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Zarkoob H, Allué-Guardia A, Chen YC, Garcia-Vilanova A, Jung O, Coon S, Song MJ, Park JG, Oladunni F, Miller J, Tung YT, Kosik I, Schultz D, Iben J, Li T, Fu J, Porter FD, Yewdell J, Martinez-Sobrido L, Cherry S, Torrelles JB, Ferrer M, Lee EM. Modeling SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infections and antiviral treatments in human lung epithelial tissue equivalents. Commun Biol 2022; 5:810. [PMID: 35962146 PMCID: PMC9373898 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03753-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for physiologically relevant, robust, and ready-to-use in vitro cellular assay platforms to rapidly model the infectivity of emerging viruses and develop new antiviral treatments. Here we describe the cellular complexity of human alveolar and tracheobronchial air liquid interface (ALI) tissue models during SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Our results showed that both SARS-CoV-2 and IAV effectively infect these ALI tissues, with SARS-CoV-2 exhibiting a slower replication peaking at later time-points compared to IAV. We detected tissue-specific chemokine and cytokine storms in response to viral infection, including well-defined biomarkers in severe SARS-CoV-2 and IAV infections such as CXCL10, IL-6, and IL-10. Our single-cell RNA sequencing analysis showed similar findings to that found in vivo for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including dampened IFN response, increased chemokine induction, and inhibition of MHC Class I presentation not observed for IAV infected tissues. Finally, we demonstrate the pharmacological validity of these ALI tissue models as antiviral drug screening assay platforms, with the potential to be easily adapted to include other cell types and increase the throughput to test relevant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Zarkoob
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Olive Jung
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.,Biomedical Ultrasonics & Biotherapy Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Steven Coon
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Min Jae Song
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Fatai Oladunni
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jesse Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yen-Ting Tung
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Kosik
- National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,High Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James Iben
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Tianwei Li
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Jiaqi Fu
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Forbes D Porter
- Section on Molecular Dysmorphology, Division of Translational Medicine, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan Yewdell
- National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
| | - Emily M Lee
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA.
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Li M, Ferretti M, Ying B, Descamps H, Lee E, Dittmar M, Lee JS, Whig K, Kamalia B, Dohnalová L, Uhr G, Zarkoob H, Chen YC, Ramage H, Ferrer M, Lynch K, Schultz DC, Thaiss CA, Diamond MS, Cherry S. Pharmacological activation of STING blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabi9007. [PMID: 34010142 PMCID: PMC10021026 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abi9007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a global pandemic, resulting millions of infections and deaths with few effective interventions available. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 evades interferon (IFN) activation in respiratory epithelial cells, resulting in a delayed response in bystander cells. Since pretreatment with IFNs can block viral infection, we reasoned that pharmacological activation of innate immune pathways could control SARS-CoV-2 infection. To identify potent antiviral innate immune agonists, we screened a panel of 75 microbial ligands that activate diverse signaling pathways and identified cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), canonical STING agonists, as antiviral. Since CDNs have poor bioavailability, we tested the small molecule STING agonist diABZI, and found that it potently inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection of diverse strains including variants of concern (B.1.351) by transiently stimulating IFN signaling. Importantly, diABZI restricts viral replication in primary human bronchial epithelial cells and in mice in vivo. Our study provides evidence that activation of STING may represent a promising therapeutic strategy to control SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghua Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Max Ferretti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Baoling Ying
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Hélène Descamps
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Emily Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Mark Dittmar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Kanupriya Whig
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
- High Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Brinda Kamalia
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
- High Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Giulia Uhr
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Holly Ramage
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20850
| | - Kristen Lynch
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | - David C. Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
- High Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
| | | | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA
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Zarkoob H, Allué-Guardia A, Chen YC, Jung O, Garcia-Vilanova A, Song MJ, Park JG, Oladunni F, Miller J, Tung YT, Kosik I, Schultz D, Yewdell J, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L, Cherry S, Ferrer M, Lee EM. Modeling SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Infections and Antiviral Treatments in Human Lung Epithelial Tissue Equivalents. bioRxiv 2021:2021.05.11.443693. [PMID: 34013274 PMCID: PMC8132232 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.11.443693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third coronavirus in less than 20 years to spillover from an animal reservoir and cause severe disease in humans. High impact respiratory viruses such as pathogenic beta-coronaviruses and influenza viruses, as well as other emerging respiratory viruses, pose an ongoing global health threat to humans. There is a critical need for physiologically relevant, robust and ready to use, in vitro cellular assay platforms to rapidly model the infectivity of emerging respiratory viruses and discover and develop new antiviral treatments. Here, we validate in vitro human alveolar and tracheobronchial tissue equivalents and assess their usefulness as in vitro assay platforms in the context of live SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus infections. We establish the cellular complexity of two distinct tracheobronchial and alveolar epithelial air liquid interface (ALI) tissue models, describe SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus infectivity rates and patterns in these ALI tissues, the viral-induced cytokine production as it relates to tissue-specific disease, and demonstrate the pharmacologically validity of these lung epithelium models as antiviral drug screening assay platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Zarkoob
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Yu-Chi Chen
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Olive Jung
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
- Biomedical Ultrasonics & Biotherapy Laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Min Jae Song
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Fatai Oladunni
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Jesse Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yen-Ting Tung
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Ivan Kosik
- National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David Schultz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- High Throughput Screening Core, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan Yewdell
- National Institute for Allergies and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Host-Pathogen Interactions and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
| | - Emily M. Lee
- 3D Tissue Bioprinting Lab, Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD
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Broussard JA, Jaiganesh A, Zarkoob H, Conway DE, Dunn AR, Espinosa HD, Janmey PA, Green KJ. Scaling up single-cell mechanics to multicellular tissues - the role of the intermediate filament-desmosome network. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs228031. [PMID: 32179593 PMCID: PMC7097224 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and tissues sense, respond to and translate mechanical forces into biochemical signals through mechanotransduction, which governs individual cell responses that drive gene expression, metabolic pathways and cell motility, and determines how cells work together in tissues. Mechanotransduction often depends on cytoskeletal networks and their attachment sites that physically couple cells to each other and to the extracellular matrix. One way that cells associate with each other is through Ca2+-dependent adhesion molecules called cadherins, which mediate cell-cell interactions through adherens junctions, thereby anchoring and organizing the cortical actin cytoskeleton. This actin-based network confers dynamic properties to cell sheets and developing organisms. However, these contractile networks do not work alone but in concert with other cytoarchitectural elements, including a diverse network of intermediate filaments. This Review takes a close look at the intermediate filament network and its associated intercellular junctions, desmosomes. We provide evidence that this system not only ensures tissue integrity, but also cooperates with other networks to create more complex tissues with emerging properties in sensing and responding to increasingly stressful environments. We will also draw attention to how defects in intermediate filament and desmosome networks result in both chronic and acquired diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Broussard
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Avinash Jaiganesh
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Daniel E Conway
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen J Green
- Departments of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Tusan CG, Man YH, Zarkoob H, Johnston DA, Andriotis OG, Thurner PJ, Yang S, Sander EA, Gentleman E, Sengers BG, Evans ND. Collective Cell Behavior in Mechanosensing of Substrate Thickness. Biophys J 2018; 114:2743-2755. [PMID: 29874622 PMCID: PMC6027966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix stiffness has a profound effect on the behavior of many cell types. Adherent cells apply contractile forces to the material on which they adhere and sense the resistance of the material to deformation-its stiffness. This is dependent on both the elastic modulus and the thickness of the material, with the corollary that single cells are able to sense underlying stiff materials through soft hydrogel materials at low (<10 μm) thicknesses. Here, we hypothesized that cohesive colonies of cells exert more force and create more hydrogel deformation than single cells, therefore enabling them to mechanosense more deeply into underlying materials than single cells. To test this, we modulated the thickness of soft (1 kPa) elastic extracellular-matrix-functionalized polyacrylamide hydrogels adhered to glass substrates and allowed colonies of MG63 cells to form on their surfaces. Cell morphology and deformations of fluorescent fiducial-marker-labeled hydrogels were quantified by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy imaging. Single-cell spreading increased with respect to decreasing hydrogel thickness, with data fitting to an exponential model with half-maximal response at a thickness of 3.2 μm. By quantifying cell area within colonies of defined area, we similarly found that colony-cell spreading increased with decreasing hydrogel thickness but with a greater half-maximal response at 54 μm. Depth-sensing was dependent on Rho-associated protein kinase-mediated cellular contractility. Surface hydrogel deformations were significantly greater on thick hydrogels compared to thin hydrogels. In addition, deformations extended greater distances from the periphery of colonies on thick hydrogels compared to thin hydrogels. Our data suggest that by acting collectively, cells mechanosense rigid materials beneath elastic hydrogels at greater depths than individual cells. This raises the possibility that the collective action of cells in colonies or sheets may allow cells to sense structures of differing material properties at comparatively large distances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia G Tusan
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yu-Hin Man
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hoda Zarkoob
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - David A Johnston
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Orestis G Andriotis
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp J Thurner
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shoufeng Yang
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edward A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bram G Sengers
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas D Evans
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Human Development and Health, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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Zarkoob H, Chinnathambi S, Selby JC, Sander EA. Substrate deformations induce directed keratinocyte migration. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20180133. [PMID: 29899159 PMCID: PMC6030620 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is an essential part of many (patho)physiological processes, including keratinocyte re-epithelialization of healing wounds. Physical forces and mechanical cues from the wound bed (in addition to biochemical signals) may also play an important role in the healing process. Previously, we explored this possibility and found that polyacrylamide (PA) gel stiffness affected human keratinocyte behaviour and that mechanical deformations in soft (approx. 1.2 kPa) PA gels produced by neighbouring cells appeared to influence the process of de novo epithelial sheet formation. To clearly demonstrate that keratinocytes do respond to such deformations, we conducted a series of experiments where we observed the response of single keratinocytes to a prescribed local substrate deformation that mimicked a neighbouring cell or evolving multicellular aggregate via a servo-controlled microneedle. We also examined the effect of adding either Y27632 or blebbistatin on cell response. Our results indicate that keratinocytes do sense and respond to mechanical signals comparable to those that originate from substrate deformations imposed by neighbouring cells, a finding that could have important implications for the process of keratinocyte re-epithelialization that takes place during wound healing. Furthermore, the Rho/ROCK pathway and the engagement of NM II are both essential to substrate deformation-directed keratinocyte migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Zarkoob
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sathivel Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - John C Selby
- Department of Dermatology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Edward A Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Zarkoob H, Chinnathambi S, Halberg SA, Selby JC, Magin TM, Sander EA. Mouse Keratinocytes Without Keratin Intermediate Filaments Demonstrate Substrate Stiffness Dependent Behaviors. Cell Mol Bioeng 2018; 11:163-174. [PMID: 31719883 PMCID: PMC6816603 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-018-0526-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traditionally thought to serve active vs. passive mechanical functions, respectively, a growing body of evidence suggests that actin microfilament and keratin intermediate filament (IF) networks, together with their associated cell-cell and cell-matrix anchoring junctions, may have a large degree of functional interdependence. Therefore, we hypothesized that the loss of keratin IFs in a knockout mouse keratinocyte model would affect the kinematics of colony formation, i.e., the spatiotemporal process by which individual cells join to form colonies and eventually a nascent epithelial sheet. METHODS Time-lapse imaging and deformation tracking microscopy was used to observe colony formation for both wild type (WT) and keratin-deficient knockout (KO) mouse keratinocytes over 24 h. Cells were cultured under high calcium conditions on collagen-coated substrates with nominal stiffnesses of ~ 1.2 kPa (soft) and 24 kPa (stiff). Immunofluorescent staining of actin and selected adhesion proteins was also performed. RESULTS The absence of keratin IFs markedly affected cell morphology, spread area, and cytoskeleton and adhesion protein organization on both soft and stiff substrates. Strikingly, an absence of keratin IFs also significantly reduced the ability of mouse keratinocytes to mechanically deform the soft substrate. Furthermore, KO cells formed colonies more efficiently on stiff vs. soft substrates, a behavior opposite to that observed for WT keratinocytes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data are strongly supportive of the idea that an interdependence between actin microfilaments and keratin IFs does exist, while further suggesting that keratin IFs may represent an important and under-recognized component of keratinocyte mechanosensation and the force generation apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Zarkoob
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, 5629 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Sathivel Chinnathambi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, 5629 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Spencer A. Halberg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, 5629 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - John C. Selby
- Department of Dermatology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Thomas M. Magin
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology and SIKT, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - E. A. Sander
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Iowa, 5629 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA USA
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