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Henson JB, King LY. Post-Transplant Management and Complications of Autoimmune Hepatitis, Primary Biliary Cholangitis, and Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis including Disease Recurrence. Clin Liver Dis 2024; 28:193-207. [PMID: 37945160 PMCID: PMC11033708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune liver diseases have unique post-transplant considerations. These recipients are at increased risk of rejection, and recurrent disease may also develop, which can progress to graft loss and increase mortality. Monitoring for and managing these complications is therefore important, though data on associated risk factors and immunosuppression strategies has in most cases been mixed. There are also other disease-specific complications that require management and may impact these decisions, including inflammatory bowel disease in PSC. Further work to better understand the optimal management strategies for these patients post-transplant is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lindsay Y King
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, DUMC Box 3923, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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2
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Lee JP, Darlington K, Henson JB, Kothari D, Niedzwiecki D, Farooq A, Liddle RA. Hypophosphatemia as a Predictor of Clinical Outcomes in Acute Pancreatitis: A Retrospective Study. Pancreas 2024; 53:e3-e8. [PMID: 37968112 PMCID: PMC10841211 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000002265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phosphate is crucial for cellular repair after injury and may be important in recovery following acute pancreatitis (AP). This study aimed to evaluate the association between hypophosphatemia and severity of AP. METHODS Patients admitted with AP between 2014-2018 were identified and their records were retrospectively reviewed. Pancreatitis severity was defined using the modified Atlanta Criteria. Hypophosphatemia was defined as phosphate <2 mg/dL and was assessed at three time points: within one day, within two days, at any time during admission. The proportion of patients who developed severe AP was compared between patients with and without hypophosphatemia. RESULTS Of 312 patients, 30.1% (n = 94) developed severe AP. Hypophosphatemia occurred in 25.0% overall, within one day in 19.7%, and within two days in 20.0%. A higher proportion of patients with hypophosphatemia developed severe AP (overall: 47.4% vs. 24.4%, P < 0.001; one day: 47.4% vs. 23.9%, P = 0.004; two days: 42.9% vs. 24.5%, P = 0.01). Patients with hypophosphatemia within one day were also more likely to have ICU admission ( P < 0.001) and longer length of stay ( P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Early hypophosphatemia during an admission for AP was associated with increased AP severity, ICU admission, and longer length of stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Darlington
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jacqueline B. Henson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
| | - Darshan Kothari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
| | - Donna Niedzwiecki
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ahmad Farooq
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rodger A. Liddle
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Duke University Medical Center Durham, North Carolina
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Henson JB, Brown JRG, Lee JP, Patel A, Leiman DA. Evaluation of the Potential Utility of an Artificial Intelligence Chatbot in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Management. Am J Gastroenterol 2023; 118:2276-2279. [PMID: 37410934 PMCID: PMC10834834 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence chatbots could serve as an information resource for patients and a tool for clinicians. Their ability to respond appropriately to questions regarding gastroesophageal reflux disease is unknown. METHODS Twenty-three prompts regarding gastroesophageal reflux disease management were submitted to ChatGPT, and responses were rated by 3 gastroenterologists and 8 patients. RESULTS ChatGPT provided largely appropriate responses (91.3%), although with some inappropriateness (8.7%) and inconsistency. Most responses (78.3%) contained at least some specific guidance. Patients considered this a useful tool (100%). DISCUSSION ChatGPT's performance demonstrates the potential for this technology in health care, although also its limitations in its current state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B. Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jeremy R. Glissen Brown
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Joshua P. Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Amit Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Division of Gastroenterology, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - David A. Leiman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
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4
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Henson JB, Chan NW, Wilder JM, Muir AJ, McElroy LM. Characterization of social determinants of health of a liver transplant referral population. Liver Transpl 2023; 29:1161-1171. [PMID: 36929783 PMCID: PMC10509317 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Disparities exist in referral and access to the liver transplant (LT) waitlist, and social determinants of health (SDOH) are increasingly recognized as important factors driving health inequities, including in LT. The SDOH of potential transplant candidates is therefore important to characterize when designing targeted interventions to promote equity in access to LT. Yet, it is uncertain how a transplant center should approach this issue, characterize SDOH, identify disparities, and use these data to inform interventions. We performed a retrospective study of referrals for first-time, single-organ LT to our center from 2016 to 2020. Addresses were geoprocessed and mapped to the corresponding county, census tract, and census block group to assess their geospatial distribution, identify potential disparities in referrals, and characterize their communities across multiple domains of SDOH to identify potential barriers to evaluation and selection. We identified variability in referral patterns and areas with disproportionately low referrals, including counties in the highest quartile of liver disease mortality (9%) and neighborhoods in the highest quintile of socioeconomic deprivation (17%) and quartile of poverty (21%). Black individuals were also under-represented compared with expected state demographics (12% vs. 18%). Among the referral population, several potential barriers to evaluation and selection for LT were identified, including poverty, educational attainment, access to healthy food, and access to technology. This approach to the characterization of a transplant center's referral population by geographic location and associated SDOH demonstrates a model for identifying disparities in a referral population and potential barriers to evaluation that can be used to inform targeted interventions for disparities in LT access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Norine W Chan
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julius M Wilder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa M McElroy
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Henson JB, Cabezas M, McElroy LM, Muir AJ. Rates of employment after liver transplant: A nationwide cohort study. Hepatol Commun 2023; 7:e0061. [PMID: 36802369 PMCID: PMC9949776 DOI: 10.1097/hc9.0000000000000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Employment outcomes after liver transplant (LT) over the past decade have not been described. METHODS LT recipients ages 18-65 from 2010-2018 were identified in Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data. Employment within two years post-transplant was assessed. RESULTS Of 35,340 LT recipients, 34.2% were employed post-LT, including 70.4% who were working pre-transplant, compared to only 18.2% not working preLT. Younger age, male sex, educational attainment, and functional status were associated with returning to employment. CONCLUSION Returning to employment is an important goal for many LT candidates and recipients, and these findings can be used to guide their expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B. Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Melanie Cabezas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of South Florida Health, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Lisa M. McElroy
- Division of Abdominal Transplant, Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Henson JB, Budoff MJ, Muir AJ. Performance of the Pooled Cohort Equations in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Liver Int 2023; 43:599-607. [PMID: 36401810 PMCID: PMC9974541 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease. Whether risk scores developed in the general population accurately assess cardiovascular risk in the NAFLD population is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of the Pooled Cohort Equations (PCE) in NAFLD. METHODS Individuals in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with baseline non-contrast cardiac computed tomography scans with sufficient data to determine the presence of hepatic steatosis were identified and assessed for the development of incident 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. The discrimination and calibration of the PCE were evaluated, and the observed and expected events by risk category (<5%, 5-<7.5%, 7.5-<20%, ≥20%) were determined. Risk reclassification with the addition of NAFLD to the PCE was assessed. RESULTS Of 4014 participants included, 698 (17.4%) with NAFLD were identified, including 247 (35.3%) with moderate-to-severe steatosis. Discrimination of the PCE was suboptimal in NAFLD (c-statistic 0.69), particularly moderate-to-severe steatosis (0.65), and calibration was overall poor. While risk was overestimated in non-NAFLD, it was underestimated in NAFLD in lower/intermediate risk categories, predominantly in women (5-<7.5% observed/expected ratio = 1.67). The addition of NAFLD to the PCE improved risk classification in women. CONCLUSIONS The PCE overall performed suboptimally in cardiovascular risk assessment in NAFLD, particularly in women and individuals with moderate-to-severe steatosis in clinically relevant risk categories. Primary prevention may need to be considered at a lower risk threshold in these groups, and further work is needed to improve risk stratification in this growing high-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Matthew J Budoff
- Division of Cardiology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Henson JB, McElroy LM. Psychosocial fitness for transplant: Factors Yet Unmeasured. Am J Transplant 2023:S1600-6135(23)00369-6. [PMID: 37004915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Abstract
Abnormal liver tests are common after liver transplantation. The differential diagnosis depends on the clinical context, particularly the time course, pattern and degree of elevation, and donor and recipient factors. The perioperative period has distinct causes compared with months and years after transplant, including ischemia-reperfusion injury, vascular thrombosis, and primary graft nonfunction. Etiologies seen beyond the perioperative period include biliary complications, rejection, infection, recurrent disease, and non-transplant-specific causes. The evaluation begins with a liver ultrasound with Doppler as well as appropriate laboratory testing and culminates in a liver biopsy if the imaging and laboratory testing is unrevealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC Box 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA. https://twitter.com/jackie_henson
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC Box 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, DUMC Box 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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9
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Wegermann K, Henson JB, King LY. CON: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma should be a contraindication to liver transplantation. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2023; 21:52-55. [PMID: 36950307 PMCID: PMC10022851 DOI: 10.1097/cld.0000000000000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
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10
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Henson JB, Wegermann K, Patel YA, Wilder JM, Muir AJ. Access to technology to support telehealth in areas without specialty care for liver disease. Hepatology 2023; 77:176-185. [PMID: 35661393 DOI: 10.1002/hep.32597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Telehealth may be a successful strategy to increase access to specialty care for liver disease, but whether the areas with low access to care and a high burden of liver-related mortality have the necessary technology access to support a video-based telehealth strategy to expand access to care is unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Access to liver disease specialty care was defined at the county level as <160.9 km (100 miles) from a liver transplant (LT) center or presence of local gastroenterology (GI). Liver-related mortality rates were compared by access to care, and access to technology was compared by degree of access to care and burden of liver-related mortality. Counties with low access to liver disease specialty care had higher rates of mortality from liver disease, and this was highest in areas both >160.9 km from an LT center and without local GI. These counties were more rural, had higher poverty, and had decreased access to devices and internet at broadband speeds. Technology access was lowest in areas with low access to care and the highest burden of liver-related mortality. CONCLUSIONS Areas with poor access to liver disease specialty care have a greater burden of liver-related mortality, and many of their residents lack access to technology. Therefore, a telehealth strategy based solely on patient device ownership and internet access will exclude a large proportion of individuals in the areas of highest need. Further work should be done at the local and state levels to design optimal strategies to reach their populations of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology , Department of Medicine , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Kara Wegermann
- Division of Gastroenterology , Department of Medicine , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Yuval A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology , Department of Medicine , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Julius M Wilder
- Division of Gastroenterology , Department of Medicine , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham , North Carolina , USA
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology , Department of Medicine , Duke University , Durham , North Carolina , USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute , Durham , North Carolina , USA
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11
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Chan NW, Moya-Mendez M, Henson JB, Zaribafzadeh H, Sendak MP, Bhavsar NA, Balu S, Kirk AD, McElroy LM. Social determinants of health data in solid organ transplantation: National data sources and future directions. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:2293-2301. [PMID: 35583111 PMCID: PMC9547872 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.17096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Health equity research in transplantation has largely relied on national data sources, yet the availability of social determinants of health (SDOH) data varies widely among these sources. We sought to characterize the extent to which national data sources contain SDOH data applicable to end-stage organ disease (ESOD) and transplant patients. We reviewed 10 active national data sources based in the United States. For each data source, we examined patient inclusion criteria and explored strengths and limitations regarding SDOH data, using the National Institutes of Health PhenX toolkit of SDOH as a data collection instrument. Of the 28 SDOH variables reviewed, eight-core demographic variables were included in ≥80% of the data sources, and seven variables that described elements of social status ranged between 30 and 60% inclusion. Variables regarding identity, healthcare access, and social need were poorly represented (≤20%) across the data sources, and five of these variables were included in none of the data sources. The results of our review highlight the need for improved SDOH data collection systems in ESOD and transplant patients via: enhanced inter-registry collaboration, incorporation of standardized SDOH variables into existing data sources, and transplant center and consortium-based investigation and innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norine W. Chan
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Jacqueline B. Henson
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hamed Zaribafzadeh
- Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mark P. Sendak
- Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Nrupen A. Bhavsar
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Suresh Balu
- Duke Institute for Health Innovation, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Allan D. Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lisa M. McElroy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA,Department of Population Health Sciences Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Helzberg JH, Henson JB, Muir AJ. Recent updates in preemptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for acute variceal bleeding. Clin Liver Dis (Hoboken) 2022; 20:97-101. [PMID: 36187370 PMCID: PMC9512453 DOI: 10.1002/cld.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Content available: Author Interview and Audio Recording.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H. Helzberg
- Department of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jacqueline B. Henson
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Andrew J. Muir
- Division of GastroenterologyDepartment of MedicineDuke University School of MedicineDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA,Duke Clinical Research InstituteDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
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13
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Henson JB, Patel YA, Muir AJ. Trends in statin utilisation in US adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:1481-1489. [PMID: 34653272 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has high morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), but statins have been historically underutilised in these patients due to concern for hepatotoxicity. AIMS To characterise trends in statin use among individuals with NAFLD and to determine predictors of statin utilisation in this population. METHODS Individuals with NAFLD were identified from 2005 to 2018 continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends in statin use over time were assessed, and predictors of statin under-utilisation for primary prevention were identified. The roles of a known diagnosis of liver disease and disease severity were examined. RESULTS We included 14 113 individuals; 34.6% had NAFLD, of whom 5.4% reported a liver disease diagnosis. There was a significant increase in statin use for primary prevention between 2005 and 2018 (18.1%-25.0%; P = 0.03), but guideline-indicated use for this purpose was low (54.5% between 2005 and 2012; 48.6% between 2013 and 2018). A known NAFLD diagnosis was a negative predictor of statin use during the earlier time period but not more recently. Utilisation did not decrease with increasing liver disease severity. CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative population with NAFLD, statin use for primary prevention has increased over time, but guideline-concordant use remains low. A known liver disease diagnosis was associated with lack of statin use in the earlier time period but not more recently, suggesting a changing perspective of underlying liver disease impacting statin utilisation. Further work to improve guideline-indicated statin use in this high-risk population is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yuval A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
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14
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Arvind A, Henson JB, Osganian SA, Nath C, Steinhagen LM, Memel ZN, Donovan A, Balogun O, Chung RT, Simon TG, Corey KE. Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Individuals With Nonobese Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Hepatol Commun 2021; 6:309-319. [PMID: 34558862 PMCID: PMC8793991 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is independently associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). CVD is the primary cause of mortality in the predominantly obese population of adults with NAFLD. NAFLD is increasingly seen in individuals who are lean and overweight (i.e., nonobese), but it is unclear whether their risk of CVD is comparable to those with NAFLD and obesity. Using a prospective cohort of patients with NAFLD, we compared the prevalence and incidence of CVD in individuals with and without obesity. NAFLD was diagnosed by biopsy or imaging after excluding other chronic liver disease etiologies. Logistic regression was used to compare the odds of baseline CVD by obesity status. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to evaluate obesity as a predictor of incident CVD and to identify predictors of CVD in subjects with and without obesity. At baseline, adults with obesity had a higher prevalence of CVD compared to those without obesity (12.0% vs. 5.0%, P = 0.02). During follow-up, however, obesity did not predict incident CVD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-2.22) or other metabolic diseases. Findings were consistent when considering body mass index as a continuous variable and after excluding subjects who were overweight. Age (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.05; 95% CI, 1.03-1.08), smoking (aHR, 4.61; 95% CI, 1.89-11.22), and decreased low-density lipoprotein levels (aHR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.96-1.00) independently predicted incident CVD in the entire cohort, in subjects with obesity, and in those without obesity, respectively. Conclusion: Individuals with overweight or lean NAFLD are not protected from incident CVD compared to those with NAFLD and obesity, although CVD predictors appear to vary between these groups. Patients without obesity also should undergo rigorous risk stratification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Arvind
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacqueline B Henson
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie A Osganian
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cheryl Nath
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lara M Steinhagen
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zoe N Memel
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arley Donovan
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oluwafemi Balogun
- Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Raymond T Chung
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Liver Center and Gastrointestinal Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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15
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Kaplan A, Simon TG, Henson JB, Wang T, Zheng H, Osganian SA, Rosenblatt R, Lake J, Corey KE. Brief Report: Relationship Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease in Persons With HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 84:400-404. [PMID: 32235172 PMCID: PMC10462389 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and HIV are independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the factors associated with NAFLD in persons living with HIV (PWH) and whether CVD is more frequent in PWH with NAFLD are currently unknown. METHODS From the Partners HealthCare Research Patient Data Registry, we identified PWH with and without NAFLD between 2010 and 2017. NAFLD was defined using validated histological or radiographic criteria. CVD was defined by an ICD-9 diagnosis of coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, peripheral vascular disease, heart failure, transient ischemic attack, or stroke and was confirmed by clinician review. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between NAFLD and CVD. RESULTS Compared with PWH without NAFLD (n = 135), PWH with NAFLD (n = 97) had higher body mass index and more frequently had hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, coronary artery disease, and CVD (P < 0.01 for all). PWH with NAFLD were also more likely to have CD4 T-cell counts (CD4) <200 cells/mm. In multivariable models, the presence of NAFLD was significantly associated with CVD (adjusted odds ratio 3.08, 95% confidence interval: 1.37 to 6.94) and CD4 <200 cells/mm (adjusted odds ratio 4.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.74 to 11.55). CONCLUSION In PWH, CVD was independently associated with prevalent NAFLD after controlling for traditional CVD risk factors. NAFLD was also associated with CD4 <200 cells/mm, suggesting that immune dysfunction may be related to NAFLD. Both CVD and low CD4 count as risk factors for NAFLD require prospective evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyson Kaplan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York Presbyterian, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Tracey G. Simon
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Jacqueline B. Henson
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Wang
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | | | - Russell Rosenblatt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York Presbyterian, New York, NY
| | - Jordan Lake
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kathleen E. Corey
- Department of Medicine, Liver Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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16
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Henson JB, Corey KE. Editorial: re-thinking cardiovascular risk factors in NAFLD with advanced fibrosis? Authors' reply. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:988-989. [PMID: 32338780 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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17
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Henson JB, Roden M, Targher G, Corey KE. Is Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Not a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease: Not Yet Time for a Change of Heart. Hepatology 2020; 71:1867-1869. [PMID: 32012311 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Roden
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Targher
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University and Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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18
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Henson JB, Simon TG, Kaplan A, Osganian S, Masia R, Corey KE. Advanced fibrosis is associated with incident cardiovascular disease in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2020; 51:728-736. [PMID: 32043602 PMCID: PMC7069774 DOI: 10.1111/apt.15660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. It is not well understood, however, which individuals with NAFLD are at highest risk for cardiovascular disease. AIMS To determine the factors associated with incident cardiovascular events in a prospective cohort of individuals with biopsy-proven NAFLD without pre-existing cardiovascular disease. METHODS From 2011 to 2018, adults with biopsy-proven NAFLD without cardiovascular disease were enrolled in a tissue repository and were followed prospectively to the first recorded date of incident cardiovascular disease, death or the end of follow-up (11/1/2018). Competing risks analysis was performed to identify predictors of incident cardiovascular disease. RESULTS After a median follow-up time of 5.2 years, 26/285 (9.1%) individuals experienced an incident cardiovascular event. Advanced fibrosis (stage 3-4) on biopsy was a significant predictor of incident cardiovascular disease, and this persisted on multivariable analysis (SHR 2.86, 95% CI 1.36-6.04) after considering relevant covariates, including cardiovascular risk scores, which were not independent predictors. Of the non-invasive indicators of fibrosis, the NAFLD fibrosis score was the only independent predictor of cardiovascular disease. Other histologic features, including steatohepatitis, were not associated with incident cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSIONS In adults with biopsy-proven NAFLD, advanced fibrosis on biopsy and higher NAFLD fibrosis score were significant and independent predictors of incident cardiovascular disease, even after considering traditional risk factors and cardiovascular risk scores. These findings should be considered when evaluating NAFLD patients for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, and further evaluation into the link between advanced fibrosis and cardiovascular disease is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey G Simon
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alyson Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephanie Osganian
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ricard Masia
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathleen E Corey
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is not only an important cause of chronic liver disease, but extrahepatic manifestations are common and include chronic kidney disease (CKD). HCV is classically associated with cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis in the context of mixed cryoglobulinemia syndrome, but other glomerular diseases also occur and may be significantly under-recognized. HCV may cause glomerular disease by immune complex deposition; however, other potential mechanisms by which HCV promotes CKD include a direct cytopathic effect of the virus on renal tissue, and by its association with accelerated atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, and chronic inflammation. Epidemiologic studies show HCV infection confers an increased risk of incident CKD and accelerates progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the general population, as well as subpopulations including diabetic patients, those coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and kidney transplant recipients. Patients with CKD and HCV infection experience inferior clinical outcomes, including poorer quality of life and an increased risk of mortality. Treatment with interferon-based regimens is associated with decreased risk of incident CKD and ESRD, though prior studies are limited by the small number of patients with HCV and CKD who underwent treatment. With the advent of new, well-tolerated direct-acting antiviral combinations that are not cleared by the kidneys, it is possible to treat all genotypes of HCV infection in patients with CKD and ESRD. More data on the effect of direct-acting antivirals on CKD incidence and progression are necessary. However, there is every expectation that with improved access to HCV treatment, the burden of CKD in patients with HCV could significantly decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Henson
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meghan E Sise
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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20
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Patel YA, Henson JB, Wilder JM, Zheng J, Chow SC, Berg CL, Knechtle SJ, Muir AJ. The impact of human leukocyte antigen donor and recipient serotyping and matching on liver transplant graft failure in primary sclerosing cholangitis, autoimmune hepatitis, and primary biliary cholangitis. Clin Transplant 2018; 32:e13388. [PMID: 30136315 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serotyping is not considered to have significant impact on liver graft survival and does not factor into U.S. organ allocation. Immune-related liver diseases such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) have been speculated to represent a disease subgroup that may have significantly different graft outcomes depending on HLA donor/recipient characterization. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HLA serotyping/matching influenced post-transplant graft failure for immune-related liver diseases using the United Network for Organ Sharing database. From 1994 to 2015, 5665 patients underwent first-time liver-only transplants for PSC, AIH, and PBC with complete graft survival and donor/recipient HLA data. Graft failure was noted in 38.6% (2188/5665), and all groups had comparable 5-year graft survival (75.1%-78.8%, P = 0.069). The overall degree of, and loci-specific mismatch level, did not influence outcomes. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression noted increased graft failure risk for recipient HLA-B7, HLA-B57, HLA-B75, HLA-DR13 and donor HLA-B55, HLA-B58, and HLA-DR8 for PSC patients, protective effects for recipient HLA-DR1 and HLA-DR3 for AIH patients, and increased risk for HLA-DR7 for AIH patients. These findings warrant further investigation to evaluate the impact of HLA serotyping on post-transplant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Julius M Wilder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jiayin Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Schein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carl L Berg
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Stuart J Knechtle
- Duke Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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21
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Henson JB, Patel YA, Wilder JM, Zheng J, Chow SC, King LY, Muir AJ. Differences in Phenotypes and Liver Transplantation Outcomes by Age Group in Patients with Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3200-3209. [PMID: 28391417 PMCID: PMC5861350 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence for a heterogeneity of phenotypes in primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), but differences across the age spectrum in adults with PSC have not been well characterized. AIMS To characterize phenotypic variations and liver transplantation outcomes by age group in adults with PSC. METHODS The United Network for Organ Sharing database was used to identify waitlist registrations for primary liver transplantation in adults with PSC. Patients were split into three age groups: 18-39 (young), 40-59 (middle-aged), and ≥60 (older). Their clinical characteristics and outcomes on the waitlist and post-transplant were compared. RESULTS Overall, 8272 adults with PSC were listed for liver transplantation during the study period, of which 28.9% were young, 52.0% were middle-aged, and 19.1% were older. The young age group had the greatest male predominance (70.0 vs. 66.2 vs. 65.1%, p = 0.001), the highest proportion of black individuals (20.0 vs. 11.0 vs. 5.5%, p < 0.001), and the most patients listed with concomitant autoimmune hepatitis (2.2 vs. 1.0 vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001). Older patients experienced the greatest waitlist and post-transplant mortality. Graft survival was greatest in the middle-aged group. Young patients were most likely to experience acute rejection (31 vs. 22.8 vs. 18.0%, p < 0.001) and have graft failure due to chronic rejection or PSC recurrence (47.8 vs. 42.3 vs. 17.9%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Age-related differences exist among adults with PSC and are associated with outcomes pre- and post-transplant. Young patients may have a more robust immune-related phenotype that is associated with poorer graft survival. Future studies are needed to further investigate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuval A Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Julius M Wilder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jiayin Zheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lindsay Y King
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrew J Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
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22
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Abstract
GOALS To describe the complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in US adults with liver disease. BACKGROUND The prevalence and patterns of CAM use among US adults with liver disease have not been well characterized. The 2012 National Health Interview Survey is considered the most current and comprehensive source of information on CAM use in US adults. STUDY Using the results of the 2012 National Health Interview Survey, the prevalence of CAM use, most common modalities used, reasons for CAM use, perceived benefits, perceived helpfulness and importance, and disclosure of CAM to health care providers were compared between adults with and without liver disease. RESULTS Of the 647 adults with liver disease, 41% reported using CAM in the prior year, compared with 33% of adults without liver disease. The most common modality was herbs and supplements (23%), and 3% of respondents reported consumption of a potentially hepatotoxic substance in the previous 30 days. Only a small proportion of CAM therapies were used specifically for liver disease, with milk thistle being the most common. Among respondents with liver disease, CAM was used more commonly for anxiety or depression, fatigue, and substance use. The majority believed that these therapies improved health. Nearly one-third of therapies were not reported to health care providers, mostly due to failure of the provider to ask. CONCLUSIONS CAM use, particularly herbs and supplements, is prevalent among US adults with liver disease. Many do not disclose their CAM use to their providers, despite some using potentially hepatotoxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B. Henson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine
| | | | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics and Department of Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew J. Muir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
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23
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Henson JB, Patel YA, King LY, Zheng J, Chow SC, Muir AJ. Outcomes of liver retransplantation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Liver Transpl 2017; 23:769-780. [PMID: 28027592 PMCID: PMC5865072 DOI: 10.1002/lt.24703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Liver retransplantation in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) has not been well studied. The aims of this study were to characterize patients with PSC listed for and undergoing retransplantation and to describe the outcomes in these patients. The United Network for Organ Sharing/Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database was used to identify all primary liver transplantations and subsequent relistings and first retransplantations in adults with PSC between 1987 and 2015. A total of 5080 adults underwent primary transplantation for PSC during this period, and of the 1803 who experienced graft failure (GF), 762 were relisted, and 636 underwent retransplantation. Younger patients and patients with GF due to vascular thrombosis or biliary complications were more likely to be relisted, whereas those with Medicaid insurance or GF due to infection were less likely. Both 5-year graft and patient survival after retransplantation were inferior to primary transplantation (P < 0.001). Five-year survival after retransplantation for disease recurrence (REC), however, was similar to primary transplantation (graft survival, P = 0.45; patient survival, P = 0.09) and superior to other indications for retransplantation (graft and patient survival, P < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, mechanical ventilation, creatinine, bilirubin, albumin, advanced donor age, and a living donor were associated with poorer outcomes after retransplantation. In conclusion, although survival after liver retransplantation in patients with PSC was overall inferior to primary transplantation, outcomes after retransplantation for PSC REC were similar to primary transplantation at 5 years. Retransplantation may therefore represent a treatment option with the potential for excellent outcomes in patients with REC of PSC in the appropriate clinical circumstances. Liver Transplantation 23 769-780 2017 AASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuval A. Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Lindsay Y. King
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Shein-Chung Chow
- Department of Biostatistics, Durham, NC,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
| | - Andrew J. Muir
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Durham, NC,Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC
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24
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25
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Abstract
The growth and refinement of electronic media capabilities, Internet, other electronic highways, fiber optics, microwaves, and satellites will have major impact on researchers and scholars, facilitating the timely sharing of information. The balance of time saved and money available may be the crucial issues in the rapidity of development. The dissemination of research results to a large audience through electronic journals, bulletin boards and data bases will become a dominant force in the formal publication of such results, with instant feedback from colleagues. The productivity of scientists and the quality of their research will be higher through better communications. Networking, however, is more than communications. It is shared interests and interaction, building on information received and provided and creating a relationship and a knowledge base to enhance international research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Henson
- International Programs, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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26
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Huisman TH, Henson JB, Wilson JB. A new high-performance liquid chromatographic procedure to quantitate hemoglobin A1c and other minor hemoglobins in blood of normal, diabetic, and alcoholic individuals. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 102:163-73. [PMID: 6190972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A new HPLC procedure is described for the separation and quantitation of minor human Hb variants. The cation exchanger, Synchropak CM 300, is a silica support with a bonded polymeric coating of carboxylic acid residues. The chromatogram is developed with 0.03M Bis-Tris-KCN buffers, pH 6.40, and a Na-acetate gradient increasing from 0 to 0.1125M. As many as 11 minor Hbs (including Hb A2) can be isolated. Some of these have been identified through rechromatography of the minor Hb zones obtained by Bio-Rex-70 chromatography. Quantitation of Hb A1c and Hb A2 is readily accomplished. Hb F0 and an unidentified minor Hb often observed in red cells of alcoholics co-chromatograph with Hb A1c. The method has been applied to blood samples of 10 normal adults, 13 diabetic patients, and nine alcoholic subjects. An excellent correlation exists between the Hb A1c percentages and the levels of Hb A1 determined by microcolumn chromatography. Some other minor Hbs, identified as components 9 and 10, which are (at least in part) Hb A0 with glucose attached to the alpha chains, are present in increased amounts in the blood of diabetic patients and others may be observed in patients who subject themselves to (severe) alcohol abuse. It is suggested that the new procedure is well-suited for detailed studies of the minor Hbs in patients with various abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism.
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27
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Henson JB, Carver JR, Wilson JB, Huisman TH. Carboxymethyl-cellulose microchromatography for the quantitation of hemoglobin Bart's (gamma 4) and its use in the detection of the alpha-thalassemia conditions. J Chromatogr A 1980; 198:443-8. [PMID: 6893710 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(00)80513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A modification of an existing (micro) CM-cellulose chromatographic procedure is introduced for the quantitation of hemoglobin Bart's (or gamma 4) in blood samples of newborn babies. Normal newborn with four active alpha chain genes (alpha alpha/alpha alpha) have small amounts (average 0.55%) of this abnormal hemoglobin while increased percentages are present in newborn with an alpha-thalassemia-2 heterozygosity (alpha 0 alpha/alpha alpha; average 1.55%) or an alpha-thalassemia-2 homozygosity (alpha 0 alpha/alpha 0 alpha; average 4.65%). The identification of hemoglobin Bart's in normal newborn was made by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the absence of contaminating non-hemoglobin proteins was confirmed by electrophoresis and additional chromatographic experiments. This rapid procedure is useful for the detection and differentiation at time of birth of the different alpha chain deficiencies which are common among various populations in the world.
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28
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Crawford TB, Adams DS, Sande RD, Gorham JR, Henson JB. The connective tissue component of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome. Am J Pathol 1980; 100:443-54. [PMID: 7406019 PMCID: PMC1903545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The gross and microscopic connective tissue lesions in 12 goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) are described, including those from which a virus (CAEV) was isolated. Lesions were most often associated with synovial-lined structures including joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae, and were typified by synovial cell proliferations, subsynovial mononuclear cell infiltration, the presence of fibrin, fibrinous concretions, necrosis, and mineralization. Extrasynovial lesions were located in kidneys, vessels, and brain. The inflammatory infiltrates in these organs were predominantly mononuclear. Amyloid was also found in liver, spleen, and kidney. Microbiologic techniques failed to demonstrate any bacteria, mycoplasma, or chlamydia in the lesions.
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29
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Felice AE, Webber B, Miller A, Mayson SM, Harris HF, Henson JB, Gravely ME, Huisman TH. The association of sickle cell anemia with heterozygous and homozygous alpha-thalassemia-2: in vitro HB chain synthesis. Am J Hematol 1979; 6:91-106. [PMID: 474574 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.2830060202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Henson JB, Noel JC. Immunology and pathogenesis of African animal trypanosomiasis. Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 1979; 23:161-82. [PMID: 550706 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039223-0.50013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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31
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Ohshima K, Shen DT, Henson JB, Gorham JR. Comparison of the lesions of Aleutian disease in mink and hypergammaglobulinemia in ferrets. Am J Vet Res 1978; 39:653-7. [PMID: 206172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gross and microscopic lesions of Aleutian disease (AD) in mink and hypergammaglobulinemia in ferrets were compared. Both conditions were characterized by widespread proliferation of plasma cells, but proliferation was more prominent in mink infected with AD. Arteritis did not occur in hypergammaglobulinemic ferrets. Minimal or no glomerular alterations occurred in infected ferrets, but were severe in mink infected with AD. Bile duct proliferation was more prominent in diseased mink. Tissue alterations suggested that AD in Aleutian genotype mink is more rapidly progressive than is AD in ferrets, causing overt clinical disease and death. In contrast, hypergammaglobulinemia in ferrets appeared to progress more slowly, with little clinical evidence of disease. This is probably the result of a paucity of glomerular lesions in ferrets. Possible mechanisms to explain the differences in the development of lesions are discussed.
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32
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Henson JB, Gorham JR, Shen DT. An outbreak of tularemia in mink. Cornell Vet 1978; 68:78-83. [PMID: 618716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of tularemia in farm raised mink is reported. Twenty-six of approximately 5000 mink succumbed within a 10 day period. Prodromal signs were minimal. Necropsy revealed necrotic nodules scattered in the parenchyma of the lungs, liver, spleen, and mesenteric lymph nodes. Francisella tularensis was isolated from spleens, livers and lungs.
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33
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Ohshima KI, Gorham JR, Henson JB. Pathologic changes in ferrets exposed to pseudorabies virus. Am J Vet Res 1976; 37:591-6. [PMID: 1275345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ferrets experimentally infected by various routes with pseudorabies virus were examined for gross and microscopic lesions. Nonsuppurative meningoencephalomyelitis, as well as visceral lesions, occurred. The incubation period seemed related to the viral dose and to the distance between the inoculation site and the central nervous system. The distribution of the lesions in the central nervous system appeared to be closely related to the peripheral nerve pathways from the inoculation sites. Other findings indicated that the lymphohematogenous route could have a role in the dissemination of the virus in infected ferrets.
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34
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Johnson MI, Henson JB, Gorham JR. The influence of genotype on the development of glomerular lesions in mink with Aleutian disease virus. Am J Pathol 1975; 81:321-36. [PMID: 53016 PMCID: PMC2032217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to document progression rate differences in the development of glomerular lesions in mink infected with Aleutian disease virus (ADV), the glomeruli of Aleutian and non-Aleutian mink experimentally infected with ADV were evaluated by light, fluorescent, and electron microscopy. The animals were also examined for the presence of interstitial infiltrate, neutrophils, and arterial lesions. One hundred percent of the Aleutian mink had glomerular cell proliferation and interstitial infiltrate, while 95% of the Aleutian and 41% of the non-Aleutian mink had neutrophilic infiltrates and arteritis, respectively. Of the non-Aleutian mink, 91, 83, 42, and 12.5% had glomerular cell proliferations, glomerular neutrophils, interstitial infiltrate, and arterial lesions in, that order. All the Aleutian mink had glomerular depositions of gamma-globulin (IgG) and complement (C3), whereas 75% of non-Aleutian mink had deposits of IgG and C3. One hundred percent of both genotypes had glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin M (IgM). Ultrastructural glomerular changes consisting primarily of depositions of granular electron-dense material on basement membranes were observed in Aleutian mink 6 weeks after infection and 12 weeks after infection in non-Aleutian mink. These findings document progression rate differences in the development of glomerular lesions in Aleutian disease-affected Aleutian and non-Aleutian mink. Further, they emphasize the need for exploration of pathogenetic mechanisms involved in progression rate differences in lesion development.
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McGuire TC, Crawford TB, Henson JB. Prevalence of antibodies to herpesvirus types 1 and 2, arteritis and infectious anemia viral antigens in equine serum. Am J Vet Res 1974; 35:181-5. [PMID: 4360338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Banks KL, Henson JB. Quantitation of immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes and lymphocyte response to mitogens in horses persistently infected by equine infectious anemia virus. Infect Immun 1973; 8:679-82. [PMID: 4582640 PMCID: PMC422911 DOI: 10.1128/iai.8.4.679-682.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A defect in lymphocyte function could be responsible for persistent infection by the equine infectious anemia virus. The number of lymphocytes bearing surface immunoglobulin, as detected by immunofluorescence, and lymphocyte response to mitogens were the same in uninfected and equine infectious anemia-infected animals. A defect in T or B lymphocyte numbers or ability to respond to stimuli was not detected in this chronic virus disease.
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Henson JB, Gorham JR. Persistent viral infections, immunologically mediated glomerulonephritis and arteritis, dysgammopathies. Aleutian disease of mink. Am J Pathol 1973; 71:345-8. [PMID: 4713944 PMCID: PMC1903956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Banks KL, Henson JB. Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses. II. Antiglomerular basement membrane antibody and other mechanisms in spontaneous disease. J Transl Med 1972; 26:708-15. [PMID: 4113184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Abstract
Primary horse leukocyte cultures were inoculated with 2 or 10 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID(50)) of equine infectious anemia (EIA) virus per cell, and the titer of cell-associated and fluid-phase virus was determined from 1 to 72 hr postinoculation (PI). Cover slips were collected from 4 to 72 hr PI and stained for EIA viral antigen by the indirect immunofluorescent (FA) technique. Viral replication was detected after a latent period of approximately 18 to 24 hr and reached peak titers of approximately 10(4.5) to 10(6) TCID(50)/0.5 ml from 48 to 72 hr PI. The fluid phase contained 10(1) to 10(2) TCID(50)/0.5 ml more virus than the cells. Viral antigen was first detected by FA from 18 to 24 hr PI. Approximately 75% of the cells contained antigen in their cytoplasm 72 hr PI. The FA technique is a sensitive method for detecting EIA virus in horse leukocyte cultures.
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Banks KL, Henson JB, McGuire TC. Immunologically mediated glomerulitis of horses. I. Pathogenesis in persistent infection by equine infectious anemia virus. J Transl Med 1972; 26:701-7. [PMID: 4337973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Cheema A, Henson JB, Gorham JR. Aleutian disease of mink. Prevention of lesions by immunosuppression. Am J Pathol 1972; 66:543-56. [PMID: 4551296 PMCID: PMC2032727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mink that were homozygous recessive for the Aleutian gene (aa) were inoculated with Aleutian disease virus (ADV) and simultaneously treated with cyclophosphamide (Cy). Control mink were inoculated with ADV. All mink were injected with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and their anti-BSA antibody response was measured to monitor the influence of drug therapy on the humoral antibody response. Formation of anti-BSA antibody was markedly suppressed and the hypergammaglobulinemia and development of AD lesions was inhibited in the Cy-treated mink. The non-Cy-treated control mink developed characteristic signs and lesions including glomerulonephritis and arteritis. The nontreated ADV-infected mink, but not the Cy-treated ADV-infected mink, had glomerular deposition of C3 and gamma globulin. Both groups had high titers of virus in their blood. These results indicate that the development of ADV lesions can be prevented by immunosuppressive treatment and further implicate host immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Aleutian disease.
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McGuire TC, Crawford TB, Henson JB. Equine infectious anemia: detection of infections virus-antibody complexes in the serum. Immunol Commun 1972; 1:545-51. [PMID: 4141690 DOI: 10.3109/08820137209022963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Crawford TB, McGuire TC, Henson JB. Detection of equine infectious anemia virus in vitro by immunofluorescence. Arch Gesamte Virusforsch 1971; 34:332-9. [PMID: 4330258 DOI: 10.1007/bf01242979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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McGuire TC, Van Hoosier GL, Henson JB. The complement-fixation reaction in eguine infectious anemia: demonstration of inhibition by IgG (T). J Immunol 1971; 107:1738-44. [PMID: 5000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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McGuire TC, Crawford TB, Henson JB, Gorham JR. Aleutian disease of mink: detection of large quantities of complement-fixing antibody to viral antigen. J Immunol 1971; 107:1481-2. [PMID: 4107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Perryman LE, McGuire TC, Banks KL, Henson JB. Decreased C3 levels in a chronic virus infection: equine infectious anemia. J Immunol 1971; 106:1074-8. [PMID: 4101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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McGuire TC, Crawford TB, Henson JB. Immunofluorescent localization of equine infectious anemia virus in tissue. Am J Pathol 1971; 62:283-94. [PMID: 4322275 PMCID: PMC2047532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Hegreberg GA, Padgett GA, Henson JB. Connective tissue disease of dogs and mink resembling Ehlers-Danlos syndrome of man. 3. Histopathologic changes of the skin. Arch Pathol 1970; 90:159-66. [PMID: 5464798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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