectious mononucleosis with EBV(+ve) cases was stronger in this HLA subgroup (OR, 17.1; 95%CI, 1.06-1177) than in other cases (OR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.02-15.4). Although these results are based on small numbers of HD cases, they provide suggestive evidence that the etiology of EBV(+ve) HD may involve inherited susceptibility to EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Alexander
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
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41
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Abstract
Occlusion of the pulmonary artery is a rare complication of mediastinal tuberculosis. We report on a 10-year-old girl who presented with a tuberculous pericardial effusion in whom subsequent imaging showed a totally occluded right pulmonary artery from tuberculous lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from a lymph node biopsy. Failure of medical therapy necessitated surgical reconstruction of her right pulmonary artery. Postoperatively she has normal perfusion of the right lung and normal lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Equi
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton and Harefield National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
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42
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Mays S, Taylor GM, Legge AJ, Young DB, Turner-Walker G. Paleopathological and biomolecular study of tuberculosis in a medieval skeletal collection from England. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001; 114:298-311. [PMID: 11275959 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Nine human skeletons of medieval date from a rural English burial site show signs of skeletal tuberculosis. They were subject to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays aimed at detecting traces of DNA from infecting mycobacteria, with the purpose both of confirming the paleopathological diagnosis of tuberculosis and determining in individual cases whether disease was due to M. tuberculosis or M. bovis. In all nine cases, evidence for M. tuberculosis complex DNA was found, and in all instances it appeared that disease was due to M. tuberculosis rather than M. bovis. The significance of the findings for understanding tuberculous infection in rural agrarian communities in medieval England is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mays
- Ancient Monuments Laboratory, English Heritage, Fort Cumberland, Eastney, Portsmouth PO4 9LD, UK.
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43
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Wiemels JL, Smith RN, Taylor GM, Eden OB, Alexander FE, Greaves MF. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms and risk of molecularly defined subtypes of childhood acute leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4004-9. [PMID: 11274424 PMCID: PMC31169 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.061408298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Low folate intake as well as alterations in folate metabolism as a result of polymorphisms in the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) have been associated with an increased incidence of neural tube defects, vascular disease, and some cancers. Polymorphic variants of MTHFR lead to enhanced thymidine pools and better quality DNA synthesis that could afford some protection from the development of leukemias, particularly those with translocations. We now report associations of MTHFR polymorphisms in three subgroups of pediatric leukemias: infant lymphoblastic or myeloblastic leukemias with MLL rearrangements and childhood lymphoblastic leukemias with either TEL-AML1 fusions or hyperdiploid karyotypes. Pediatric leukemia patients (n = 253 total) and healthy newborn controls (n = 200) were genotyped for MTHFR polymorphisms at nucleotides 677 (C-->T) and 1,298 (A-->C). A significant association for carriers of C677T was demonstrated for leukemias with MLL translocations (MLL+, n = 37) when compared with controls [adjusted odd ratios (OR) = 0.36 with a 95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.15-0.85; P = 0.017]. This protective effect was not evident for A1298C alleles (OR = 1.14). In contrast, associations for A1298C homozygotes (CC; OR = 0.26 with a 95% CI of 0.07--0.81) and C677T homozygotes (TT; OR = 0.49 with a 95% CI of 0.20--1.17) were observed for hyperdiploid leukemias (n = 138). No significant associations were evident for either polymorphism with TEL-AML1+ leukemias (n = 78). These differences in allelic associations may point to discrete attributes of the two alleles in their ability to alter folate and one-carbon metabolite pools and impact after DNA synthesis and methylation pathways, but should be viewed cautiously pending larger follow-up studies. The data provide evidence that molecularly defined subgroups of pediatric leukemias have different etiologies and also suggest a role of folate in the development of childhood leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Wiemels
- Leukaemia Research Fund Centre, Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, United Kingdom.
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44
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Abstract
Performance data for the claws of six sympatric species of Cancer crabs confirmed a puzzling pattern reported previously for two other decapod crustaceans (stone crabs, Menippe mercenaria, and lobsters, Homarus americanus): Although biting forces increased, maximum muscle stresses (force per unit area) declined with increasing claw size. The negative allometry of muscle stress and the stress at a given claw size were fairly consistent within and among Cancer species despite significant differences in adult body size and relative claw size, but were not consistent among decapod genera. Therefore, claw height can be used as a reliable predictor of maximum biting force for the genus Cancer, but must be used with caution as a predictor of maximum biting force in wider evolutionary and biogeographical comparisons of decapods. The decline in maximum muscle stress with increasing claw size in Cancer crabs contrasts with the pattern in several other claw traits. Significantly, three traits that affect maximal biting force increased intraspecifically with increasing claw size: relative claw size, mechanical advantage, and sarcomere length of the closer muscle. Closer apodeme area and angle of pinnation of the closer muscle fibers varied isometrically with claw size. The concordant behavior of these traits suggests selection for higher biting forces in larger crabs. The contrast between the size dependence of muscle stress (negative allometry) and the remaining claw traits (isometry or positive allometry) strongly suggests that an as yet unidentified constraint impairs muscle performance in larger claws. The negative allometry of muscle stress in two distantly related taxa (stone crabs and lobsters) further suggests this constraint may be widespread in decapod crustaceans. The implications of this performance constraint for the evolution of claw size and the "arms-race" between decapod predators and their hard-shelled prey is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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45
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Abstract
The development of a second tumour, including treatment-related leukaemia (TRL), is the most devastating complication of intensive cancer chemotherapy. This is especially relevant in the paediatric population as over 70% of children diagnosed with a malignancy will now live at least 5 years. Most TRLs are myeloid leukaemias and carry an overall poor prognosis when compared with their de novo counterparts. Despite the well known association with specific cytotoxic agents, improved understanding of the pathogenesis and risk factors of TRL is ultimately essential if we are to develop successful strategies for prevention and treatment. Here we review these aspects, together with the clinical and diverse biological features of this complication and the efficacy of current therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ng
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, St Mary's Hospital, Hathersage Road, Manchester M13 OJH, UK
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46
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Taylor GM, Mires GJ, Abel EW, Tsantis S, Farrell T, Chien PF, Liu Y. The development and validation of an algorithm for real-time computerised fetal heart rate monitoring in labour. BJOG 2000; 107:1130-7. [PMID: 11002957 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2000.tb11112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a computerised algorithm for the interpretation of the characteristics of fetal heart rate monitoring in labour. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Labour ward in a tertiary hospital. SAMPLE Intrapartum cardiotocograms from 24 pregnancies. METHODS A computerised algorithm was developed to assess the fetal heart baseline rate, variability, the number of accelerations and the number of decelerations. Twenty five minute segments of cardiotocograms were interpreted by the algorithm and also by seven expert reviewers independently. The reviewers were unaware of the outcome of labour. The reliability of the characteristics of cardiotocography and the validity of the computerised algorithm were assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient and weighted kappa statistic for continuous and ordinal variables respectively. RESULTS The inter rater reliability of the baseline fetal heart rate and the number and type of decelerations was good (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.93, 0.93 and 0.79, respectively). The reliability of baseline variability (kappa = 0.27) and accelerations (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.27) was poor. The computerised algorithm had good agreement with the reviewers for the baseline fetal heart rate (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.91 to 0.98) and the number of decelerations (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.82 to 0.91), but was less valid as regards the number of late decelerations (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.68 to 0.85) and the number of accelerations (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.06 to 0.80), and was invalid as regards baseline variability (kappa 0.00 to 0.34). CONCLUSIONS The high level of validity of the computerised algorithm for the estimation of the baseline fetal heart rate and the number of decelerations justifies its further technical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Dundee, UK
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47
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Taylor GM, Cook HT. A practical protocol for the demonstration of NOS using in-situ hybridization. Methods Mol Biol 2000; 100:191-204. [PMID: 10907005 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-749-1:191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at St. Mary's, London, UK
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48
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Abstract
A temporal increase in the incidence of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) in the UK has been noted. We present data from the Manchester Children's Tumour Registry which provide strong evidence that the increase is a result of an increase in the precursor B-cell subtype. In the childhood peak (age 1-4 years), the annual increase in precursor B-cell ALL between 1980 and 1998 was 3.0% (p=0.024). Recent findings are consistent with the causal involvement of infections in precursor B-cell ALL.
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49
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Abstract
Durophagous crabs successfully hunt hard-shelled prey by subjecting them to extremely strong biting forces using their claws. Here I show that, for a given body mass, six species of Cancer crabs (Cancer antennarius, Cancer branneri, Cancer gracilis, Cancer magister, Cancer oregonensis and Cancer productus) were able to exert mean maximum biting forces greater than the forces exerted in any other activity by most other animals. These strong biting forces were in part a result of the high stresses (740-1350 kN m(-2)) generated by the claw closer muscle. Furthermore, the maximum muscle stress increased with increasing mean resting sarcomere length (10-18 microm) for the closer muscle of the claws of these six Cancer species. A more extensive analysis incorporating published data on muscle stresses in other animal groups revealed that stress scales isometrically with the resting sarcomere length among species, as predicted by the sliding filament model of muscle contraction. Therefore, muscle or filament traits other than a very long mean sarcomere length need not be invoked in explaining the high stresses generated by crustacean claws.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Taylor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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50
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Abbott CR, Rossi M, Kim M, AlAhmed SH, Taylor GM, Ghatei MA, Smith DM, Bloom SR. Investigation of the melanocyte stimulating hormones on food intake. Lack Of evidence to support a role for the melanocortin-3-receptor. Brain Res 2000; 869:203-10. [PMID: 10865075 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The melanocortin receptors, melanocortin-3-receptor (MC3-R) and melanocortin-4-receptor (MC4-R), are expressed in many discrete medial hypothalamic nuclei implicated in feeding regulation. The pro-opiomelanocortin product alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH), an MC3/4-R agonist, decreases food intake following intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection in rats. MC4-R's involvement in feeding has been established although a function for the MC3-R is unclear. We investigated endogenous melanocortin ligand binding and activation at the MC3-R and MC4-R and their effects on feeding. We have shown that alpha-MSH, desacetyl-alpha-MSH and beta-MSH bound to the MC3-R and MC4-R with similar affinity and stimulated cAMP with similar potency in HEK 293 cells transfected with MC3-R and MC4-R. In contrast gamma(2)-MSH showed selectivity for the MC3-R over the MC4-R both in binding affinity and cAMP stimulation. alpha-MSH and beta-MSH injected ICV into fasted rats at doses of 1, 3 and 6 nmol resulted in a decrease in food intake, (2 h food intake: alpha-MSH 6 nmol, 1.7+/-0.3 g; beta-MSH 6 nmol, 1.5+/-0.3 g vs. saline 6.0+/-0.5 g, P<0.001). Desacetyl alpha-MSH did not reduce food intake at low doses but was significant at 25 nmol (2 h food intake: desacetyl-alpha-MSH 6.1+/-1.0 g vs. saline 9.5+/-1.4 g, P<0.05). In contrast, gamma(2)-MSH had no effect on food intake when administered ICV to fasted rats. We were unable to establish a role for the MC3-R in feeding regulation. Our evidence, however, strengthens the hypothesis that the melanocortin's effects on food intake are mediated via the MC4-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Abbott
- ICSM Endocrine Unit, Hammersmith Hospital, W12 0NN, London, UK
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